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Pseudo-Natural Products and Natural Product-Inspired Methods In Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Pseudo-natural products and natural product-inspired methods in chemical biology and drug discovery Michael Grigalunas1, Annina Burhop1,2, Andreas Christoforow1,2 and Herbert Waldmann1,2 Abstract Natural products (NPs) contain privileged molecular Through evolution, nature has provided natural products (NPs) scaffolds with inherent biological relevance, having as a rich source of diverse bioactive material. Many drug dis- themselves evolved to fulfill specific biological functions covery programs have used nature as an inspiration for the within the context of signaling pathways and protein design of NP-like compound classes. These concepts are interactions [4]. These frameworks are, therefore, guided by the prevalidated biological relevance of NPs while ‘prevalidated’ representations of nature’s exploration of going beyond the limitations of nature to produce chemical biologically relevant chemical space. While numerous matter that could have unexpected or novel bioactivities. NP-based drug discovery programs have successfully Herein, we discuss, compare, and highlight recent examples of used NPs or their close derivatives as endpoints [5], NP-inspired methods with a focus on the pseudo-NP concept. other methods have thrived on using NPs as starting points to inspire new bioactive compound collections. In Addresses this review, recent developments in methods that are 1 Department of Chemical Biology, Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular inspired by nature will be discussed with a focus on the Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany 2 Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Technical University recently disclosed pseudo-NPs concept. Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, 44221 Dortmund, Germany Ring distortion strategy – complexity-to- Corresponding author: Waldmann, Herbert (herbert.waldmann@mpi- dortmund.mpg.de) diversity (CtD) An elegant approach to exploit nature’s pre-validated and rich pool of biologically relevant molecular scaffolds was Current Opinion in Chemical Biology 2020, 56:111–118 introduced in 2013 as a ring distortion/modification This review comes from a themed issue on Next Generation strategy by Hergenrother and co-workers [6**]. Instead Therapeutics of regarding the complex structures of NPs as the final Edited by Gonçalo Bernardes and Raphael€ Rodriguez product in a synthesis or drug discovery effort, they are For a complete overview see the Issue and the Editorial set as privileged starting points for the exploration of NP- derived chemical space through appropriate chemical Available online 1 May 2020 modifications of orthogonal functional characteristics https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2019.10.005 embedded in the chosen NPs. In contrast to the tradi- 1367-5931/© 2019 Published by Elsevier Ltd. tional optimization efforts, which intend to improve po- tency or drug-like properties of a NP, the ring distortion/ Keywords modification approach aims for significant disruption of Small molecules, Natural products, Chemical biology, Ring distortion, the overall topology of the parent NP by manipulation of Biology-oriented synthesis, Pseudo-natural products. core ring systems. This approach aims for a high degree of scaffold diversity and is, hence, referred to as the complexity-to-diversity (CtD) strategy. Introduction Approaches that inspire new molecular discovery pro- CtD is inspired by the biosynthetic pathways leading to grams are at the core of chemical biology and medicinal complex NPs where common intermediates are trans- chemistry. As the mode of action of small molecules formed by diverse arrays of various enzymes to generate compared to most genetic approaches can be rapid, compounds that are distinct from each other. Trans- tunable, conditional, and reversible [1], the develop- ferring this logic into the hands of organic chemists, ment of selective probes is of high value for biological enzymes become chemoselective reagents, which applications. A key challenge that arises is the identifi- enable the strategic manipulation of a suitable NP cation of areas in chemical space, which are relevant for through ring-cleavage, ring-rearrangement, ring-fusion bioactivity [2], because the possible number of small 60 and modification of ring-size (expansion or contrac- molecules is at least 10 , too many to ever be synthe- tion), and/or its oxidation state (e.g., aromatization), as sized, nonetheless biologically evaluated [3]. illustrated in Figure 1a. www.sciencedirect.com Current Opinion in Chemical Biology 2020, 56:111–118 112 Next generation therapeutics Figure 1 Current Opinion in Chemical Biology (a) General depiction of the ring distortion strategy. (b) Ring contraction (highlighted in red) and diversification (highlighted in blue) of pleuromutilin to give a thiredoxin inhibitor, ferroptocide. (c) Ring-fusion of cinchona alkaloids to provide oxazatwistanes (highlighted in red). Further diversification (highlighted in blue) and phenotypic screening provided the autophagy inhibitor oxautin-1. Current Opinion in Chemical Biology 2020, 56:111–118 www.sciencedirect.com Pseudo-natural products and natural product-inspired methods Grigalunas et al. 113 A synthetic proof of concept was outlined by the diver- potency or pharmacodynamic properties, has been sification of several NPs, including gibberellic acid [6**], shown in various examples. Secoyohimane NPs such as adrenosterone [6**], quinine [6**], abietic acid [7], rychnophylline (Figure 2a) are known for their neurite yohimbine [8], sinomenine [9], and lycorine [10]. A growth-promoting properties [18e20]. The simplifica- recent example demonstrated the biological relevance of tion to the spiro-core scaffold composed of four CtD by the diversification of pleuromutilin and subse- connected rings allowed the synthesis of five de- quent biological evaluation (Figure 1b) [11*]. In total, 29 rivatives, which are active in neurite growth assays [21]. structurally diverse and highly complex derivatives of Similarly, derivatives of the NP sominone (Figure 2b) pleuromutilin were synthesized using CtD and screened with the dehydro-d-lactone motif were identified as in a phenotypic assay for anticancer activity. A ring- potent inhibitors of the Hedgehog signaling pathway contraction product of pleuromutilin was further elabo- [22]. Overall, the BIOS approach has structurally and, rated to ferroptocide and was found to rapidly induce thereby, synthetically simplified NPs to provide small ferroptotic death of cancer cells by inhibiting thioredoxin. molecules that have new or improved bioactivities. The biological relevance of the CtD approach was Pseudo-natural products further verified by Laraia et al., focusing on the diver- While several approaches have been developed to pro- sification of oxazatwistanes (Figure 1c) [12*]. The duce novel bioactive compound collections, they may synthesis commenced with an intramolecular ether- have limitations. The CtD approach gives rapid access ification of cinchonine or quinidine to install the ring- to diverse biological space through chemical derivatiza- fused non-natural oxazatricyclo[4.4.0.0]decane scaf- tion of NPs. However, the use of NPs as a starting point fold. Subsequent metal-catalyzed cross-coupling re- may present a chemical limitation because the avail- e actions and C H functionalization were used to further ability of sufficient quantities of many NPs is restricted. modify the quinoline core to afford a total of 47 com- Nevertheless, complex polycyclic scaffolds that are NP- pounds that were subjected for biological evaluation in a like can be directly synthesized and distorted [23]. In range of phenotypic assays. The identification of several BIOS, NPs inspire the synthesis of structurally simpli- autophagy inhibitors, an activity not exhibited by m fied but biologically relevant compound collections. NPs cinchona alkaloids at concentrations up to 30 M[13], occupy a large yet limited amount of chemical space demonstrated that significant changes in the topology of [24]. However, NP-like chemical space is significantly NPs might lead to novel NP-inspired molecular frame- larger than existing NP scaffolds and therefore presents works that are endowed with different bioactivity pro- a chemical limitation of BIOS. From a biological view- files than their natural predecessors. point, these compounds may retain similar bioactivities to the structurally related parent NP, thereby limiting Biology-oriented synthesis the exploration of biological space [17]. Biology-oriented synthesis (BIOS) is a design principle to generate small molecules as tools for the study of Methods that allow for rapid access to biologically complex biological systems [4,14,15**]. In nature, pertinent chemical space while retaining biological evolutionary conservation of molecular architectures relevance to NPs may provide useful compound collec- leads only to a limited number of possible small- tions. This matching led to the development of the molecule binding sites [16]. Analogously, NPs have pseudo-NP approach [25**,26**] in which bioactive come from the function-driven evolution of biosynthetic compound classes are obtained through combining pathways. Whereas the surrounding substitution pat- strategies that take inspiration from nature, such as terns can be highly diverse, the core scaffolds are BIOS, with principles that efficiently cover a vast conserved. BIOS uses NPs as prevalidated starting amount of chemical space, such as fragment-based points in the development of bioactive molecules.
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