BBC VOICES RECORDINGS http://sounds.bl.uk

Title:

Postbridge, Devon

Shelfmark:

C1190/13/03

Recording date:

26.11.2005

Speakers: Friend, Cyril, b. 1922; male; retired Forestry Commission Officer (father farmer; mother farmer’s wife) Lavers, Derek, b. 1932; male; engineer & farm manager (father farmer; mother farmer’s wife) Medland, Ena, b. 1926; female; farmer’s wife (father farmer; mother farmer’s wife) Perryman, David, b. 1935; male; farmer (father farmer; mother farmer’s wife)

The interviewees were all born, lived or worked their whole lives on Dartmoor. ELICITED LEXIS

○ see English Dialect Dictionary (1898-1905) * see Survey of English Dialects Basic Material (1962-1971) ⌂ no previous source (with this sense) identified pleased (not discussed) tired (not discussed) unwell (not discussed) hot (not discussed) cold (not discussed) annoyed (not discussed) throw (not discussed) play truant truant (not used); mitchy1; mitching from school (“Devonshire phrase”); mitch; fainaigue○ (“fainaigued school” [fɚnɪgɫd skʏː], used elsewhere in Devon, also used for ‘to fiddle dishonestly’) sleep (not discussed) play a game (not discussed) hit hard (not discussed) clothes (not discussed)

1 OED (Online edition) includes ‘mitch’ in this sense; <-y> suffix attributable to productive dialectal morphological process also captured here in e.g. fitty, frawsy, leary etc.

http://sounds.bl.uk Page 1 of 36 BBC Voices Recordings trousers (not discussed) child’s shoe (not discussed) mother (not discussed) gmother (not discussed) m partner (not discussed) friend (not discussed) gfather (not discussed) forgot name (not discussed) kit of tools (not discussed) trendy (not discussed) f partner (not discussed) baby baby; chield○ (“her have had a chield” used in past of male/female); sprog (modern); bairn (used by friend from Scotland) rain heavily lashing; lashing down (“’tis lashing down cats and dogs”); drenching (“I’ve been out in the lashing rain I’ve come in drenched” used in north Devon) toilet (not discussed) walkway (not discussed) long seat couch (old); settee run water brook; stream main room front room; lounge (used by granddaughter, modern); drawing-room (suggested by interviewer, not used, “posh”); parlour; dining room; kitchen rain lightly (not discussed) rich (not discussed) left-handed coochy○; clicky○ unattractive (not discussed) lack money (not discussed) drunk sozzled pregnant (not discussed) attractive (not discussed) insane (not discussed) moody (not discussed) SPONTANEOUS LEXIS afters = dessert, pudding (1:00:39 we had some corned beef and then for afters us had sweet biscuits with some jam but us wasn’t so curious about what was in that there tin after that) ah = yes (0:02:20 well I used to deal with a lot of people uh down at Morwellham and uh I think the first reaction you got from half of the holiday-makers soon as they heard you they’d go round the back going, “ah uh eh uh oh” and you used to get these sort of comments) Aladdin = paraffin lamp (1:31:54 ’cause I can remember doing homework from Grammar School sitting there and thinking to self, “Christ, bloody lights going up and down” and in the end ’twas far better to light the old Aladdin the old paraffin lamp) anyhow = anyway (0:50:59 if anybody in the district lost all their chickens they’d soon be claiming anyhow I caught this ferret took en home) back* = instruction to horse to turn right (0:29:50 down our way there was one that I can always remember me wife’s uncle used to use farming-wise he never referred to ‘left’ or ‘right’ always ‘way

http://sounds.bl.uk Page 2 of 36 BBC Voices Recordings fore’ or ‘back fore’; 0:30:20 because he used to say, “up the road here about two gun-shots go way fore and then about another two gun-shots and go back fore” and now they all um, you know, they’m they’re completely and utterly lost and you’d have to stand then and do a bit of a bit of bit of interpretation, like, you know) bad = ill (0:48:01 uh my wife was taken bad well she had a grumbling appendix) barras-apron○ = long hessian apron (0:40:01 when my sister came home her had to take her clothes off and her had to put a barras-apron on; 0:40:16 a barras-apron was something that was made out of kind of the stuff that you made uh sacks out for corn and you put it over your neck with a piece of cord and you had to put him on around the back and you tied it around in the front) bide = to stay (1:22:04 and then ’twould bide there for about oh a fortnight perhaps till ’twas dry it all depends how ripe ’twas when you cut it) bloke = man (0:54:32 I was there ploughing a field right beside the camp and this here American bloke came in) bone-shaker = bicycle (0:36:14 if you go back go back in the fifties how many households had cars we didn’t because most of us had bone-shakers) brandise = three-legged stand for supporting pan/kettle over fire (1:13:30 I remember when us lived down Lamerton when I was a boy down there in an old farmhouse down Rattaford it was an open chimlay and you used to have these great big logs in there and you had uh what they used to call brandise uh hanged on these here chimlay crooks (yeah) (yeah) and all that sort of thing (yeah) and have the fire going underneath there) britches = trousers (0:37:53 there was britches and leggings for men and (that’s right) and uh heavy shoes for girls there was none of this here kind of modern kind of high heels and stiletto heels) catchy○ = changeable, showery (1:15:16 the farmers in those days if you was making hay this side the valley and the weather was bit catchy and you could see somebody old Tommy Caw or somebody the other side the valley who was, you know, struggling a bit and he he he’d (you’d go and help) you’d if you finished yours you wouldn’t go home everybody would turn to and go and help Tommy Caw but today everybody’s for theirsels really; 1:18:16 another thing that when it was catchy weather uh, you know, you get uh sunshine and showers and then you get a nice bright uh period and father used to say, “oh the sun’s come out, boy, that’ll soon quail it up”) chimlay○ = chimney (1:13:30 I remember when us lived down Lamerton when I was a boy down there in an old farmhouse down Rattaford it was an open chimlay and you used to have these great big logs in there and you had uh what they used to call brandise uh hanged on these here chimlay crooks (yeah) (yeah) and all that sort of thing (yeah) and have the fire going underneath there) Christ = exclamation expressing surprise/disbelief/frustration (0:25:05 and you’re going along in your car and you pass them in a narrow road and they look at ye a bit strange these people and I say, “Christ, he’s staring like a bloody conger”; 0:25:21 I got a friend Raymond who is quite broad Devon and he’ll say, “Christ, that’s drixey”, you know, ’tis ’tis falling to pieces; 1:31:54 ’cause I can remember doing homework from Grammar School sitting there and thinking to self, “Christ, bloody lights going up and down” and in the end ’twas far better to light the old Aladdin the old paraffin lamp) court = to date, go out with (0:19:20 when girls started courting age they wouldn’t allow young men come in from the next village out) Devon grate2 = type of open fireplace (0:49:23 ’cause the only heating we had in the cottage at the time was a Devon grate little old Devon grate that’s all we had) dreckly○ = soon, immediately (0:29:15 and if you know John Germon3 he’ll say, “oh my beauty see ye dreckly”)

2 Online forum discussion ‘the Devon grate’ initiated by river rats (09.09.2011 - see Belfast Forum at http://www.belfastforum.co.uk/index.php?topic=39865.0) contains ‘Devon grate’ in this sense. 3 Author, presumably, of ‘Cheers Me Boodies: A Celebration of Devon Dialect’ (Countryside Books, 2008).

http://sounds.bl.uk Page 3 of 36 BBC Voices Recordings dredge○ = mixed corn sown together (1:22:11 also another thing us used to grow but don’t hear about it now us used to mix the wheat and the barley and the oats together you used to try and get the same varieties and we’d dry it at the same time and us used to call it ‘dredge’ corn (that’s right, yeah ‘dredge’ corn never hear of it) drixey○ = dead, rotten (0:25:21 I got a friend Raymond who is quite broad Devon and he’ll say, “Christ, that’s drixey”, you know, ’tis ’tis falling to pieces) durn = architrave, door-frame (0:14:08 now we call down here around the door the ‘jamb’ they call it the ‘durn’ uh I mean that’s just one end of Devon to the other so it it but within within Dartmoor there’s many many different ones (in Dartmoor the ‘door jamb’ or ‘door arch’ is called a ‘prentice’) that’s right well ‘prentice’ or ‘jamb’, yeah) electric = electricity (1:07:09 (what’s that called then ‘pumping the organ’ did you have a ...?) well just pumping the organ uh you see the organs had no electric at the church) fag○ = dried peat cut for fuel (0:14:31 my father um used to go up on the moor cutting fags and I’ve got his fag-ire at home now) faggot = bundle of sticks used for firewood (1:11:49 in in the winter when us was out hedging uh cut off a hazel hedge or or ash used to tie it up in faggots) fag-ire*4 = peat cutter (0:14:31 my father um used to go up on the moor cutting fags and I’ve got his fag- ire at home now) felly = exterior rim of cartwheel supported by spokes (0:13:07 I turned out a shed the other day and me son was looking at it and he said, “look at all these old tools you got here, dad” and he said, “there’s carpenting tools here old spokeshaves (that’s right) and things for shaving wheel fellies” and all that sort of thing) fitty = fine, well (0:43:14 they go on about, “I’m feeling fitty” and all this, don’t they?) fitchy○ = polecat (0:50:39 I had um two ferrets I had a fitchy ferret and a yellow ferret) fore = before (0:59:09 I can see him now fore he’d go to bed sometimes he’d sit down and he’d have a an apple pasty and he’d eat an whole apple pasty fore he went to bed; 1:11:32 they’d used to do the outside round, didn’t them, like that (yeah) fore the binder come in (yeah) then the binder would come in and then you’d be you had your sheaves but the outside row uh round you’d you’d cut by hand but uh and then tie and stack stack stook of sheaves) fore = forwards (0:29:50 down our way there was one that I can always remember me wife’s uncle used to use farming-wise he never referred to ‘left’ or ‘right’ always ‘way fore’ or ‘back fore’; 0:30:20 because he used to say, “up the road here about two gun-shots go way fore and then about another two gun-shots and go back fore” and now they all um, you know, they’m they’re completely and utterly lost and you’d have to stand then and do a bit of a bit of bit of interpretation, like, you know) frawsy○ = treat, feast (0:41:16 you’d be invited around, you see, to a cup of tea and that would be called a ‘frawsy’) furze = gorse ( 0:12:07 you see people go to Dartmoor and they look at the gorse out in full flower and they say, “oh, isn’t that lovely?” and I say, “what do you mean that ‘furze’?” (yeah) and there’s also a a bird that lives on Dartmoor we call them the ‘furze-hacker’ and if you if you talk to people that are bird- watchers they don’t know what you’re talking about) furze-hacker = furze-chat – type of bird (0:12:07 you see people go to Dartmoor and they look at the gorse out in full flower and they say, “oh, isn’t that lovely?” and I say, “what do you mean that ‘furze’?” (yeah) and there’s also a a bird that lives on Dartmoor we call them the ‘furze-hacker’ and if you if you talk to people that are bird-watchers they don’t know what you’re talking about) grandkid = grandchild (0:35:17 I mean I got grandkids six and five and that) gun-shot = rough measure of distance (0:30:20 because he used to say, “up the road here about two gun- shots go way fore and then about another two gun-shots and go back fore” and now they all um, you

4 SED Basic Material (1962-1971) includes ‘fag-ire’ in sense of ‘crescent-shaped spade for cutting turfs’ – see e.g. PEAT (IV.4.3).

http://sounds.bl.uk Page 4 of 36 BBC Voices Recordings know, they’m they’re completely and utterly lost and you’d have to stand then and do a bit of a bit of bit of interpretation, like, you know) hedgy5 = to lay a hedge (0:32:57 when you stone hedgy you put the stones up look it up in there edgeways with with a stone wall there all put flat one on top of the other) hiding = beating, thrashing (1:05:26 when you got home in the night or when the inspector come and seen mother in the day uh you’d get a good hiding when you come home her’d thrash your legs) how’s tricks = how are you, how do you do (0:29:43 and ‘how’s tricks’ was another thing they used to use and I I think all these, yeah, and the these things stuck in your mind) learn = to teach (0:06:57 and I think one of the things happened with it when you found these teachers new teachers coming to the school they tried to educate you and learn you what they used to say was the Queen’s English) leary○ = empty, hungry (0:31:00 if you was out with the binder and you had a steep field (yeah) you’d go up ‘leary’ (yeah) which meant they were empty you weren’t cutting of them (yeah, exactly, no) and also when it come to dinner time you was feeling a bit ‘leary’ (leary) and ’twas time to go in and have some dinner (dinner that’s right)) maddock○ = tool for breaking up hard earth (0:12:31 we talk about tools you use on farms we talk about a ‘visgy’ (yeah) and they look at ye and say, (“what’s that?”) “oh, what’s a ‘visgy’ where did that come from?” and this is this is what it’s all about we are proud of it we know what we’re talking about it’s a bit of bad luck that they don’t (what is it?) (digger) (yes) (a digger) that’s right (also known as a ‘two-bill’) (yeah) that’s right that’s right, you see, you got a ‘visgy’ and you got a ‘maddock’; 0:33:07 and father used to say, “take a maddock and don’t forget to ram it in tight, boy, it ain’t no good if you don’t do that”) maid = girl (0:33:34 my kids stared to learn to ride ponies, like, and that and us got an old Dartmoor pony and her’s broken in ’cause they had ponies and and um stuck a maid on them one day and uh course the pony started to buck and that and instead of sort of saying ‘grip tight’ he used to say, “cream your knees, mate, cream your knees”, you know) mangold = mangel-wurzel (1:22:25 another thing you don’t see them growing now is mangolds, do ye, (no) see used to grow hundreds of mangolds, didn’t them?; 1:22:39 this was uh on uh Radio Devon one day about mangold ‘M’ ‘A’ ‘N’ ‘G’ ‘L’ ‘E’ but that wasn’t the right way of spelling mangolds ‘M’ ‘A’ ‘N’ ‘G’ ‘O’ ‘L’ ‘D’) meat safe = ventilated cupboard for storing meat (1:33:13 and also us used to have a safe what they call a safe (yeah) what they call a ‘safe’ (meat safe) meat safe) mysel○ = myself (0:20:02 father lived at Yelverton mother lived at Meavy so he just said, “oh you’re very you’re like mysel” he said, “I come from Maristow”) nabby-grabby⌂6 = small stone (0:32:17 I used to go out stone-walling with my father sometimes and uh he would be out there and uh he’d say, “I well just want a little uh stone just to a little trigger to put in under” (yeah) and you’d give him a stone “no, that isn’t no good, boy, I only want a nabby-grabby” (‘navvy-graffy’ that’s right, ‘naffy-graffy’)) oggy = Cornish pasty (0:58:27 us used to take dinner um used to take bit of saffron cake and a teddy oggy) oh ah○ = yes, confirming or contradicting (1:31:22 (but also they had a dynamo that used to run off the the mill) oh ah, yeah) paring hook* = bill-hook used for trimming hedges (1:10:55 don’t see a paring hook well I got three home I got three scythes home (yeah) but I mean they never get used, do they?)

5 OED (Online edition) includes ‘hedge’ in this sense; <-y> suffix attributable to productive dialectal morphological also captured here in e.g. fitty, frawsy, leary etc. 6 First speaker says [nabiːgɹabiː] suggesting possible interpretation as nabby-grabby – i.e. ‘nab’ [= ‘to snatch/pick up quickly’] + ‘grab’ with dialectal morphological <-y> suffix by analogy with e.g. fitty, frawsy, leary etc.; second speaker says [naviːgɹaviː] suggesting alternative interpretation as navvy-graffy – i.e. navvy [= ‘labourer’] + graff [= ‘spit/spade-graft’] with dialectal fricative voicing and morphological <-y> suffix by analogy with e.g. fitty, frawsy, leary etc.

http://sounds.bl.uk Page 5 of 36 BBC Voices Recordings paunch = to disembowel (0:51:49 and I used to paunch me rabbits clean them out and then uh put them on a stick over me shoulder and off I would start to go home) pook○ = small pile of hay left to dry overnight (1:18:33 but how many times you’d sh... uh you’d turn, you know, (yeah) fields of corn fields of the hay by hand (yeah) turn your back and down will come the rain (that’s right) done it many a time (but then if you remember) used to pook it then (that’s right, yeah) put it in pooks) prentice⌂ = architrave, door-frame (0:14:08 (now we call down here around the door the ‘jamb’ they call it the ‘durn’ uh I mean that’s just one end of Devon to the other so it it but within within Dartmoor there’s many many different ones) in Dartmoor the ‘door jamb’ or ‘door arch’ is called a ‘prentice’ (that’s right well ‘prentice’ or ‘jamb’, yeah)) pushbike = bicycle (0:36:50 we did have a car and I of course was had uh learnt to drive a car at that time and I used to go, yeah, pushbike pushbike; 0:37:29 you know, your pushy was used a lot your pushbike was used a a lot I mean you’d go down or mother’d send you down to Horrabridge to get some meat or summat and ’twas all on your pushbike) quail○ = to dry out (1:18:16 another thing that when it was catchy weather uh, you know, you get uh sunshine and showers and then you get a nice bright uh period and father used to say, “oh the sun’s come out, boy, that’ll soon quail it up”) Queen’s English = popular term for Standard English and/or Received Pronunciation (0:06:57 and I think one of the things happened with it when you found these teachers new teachers coming to the school they tried to educate you and learn you what they used to say was the Queen’s English) real = very, really (0:51:06 and I used to go off Saturday mornings with I had me nets and I had a little terrier dog called Tiny real tiny terrier) summat∆ = something (0:37:29 you know, your pushy was used a lot your pushbike was used a a lot I mean you’d go down or mother’d send you down to Horrabridge to get some meat or summat and ’twas all on your pushbike; 0:50:49 I was coming home from school one night and uh summat rattling in the r... in the hedge so I looks up and there’s this ferret and of course nobody would admit you’d lost a ferret; 1:31:04 Tommy Caw out Dittisham every Saturday after… every Saturday morning used to come with two or three bags two-hundred weight bags of of oats or summat to crush and us used to set the wheel going) spokeshave = carpenter’s tool for carving spokes (0:13:07 I turned out a shed the other day and me son was looking at it and he said, “look at all these old tools you got here, dad” and he said, “there’s carpenting tools here old spokeshaves (that’s right) and things for shaving wheel fellies” and all that sort of thing) spud = potato (0:08:44 from about eleven year old I suppose you would be picked up of a Saturday morning and taken maybe to well farms all over the area to pick up spuds; 0:08:57 you were being paid about four shillings a day for working all day picking up a load of spuds) stook○ = bundle of corn (1:11:32 they’d used to do the outside round, didn’t them, like that (yeah) fore the binder come in (yeah) then the binder would come in and then you’d be you had your sheaves but the outside row uh round you’d you’d cut by hand but uh and then tie and stack stack stook of sheaves) tea-drinkers⌂ = ‘best’ shoes (0:40:58 but he always kept his tea-drinkers on in case he was out invited out in the night when he went church again invited out to tea somewhere) teddy○ = potato (0:07:47 during the war when I was a boy uh us used to have the Land Army come on the farm doing various jobs, you know, teddy picking and all that and I used to have to take the basket of tea up to them; 0:58:27 us used to take dinner um used to take bit of saffron cake and a teddy oggy) theirsels○ = themselves (1:15:16 the farmers in those days if you was making hay this side the valley and the weather was bit catchy and you could see somebody old Tommy Caw or somebody the other side the valley who was, you know, struggling a bit and he he he’d (you’d go and help) you’d if you finished yours you wouldn’t go home everybody would turn to and go and help Tommy Caw but today everybody’s for theirsels really)

http://sounds.bl.uk Page 6 of 36 BBC Voices Recordings trig = to apply wedge or block to prevent object moving (0:59:28 I know a chap who used to drive a steam-roller and he used to be able to put a pasty and he’d bring a pasty if his wife made en would trig and hold a steam-roller) trigger = wedge or block used to prevent object moving (0:32:17 I used to go out stone-walling with my father sometimes and uh he would be out there and uh he’d say, “I well just want a little uh stone just to a little trigger to put in under” (yeah) and you’d give him a stone “no, that isn’t no good, boy, I only want a nabby-grabby” (‘navvy-graffy’ that’s right, ‘naffy-graffy’)) two-bill○ = double-headed pick (0:12:31 (we talk about tools you use on farms we talk about a ‘visgy’ (yeah) and they look at ye and say,) “what’s that?” (“oh, what’s a ‘visgy’ where did that come from?” and this is this is what it’s all about we are proud of it we know what we’re talking about it’s a bit of bad luck that they don’t) (what is it?) (digger) yes (a digger) (that’s right) also known as a ‘two-bill’ (yeah) (that’s right that’s right, you see, you got a ‘visgy’ and you got a ‘maddock’)) turn to = to apply oneself to work (1:15:16 the farmers in those days if you was making hay this side the valley and the weather was bit catchy and you could see somebody old Tommy Caw or somebody the other side the valley who was, you know, struggling a bit and he he he’d (you’d go and help) you’d if you finished yours you wouldn’t go home everybody would turn to and go and help Tommy Caw but today everybody’s for theirsels really) visgy○ = double-headed pick (0:12:31 we talk about tools you use on farms we talk about a ‘visgy’ (yeah) and they look at ye and say, (“what’s that?”) “oh, what’s a ‘visgy’ where did that come from?” and this is this is what it’s all about we are proud of it we know what we’re talking about it’s a bit of bad luck that they don’t (what is it?) (digger) (yes) (a digger) that’s right (also known as a ‘two-bill’) (yeah) that’s right that’s right, you see, you got a ‘visgy’ and you got a ‘maddock’) way* = instruction to horse to turn left (0:29:50 down our way there was one that I can always remember me wife’s uncle used to use farming-wise he never referred to ‘left’ or ‘right’ always ‘way fore’ or ‘back fore’; 0:30:20 because he used to say, “up the road here about two gun-shots go way fore and then about another two gun-shots and go back fore” and now they all um, you know, they’m they’re completely and utterly lost and you’d have to stand then and do a bit of a bit of bit of interpretation, like, you know; 0:30:46 when they used to plough with the horses I think ‘way fore’ was to the left (yeah) and ‘back fore’ was to the right (yeah)) Yank = person from the USA (0:23:29 and of course not only them you had the the Yanks were living around for well what two year nearly) PHONOLOGY

KIT [ɪ > e ~ ə] (0:01:33 my father was a farmer um I married in 1950 [nəɪntiːnfeftei] and we’ve been farming it all our life; 0:06:23 just after the war and people who came down the army were billeted [bəlɪtɪd] the Forty- Eighth Div [fɔ˞ːdiɛɪtθ dɪv] was there and they also had evacuees came down on the train and they were put in various homes and they they were came from London and quite a few came from the Birmingham [bɚːmɪŋəm] area; 21:31 a lot of people don’t realise but a lot of the buildings [bɪɫdɪnz] were uh taken over by the military [mələtɹei]; 0:25:21 I got a friend Raymond who is quite broad Devon and he’ll say, “Christ, that’s drixey”, [dɹeksei] you know, it is it is falling to pieces; 0:35:17 I mean I got grandkids [gɹandkɪdz] six [sɪks] and five and that; 0:43:14 they go on about, “I’m feeling fitty” [vedi] and all this, [ðɪs] don’t they?; 0:48:01 uh my wife was taken bad well she had a grumbling appendix [əpɛndɪks]) biscUIT, kitchEN (0:26:09 and mother used to refer to us if she was in the kitchen [kɪʧən] and on her own she would look at me and say, “where’s the maidens to?” (yeah) now ‘maidens’ it’s not ‘maidens’ it was ‘maidens’; 1:00:11 us had these here two big pa… uh tins of biscuits, [bɪskəts] you know, like you buy now (yeah) big tins of biscuits [bɪskəts] come and some tins of corned

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beef; 1:00:39 we had some corned beef and then for afters us had sweet biscuits [bɪskəts] with some jam but us wasn’t so curious about what was in that there tin after that) (0:15:59 we’re talking about peat there was actually a peat peat works up at the back of the Fox and Hounds Hotel pre-war they used to dig the peat up there the old they used to employ [ɪmplɔɪ] quite a lot of staff; 0:38:54 Sunday mornings I used to have to walk Sampford Church for Sunday school Sunday afternoons I’d be expected [ɛkspɛktɪd] to walk Okehampton Church for Sunday school; 1:12:36 well my grandfather would expect [ɪkspɛkt] his boys to do seventy bale seventy bundles a day) his, in, tin (0:06:23 just after the war and people who came down the army were billeted the Forty-Eighth Div was there and they also had evacuees came down on the train and they were put in [ɪn] various homes and they they were came from London and quite a few came from the Birmingham area; 0:33:07 and father used to say, “take a maddock and don’t forget to ram it in [iːn] tight, boy, it ain’t no good if you don’t do that”; 1:00:11 us had these here two big pa… uh tins [tɪnz] of biscuits, you know, like you buy now (yeah) big tins [tiːnz] of biscuits come and some tins [tɪnz] of corned beef; 1:06:21 Art that’s it and his [iːz] boy lives up Princetown and he’s a electrician (yes, that’s Christopher) Christopher that’s right; 1:12:36 well my grandfather would expect his [iːz] boys to do seventy bale seventy bundles a day; 1:28:11 you would say, “I’ve been out in the lashing rain I’ve come in [iːn] drenched”) DRESS [ɛ] (0:48:01 uh my wife was taken bad well [wɛɫ] she had a grumbling appendix [əpɛndɪks]; 0:59:09 I can see him now fore he’d go to bed [bɛd] sometimes he’d sit down and he’d have a an apple pasty and he’d eat an whole apple pasty fore he went [wɛnt] to bed [bɛd]; 1:12:36 well [wɛɫ] my grandfather would expect [ɪkspɛkt] his boys to do seventy [sɛmti] bale seventy [sɛmti] bundles a day) get (1:36:11 early in the morning horses was all done up they was out cutting grass (yeah, that’s right) you daren’t speak to your farmer he “hasn’t got time to talk to thee, boy, I got to get [gɪd] on”) TRAP [a > æ] (1:00:30 one day it happened [apənd] the van [væn] didn’t turn up; 1:15:16 the farmers in those days if you was making hay this side the valley [vali] and the weather was bit catchy [kæʧei] and you could see somebody old Tommy Caw or somebody the other side the valley [vali] who was, you know, struggling a bit and he he he’d (you’d go and help) you’d if you finished yours you wouldn’t go home everybody would turn to and go and help Tommy Caw but today everybody’s for theirsels really; 1:25:40 my wife was the captain [kaptn̩] of the ladies’ team and course when I went in her said it wasn’t fair her said ’cause her said, “Cyril here’s ambidextrous [ambɪdɛstɹɪks] he can he can bat [bat] whichever one” course I made the highest score for the gents and us won the match [maʧ]) fag, have (0:00:26 li… born and still living in the house uh that I’m in at the moment um although I have [ɛv] sold it now; 0:14:31 my father um used to go up on the moor cutting fags [vɛgz] and I’ve got his fag-ire [vɛgəɪɚ] at home now; 0:36:50 we did have [ɛv] a car and I of course was had uh learnt to drive a car at that time and I used to go, yeah, pushbike pushbike; 0:38:23 you know, if mother thought that we ought to have [ɛv] a, you know, a new winter coat something like that as a child well very often it used to be done so that we would wear it to harvest festival; 0:59:09 I can see him now fore he’d go to bed sometimes he’d sit down and he’d have [ɛv] a an apple pasty and he’d eat an whole apple pasty fore he went to bed; 1:29:59 up to the time I le... we left Lake we didn’t have [ɛv] any electric) lash, thrash (1:05:26 when you got home in the night or when the inspector come and seen mother in the day uh you’d get a good hiding when you come home her’d thrash [dɹɛɪʃ] your legs; 1:27:37

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yeah, well ‘raining heavily’ we’d say we’d ‘lashing down’ [lɛɪʃɪn dəʏn] it’s really, you know, well ‘lashing down’ [lɛɪʃɪn dəʏn] (yeah, ‘heavy rain’) (yeah, also, “it is lashing down cats and dogs” [tɪz lɛɪʃɪn dəʏn kats ən dʌgz]) yeah, yeah) LOT [ɒ > ɑ] (0:02:20 well I used to deal with a lot [lɒd] of people uh down at Morwellham and uh I think the first reaction you got [gɒt] from half of the holiday-makers soon as they heard you they’d go round the back going, “ah uh eh uh oh” and you used to get these sort of comments; 0:14:31 my father um used to go up on the moor cutting fags and I’ve got [gɑd] his fag-ire at home now; 0:26:22 and that was the only phrase that I remember my mother really talking and I’m sure lots [lɑts] of people used to say, “well what [wɒd] are you saying?”; 1:09:29 then there was somebody with a recitation then we had somebody who sang a few songs [sɒŋz] to a guitar) dog (0:51:06 and I used to go off Saturday mornings with I had my nets and I had a little terrier dog [dʌg] called Tiny real tiny terrier; 1:27:37 (yeah, well ‘raining heavily’ we’d say we’d ‘lashing down’ it’s really, you know, well ‘lashing down’) (yeah, ‘heavy rain’) yeah, also, “it is lashing down cats and dogs” [tɪz lɛɪʃɪn dəʏn kats ən dʌgz] (yeah, yeah)) STRUT [ʌ] (0:13:21 and he said he said, “you want to keep that, dad, ’cause they’ll be worth some [sʌm] money [mʌni] later on and uh that is true but you a lot of it a lot of it is fading away because no one doesn’t [dʌzənt] want it and no one doesn’t [dʌzənt] know anything about it; 1:00:39 we had some [sʌm] corned beef and then for afters us [ʌs] had sweet biscuits with some [sʌm] jam but us [ʌs] wasn’t so curious about what was in that there tin after that; 1:09:07 and we had no rehearsals no nothing [nʌθɪn] and I compèred; 1:12:36 well my grandfather would expect his boys to do seventy bale seventy bundles [bʌndɫ̩z] a day; 1:33:13 and also us [ʌz] used to have a safe what they call a safe (yeah) what they call a ‘safe’ (meat safe) meat safe) ONE (0:14:08 now we call down here around the door the ‘jamb’ they call it the ‘durn’ uh I mean that’s just one end of Devon to the other so it it but within within Dartmoor there’s many many different ones [wʌnz] (in Dartmoor the ‘door jamb’ or ‘door arch’ is called a ‘prentice’) that’s right well ‘prentice’ or ‘jamb’, yeah; 0:29:50 down our way there was one [wʌn] that I can always remember my wife’s uncle used to use farming-wise he never referred to ‘left’ or ‘right’ always ‘way fore’ or ‘back fore’; 0:37:53 there was britches and leggings for men and (that’s right) and uh heavy shoes for girls there was none [nɒn] of this here kind of modern kind of high heels and stiletto heels; 0:47:23 all through that winter we only lost one [wɒn] and it was there and that bullock died near the cottage at Two Bridges) FOOT [ʏ > ʊ ~ ʌ] (0:06:23 just after the war and people who came down the army were billeted the Forty-Eighth Div was there and they also had evacuees came down on the train and they were put [pʌt] in various homes and they they were came from London and quite a few came from the Birmingham area; 0:13:07 I turned out a shed the other day and my son was looking [lʏkən] at it and he said, “look [lʏk] at all these old tools you got here, dad” and he said, “there’s carpenting tools here old spokeshaves (that’s right) and things for shaving wheel fellies” and all that sort of thing; 0:15:25 uh when I was a boy I actually went up and helped father turn them out that was one of my job when I was a boy eight nine years old and when they was brought home I had to help pack them in the shed and (yes) put [pʊd] them in the fire and the put [pʌt] the old trivet in the thing in the kettle (yeah) and put [pʊd] en over the peat fire and very often you had uh smoky tea that uh it tasted of peat; 0:45:36 but one of the funniest things the butcher [bʏʧə] van was in Okehampton village and he decided he’d just got in the village and he decided he couldn’t [kʏdn̟] deliver no more meat so matey tried to get back up Yelverton, see; 0:47:23 all through that winter we only

http://sounds.bl.uk Page 9 of 36 BBC Voices Recordings lost one and it was there and that bullock [bʌlək] died near the cottage at Two Bridges; 1:05:26 when you got home in the night or when the inspector come and seen mother in the day uh you’d get a good [gʏd] hiding when you come home her’d thrash your legs) BATH [aː] (0:38:54 Sunday mornings I used to have to walk Sampford Church for Sunday school Sunday afternoons [aːftənʏːnz] I’d be expected to walk Okehampton Church for Sunday school; 0:53:29 and this used to be from the first week in April until the last [laːst] week in September; 0:59:09 I can see him now fore he’d go to bed sometimes he’d sit down and he’d have a an apple pasty [paːsti] and he’d eat an whole apple pasty [paːsti] fore he went to bed) CLOTH [ɔ ~ ɑ] (0:04:34 things’ve changed and that’s why I think we’ve lost [lɔst] the Devonshire dialect because everybody now is being the children are all bussed to one area and they’re all speaking the same; 0:28:44 and he and now if he’s talking you would never think he was from Devon at all he he’s completely lost [lɔst] it; 0:30:20 because he used to say, “up the road here about two gun-shots go way fore and then about another two gun-shots and go back fore” and now they all um, you know, they’m they’re completely and utterly lost [lɑst] and you’d have to stand then and do a bit of a bit of bit of interpretation, like, you know; 0:38:23 you know, if mother thought that we ought to have a, you know, a new winter coat something like that as a child well very often [ɑftən] it used to be done so that we would wear it to harvest festival; 0:40:01 when my sister came home her had to take her clothes off [ɑf] and her had to put a barras-apron on; 0:47:23 all through that winter we only lost [lɑst] one and it was there and that bullock died near the cottage at Two Bridges) NURSE [əː] (0:01:12 I worked [wɚːkt] for the Forestry Commission for forty years thirty [θɚːdi] years as a Wildlife Officer in all of Cornwall and part of Devon; 0:02:20 well I used to deal with a lot of people uh down at Morwellham and uh I think the first [fɚːst] reaction you got from half of the holiday-makers soon as they heard [ɚːd] you they’d go round the back going, “ah uh eh uh oh” and you used to get these sort of comments; 0:13:21 and he said he said, “you want to keep that, dad, ’cause they’ll be worth [wɚːθ] some money later on” and uh that is true but you a lot of it a lot of it is fading away because no one doesn’t want it and no one doesn’t know anything about it; 1:00:30 one day it happened the van didn’t turn [tɚːn] up) furze (0:12:07 you see people go to Dartmoor and they look at the gorse out in full flower and they say, “oh, isn’t that lovely?” and I say, “what do you mean that ‘furze’?” [vʌz] (yeah) and there’s also a a bird that lives on Dartmoor we call them the ‘furze-hacker’ [fʌzakɚ] and if you if you talk to people that are bird-watchers they don’t know what you’re talking about; 0:13:52 but there are so many different things (yeah) I mean you’re talking to us now about about the furze [vʌz] and that (yeah) it’s like I mean there’d be the ferns and the bracken well we call them ‘ferns’, isn’t it? (that’s right, ‘ferns’)) ferns (0:13:52 but there are so many different things (yeah) I mean you’re talking to us now about about the furze and that (yeah) it’s like I mean there’d be the ferns [fɚːnz] and the bracken well we call them ‘ferns’, [vɪɚnz] isn’t it (that’s right, ‘ferns’ [vɪɚnz])) FLEECE [iː] (0:49:23 ’cause the only heating [hiːtɪn] we had in the cottage at the time was a Devon grate little old Devon grate that’s all we had; 0:53:29 and this used to be from the first week [wiːk] in April until the last week [wiːk] in September; 1:00:39 we had some corned beef [kɔ˞ːnd biːf] and then for afters us had sweet biscuits [swiːt bɪskəts] with some jam but us wasn’t so curious about what was in that there tin after that)

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been, seen (1:05:26 when you got home in the night or when the inspector come and seen [sɪn] mother in the day uh you’d get a good hiding when you come home her’d thrash your legs; 1:39:18 I mean I can remember one old lady in Okehampton who died uh not so many years ago and her’d only been [bɪn] her hadn’t been Plymouth [bɪm plɪməθ] since the war) tea (0:07:47 during the war when I was a boy uh us used to have the Land Army come on the farm doing various jobs, you know, teddy picking and all that and I used to have to take the basket of tea [teɪ] up to them; 0:41:16 you’d be invited around, you see, to a cup of tea [teɪ] and that would be called a ‘frawsy’; 0:53:05 then when I used to come home from school four o’clock I had to take milk up in the afternoon for officers because they had their fresh milk with their tea [tɛɪ]) FACE [eː ~ ɛɪ] (0:08:57 you were being paid [pɛɪd] about four shillings a day [dɛɪ] for working all day [dɛɪ] picking up a load of spuds; 0:13:21 and he said he said, “you want to keep that, dad, ’cause they’ll be worth some money later on” [leːdɚɹ ɒn] and uh that is true but you a lot of it a lot of it is fading [feːdɪn] away [əwɛɪ] because no one doesn’t want it and no one doesn’t know anything about it; 0:40:01 when my sister came [keːm] home her had to take [teːk] her clothes off and her had to put a barras-apron [baɹəseːpɹən] on; 0:53:29 and this used to be from the first week in April [eːpɹəɫ] until the last week in September; 0:58:16 used to be able [eːbɫ] to get these lemonade [lɛməneːd] crystals I remember that; 1:12:36 well my grandfather would expect his boys to do seventy bale [bɛɪɫ] seventy bundles a day [dɛɪ]) ain’t (0:33:07 and father used to say, “take a maddock and don’t forget to ram it in tight, boy, it ain’t [ɛɪnʔ] no good if you don’t do that”) maiden (0:26:09 and mother used to refer to us if she was in the kitchen and on her own she would look at me and say, “where’s the maidens to?” [wɛɚz ðə mɛdn̩z tə] (yeah) now ‘maidens’ [mɛdn̩z] it’s not ‘maidens’ [mɛɪdn̩z] it was ‘maidens’ [mɛdn̩z]) <-day> (0:02:20 well I used to deal with a lot of people uh down at Morwellham and uh I think the first reaction you got from half of the holiday-makers [ɒlɪdɛɪmɛɪkɚz] soon as they heard you they’d go round the back going, “ah uh eh uh oh” and you used to get these sort of comments; 0:38:54 Sunday [sʌndi] mornings I used to have to walk Sampford church for Sunday [sʌndi] school Sunday [sʌndi] afternoons I’d be expected to walk Okehampton Church for Sunday [zʌndi] school; 0:45:29 and and it was Saturday [sadɚdɛɪ] afternoon and the blizzard come in I can remember I was out getting trying to get some logs and one thing and another; 0:51:06 and I used to go off Saturday [sadɚdi] mornings with I had my nets and I had a little terrier dog called Tiny real tiny terrier) PALM [aː > ɑː] (0:01:33 my father [fɑːðə] was a farmer um I married in 1950 and we’ve been farming it all our life; 0:02:20 well I used to deal with a lot of people uh down at Morwellham and uh I think the first reaction you got from half [haːf] of the holiday-makers soon as they heard you they’d go round the back going, “ah uh eh uh oh” and you used to get these sort of comments; 0:32:17 I used to go out stone-walling with my father [fɑːðɚ] sometimes and uh you’d be out there and uh he’d say, “I well just want a little uh stone just to a little trigger to put in under” (yeah) and you’d give him a stone “no, that isn’t no good, boy, I only want a nabby-grabby” (‘navvy-graffy’ that’s right, ‘navvy-graffy’); 0:37:20 I mean I meant to say you was leaving home here half past seven [haːf paːs sɛbm̩] in the morning to get to school and now look at them today I mean they don’t leave leave home till half past eight [haːf paːst ɛɪt] to get to school for nine, do them? (no); 1:09:52 I did the compèring but I would tell one of my grandfather’s [gɹanfaːðɚz] old tales, like, you know) THOUGHT [ɔː]

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(0:04:08 and then I had to go to Ashburton School where there was about three hundred children and that was quite a cultural shock for me and they was all talking [tɔːkɪn] in different languages there was um children down there from London because it was just after the war; 0:51:49 and I used to paunch [pɔːnʧ] my rabbits clean them out and then uh put them on a stick over my shoulder and off I would start to go home; 0:25:21 I got a friend Raymond who is quite broad Devon [bɹɔːd dɛbm̩] and he’ll say, “Christ, that’s drixey”, you know, it is it is falling [fɔːlɪn] to pieces) alter, salt (0:11:23 and as you go further south down towards the Plymouth area it alters [ɒɫtɚz] there; 1:33:43 you used to salt your pork [sɒɫʧə pɔ˞ːk]) GOAT [oː] (0:15:25 uh when I was a boy I actually went up and helped father turn them out that was one of my job when I was a boy eight nine years old [oːɫd] and when they was brought home [oːm] I had to help pack them in the shed and (yes) put them in the fire and the put the old [oːɫd] trivet in the thing in the kettle (yeah) and put en over [oːvɚ] the peat fire and very often you had uh smoky [smoːki] tea that uh it tasted of peat; 0:40:01 when my sister came home [oːm] her had to take her clothes [kloːz] off and her had to put a barras-apron on; 1:05:26 when you got home [oːm] in the night or when the inspector come and seen mother in the day uh you’d get a good hiding when you come home [oːm] her’d thrash your legs) going (to) (0:27:19 another thing we used to say when to um children is uh, “where do you think you’m going?” [wɚː djə θɪŋk juːm gwɛɪn] (yeah, “where be going?” [wɚː bɪ gwɛɪn]); 0:29:24 one of the other phrases you always uh hear people talking about is, “where be going?” [wɚː bɪ gwɛɪn] (yeah) “what’s on today then?” (that’s right) yeah and, you know, all these things stick to ye; 0:44:33 course there was nobody from Devon going to [gənə] put in a reply but somebody up from Kent and he got the names of the people that was on the horse wrong; 1:37:00 I know where I’m going [gwɛɪn] and I’m going to [gɛɪnə] find the way) <-ow > (0:23:05 I mean I can remember one Saturday morning looking out the bedroom window [wɪndə] and seeing what I’d never seen before black men; 0:58:53 the Cornish pasty of course is the beef and potato [pəteːdə] onion pasty (bit of swede as well)) so (1:39:18 I mean I can remember one old lady in Okehampton who died uh not so many years ago [nɑt sə mɛni jɪɚz əgoː] and her’d only been her hadn’t been Plymouth since the war) GOOSE [ʏː > uː] (0:05:57 uh the bulk of them around that we had in our area would’ve been Bristol and some from London but I think they had an influence [ɪɱflʏəns] really when you were going to school [skʏːɫ] you weren’t with the same sort of people that you were with at your primary schools [skʏːɫz]; 0:38:54 Sunday mornings I used to have to walk Sampford Church for Sunday school [skuːɫ] Sunday afternoons [aːftənʏːnz] I’d be expected to walk Okehampton Church for Sunday school [skuːɫ]; 1:18:33 but how many times you’d sh... uh you’d turn, you know, (yeah) fields of corn fields of the hay by hand (yeah) turn your back and down will come the rain (that’s right) done it many a time (but then if you remember) used to pook [pʏːk] it then (that’s right, yeah) put it in pooks [pʏːks]) to (0:26:09 and mother used to refer to [tʏ] us if she was in the kitchen and on her own she would look at me and say, “where’s the maidens to?” [wɛɚz ðə mɛdn̩z tə] (yeah) now ‘maidens’ it’s not ‘maidens’ it was ‘maidens’) PRICE [əɪ > ɔɪ > aɪ > aː] (0:00:11 uh I’m a farmer I’m farming all my life [ləɪf] and um lived at Buckland-in-the-Moor and with my parents and when they’ve died [dəɪd] I’ve taken over the farm and uh and I expect that I shall b… stay there until I die [daɪ]; 0:01:33 my father was a farmer um I married in 1950 [nəɪntiːnfeftei] and we’ve been farming it all our life [ləɪf]; 0:15:25 uh when I was a boy I actually went up and helped father turn

http://sounds.bl.uk Page 12 of 36 BBC Voices Recordings them out that was one of my job when I was a boy eight nine [naɪn] years old and when they was brought home I had to help pack them in the shed and (yes) put them in the fire [fɔɪɚ] and the put the old trivet in the thing in the kettle (yeah) and put en over the peat fire [fɔɪɚ] and very often you had uh smoky tea that uh it tasted of peat; 0:29:43 and ‘how’s tricks’ was another thing they used to use and I I think all these, yeah, and the these things stuck in your mind [mɔɪn]; 0:31:00 if you was out with the binder [bəɪndɚ] and you had a steep field (yeah) you’d go up ‘leary’ (yeah) which meant they were empty you weren’t cutting of them (yeah, exactly, no) and also when it come to dinner time [dɪnɚtaːm] you was feeling a bit ‘leary’ (leary) and it was time [taːm] to go in and have some dinner (dinner that’s right); 1:05:26 when you got home in the night [nɔɪt] or when the inspector come and seen mother in the day uh you’d get a good hiding [əɪdɪn] when you come home her’d thrash your legs; 1:10:55 don’t see a paring hook well I got three home I got three scythes [zɔɪðz] home (yeah) but I mean they never get used, do they?) by, my (0:00:11 uh I’m a farmer I’m farming all my [mɪ] life and um lived at Buckland-in-the- Moor and with my [maɪ] parents and when they’ve died I’ve taken over the farm and uh and I expect that I shall b… stay there until I die; 0:03:00 I think he uh brought up with a Devon accent and living with my [mi] grandparents and my [mi] father which they were true Devon and uh I followed the accent; 0:28:04 I could bring my [mɪ] sister home ’cause dad said she’d got to be home by [bɪ] nine o’clock or you never know who’s about; 0:29:50 down our way there was one that I can always remember my [mɪ] wife’s uncle used to use farming-wise he never referred to ‘left’ or ‘right’ always ‘way fore’ or ‘back fore’; 0:51:06 and I used to go off Saturday mornings with I had my [mi] nets and I had a little terrier dog called Tiny real tiny terrier; 0:51:49 and I used to paunch my [mɪ] rabbits clean them out and then uh put them on a stick over my [mɪ] shoulder and off I would start to go home; 0:55:13 so he said, “you’m all right you sound Devonshire by [bɪ] what I know about ye” ; 1:11:32 they’d used to do the outside round, didn’t them, like that (yeah) fore the binder come in (yeah) then the binder would come in and then you’d be you had your sheaves but the outside row uh round you’d you’d cut by [bi] hand but uh and then tie and stack stack stook of sheaves; 1:18:33 but how many times you’d sh... uh you’d turn, you know, (yeah) fields of corn fields of the hay by [bɪ] hand (yeah) turn your back and down will come the rain (that’s right) done it many a time (but then if you remember) used to pook it then (that’s right, yeah) put it in pooks; 1:25:40 my [mɪ] wife was the captain of the ladies’ team and course when I went in her said it wasn’t fair her said ’cause her said, “Cyril here’s ambidextrous he can he can bat whichever one” course I made the highest score for the gents and us won the match) child (1:02:34 when there was a baby born they used to s… they used to say that that, “missus so- and-so her’ve had a baby her have had a child” [ɚː əv ad ə ʧɪəɫ] […] (now it’s modern it’s a ‘sprog’ now but that used be a ‘child’ [ʧɪəɫ] then)) fire (0:15:25 uh when I was a boy I actually went up and helped father turn them out that was one of my job when I was a boy eight nine years old and when they was brought home I had to help pack them in the shed and (yes) put them in the fire [fɔɪɚ] and the put the old trivet in the thing in the kettle (yeah) and put en over the peat fire [fɔɪɚ] and very often you had uh smoky tea that uh it tasted of peat) CHOICE [ɔɪ] (0:15:59 we’re talking about peat there was actually a peat peat works up at the back of the Fox and Hounds Hotel pre-war they used to dig the peat up there the old they used to employ [ɪmplɔɪ] quite a lot of staff; 1:23:00 during the war I registered to join [ʤɔɪn] the army but I wasn’t allowed to because I was working on the farm)

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boy (0:15:25 uh when I was a boy [bʌɪ] I actually went up and helped father turn them out that was one of my job when I was a boy [bʌɪ] eight nine years old and when they was brought home had to help pack them in the shed and (yes) put them in the fire and the put the old trivet in the thing in the kettle (yeah) and put en over the peat fire and very often you had uh smoky tea that uh it tasted of peat; 0:32:17 I used to go out stone-walling with my father sometimes and uh you’d be out there and uh he’d say, “I well just want a little uh stone just to a little trigger to put in under” (yeah) and you’d give him a stone “no, that isn’t no good, boy, [bʌɪ] I only want a nabby-grabby” (‘navvy-graffy’ that’s right, ‘navvy-graffy’); 1:06:21 Art that’s it and his boy [bɔɪ] lives up Princetown and he’s a electrician (yes, that’s Christopher) Christopher that’s right) MOUTH [əʏ] (0:13:21 and he said he said, “you want to keep that, dad, ’cause they’ll be worth some money later on” and uh that is true but you a lot of it a lot of it is fading away because no one doesn’t want it and no one doesn’t know anything about [əbəʏd] it; 0:28:12 this was against my sister’s grain about [əbəʏt] “why should he be allowed [ələʏd] out [əʏt] and I‘ve got to come home I don’t think it is fair,” her used to say; 0:28:44 and he and now [nəʏ] if he’s talking you would never think he was from Devon at all he he’s completely lost it) our (0:06:53 her said it’ve always stuck with our [əʏɚ] family ever since; 0:07:10 when we went home at night we would still go back into our [ɚː] Devin lingo and the way we used to talk; 0:29:50 down our [ɑ˞ː] way there was one that I can always remember my wife’s uncle used to use farming-wise he never referred to ‘left’ or ‘right’ always ‘way fore’ or ‘back fore’; 0:48:17 our [ɑ˞ː] cottage had snow up to the eaves running out across the garden) NEAR [ɪə] (0:05:57 uh the bulk of them around that we had in our area would’ve been Bristol and some from London but I think they had an influence really [ɹɪəli] when you were going to school you weren’t with the same sort of people that you were with at your primary schools; 0:17:12 Dave here [hɪə] has a certainly different accent than what I’ve got I mean to me I speak reasonably clear [klɪɚ] but he Dave is a real Dartmoor accent (yeah, he’s middle of Dartmoor); 0:26:52 um there was uh an old lady um had a farm near us [nɪɚɹ ʌs] with uh two spinster daughters; 0:47:23 all through that winter we only lost one and it was there and that bullock died near [nɪə] the cottage at Two Bridges) engineer, here, year (0:00:01 I’ve lived in Devon for sixty-nine years [jɚːz]; 0:00:43 I managed a farm for about ten twelve years [jɪɚz] um television engineer [ɛnʤɪnɚ] mainly and kept a few bullocks and one thing and another; 0:01:12 I worked for the Forestry Commission for forty years [jɪɚz] thirty years [jɪɚz] as a Wildlife Officer in all of Cornwall and part of Devon; 0:13:07 I turned out a shed the other day and my son was looking at it and he said, “look at all these old tools you got here, [ɪɚ] dad” and he said, “there’s carpenting tools here [jɚː] old spokeshaves (that’s right) and things for shaving wheel fellies” and all that sort of thing; 0:37:20 I mean I meant to say you was leaving home here [jɚː] half past seven in the morning to get to school and now look at them today I mean they don’t leave leave home till half past eight to get to school for nine, do them? (no); 1:20:06 and he made these here [ðiːz jɚː] wooden triangles (oh yeah) to put up with three poles (I remember, yeah, I remember)) SQUARE [ɛə > ɛː] (0:38:23 you know, if mother thought that we ought to have a, you know, a new winter coat something like that as a child well very often it used to be done so that we would wear it [wɛɚɹ ɪt] to harvest festival; 0:47:23 all through that winter we only lost one and it was there and [ðɛː ən] that bullock died near the cottage at Two Bridges; 1:03:29 we used to come home and if someone was expecting a baby and we’d make a statement well we would have a clip beside the ear (yeah) so you you’d got to be a little bit

http://sounds.bl.uk Page 14 of 36 BBC Voices Recordings careful [kɛɚfʊɫ]; 1:10:55 don’t see a paring [pɛɚɹɪn] hook well I got three home I got three scythes home (yeah) but I mean they never get used, do they?; 1:25:40 my wife was the captain of the ladies’ team and course when I went in her said it wasn’t fair [fɛɚ] her said ’cause her said, “Cyril here’s ambidextrous he can he can bat whichever one” course I made the highest score for the gents and us won the match) there, where (0:40:58 but he always kept his tea drinkers on in case he was out invited out in the night when he went church again invited out to tea somewhere [zʌmwɚː]; 0:47:23 all through that winter we only lost one and it was there and [ðɛː ən] that bullock died near the cottage at Two Bridges; 0:54:32 I was there [ɚː] ploughing a field right beside the camp and this here American bloke came in) START [ɑː] (0:01:33 my father was a farmer [fɑ˞ːmɚ] um I married in 1950 and we’ve been farming [fɑ˞ːmɪn] it all our life; 0:14:08 now we call down here around the door the ‘jamb’ they call it the ‘durn’ uh I mean that’s just one end of Devon to the other so it it but within within Dartmoor [dɑ˞ːtmʊɚ] there’s many many different ones (in Dartmoor [dɑ˞ːtmʊɚ] the ‘door jamb’ or ‘door arch’ [dɔɚ ɑ˞ːʧ] is called a ‘prentice’) that’s right well ‘prentice’ or ‘jamb’, yeah); 1:09:29 then there was somebody with a recitation then we had somebody who sang a few songs to a guitar [gɪtɑ˞ː]) NORTH [ɔː] (1:00:39 we had some corned beef [kɔ˞ːnd biːf] and then for afters us had sweet biscuits with some jam but us wasn’t so curious about what was in that there tin after that) FORCE [ɔː ~ ɔə] (0:14:08 now we call down here around the door [dɔɚ] the ‘jamb’ they call it the ‘durn’ uh I mean that’s just one end of Devon to the other so it it but within within Dartmoor there’s many many different ones (in Dartmoor the ‘door jamb’ [dɔɚ ʤam] or ‘door arch’ [dɔɚ ɑ˞ːʧ] is called a ‘prentice’) that’s right well ‘prentice’ or ‘jamb’, yeah; 1:10:07 well we were never bored [bɔɚd]; 1:25:40 my wife was the captain of the ladies’ team and course [kɔ˞ːs] when I went in her said it wasn’t fair her said ’cause her said, “Cyril here’s ambidextrous he can he can bat whichever one” course [kɔ˞ːs] I made the highest score [skɔ˞ː] for the gents and us won the match) fore (0:29:50 down our way there was one that I can always remember my wife’s uncle used to use farming-wise he never referred to ‘left’ or ‘right’ always ‘way fore’ [wɛɪvɚː] or ‘back fore’ [bakfɔ˞ː]) CURE [ʊə] (0:07:47 during [ʤʊɚɹɪn] the war when I was a boy uh us used to have the Land Army come on the farm doing various jobs, you know, teddy picking and all that and I used to have to take the basket of tea up to them; 0:14:31 my father um used to go up on the moor [mʊɚ] cutting fags and I’ve got his fag-ire at home now; 1:00:39 we had some corned beef and then for afters us had sweet biscuits with some jam but us wasn’t so curious [kʊɚɹiəs] about what was in that there tin after that) happY [i > ei] (0:01:12 I worked for the Forestry Commission for forty [fɔ˞ːdi] years thirty [θɚːdi] years as a Wildlife Officer in all of Cornwall and part of Devon; 0:01:33 my father was a farmer um I married in 1950 [nəɪntiːnfeftei] and we’ve been farming it all our life; 21:31 a lot of people don’t realise but a lot of the buildings were uh taken over by the military [mələtɹei]; 1:15:16 the farmers in those days if you was making hay this side the valley [vali] and the weather was bit catchy [kæʧei] and you could see somebody old Tommy Caw or somebody the other side the valley [vali] who was, you know, struggling a bit and he he he’d (you’d go and help) you’d if you finished yours you wouldn’t go home everybody [ɛvɹibɒdi] would turn to and go and help Tommy Caw but today everybody’s for theirsels really)

http://sounds.bl.uk Page 15 of 36 BBC Voices Recordings lettER [ə] (0:26:52 um there was uh an old lady um had a farm near us with uh two spinster [spɪnstɚ] daughters [dɔːtɚz]; 0:40:46 and he used to put his best suit on in the morning and when he come home for dinner [dɪnɚ] he used to put on a black apron; 0:47:23 all through that winter [wɪndə] we only lost one and it was there and that bullock died near the cottage at Two Bridges) mirror (0:44:22 on yesterday’s Daily Mirror7 [deːli mɪɹː] was one of they pieces on the inside wanted to know what uh Widecombe Fair was all about) commA [ə] (0:04:34 things’ve changed and that’s why I think we’ve lost the Devonshire dialect because everybody now is being the children are all bussed to one area [ɛːɹɪə] and they’re all speaking the same; 0:06:23 just after the war and people who came down the army were billeted the Forty-Eighth Div was there and they also had evacuees came down on the train and they were put in various homes and they they were came from London and quite a few came from the Birmingham area [ɛːɹɪə]) horsES [ɪ] (0:25:21 I got a friend Raymond who is quite broad Devon and he’ll say, “Christ, that’s drixey”, you know, it is it is falling to pieces [piːsɪz]; 0:31:46 and one of the things with horses [ɔ˞ːsɪz] horses [ɔ˞ːsɪz] knew what you were talking about if you said ‘come here’ or ‘go away’ they would know exactly what they’d got to do) startED [ɪ] (0:06:23 just after the war and people who came down the army were billeted [bəlɪtɪd] the Forty-Eighth Div was there and they also had evacuees came down on the train and they were put in various homes and they they were came from London and quite a few came from the Birmingham area; 0:15:25 uh when I was a boy I actually went up and helped father turn them out that was one of my job when I was a boy eight nine years old and when they was brought home I had to help pack them in the shed and (yes) put them in the fire and the put the old trivet in the thing in the kettle (yeah) and put en over the peat fire and very often you had uh smoky tea that uh it tasted [teːstɪd] of peat) mornING [ə ~ ɪ] (0:12:59 and when you look around there’s all sorts of things that we got in in farming [fɑ˞ːmən]; 21:31 a lot of people don’t realise but a lot of the buildings [bɪɫdɪnz] were uh taken over by the military; 0:26:22 and that was the only phrase that I remember my mother really talking [tɔːkən] and I’m sure lots of people used to say, “well what are you saying?” [sɛɪʲən]; 1:09:07 and we had no rehearsals no nothing [nʌθɪn] and I compèred)

FULL RHOTICITY8 (0:01:33 my father [fɑːðə] was a farmer [fɑ˞ːmɚ] um I married in 1950 and we’ve been farming [fɑ˞ːmɪn] it all our life; 0:14:31 my father [fɑːðɚ] um used to go up on the moor [mʊɚ] cutting fags and I’ve got his fag-ire [vɛgəɪɚ] at home now; 0:26:52 um there [ðɛɚ] was uh an old lady um had a farm [fɑ˞ːm] near us [nɪɚɹ ʌs] with uh two spinster [spɪnstɚ] daughters [dɔːtɚz]; 0:40:46 and he used to put his best suit on in the morning [mɔ˞ːnɪn] and when he come home for dinner [dɪnɚ] he used to put on a black apron; 0:47:23 all through that winter [wɪndə] we only lost one and it was there and [ðɛː ən] that bullock died near [nɪə] the cottage at Two Bridges) hyper-rhoticity (0:02:20 well I used to deal with a lot of people uh down at Morwellham and uh I think the first reaction you got from half of the holiday-makers soon as they heard you they’d go round the back

7 British national daily tabloid newspaper founded in 1903. 8 Rena is variably rhotic; the three male speakers consistently use postvocalic R.

http://sounds.bl.uk Page 16 of 36 BBC Voices Recordings going “ah [ɑ˞ː] uh [ɚː] eh uh [ɚː] oh” [ɔ˞ː] and you used to get these sort of comments; 0:45:50 so he gets up the road and before matey left the van the van was just [ʤɚːst] about covered but when they uncovered the van about three weeks later there wasn’t a bit of meat left in hin)

PLOSIVES

T word final T-glottaling (0:47:23 all through that [ðaʔ] winter we only lost one and it was there and that [ðaʔ] bullock died near the cottage at Two Bridges; 0:47:38 it was because of the ice that caused much of the problem that you couldn’t manage to get [gɛʔ] anywhere) frequent T-voicing (e.g. 0:01:12 I worked for the Forestry Commission for forty [fɔ˞ːdi] years thirty [θɚːdi] years as a Wildlife Officer in all of Cornwall and part [pɑ˞ːd] of Devon; 0:02:20 well I used to deal with a lot [lɒd] of people uh down at Morwellham and uh I think the first reaction you got from half of the holiday-makers soon as they heard you they’d go round the back going, “ah uh eh uh oh” and you used to get these sort of [sɔ˞də] comments; 0:07:34 we get [gɛd] them on the council we we get [gɛd] them in every facet of life and they are trying to teach us the way to speak but [bʌd] if you be Devon you still speak Devon; 0:13:21 and he said he said, “you want to keep that, dad, ’cause they’ll be worth some money later on” [leːdɚɹ ɒn] and uh that [ðad] is true but you a lot [lɒd] of it a lot [lɒd] of it is fading away because no one doesn’t want it and no one doesn’t know anything about [əbəʏd] it; 0:14:31 my father um used to go up on the moor cutting [kʌdɪn] fags and I’ve got [gɑd] his fag-ire at [əd] home now; 0:15:25 uh when I was a boy I actually went up and helped father turn them out that was one of my job when I was a boy eight nine years old and when they was brought [bɹɔːd] home I had to help pack them in the shed and (yes) put [pʊd] them in the fire and the put the old trivet in the thing in the kettle [kɛdɫ̩] (yeah) and put [pʊd] en over the peat fire and very often you had uh smoky tea that uh it tasted of peat; 0:29:10 “how be, my beauty?” [əʏ biː maː bʏːdi] (“how be” and “beauty”, yeah) (yeah) that’s a that’s a (yeah) Devonshire thing (yeah); 0:43:14 they go on about, “I’m feeling fitty” [əɪm fiːlɪn vedi] and all this, don’t they?; 0:45:29 and and it was Saturday [sadɚdɛɪ] afternoon and the blizzard come in I can remember I was out getting [gɛdɪn] trying to get some logs and one thing and another; 0:47:23 all through that winter [wɪndə] we only lost one and it was there and that bullock died near the cottage at Two Bridges; 1:03:29 we used to come home and if someone was expecting a baby and we’d make a statement well we would have a clip beside the ear (yeah) so you you’d got to [gɒdə] be a little [lɪdɫ̩] bit careful; 1:07:17 behind the organ there would be a big bar sticking out big handle and there’d be a little [lɪdɫ̩] lead weight with a red line; 1:31:54 ’cause I can remember doing homework from Grammar School sitting [sɪdɪn] there and thinking to self, “Christ, bloody lights going up and down” and in the end it was far better to light the old Aladdin the old paraffin lamp) T to R (1:31:04 Tommy Caw out Dittisham every Saturday after… every Saturday [sɑɹːdi] morning used to come with two or three bags two-hundred weight bags of of oats or summat to crush and us used to set the wheel going)

NASALS

NG frequent NG-fronting (e.g. 0:04:08 and then I had to go to Ashburton School where there was about three hundred children and that was quite a cultural shock for me and they was all talking [tɔːkɪn] in different languages there was um children down there from London because it was just after the war; 0:12:59 and when you look around there’s all sorts of things that we got in in farming [fɑ˞ːmən]; 0:26:22

http://sounds.bl.uk Page 17 of 36 BBC Voices Recordings and that was the only phrase that I remember my mother really talking [tɔːkən] and I’m sure lots of people used to say, “well what are you saying?” [sɛɪʲən]; 1:09:07 and we had no rehearsals no nothing [nʌθɪn] and I compèred)

N frequent syllabic N with nasal release (e.g. 0:09:25 they wouldn’t [wʏdn̩] understand what we were saying (no) and probably the Yorkshire accent we probably didn’t understand what they (that’s right) we had to keep our ears open to understand what they were saying; 0:36:14 if you go back go back in the fifties how many households had cars? we didn’t [dɪdn̩t] because most of us had bone-shakers; 0:38:54 Sunday mornings I used to have to walk Sampford Church for Sunday school Sunday afternoons I’d be expected to walk Church [woːkamtn̩ ʧɚːʧ] for Sunday school; 0:45:36 but one of the funniest things the butcher van was in Okehampton village and he decided he’d just got in the village and he decided he couldn’t [kʏdn̩] deliver no more meat so matey tried to get back up Yelverton, see; 0:48:17 our cottage had snow up to the eaves running out across the garden [gɑ˞ːdn̩]; 1:00:30 one day it happened the van didn’t [dɪdn̩] turn up; 1:15:16 the farmers in those days if you was making hay this side the valley and the weather was bit catchy and you could see somebody old Tommy Caw or somebody the other side the valley who was, you know, struggling a bit and he he he’d (you’d go and help) you’d if you finished yours you wouldn’t [wʏdn̩] go home everybody would turn to and go and help Tommy Caw but today everybody’s for theirsels really) syllabic N with epenthetic schwa (0:38:23 you know, if mother thought that we ought to have a, you know, a new winter coat something like that as a child well very often [ɑftən] it used to be done so that we would wear it to harvest festival)

FRICATIVES

H frequent H-dropping (e.g. 0:02:20 well I used to deal with a lot of people uh down at Morwellham and uh I think the first reaction you got from half of the holiday-makers [ɒlɪdɛɪmɛɪkɚz] soon as they heard [ɚːd] you they’d go round the back going, “ah uh eh uh oh” and you used to get these sort of comments; 0:13:07 I turned out a shed the other day and my son was looking at it and he said, “look at all these old tools you got here, [ɪɚ] dad” and he said, “there’s carpenting tools here [jɚː] old spokeshaves (that’s right) and things for shaving wheel fellies” and all that sort of thing; 0:14:31 my father um used to go up on the moor cutting fags and I’ve got his fag-ire at home [əd oːm] now; 0:15:25 uh when I was a boy I actually went up and helped [ɛɫpt] father turn them out that was one of my job when I was a boy eight nine years old and when they was brought home [oːm] had to help [ɛɫp] pack them in the shed and (yes) put them in the fire and the put the old trivet in the thing in the kettle (yeah) and put en over the peat fire and very often you had uh smoky tea that uh it tasted of peat; 0:30:20 because he used to say, “up the road here [jɚː] about two gun-shots go way fore and then about another two gun-shots and go back fore” and now they all um, you know, they’m they’re completely and utterly lost and you’d have to stand then and do a bit of a bit of bit of interpretation, like, you know; 0:31:46 and one of the things with horses [ɔ˞ːsɪz] horses [ɔ˞ːsɪz] knew what you were talking about if you said ‘come here’ or ‘go away’ they would know exactly what they’d got to do; 0:32:57 when you stone hedgy [ɛʤi] you put the stones up look it up in there edgeways with with a stone wall there all put flat one on top of the other; 0:49:08 and we had an helicopter [ən ɛlɪkɒptɚ] come and land in the basically in the just out in the front garden more or less; 0:59:09 I can see him now fore he’d go to bed sometimes he’d sit down and he’d have a an apple pasty and he’d eat an whole apple pasty [ən oːl apɫ̩ paːsti] fore he went to bed; 1:00:30 one day it happened [apənd] the van didn’t turn up; 1:05:26 when you got home [oːm] in the night or when the inspector come

http://sounds.bl.uk Page 18 of 36 BBC Voices Recordings and seen mother in the day uh you’d get a good hiding [əɪdɪn] when you come home [oːm] her’d thrash your legs; 1:09:07 and we had no rehearsals [ɹiɚːsəɫz] no nothing and I compèred) hypercorrect H (0:09:25 they wouldn’t understand [hʌndɚstand] what we were saying (no) and probably the Yorkshire accent we probably didn’t understand what they (that’s right) we had to keep our ears open to understand what they were saying)

LIQUIDS

R approximant R (0:04:34 things’ve changed and that’s why I think we’ve lost the Devonshire dialect because everybody [ɛvɹɪbɒdi] now is being the children [ʧɪɫdɹən] are all bussed to one area [ɛːɹɪə] and they’re all speaking the same; 1:10:55 don’t see a paring hook [pɛɚɹɪnʌk] well I got three [θɹiː] home I got three [θɹiː] scythes home (yeah) but I mean they never get used, do they?; 1:09:07 and we had no rehearsals [ɹiɚːsəɫz] no nothing and I compèred)

L clear onset L (0:45:29 and and it was Saturday afternoon and the blizzard [blɪzɚd] come in I can remember I was out getting trying to get some logs [lɒgz] and one thing and another; 0:47:23 all through that winter we only lost [lɑst] one and it was there and that bullock [bʌlək] died near the cottage at Two Bridges; 0:53:29 and this used to be from the first week in April until the last [laːst] week in September) dark coda L (0:04:34 things’ve changed and that’s why I think we’ve lost the Devonshire dialect because everybody now is being the children [ʧɪɫdɹən] are all bussed to one area and they’re all [ɔːɫ] speaking the same; 0:15:25 uh when I was a boy I actually went up and helped [ɛɫpt] father turn them out that was one of my job when I was a boy eight nine years old [oːɫd] and when they was brought home had to help [ɛɫp] pack them in the shed and (yes) put them in the fire and the put the old [oːɫd] trivet in the thing in the kettle [kɛdɫ̩] (yeah) and put en over the peat fire and very often you had uh smoky tea that uh it tasted of peat; 1:09:07 and we had no rehearsals [ɹiɚːsəɫz] no nothing and I compèred) syllabic L with lateral release (0:17:12 (Dave here has a certainly different accent than what I’ve got I mean to me I speak reasonably clear but he Dave is a real Dartmoor accent) yeah, he’s middle [mɪdɫ̩] of Dartmoor; 1:07:17 behind the organ there would be a big bar sticking out big handle [ændɫ̩] and there’d be a little [lɪdɫ̩] lead weight with a red line; 1:12:36 well my grandfather would expect his boys to do seventy bale seventy bundles [bʌndɫ̩z] a day)

GLIDES yod with D (0:06:57 and I think one of the things happened with it when you found these teachers new teachers coming to the school they tried to educate [ɛdjuːkeːt] you and learn you what they used to say was the Queen’s English) frequent yod dropping with N, T (e.g. 0:03:20 it never gets broken because I remember at one stage going to Newquay [nʏːki] after I was married and there was a man down there who had a notice up outside Newquay [nʏːki] station said he could tell where everybody came from by their lingo in in the area; 0:06:57 and I think one of the things happened with it when you found these teachers new [nʏː] teachers coming to the school they tried to educate you and learn you what they used to say was the Queen’s English; 0:21:56 this is what in in a sense pulled away a little bit of the kind of Devonshire dialect away from some of the younger ones because they were sitting with all these newcomers [nʏːkʌmɚz] who come down and they’d got a different lingo again; 0:31:46 and one of the things with horses horses knew [nʏː] what you were talking about if you said ‘come here’ or ‘go away’ they would

http://sounds.bl.uk Page 19 of 36 BBC Voices Recordings know exactly what they’d got to do; 0:57:45 and there was always well I’d say various bits of meat always a bit of stew [stʏː]) zero yod (0:00:43 I managed a farm for about ten twelve years um television engineer mainly and kept a few [fʏː] bullocks and one thing and another; 0:06:23 just after the war and people who came down the army were billeted the Forty-Eighth Div was there and they also had evacuees came down on the train and they were put in various homes and they they were came from London and quite a few [fʏː] came from the Birmingham area; 0:18:01 well well I think it’s just uh the area you were in and the people around and the, you see, you developed that in a community [kəmʏːnəti] it’s uh like a community [kəmʏːnəti] accent uh village life; 0:20:59 and and you’d go out and have a few [fʏː] pints and you could make your way down to the down to the dance; 0:21:20 and after a few [fʏː] pints you wasn’t worried what it sounded like anyway; 0:29:10 “how be, my beauty?” [əʏ biː maː bʏːdi] (“how be” and “beauty”, yeah) (yeah) that’s a that’s a (yeah) Devonshire thing (yeah); 0:56:14 that one would go home ’cause I’d never have time to s… peel a orange banana I’d eat but there used to [ʏːstə] be a pasty and a banana; 1:00:39 we had some corned beef and then for afters us had sweet biscuits with some jam but us wasn’t so curious about what was in that there tin after that; 1:06:59 he was a bit of an organist and I used [ʏːst] to pump Okehampton Ch… ’cause he used to [ʏːstə] play the organ at Okehampton Church; 1:09:29 then there was somebody with a recitation then we had somebody who sang a few [fʏː] songs to a guitar) yod coalescence (0:07:47 during [ʤʊɚɹɪn] the war when I was a boy uh us used to have the Land Army come on the farm doing various jobs, you know, teddy picking and all that and I used to have to take the basket of tea up to them; 1:33:43 you used to salt your pork [sɒɫʧə pɔ˞ːk])

ELISION prepositions frequent of reduction (e.g. 0:02:20 well I used to deal with a lot of [ə] people uh down at Morwellham and uh I think the first reaction you got from half of the holiday-makers soon as they heard you they’d go round the back going, “ah uh eh uh oh” and you used to get these sort of [ə] comments; 0:07:34 we get them on the council we we get them in every facet of [ə] life and they are trying to teach us the way to speak but if you be Devon you still speak Devon; 0:08:57 you were being paid about four shillings a day for working all day picking up a load of [ə] spuds; 0:14:08 now we call down here around the door the ‘jamb’ they call it the ‘durn’ uh I mean that’s just one end of [ə] Devon to the other so it it but within within Dartmoor there’s many many different ones (in Dartmoor the ‘door jamb’ or ‘door arch’ is called a ‘prentice’) that’s right well ‘prentice’ or ‘jamb’, yeah; 0:15:25 uh when I was a boy I actually went up and helped father turn them out that was one of [ə] my job when I was a boy eight nine years old and when they was brought home had to help pack them in the shed and (yes) put them in the fire and the put the old trivet in the thing in the kettle (yeah) and put en over the peat fire and very often you had uh smoky tea that uh it tasted of [ə] peat; 0:31:00 if you was out with the binder and you had a steep field (yeah) you’d go up ‘leary’ (yeah) which meant they were empty you weren’t cutting of [ə] them (yeah, exactly, no) and also when it come to dinner time you was feeling a bit ‘leary’ (leary) and it was time to go in and have some dinner (dinner that’s right); 0:31:46 and one of [ə] the things with horses horses knew what you were talking about if you said ‘come here’ or ‘go away’ they would know exactly what they’d got to do; 0:41:16 and you’d be invited round for a cup of [ə] tea and that would be called a ‘frawsy’; 0:58:27 us used to take dinner um used to take bit of [ə] saffron cake and a teddy oggy; 1:22:25 another thing you don’t see them growing now is mangolds, do ye, (no) see used to grow hundreds of [ə] mangolds, didn’t them?)

http://sounds.bl.uk Page 20 of 36 BBC Voices Recordings with reduction (1:00:39 we had some corned beef and then for afters us had sweet biscuits with [wɪ] some jam but us wasn’t so curious about what was in that there tin after that) negation frequent secondary contraction (e.g. 0:09:25 they wouldn’t understand what we were saying (no) and probably the Yorkshire accent we probably didn’t [dɪn] understand what they (that’s right) we had to keep our ears open to understand what they were saying; 0:12:07 you see people go to Dartmoor and they look at the gorse out in full flower and they say, “oh, isn’t that lovely?” [ɪn aʔ lʌvli] and I say, “what do you mean that ‘furze’?” (yeah) and there’s also a a bird that lives on Dartmoor we call them the ‘furze- hacker’ and if you if you talk to people that are bird-watchers they don’t know what you’re talking about; 0:13:52 but there are so many different things (yeah) I mean you’re talking to us now about about the furze and that (yeah) it’s like I mean there’d be the ferns and the bracken well we call them ‘ferns’, isn’t [ɪn] it? (that’s right, ‘ferns’); 0:32:17 I used to go out stone-walling with my father sometimes and uh you’d be out there and uh he’d say, “I well just want a little uh stone just to a little trigger to put in under” (yeah) and you’d give him a stone “no, that isn’t [ɪn] no good, boy, I only want a nabby-grabby” (‘navvy-graffy’ that’s right, ‘navvy-graffy’); 0:45:50 so he gets up the road and before matey left the van the van was just about covered but when they uncovered the van about three weeks later there wasn’t a [wɒn̩ə] bit of meat left in hin; 0:59:21 down in the Cornish mine if a pasty if he fell out the bag on top of the mine shaft and he didn’t break he wasn’t [wɒn] no if he broke he wasn’t [wɒn] no good; 1:11:32 they’d used to do the outside round, didn’t [dɪn] them, like that (yeah) fore the binder come in (yeah) then the binder would come in and then you’d be you had your sheaves but the outside row uh round you’d you’d cut by hand but uh and then tie and stack stack stook of sheaves; 1:22:25 another thing you don’t see them growing now is mangolds, do ye, (no) see used to grow hundreds of mangolds, didn’t [dɪn] them?; 1:36:11 early in the morning horses was all done up they was out cutting grass (yeah, that’s right) you daren’t speak to your farmer he “hasn’t [ant] got time to talk to thee, boy, I got to get on”; 1:39:18 I mean I can remember one old lady in Okehampton who died uh not so many years ago and her’d only been her hadn’t been [am bɪn] Plymouth since the war) simplification word final consonant cluster reduction (0:00:11 uh I’m a farmer I’m farming all my life and um lived at Buckland-in-the-Moor and with my parents and when they’ve died I’ve taken over the farm and uh and I expect [spɛk] that I shall b… stay there until I die; 0:09:25 they wouldn’t [wʏdn̟] understand what we were saying (no) and probably the Yorkshire accent we probably didn’t [dɪn] understand what they (that’s right) we had to keep our ears open to understand what they were saying; 0:12:07 you see people go to Dartmoor and they look at the gorse out in full flower and they say, “oh, isn’t that lovely?” [ɪn aʔ lʌvli] and I say, “what do you mean that ‘furze’?” (yeah) and there’s also a a bird that lives on Dartmoor we call them the ‘furze-hacker’ and if you if you talk to people that are bird-watchers they don’t know what you’re talking about; 0:13:21 and he said he said, “you want to [wɒnə] keep that, dad, ’cause they’ll be worth some money later on and uh that is true but you a lot of it a lot of it is fading away because no one doesn’t want it and no one doesn’t know anything about it; 0:13:52 but there are so many different things (yeah) I mean you’re talking to us now about about the furze and that (yeah) it’s like I mean there’d be the ferns and the bracken well we call them ‘ferns’, isn’t it? [ɪnɪt] (that’s right, ‘ferns’); 0:21:20 and after a few pints you wasn’t [wɒdn̩] worried what it sounded like anyway; 0:21:56 this is what in in a sense pulled away a little bit of the kind of Devonshire dialect [dəɪəlɛk] away from some of the younger ones because they were sitting with all these newcomers who come down and they’d got a different lingo again; 0:29:43 and ‘how’s tricks’ was another thing they used to use and I I think all these, yeah, and the these things stuck in your mind [mɔɪn]; 0:30:46 when they used to plough with the horses I

http://sounds.bl.uk Page 21 of 36 BBC Voices Recordings think ‘way fore’ was to the left [lɛf] (yeah) and ‘back fore’ was to the right (yeah); 0:32:17 I used to go out stone-walling with my father sometimes and uh you’d be out there and uh he’d say, “I well just want a little uh stone just to a little trigger to put in under” (yeah) and you’d give him a stone “no, that isn’t no good, boy, [ðad en noː gʏd bʌɪ] I only want a nabby-grabby” (‘navvy-graffy’ that’s right, ‘navvy-graffy’); ; 0:40:01 when my sister came home her had to take her clothes [klouz] off and her had to put a barras- apron on; 0:45:36 but one of the funniest things the butcher van was in Okehampton village and he decided he’d just got in the village and he decided he couldn’t [kʏdn̩] deliver no more meat so matey tried to get back up Yelverton, see; 0:45:50 so he gets up the road and before matey left the van the van was just about covered but when they uncovered the van about three weeks later there wasn’t a [wɒn̩ə] bit of meat left in hin; 0:48:58 uh but she was bad overnight and I rang the doctor as I said in the morning and he couldn’t [kʏdn̩] do nothing council said they couldn’t [kʏdnn̩] do nothing; 0:59:09 I can see him now fore he’d go to bed sometimes he’d sit down [sɪdəʏn] and he’d have a an apple pasty and he’d eat an whole apple pasty fore he went to bed; 0:59:21 down in the Cornish mine if a pasty if he fell out the bag on top of the mine shaft and he didn’t break he wasn’t [wɒn] no if he broke he wasn’t [wɒn] no good; 1:00:30 one day it happened the van didn’t [dɪdn̩] turn up; 1:02:34 when there was a baby born they used to s… they used to say that that, “missus so-and-so her’ve had a baby her have had a child” [ʧɪəɫ] […] (now it’s modern it’s a ‘sprog’ now but that used be a ‘child’ [ʧɪəɫ] then); 1:04:16 school inspector, weren’t he, [wʌn̩iː] (yeah) he used to come and see the register and if you were, you know, if there were several absent they’d want to [wɒnə] know why; 1:06:11 you should’ve been in school and you went [wɛn] away and done something else from what you were supposed to’ve been doing; 1:11:32 they’d used to do the outside round, didn’t them, [dɪnəm] like that (yeah) fore the binder come in (yeah) then the binder would come in and then you’d be you had your sheaves but the outside row uh round you’d you’d cut by hand but uh and then tie and stack stack stook of sheaves; 1:12:22 you’d twist it around the stick what you had in your hand and you’d twist en around and make a sort of a bow and then you stick hin under so’s he couldn’t flip back and that’s how it was done there weren’t [wʌn] no string in they days; 1:15:16 the farmers in those days if you was making hay this side the valley and the weather was bit catchy and you could see somebody old Tommy Caw or somebody the other side the valley who was, you know, struggling a bit and he he he’d (you’d go and help) you’d if you finished yours you wouldn’t [wʏdn̩] go home everybody would turn to and go and help Tommy Caw but today everybody’s for theirsels really; 1:22:25 another thing you don’t see them growing now is mangolds, do ye, (no) see used to grow hundreds of mangolds, didn’t them? [dɪnəm]; 1:22:39 this was uh on uh Radio Devon one day about mangold ‘M’ ‘A’ ‘N’ ‘G’ ‘L’ ‘E’ but that wasn’t [wɒdn̩] the right way of spelling mangolds ‘M’ ‘A’ ‘N’ ‘G’ ‘O’ ‘L’ ‘D’; 1:25:40 my wife was the captain of the ladies’ team and course when I went in her said it wasn’t [wɒn] fair her said ’cause her said, “Cyril here’s ambidextrous he can he can bat whichever one” course I made the highest score for the gents and us won the match; 1:23:00 during the war I registered to join the army but I wasn’t [wɒn] allowed to because I was working on the farm; 1:23:18 and we kept [kɛp] en going all during the war and I used to and then the uh agricultural party gived us a binder to go around and cut the farmer’s corn all the way around; 1:27:00 if we said ‘coochy’ isn’t that [ɪnðat] somebody that’s soft? (yeah) (yeah) (no, you mean ‘cushy’ more ‘cushy’, isn’t it? [ɪnɪt]); 1:29:40 I don’t think the door ever hardly opened really ’cause you would you wouldn’t’ve [wʏdn̩ə] went [wɛn] in there; 1:28:58 that was the best room in the house the front room (yeah) (front room) and that was kept [kɛp] for Sundays more or less (that’s right) and and the fire wasn’t [wɒn] light… lighted there unless it was Sundays; 1:29:59 up to the time I le… we left Lake we didn’t [dɪdn̩] have any electric; 1:31:54 ’cause I can remember doing homework from Grammar School sitting there and thinking to self, “Christ, bloody lights going up and down” and in the end it was far better to light the old Aladdin [ði oʊ əladɪn] the old

http://sounds.bl.uk Page 22 of 36 BBC Voices Recordings paraffin lamp; 1:39:18 I mean I can remember one old lady in Okehampton who died uh not so many years ago and her’d only been her hadn’t been [am bɪn] Plymouth since the war) word medial consonant cluster reduction (0:31:46 and one of the things with horses horses knew what you were talking about if you said ‘come here’ or ‘go away’ they would know exactly [zakli] what they’d got to do) word initial syllable reduction (0:00:11 uh I’m a farmer I’m farming all my life and um lived at Buckland-in-the-Moor and with my parents and when they’ve died I’ve taken over the farm and uh and I expect [spɛk] that I shall b… stay there until I die; 0:29:24 one of the other phrases you always uh hear people talking about is, “where be going?” (yeah) “what’s on today then?” [wɒts ɑn ɛɪ ðɛn] (that’s right) yeah and, you know, all these things stick to ye; 0:30:20 because he used to say, “up the road here about [bəʏt] two gun-shots go way fore and then about another two gun-shots and go back fore” and now they all um, you know, they’m they’re completely and utterly lost and you’d have to stand then and do a bit of a bit of bit of interpretation, like, you know; 0:31:46 and one of the things with horses horses knew what you were talking about if you said ‘come here’ or ‘go away’ they would know exactly [zakli] what they’d got to do; 1:03:29 we used to come home and if someone was expecting a baby and we’d make a statement well we would have a clip beside [səɪd] the ear (yeah) so you you’d got to be a little bit careful; 1:06:21 Art that’s it and his boy lives up Princetown and he’s a electrician [lɛktɹɪʃən] (yes, that’s Christopher) Christopher that’s right; 1:07:09 (what’s that called then ‘pumping the organ’ did you have a ...?) well just pumping the organ uh you see the organs had no electric [lɛktɹɪk] at the church; 1:14:28 and father was in the war gone and there was just me and mother home, see, until we had evacuees [vakjuiːz]; 1:22:25 another [nʌðɚ] thing you don’t see them growing now is mangolds, do ye, (no) see used to grow hundreds of mangolds, didn’t them?; 1:29:59 up to the time I le... we left Lake we didn’t have any electric [lɛktɹɪk]) syllable deletion (0:02:51 as I said North Devon is perhaps [pɹaps] one different one again and uh the whole of Devon there are many many different accents; 21:31 a lot of people don’t realise but a lot of the buildings were uh taken over by the military [mələtɹei]; 0:29:15 and if you know John Germon3 he’ll say, “oh my beauty see ye directly” [siː iː ʤɹɛkli]; 1:16:53 (is is that Devon thing?) ‘catchy’ (yeah) I suppose it is really [əɪ spoːz tɪz ɹɪəli]; 1:18:07 I can remember the first time I saw the aurora borealis (um I remember seeing that) and that was a terrific [tɹɪfɪk] sight) definite article reduction (0:15:25 uh when I was a boy I actually went up and helped father turn them out that was one of my job when I was a boy eight nine years old and when they was brought home I had to help pack them in the shed and (yes) put them in the fire and the put the old [ðoːɫd] trivet in the thing in the kettle (yeah) and put en over the peat fire and very often you had uh smoky tea that uh it tasted of peat; 0:44:33 course there was nobody from Devon going to put in a reply but somebody up Kent and he got the names of the people that was on the horse [ðɔ˞ːs] wrong) frequent it reduction (e.g. 0:25:21 I got a friend Raymond who is quite broad Devon and he’ll say, “Christ, that’s drixey”, you know, it is [tɪz] it is [tɪz] falling to pieces; 0:28:12 this was against my sister’s grain about, “why should he be allowed out and I‘ve got to come home I don’t think it is fair,” [əɪ doːnt θɪŋk tɪz fɛɚ] her used to say; 0:31:00 if you was out with the binder and you had a steep field (yeah) you’d go up ‘leary’ (yeah) which meant they were empty you weren’t cutting of them (yeah, exactly, no) and also when it come to dinner time you was feeling a bit ‘leary’ (leary) and it was [twəz] time to go in and have some dinner (dinner that’s right); 0:37:29 you know, your pushy was used a lot your pushbike was used a a lot I mean you’d go down or mother’d send you down to Horrabridge to get some meat or summat and it was [twəz] all on your pushbike; 0:43:34 it’s like when I went to Buckland how Widecombe was spelt was spelt spelt ‘W’ ‘I’ ‘double D’ ‘I’ ‘C’ ‘O’ ‘M’ ‘B’ ‘E’ I think that was right but now it is [tɪz] ‘Widecombe’ (yeah) ‘W’ ‘I’ ‘D’ ‘E’ ‘C’ ‘O’ ‘M’ ‘B’ why?; 1:16:53 (is is that Devon

http://sounds.bl.uk Page 23 of 36 BBC Voices Recordings thing?) ‘catchy’ (yeah) I suppose it is really [əɪ spoːz tɪz ɹɪəli]; 1:18:16 another thing that when it was catchy weather uh, you know, you get uh sunshine and showers and then you get a nice bright uh period and father used to say, “oh the sun’s come out, boy, that’ll soon quail it up” [ðaɫ sʏːŋ k̟wɛɪɫtʌp]; 1:28:58 that was the best room in the house the front room (yeah) (front room) and that was kept for Sundays more or less (that’s right) and and the fire wasn’t light… lighted there unless it was [twəz] Sundays; 1:22:04 and then it would [twʏd] bide there for about oh a fortnight perhaps till it was [twəz] dry it all depends how ripe it was [twəz] when you cut it; 1:27:37 (yeah, well ‘raining heavily’ we’d say we’d ‘lashing down’ it’s really, you know, well ‘lashing down’) (yeah, ‘heavy rain’) yeah, also, “it is lashing down cats and dogs” [tɪz lɛɪʃɪn dəʏn kats ən dʌgz] (yeah, yeah); 1:29:00 and that was kept for Sundays more or less (that’s right) and and the fire wasn’t light… lighted there unless it was [twəz] Sundays; 1:31:39 it was [twəz] all direct current then, mind, it was [twəz] not a alternating current; 1:31:54 ’cause I can remember doing homework from Grammar School sitting there and thinking to self, “Christ, bloody lights going up and down” and in the end it was [twəz] far better to light the old Aladdin the old paraffin lamp) J-deletion (0:12:31 we talk about tools you use on farms we talk about a ‘visgy’ (yeah) and they look at ye [ðɛɪ lʏk ət iː] and say, (“what’s that?”) “oh, what’s a ‘visgy’ where did that come from?” and this is this is what it’s all about we are proud of it we know what we’re talking about it’s a bit of bad luck that they don’t (what is it?) (digger) (yes) (a digger) that’s right (also known as a ‘two-bill’) (yeah) that’s right that’s right, you see, you got a ‘visgy’ and you got a ‘maddock’; 0:25:05 and you’re going along in your car and you pass them in a narrow road and they look at ye a bit strange [ðɛɪ lʏk ət iː ə bɪt stɹeːnʒ] these people and I say, “Christ, he’s staring like a bloody conger”; 0:29:15 and if you know John Germon3 he’ll say, “oh my beauty see ye directly” [siː iː ʤɹɛkli]; 0:29:24 one of the other phrases you always uh hear people talking about is, “where be going?” (yeah) “what’s on today then?” (that’s right) yeah and, you know, all these things stick to ye [stɪk tu iː]; 0:55:13 so he said, “you’m all right you sound Devonshire by what I know about ye” [jʏ səʏnd dɛbm̩ʃɚ bɪ wɑd əɪ noː əbəʏd iː]; 1:22:25 another thing you don’t see them growing now is mangolds, do ye, [du iː] (no) see used to grow hundreds of mangolds, didn’t them?) L-deletion (0:47:23 all through that winter we only [oːni] lost one and it was there and that bullock died near the cottage at Two Bridges; 1:29:29 and the ‘front room’ as you said Dave said you only [oːni] went in there Sundays; 1:39:18 I mean I can remember one old lady in Okehampton who died uh not so many years ago and her’d only [oːni] been her hadn’t been Plymouth since the war) frequent TH-deletion (e.g. 0:07:34 we get them [əm] on the council we we get them [əm] in every facet of life and they are trying to teach us the way to speak but if you be Devon you still speak Devon; 0:08:14 they all spoke completely different than us [kəmpliːtli dɪfɹənt ən ʌs] and I used to be fascinated to listen to them [əm]; 0:12:07 you see people go to Dartmoor and they look at the gorse out in full flower and they say, “oh, isn’t that lovely?” [ɪn aʔ lʌvli] and I say, “what do you mean that ‘furze’?” (yeah) and there’s also a a bird that lives on Dartmoor we call them the ‘furze-hacker’ and if you if you talk to people that are bird-watchers they don’t know what you’re talking about; 0:12:59 and when you look around there’s all sorts of things [ɚːz ɔːɫ sɔ˞ːts ə θɪŋz] that we got in in farming; 0:13:07 I turned out a shed the other day and my son was looking at it and he said, “look at all these old tools you got here, dad” and he said, “there’s carpenting tools here [ɚːz kɑ˞ːpəntɪn tʏːɫz jɚː] old spokeshaves (that’s right) and things for shaving wheel fellies” and all that sort of thing; 0:15:25 uh when I was a boy I actually went up and helped father turn them [əm] out that was one of my job when I was a boy eight nine years old and when they was brought home had to help pack them [əm] in the shed and (yes) put them [əm] in the fire and the put the old trivet in the thing in the kettle (yeah) and put en over the peat fire and very often you had uh smoky tea that uh it tasted of peat; 0:29:43 and ‘how’s tricks’ was another thing they

http://sounds.bl.uk Page 24 of 36 BBC Voices Recordings used to use [ənʌðɚ θɪŋ ɛɪ jʏːstə jʏːz] and I I think all these, yeah, and the these things stuck in your mind; 0:37:20 I mean I meant to say you was leaving home here half past seven in the morning to get to school and now look at them [əm] today I mean they don’t leave leave home till half past eight to get to school for nine, do them? [əm] (no); 0:45:29 and and it was Saturday afternoon and the blizzard come in I can remember I was out getting trying to get some logs and one thing and another [wɒn ʰɪŋ ən ənʌðɚ]; 0:51:49 and I used to paunch my rabbits, clean them [əm] out and then uh put them [əm] on a stick over my shoulder and off I would start to go home; 0:54:07 and he said, “I’ll start en up a minute” my dear how however people lived in a tank like that [ləɪk at] I don’t know; 0:54:32 I was there [əɪ wəz ɚː] ploughing a field right beside the camp and this here American bloke came in; 1:11:32 they’d used to do the outside round, didn’t them, [əm] like that (yeah) fore the binder come in (yeah) then the binder would come in and then you’d be you had your sheaves but the outside row uh round you’d you’d cut by hand but uh and then tie and stack stack stook of sheaves; 1:22:25 another thing you don’t see them [əm] growing now is mangolds, do ye, (no) see used to grow hundreds of mangolds, didn’t them? [əm]; 1:20:32 and he put all three of them [əm] together and he drilled a hole through the top of them [əm] and he put this here great big metal crook through and twisted it; 1:39:12 you take old Billy Butler and then all them who used to work on the farms and they never moved out of the village, did them? [əm]) V-deletion with have (1:06:11 you should’ve [ʃʏdə] been in school and you went away and done something else from what you were supposed to’ve been doing [spoːst tʏə bɪn dʏːɪn]; 1:29:40 I don’t think the door ever hardly opened really ’cause you would you wouldn’t’ve [wʏdn̩ə] went in there)

LIAISON linking R (0:13:21 and he said he said, “you want to keep that, dad, ’cause they’ll be worth some money later on” [leːdɚɹ ɒn] and uh that is true but you a lot of it a lot of it is fading away because no one doesn’t want it and no one doesn’t know anything about it; 0:18:01 well well I think it’s just uh the area you were in [wəɹ ɪn] and the people around and the, you see, you developed that in a community it’s uh like a community accent uh village life; 0:26:52 um there was uh an old lady um had a farm near us [nɪɚɹ ʌs] with uh two spinster daughters; 0:38:23 you know, if mother thought that we ought to have a, you know, a new winter coat something like that as a child well very often it used to be done so that we would wear it [wɛɚɹ ɪt] to harvest festival) zero linking R (0:47:23 all through that winter we only lost one and it was there and [ðɛː ən] that bullock died near the cottage at Two Bridges) zero intrusive R (0:04:34 things’ve changed and that’s why I think we’ve lost the Devonshire dialect because everybody now is being the children are all bussed to one area and [ɛːɹɪə ən] they’re all speaking the same)

SUBSTITUTION

Z to D with negative (0:21:20 and after a few pints you wasn’t [wɒdn̩] worried what it sounded like anyway; 1:22:39 this was uh on uh Radio Devon one day about mangold ‘M’ ‘A’ ‘N’ ‘G’ ‘L’ ‘E’ but that wasn’t [wɒdn̩] the right way of spelling mangolds ‘M’ ‘A’ ‘N’ ‘G’ ‘O’ ‘L’ ‘D’) metathesis (1:25:40 my wife was the captain of the ladies’ team and course when I went in her said it wasn’t fair her said ’cause her said, “Cyril here’s ambidextrous [ambɪdɛstɹɪks] he can he can bat whichever one” course I made the highest score for the gents and us won the match)

EPENTHESIS

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J-onglide (0:13:07 I turned out a shed the other day and my son was looking at it and he said, “look at all these old tools you got here, dad” and he said, “there’s carpenting tools here [jɚː] old spokeshaves (that’s right) and things for shaving wheel fellies” and all that sort of thing; 0:30:20 because he used to say, “up the road here [jɚː] about two gun-shots go way fore and then about another two gun-shots and go back fore” and now they all um, you know, they’m they’re completely and utterly lost and you’d have to stand then and do a bit of a bit of bit of interpretation, like, you know; 0:37:20 I mean I meant to say you was leaving home here [jɚː] half past seven in the morning to get to school and now look at them today I mean they don’t leave leave home till half past eight to get to school for nine, do them? (no); 1:20:06 and he made these here [ðiːz jɚː] wooden triangles (oh yeah) to put up with three poles (I remember, yeah, I remember)) W-onglide (0:38:54 Sunday mornings I used to have to walk Sampford Church for Sunday school Sunday afternoons I’d be expected to walk Okehampton Church [woːkamtn̩ ʧɚːʧ] for Sunday school; 0:45:36 but one of the funniest things the butcher van was in Okehampton [woːkamtən] village and he decided he’d just got in the village and he decided he couldn’t deliver no more meat so matey tried to get back up Yelverton, see)

+/- VOICE frequent fricative voicing (e.g. 0:02:20 well I used to deal with a lot of people uh down at Morwellham and uh I think [ðɪŋk] the first reaction you got from half of the holiday-makers soon as they heard you they’d go round the back going, “ah uh eh uh oh” and you used to get these sort of comments; 08:35 there was also a thing that they formed [vɔ˞ːmd] in the war called the Devon and Emergency Land Army if you can remember; 0:13:07 I turned out a shed the other day and me son was looking at it and he said, “look at all these old tools you got here, dad” and he said, “there’s carpenting tools here old spokeshaves (that’s right) and things for shaving wheel fellies” [vɛliːz] and all that sort of thing; 0:13:52 but there are so many different things (yeah) I mean you’re talking to us now about about the furze [vʌz] and that (yeah) it’s like I mean there’d be the ferns and the bracken well we call them ‘ferns’, [vɪɚnz] isn’t it? (that’s right, ‘ferns’ [vɪɚnz]); 0:29:50 down our way there was one that I can always remember my wife’s uncle used to use farming-wise he never referred to ‘left’ or ‘right’ always ‘way fore’ [wɛɪvɚː] or ‘back fore’; 0:30:20 because he used to say, [zɛɪ] “up the road here about two gun-shots go way fore and then about another two gun-shots and go back fore” and now they all um, you know, they’m they’re completely and utterly lost and you’d have to stand then and do a bit of a bit of bit of interpretation, like, you know; 0:31:00 if you was out with the binder and you had a steep field [vɪəɫd] (yeah) you’d go up ‘leary’ (yeah) which meant they were empty you weren’t cutting of them (yeah, exactly, no) and also when it come to dinner time you was feeling [viːlɪn] a bit ‘leary’ (leary) and it was time to go in and have some dinner (dinner that’s right); 0:40:58 but he always kept his tea drinkers on in case he was out invited out in the night when he went church again invited out to tea somewhere [zʌmwɚː]; 0:43:14 they go on about, “I’m feeling fitty” [əɪm fiːlɪn vedi] and all this, don’t they?; 1:05:26 when you got home in the night or when the inspector come and seen mother in the day uh you’d get a good hiding when you come home her’d thrash [dɹɛɪʃ] your legs; 1:09:29 then there was somebody with a recitation [ɹɛzətɛɪʃən] then we had somebody who sang a few songs to a guitar; 1:10:55 don’t see a paring hook well I got three home I got three scythes [zɔɪðz] home (yeah) but I mean they never get used, do they?; 1:32:15 if you had the wick too high it used to soot [zʏt] up the glass (that’s right, yeah))

WEAK-STRONG CONTRAST

http://sounds.bl.uk Page 26 of 36 BBC Voices Recordings vowel reduction weak definite article + vowel (1:23:00 during the war I registered to join the army [ðə ɑ˞ːmi] but I wasn’t allowed to because I was working on the farm) vowel strengthening word final vowel strengthening (0:33:07 and father used to say, “take a maddock [madɪk] and don’t forget to ram it in tight, boy, it ain’t no good if you don’t do that”; 1:11:49 in in the winter when us was out hedging uh cut off a hazel hedge or or ash used to tie it up in faggots [fagɪts]) LEXICALLY SPECIFIC VARIATION again(st) (0:02:51 as I said North Devon is perhaps one different one again [əgeːn] and uh the whole of Devon there are many many different accents; 0:28:12 this was against [əgɛnst] my sister’s grain about “why should he be allowed out and I‘ve got to come home I don’t think it is fair,” her used to say; 0:39:03 and then in the evening you’d get home and mother would say, “I think I’ll go evensong” and then you’d start again Okehampton church again [əgeːn] and then they wonder why we don’t go church today) (be)cause (0:13:21 and he said he said, “you want to keep that, dad, ’cause [kʌz] they’ll be worth some money later on” and uh that is true but you a lot of it a lot of it is fading away because [bɪkʌz] no one doesn’t want it and no one doesn’t know anything about it; 0:36:14 if you go back go back in the fifties how many households had cars we didn’t because [bɪkʌz] most of us had bone-shakers) chimney (1:13:30 I remember when us lived down Lamerton when I was a boy down there in an old farmhouse down Rattaford it was an open chimney [ʧɪmlei] and you used to have these great big logs in there and you had uh what they used to call brandise uh hanged on these here chimney [ʧɪmlei] crooks (yeah) (yeah) and all that sort of thing (yeah) and have the fire going underneath there) Devon, seven (0:03:00 I think he uh brought up with a Devon [dɛbm̩] accent and living with my grandparents and my father which they were true Devon [dɛbm̩] and uh I followed the accent; 0:07:34 we get them on the council we we get them in every facet of life and they are trying to teach us the way to speak but if you be Devon [dɛbm̩] you still speak Devon [dɛbm̩]; 0:37:20 I mean I meant to say you was leaving home here half past seven [haːf paːs sɛbm̩] in the morning to get to school and now look at them today I mean they don’t leave leave home till half past eight to get to school for nine, do them? (no); 1:12:36 well my grandfather would expect his boys to do seventy [sɛmti] bale seventy [sɛmti] bundles a day) Dittisham (1:31:04 Tommy Caw out Dittisham [dɪtsm̩] every Saturday after… every Saturday morning used to come with two or three bags two-hundred weight bags of of oats or summat to crush and us used to set the wheel going) often (0:15:25 uh when I was a boy I actually went up and helped father turn them out that was one of my job when I was a boy eight nine years old and when they was brought home I had to help pack them in the shed and (yes) put them in the fire and the put the old trivet in the thing in the kettle (yeah) and put en over the peat fire and very often [ɑfən] you had uh smoky tea that uh it tasted of peat; 0:38:23 you know, if mother thought that we ought to have a, you know, a new winter coat something like that as a child well very often [ɑftən] it used to be done so that we would wear it to harvest festival) Widecombe (0:43:34 it’s like when I went to Buckland how Widecombe [wɪdɪkʌm] was spelt was spelt spelt ‘W’ ‘I’ ‘double D’ ‘I’ ‘C’ ‘O’ ‘M’ ‘B’ ‘E’ I think that was right but now it is ‘Widecombe’ [waɪdkəm] (yeah) ‘W’ ‘I’ ‘D’ ‘E’ ‘C’ ‘O’ ‘M’ ‘B’ why?; 0:44:22 on yesterday’s Daily Mirror7 was one of they pieces on the inside wanted to know what uh Widecombe Fair [wɪdɪkʌm fɛɚ] was all about)

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GRAMMAR

DETERMINERS definite article reduction (0:15:25 uh when I was a boy I actually went up and helped father turn them out that was one of my job when I was a boy eight nine years old and when they was brought home I had to help pack them in the shed and (yes) put them in the fire and the put th’ old trivet in the thing in the kettle (yeah) and put en over the peat fire and very often you had uh smoky tea that uh it tasted of peat; 0:44:33 course there was nobody from Devon gonna put in a reply but somebody up Kent and he got the names of the people that was on th’ horse wrong) zero definite article (0:48:58 uh but she was bad overnight and I rang the doctor as I said in the morning and he couldn’t do nothing _ council said they couldn’t do nothing) a for an (0:56:14 that one would go home ’cause I’d never have time to s… peel a orange banana I’d eat but there used to be a pasty and a banana; 1:06:21 Art that’s it and his boy lives up Princetown and he’s a electrician (yes, that’s Christopher) Christopher that’s right; 1:31:39 ’twas all direct current then, mind, ’twas not a alternating current) zero indefinite article (1:11:32 they’d used to do the outside round, didn’t them, like that (yeah) fore the binder come in (yeah) then the binder would come in and then you’d be you had your sheaves but the outside row uh round you’d you’d cut by hand but uh and then tie and stack stack _ stook of sheaves; 1:15:16 the farmers in those days if you was making hay this side the valley and the weather was _ bit catchy and you could see somebody old Tommy Caw or somebody the other side the valley who was, you know, struggling a bit and he he he’d (you’d go and help) you’d if you finished yours you wouldn’t go home everybody would turn to and go and help Tommy Caw but today everybody’s for theirsels really) demonstrative them (0:20:57 father and them went away in the war and mother was in charge) demonstrative they (0:44:22 on yesterday’s Daily Mirror7 was one of they pieces on the inside wanted to know what uh Widecombe Fair was all about; 0:57:15 but in the winter time she used to do sheep’s head broth and all they sort of things; 1:12:22 you’d twist it around the stick what you had in your hand and you’d twist en around and make a sort of a bow and then you stick hin under so’s he couldn’t flip back and that’s how it was done there weren’t no string in they days) frequent demonstrative + here~there (e.g. 0:37:53 there was britches and leggings for men and (that’s right) and uh heavy shoes for girls there was none of this here kind of modern kind of high heels and stiletto heels; 0:38:05 the girls had to be dressed up proper with none of this here going like they travel around now because their they their they would took parent fathers and mothers would have took the law into their own hands; 0:54:32 I was there ploughing a field right beside the camp and this here American bloke came in; 1:00:11 us had these here two big pa… uh tins of biscuits, you know, like you buy now (yeah) big tins of biscuits come and some tins of corned beef; 1:00:39 we had some corned beef and then for afters us had sweet biscuits with some jam but us wasn’t so curious about what was in that there tin after that; 1:13:30 I remember when us lived down Lamerton when I was a boy down there in an old farmhouse down Rattaford it was an open chimlay and you used to have these great big logs in there and you had uh what they used to call brandise uh hanged on these here chimlay crooks (yeah) (yeah) and all that sort of thing (yeah) and have the fire going underneath there; 1:20:06 and he made these here wooden triangles (oh yeah) to put up with three poles (I remember, yeah, I remember); 1:20:32 and he put all three of them together and he drilled a hole through the top of them and he put this here great big metal crook through and twisted it)

NOUNS

http://sounds.bl.uk Page 28 of 36 BBC Voices Recordings zero plural (0:08:44 from about eleven year old I suppose you would be picked up of a Saturday morning and taken maybe to well farms all over the area to pick up spuds; 0:23:29 and of course not only them you had the the Yanks were living around for well what two year nearly; 0:27:46 my mother died when I was about fourteen fifteen year old I didn’t have a mother after that; 0:39:23 and then when you got up there mother would say after church if it was a nice evening us’d go for a walk round Gypsy’s Rock that would add a couple of another couple of mile to it; 0:53:00 we used to have to be up at six o’clock in the morning with about forty gallon of milk in churns; 1:08:36 we did a concert in Okehampton about four year ago)

PRONOUNS plural subject us (0:59:55 dinner was cooked down at Heathfield and sent up to North Bovey in big insulated containers (that’s right) and us boys used to have to go down and carry it up)

2nd p thee, ye (0:03:33 so I went over and kind of tried to talk posh and he looked at me and he said, “what part of Devon do thee come from then, boy?”; 0:12:31 we talk about tools you use on farms we talk about a ‘visgy’ (yeah) and they look at ye and say, (“what’s that?”) “oh, what’s a ‘visgy’ where did that come from?” and this is this is what it’s all about we are proud of it we know what we’re talking about it’s a bit of bad luck that they don’t (what is it?) (digger) (yes) (a digger) that’s right (also known as a ‘two-bill’) (yeah) that’s right that’s right, you see, you got a ‘visgy’ and you got a ‘maddock’; 0:25:05 and you’re going along in your car and you pass them in a narrow road and they look at ye a bit strange these people and I say, “Christ, he’s staring like a bloody conger”; 0:29:15 and if you know John Germon3 he’ll say, “oh my beauty see ye directly”; 0:29:24 one of the other phrases you always uh hear people talking about is, “where be going?” (yeah) “what’s on today then?” (that’s right) yeah and, you know, all these things stick to ye; 0:55:13 so he said, “you’m all right you sound Devonshire by what I know about ye”; 1:22:25 another thing you don’t see them growing now is mangolds, do ye, (no) see used to grow hundreds of mangolds, didn’t them?; 1:36:11 early in the morning horses was all done up they was out cutting grass (yeah, that’s right) you daren’t speak to your farmer he “hasn’t got time to talk to thee, boy, I gotta get on”) gendered pronoun (0:40:16 a barras-apron was something that was made out of kind of the stuff that you made uh sacks out for corn and you put it over your neck with a piece of cord and you had to put him [= ‘barras-apron’] on around the back and you tied it around in the front; 0:59:21 down in the Cornish mine if a pasty if he [ = ‘pasty’] fell out the bag on top of the mine shaft and he [ = ‘pasty’] didn’t break he [ = ‘pasty’] wasn’t no if he broke he [ = ‘pasty’] wasn’t no good; 1:12:22 you’d twist it around the stick what you had in your hand and you’d twist en around and make a sort of a bow and then you stick hin under so’s he [= ‘faggot’] couldn’t flip back and that’s how it was done there weren’t no string in they days) historic en*, hin (0:15:25 uh when I was a boy I actually went up and helped father turn them out that was one of my job when I was a boy eight nine years old and when they was brought home had to help pack them in the shed and (yes) put them in the fire and the put the old trivet in the thing in the kettle (yeah) and put en over the peat fire and very often you had uh smoky tea that uh it tasted of peat; 0:31:41 if you had to load up you had to put a front horse in (yes, that’s right) to help to pull en in; 0:50:59 if anybody in the district lost all their chickens they’d soon be claiming anyhow I caught this ferret took en home; 0:54:07 and he said, “I’ll start en up a minute” my dear how however people lived in a tank like that I don’t know; 0:59:28 I know a chap who used to drive a steam-roller and he used to be able to put a pasty and he’d bring a pasty if his wife made en would trig and hold a steam-roller; 1:12:22 you’d twist it around the stick what you had in your hand and you’d twist en around and make a sort of a bow and then you stick hin under so’s he couldn’t flip back and that’s how it was done there weren’t no string in

http://sounds.bl.uk Page 29 of 36 BBC Voices Recordings they days; 1:23:18 and we kept en going all during the war and I used to and then the uh agricultural party gived us a binder to go around and cut the farmer’s corn all the way around) frequent pronoun exchange (e.g. 0:06:53 her said it’ve always stuck with our family ever since; 0:28:12 this was against my sister’s grain about “why should he be allowed out and I‘ve gotta come home I don’t think ’tis fair,” her used to say; 0:33:34 my kids stared to learn to ride ponies, like, and that and us got an old Dartmoor pony and her’s broken in ’cause they had ponies and and um stuck a maid on them one day and uh course the pony started to buck and that and instead of sort of saying ‘grip tight’ he used to say, “cream your knees, mate, cream your knees”, you know; 0:37:20 I mean I meant to say you was leaving home here half past seven in the morning to get to school and now look at them today I mean they don’t leave leave home till half past eight to get to school for nine, do them? (no); 0:39:23 and then when you got up there mother would say after church if it was a nice evening us’d go for a walk round Gypsy’s Rock that would add a couple of another couple of mile to it; 0:40:01 when my sister came home her had to take her clothes off and her had to put a barras-apron on; 0:58:27 us used to take dinner um used to take bit of saffron cake and a teddy oggy; 1:00:11 us had these here two big pa… uh tins of biscuits, you know, like you buy now (yeah) big tins of biscuits come and some tins of corned beef; 1:00:39 we had some corned beef and then for afters us had sweet biscuits with some jam but us wasn’t so curious about what was in that there tin after that; 1:02:34 when there was a baby born they used to s… they used to say that that, “missus so-and-so her’ve had a baby her have had a chield” […] (now it’s modern ’tis a ‘sprog’ now but that used be a ‘chield’ then); 1:05:26 when you got home in the night or when the inspector come and seen mother in the day uh you’d get a good hiding when you come home her’d thrash your legs; 1:11:32 they’d used to do the outside round, didn’t them, like that (yeah) fore the binder come in (yeah) then the binder would come in and then you’d be you had your sheaves but the outside row uh round you’d you’d cut by hand but uh and then tie and stack stack stook of sheaves; 1:11:49 in in the winter when us was out hedging uh cut off a hazel hedge or or ash used to tie it up in faggots; 1:13:30 I remember when us lived down Lamerton when I was a boy down there in an old farmhouse down Rattaford it was an open chimlay and you used to have these great big logs in there and you had uh what they used to call brandise uh hanged on these here chimlay crooks (yeah) (yeah) and all that sort of thing (yeah) and have the fire going underneath there; 1:22:11 also another thing us used to grow but don’t hear about it now us used to mix the wheat and the barley and the oats together you used to try and get the same varieties and we’d dry it at the same time and us used to call it ‘dredge’ corn (that’s right, yeah ‘dredge’ corn never hear of it; 1:22:25 another thing you don’t see them growing now is mangolds, do ye, (no) see used to grow hundreds of mangolds, didn’t them?; 1:25:40 me wife was the captain of the ladies’ team and course when I went in her said it wasn’t fair her said ’cause her said, “Cyril here’s ambidextrous he can he can bat whichever one” course I made the highest score for the gents and us won the match; 1:33:13 and also us used to have a safe what they call a safe (yeah) what they call a ‘safe’ (meat safe) meat safe; 1:31:04 Tommy Caw out Dittisham every Saturday after… every Saturday morning used to come with two or three bags two-hundred weight bags of of oats or summat to crush and us used to set the wheel going; 1:39:12 you take old Billy Butler and then all them who used to work on the farms and they never moved out of the village, did them?; 1:39:18 I mean I can remember one old lady in Okehampton who died uh not so many years ago and her’d only been her hadn’t been Plymouth since the war) frequent possessive me (e.g. 0:00:11 uh I’m a farmer I’m farming all me life and um lived at Buckland- in-the-Moor and with my parents and when they’ve died I’ve taken over the farm and uh and I expect that I shall b… stay there until I die; 0:03:00 I think he uh brought up with a Devon accent and living with me grandparents and me father which they were true Devon and uh I followed the accent; 0:28:04 I could bring me sister home ’cause dad said she’d got to be home by nine o’clock or you never know who’s about; 0:29:50 down our way there was one that I can always remember me wife’s uncle used to use farming-wise he never referred to ‘left’ or ‘right’ always ‘way fore’ or ‘back fore’; 0:51:06 and I used to

http://sounds.bl.uk Page 30 of 36 BBC Voices Recordings go off Saturday mornings with I had me nets and I had a little terrier dog called Tiny real tiny terrier; 0:51:49 and I used to paunch me rabbits clean them out and then uh put them on a stick over me shoulder and off I would start to go home; 1:25:40 me wife was the captain of the ladies’ team and course when I went in her said it wasn’t fair her said ’cause her said, “Cyril here’s ambidextrous he can he can bat whichever one” course I made the highest score for the gents and us won the match) regularised reflexive (1:15:16 the farmers in those days if you was making hay this side the valley and the weather was bit catchy and you could see somebody old Tommy Caw or somebody the other side the valley who was, you know, struggling a bit and he he he’d (you’d go and help) you’d if you finished yours you wouldn’t go home everybody would turn to and go and help Tommy Caw but today everybody’s for theirsels really) alternative reflexive with <-sel> (0:20:02 father lived at Yelverton mother lived at Meavy so he just said, “oh you’re very you’re like mysel” he said, “I come from Maristow”; 1:15:16 the farmers in those days if you was making hay this side the valley and the weather was bit catchy and you could see somebody old Tommy Caw or somebody the other side the valley who was, you know, struggling a bit and he he he’d (you’d go and help) you’d if you finished yours you wouldn’t go home everybody would turn to and go and help Tommy Caw but today everybody’s for theirsels really) unbound reflexive (0:20:02 father lived at Yelverton mother lived at Meavy so he just said, “oh you’re very you’re like mysel” he said, “I come from Maristow”; 0:18:45 well in my village there’s only myself and one other person who was there in nineteen-forty-six and most of the other people are newcomers) relative what (1:12:22 you’d twist it around the stick what you had in your hand and you’d twist en around and make a sort of a bow and then you stick hin under so’s he couldn’t flip back and that’s how it was done there weren’t no string in they days) zero relative (0:06:23 just after the war and people who came down the army were billeted the Forty- Eighth Div was there and they also had evacuees _ came down on the train and they were put in various homes and they they were came from London and quite a few came from the Birmingham area; 0:06:57 and I think one of the things _ happened with it when you found these teachers new teachers coming to the school they tried to educate you and learn you what they used to say was the Queen’s English; 0:26:52 um there was uh an old lady um _ had a farm near us with uh two spinster daughters; 0:59:28 I know a chap who used to drive a steam-roller and he used to be able to put a pasty and he’d bring a pasty _ if his wife made en would trig and hold a steam-roller)

VERBS present be – am generalisation (0:27:19 another thing we used to say when to um children is uh, “where do you think you’m going?” (yeah, “where be going?”); 0:30:20 because he used to say, “up the road here about two gun-shots go way fore and then about another two gun-shots and go back fore” and now they all um, you know, they’m they’re completely and utterly lost and you’d have to stand then and do a bit of a bit of bit of interpretation, like, you know; 0:55:13 so he said, “you’m all right you sound Devonshire by what I know about ye”) be generalisation (0:07:34 we get them on the council we we get them in every facet of life and they are trying to teach us the way to speak but if you be Devon you still speak Devon; 0:27:19 another thing we used to say when to um children is uh, “where do you think you’m going?” (yeah, “where be going?”); 0:29:10 “how be, my beauty?” (“how be” and “beauty”, yeah) (yeah) that’s a that’s a (yeah) Devonshire thing (yeah); 0:29:24 one of the other phrases you always uh hear people talking about is, “where be going?” (yeah) “what’s on today then?” (that’s right) yeah and, you know, all these things stick to ye) is generalisation (0:05:15 is it the latter ‘R’ (yes) that seems to’ve be rolled out more probably i… it’s I d… I don’t it’s just that the l… the words is sort of rolled more)

http://sounds.bl.uk Page 31 of 36 BBC Voices Recordings have – have generalisation (0:06:53 her said it’ve always stuck with our family ever since; 1:02:34 when there was a baby born they used to s… they used to say that that, “missus so-and-so her’ve had a baby her have had a chield” […] (now it’s modern ’tis a ‘sprog’ now but that used be a ‘chield’ then)) past frequent zero past (e.g. 0:21:56 this is what in in a sense pulled away a little bit of the kind of Devonshire dialect away from some of the younger ones because they were sitting with all these newcomers who come down and they’d got a different lingo again; 0:31:00 if you was out with the binder and you had a steep field (yeah) you’d go up ‘leary’ (yeah) which meant they were empty you weren’t cutting of them (yeah, exactly, no) and also when it come to dinner time you was feeling a bit ‘leary’ (leary) and ’twas time to go in and have some dinner (dinner that’s right); 0:40:46 and he used to put his best suit on in the morning and when he come home for dinner he used to put on a black apron; 0:45:29 and and it was Saturday afternoon and the blizzard come in I can remember I was out getting trying to get some logs and one thing and another; 1:00:11 us had these here two big pa… uh tins of biscuits, you know, like you buy now (yeah) big tins of biscuits come and some tins of corned beef; 1:05:26 when you got home in the night or when the inspector come and seen mother in the day uh you’d get a good hiding when you come home her’d thrash your legs; 1:11:32 they’d used to do the outside round, didn’t them, like that (yeah) fore the binder come in (yeah) then the binder would come in and then you’d be you had your sheaves but the outside row uh round you’d you’d cut by hand but uh and then tie and stack stack stook of sheaves; 1:34:44 the law come in that you had to put the weight on and I’ve got the stamps home now) regularised past (0:55:00 people don’t realise, you know, what what you runned into during the war; 1:23:18 and we kept en going all during the war and I used to and then the uh agricultural party gived us a binder to go around and cut the farmer’s corn all the way around; 1:28:58 that was the best room in the house the front room (yeah) (front room) and that was kept for Sundays more or less (that’s right) and and the fire wasn’t light… lighted there unless it was Sundays; 1:31:43 while the waterwheel was running clean it was all right you’d have a fairly steady light but at times the bucket would’ve falled out the waterwheel and then the light because the wheel was varying speed the bloody light would go up and down up and down) generalisation of simple past (0:38:05 the girls had to be dressed up proper with none of this here going like they travel around now because their they their they would took parent fathers and mothers would have took the law into their own hands; 1:29:40 I don’t think the door ever hardly opened really ’cause you would you wouldn’t’ve went in there) generalisation of past participle (1:05:26 when you got home in the night or when the inspector come and seen mother in the day uh you’d get a good hiding when you come home her’d thrash your legs; 1:06:11 you should’ve been in school and you went away and done something else from what you were supposed to’ve been doing) be – frequent was generalisation (e.g. 0:04:08 and then I had to go to Ashburton School where there was about three hundred children and that was quite a cultural shock for me and they was all talking in different languages there was um children down there from London because it was just after the war; 0:15:25 uh when I was a boy I actually went up and helped father turn them out that was one of my job when I was a boy eight nine years old and when they was brought home had to help pack them in the shed and (yes) put them in the fire and the put the old trivet in the thing in the kettle (yeah) and put en over the peat fire and very often you had uh smoky tea that uh it tasted of peat; 0:21:20 and after a few pints you wadn worried what it sounded like anyway; 0:29:36 if you was going with a young lady you used to call her ‘my lovely’; 0:31:00 if you was out with the binder and you had a steep field (yeah) you’d go up ‘leary’ (yeah) which meant they were empty you weren’t cutting of them (yeah, exactly, no) and also when it come to dinner time you was feeling a bit ‘leary’ (leary) and ’twas time to go in and have some dinner (dinner that’s right); 0:37:20 I mean I meant to say you was leaving home here half past seven in the morning to get to school and now look at them today I mean they don’t leave leave home till half past

http://sounds.bl.uk Page 32 of 36 BBC Voices Recordings eight to get to school for nine, do them? (no); 0:44:33 course there was nobody from Devon gonna put in a reply but somebody up Kent and he got the names of the people that was on the horse wrong; 1:11:49 in in the winter when us was out hedging uh cut off a hazel hedge or or ash used to tie it up in faggots; 1:13:56 if you was lucky if you went in some farmhouses they used to have beetles running around in front of the fire (that’s right) or else you had crickets; 1:15:16 the farmers in those days if you was making hay this side the valley and the weather was bit catchy and you could see somebody old Tommy Caw or somebody the other side the valley who was, you know, struggling a bit and he he he’d (you’d go and help) you’d if you finished yours you wouldn’t go home everybody would turn to and go and help Tommy Caw but today everybody’s for theirsels really) was-weren’t split (1:04:16 school inspector, weren’t he, (yeah) he used to come and see the register and if you were, you know, if there were several absent they’d want to know why; 1:12:22 you’d twist it around the stick what you had in your hand and you’d twist en around and make a sort of a bow and then you stick hin under so’s he couldn’t flip back and that’s how it was done there weren’t no string in they days) compounds simple past with progressive meaning (0:30:05 and you’d be driving a tractor up the road and um he’d be stood on the back, like you know, and perhaps a visitor would be coming along and they’d you’d pull in for them and they’d say, “can you tell me the way to Tavistock?” like, see) extended-now present (0:00:11 uh I’m a farmer I’m farming all my life and um lived at Buckland-in-the- Moor and with my parents and when they’ve died I’ve taken over the farm and uh and I expect that I shall b… stay there until I die) double past with ought to, used to (1:11:32 they’d used to do the outside round, didn’t them, like that (yeah) fore the binder come in (yeah) then the binder would come in and then you’d be you had your sheaves but the outside row uh round you’d you’d cut by hand but uh and then tie and stack stack stook of sheaves; 1:25:55 course I got in trouble when I went home, mind (yeah) ’cause I didn’t ought to have been playing but that ’twas I they said ’twas favouritism) frequent zero auxiliary have (e.g. 0:12:31 we talk about tools you use on farms we talk about a ‘visgy’ (yeah) and they look at ye and say, (“what’s that?”) “oh, what’s a ‘visgy’ where did that come from?” and this is this is what it’s all about we are proud of it we know what we’re talking about it’s a bit of bad luck that they don’t (what is it?) (digger) (yes) (a digger) that’s right (also known as a ‘two-bill’) (yeah) that’s right that’s right, you see, you _ got a ‘visgy’ and you _ got a ‘maddock’; 0:12:59 and when you look around there’s all sorts of things that we _ got in in farming; 0:13:07 I turned out a shed the other day and me son was looking at it and he said, “look at all these old tools you _ got here, dad” and he said, “there’s carpenting tools here old spokeshaves (that’s right) and things for shaving wheel fellies” and all that sort of thing; 0:25:21 I _ got a friend Raymond who is quite broad Devon and he’ll say, “Christ, that’s drixey”, you know, ’tis ’tis falling to pieces; 0:35:17 I mean I _ got grandkids six and five and that; 0:41:38 it just shows a different side of the moor I would _ thought; 1:10:55 don’t see a paring hook well I _ got three home I _ got three scythes home (yeah) but I mean they never get used, do they?; 1:26:31 and I _ got a son who funnily enough is only clicky with a knife and fork; 1:36:11 early in the morning horses was all done up they was out cutting grass (yeah, that’s right) you daren’t speak to your farmer he “hasn’t got time to talk to thee, boy, I _ gotta get on”) invariant there is~was (0:04:08 and then I had to go to Ashburton School where there was about three hundred children and that was quite a cultural shock for me and they was all talking in different languages there was um children down there from London because it was just after the war; 0:12:59 and when you look around there’s all sorts of things that we got in in farming; 0:14:08 now we call down here around the door the ‘jamb’ they call it the ‘durn’ uh I mean that’s just one end of Devon to the other so it it but within within Dartmoor there’s many many different ones (in Dartmoor the ‘door jamb’ or ‘door

http://sounds.bl.uk Page 33 of 36 BBC Voices Recordings arch’ is called a ‘prentice’) that’s right well ‘prentice’ or ‘jamb’, yeah; 0:47:18 and there was more than three hundred cows in that bunch at that time) historic present (0:45:50 so he gets up the road and before matey left the van the van was just about covered but when they uncovered the van about three weeks later there wasn’t a bit of meat left in hin; 0:50:49 I was coming home from school one night and uh summat rattling in the r... in the hedge so I looks up and there’s this ferret and of course nobody would admit you’d lost a ferret) historic perfect (0:00:11 uh I’m a farmer I’m farming all my life and um lived at Buckland-in-the-Moor and with my parents and when they’ve died I’ve taken over the farm and uh and I expect that I shall b… stay there until I die) for to infinitive (1:17:12 my father’s brother lived the other side of a little stream and we used to share two horses for to pull the grass machine) bare infinitive (0:19:20 when girls started courting age they wouldn’t allow young men _ come in from the next village out; 1:02:34 (when there was a baby born they used to s… they used to say that that, “missus so-and-so her’ve had a baby her have had a chield” […]) now it’s modern ’tis a ‘sprog’ now but that used _ be a ‘chield’ then; 1:37:36 oh I think mine is a proper Devonshire accent and I don’t think I’m going _ change for anybody)

NEGATION frequent multiple negation (e.g. 0:13:21 and he said he said, “you wanna keep that, dad, ’cause they’ll be worth some money later on” and uh that is true but you a lot of it a lot of it is fading away because no one doesn’t want it and no one doesn’t know anything about it; 0:13:38 it was a flea-catcher and nobody didn’t know anything about that; 0:33:07 and father used to say, “take a maddock and don’t forget to ram it in tight, boy, it ain’t no good if you don’t do that”; 0:45:36 but one of the funniest things the butcher van was in Okehampton village and he decided he’d just got in the village and he decided he couldn’t deliver no more meat so matey tried to get back up Yelverton, see; 0:48:58 uh but she was bad overnight and I rang the doctor as I said in the morning and he couldn’t do nothing council said they couldn’t do nothing; 0:53:57 he said, “it’s secret, mind, don’t say nothing”; 1:09:07 and we had no rehearsals no nothing and I compèred; 0:59:21 down in the Cornish mine if a pasty if he fell out the bag on top of the mine shaft and he didn’t break he wasn’t no if he broke he wasn’t no good; 1:12:22 you’d twist it around the stick what you had in your hand and you’d twist en around and make a sort of a bow and then you stick hin under so’s he couldn’t flip back and that’s how it was done there weren’t no string in they days) alternative negator (0:21:20 and after a few pints you wadn* worried what it sounded like anyway; 1:22:39 this was uh on uh Radio Devon one day about mangold ‘M’ ‘A’ ‘N’ ‘G’ ‘L’ ‘E’ but that wadn* the right way of spelling mangolds ‘M’ ‘A’ ‘N’ ‘G’ ‘O’ ‘L’ ‘D’) alternative negator no (e.g. 1:21:04 I don’t know if it’s a Devon word or no) ain’t for negative be (0:33:07 and father used to say, “take a maddock and don’t forget to ram it in tight, boy, it ain’t no good if you don’t do that”)

PREPOSITIONS deletion zero of (1:15:16 the farmers in those days if you was making hay this side _ the valley and the weather was bit catchy and you could see somebody old Tommy Caw or somebody the other side _ the valley who was, you know, struggling a bit and he he he’d (you’d go and help) you’d if you finished yours you wouldn’t go home everybody would turn to and go and help Tommy Caw but today everybody’s for theirsels really) zero habitual to (0:38:54 Sunday mornings I used to have to walk _ Sampford Church for Sunday school, Sunday afternoons I’d be expected to walk _ Okehampton Church for Sunday school; 0:39:03 and then in the evening you’d get home and mother would say, “I think I’ll go_ evensong” and then you’d start again

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Okehampton church again and then they wonder why we don’t go _ church today; 0:40:58 but he always kept his tea drinkers on in case he was out invited out in the night when he went _ church again invited out to tea somewhere; 1:39:18 I mean I can remember one old lady in Okehampton who died uh not so many years ago and her’d only been her hadn’t been _ Plymouth since the war) preposition deletion – other (0:23:05 I mean I can remember one Saturday morning looking out _ the bedroom window seeing what I’d never seen before black men; 0:44:33 course there was nobody from Devon gonna put in a reply but somebody up _ Kent and he got the names of the people that was on th’ horse wrong; 0:59:21 down in the Cornish mine if a pasty if he fell out _ the bag on top of the mine shaft and he didn’t break he wasn’t no if he broke he wasn’t no good; 1:06:21 Art that’s it and his boy lives up _ Princetown and he’s a electrician (yes, that’s Christopher) Christopher that’s right; 1:10:55 don’t see a paring hook well I got three _ home I got three scythes _ home (yeah) but I mean they never get used, do they?; 1:13:30 I remember when us lived down _ Lamerton when I was a boy down there in an old farmhouse down _ Rattaford it was an open chimlay and you used to have these great big logs in there and you had uh what they used to call brandise uh hanged on these here chimlay crooks (yeah) (yeah) and all that sort of thing (yeah) and have the fire going underneath there; 1:34:44 the law come in that you had to put the weight on and I’ve got the stamps _ home now; 1:31:04 Tommy Caw out _ Dittisham every Saturday after… every Saturday morning used to come with two or three bags two-hundred weight bags of of oats or summat to crush and us used to set the wheel going) insertion locative to (0:26:09 and mother used to refer to us if she was in the kitchen and on her own she would look at me and say, “where’s the maidens to?” (yeah) now ‘maidens’ it’s not ‘maidens’ it was ‘maidens’) otiose of (0:31:00 if you was out with the binder and you had a steep field (yeah) you’d go up ‘leary’ (yeah) which meant they were empty you weren’t cutting of them (yeah, exactly, no) and also when it come to dinner time you was feeling a bit ‘leary’ (leary) and ’twas time to go in and have some dinner (dinner that’s right)) substitution at + day of week (0:45: 20 we had uh snow at Boxing Day then it eased off) of + time phrase (0:08:44 from about eleven year old I suppose you would be picked up of a Saturday morning and taken maybe to well farms all over the area to pick up spuds; 0:20:48 you never had to go very far of a Saturday night for a dance, did ye?)

ADVERBS adverb of degree [...] as (0:02:20 well I used to deal with a lot of people uh down at Morwellham and uh I think the first reaction you got from half of the holiday-makers _ soon as they heard you they’d go round the back going, “ah uh eh uh oh” and you used to get these sort of comments; 1:30:47 _ far as I know, boy, they went on their own) unmarked manner adverb (0:38:05 the girls had to be dressed up proper with none of this here going like they travel around now because their they their they would took parent fathers and mothers would have took the law into their own hands) unmarked degree modifier adverb (0:51:06 and I used to go off Saturday mornings with I had my nets and I had a little terrier dog called Tiny real tiny terrier)

DISCOURSE utterance final and that (0:33:34 my kids stared to learn to ride ponies, like, and that and us got an old Dartmoor pony and her’s broken in ’cause they had ponies and and um stuck a maid on them one day and uh course the pony started to buck and that and instead of sort of saying ‘grip tight’ he used to say,

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“cream your knees, mate, cream your knees”, you know; 0:35:17 I mean I got grandkids six and five and that) utterance final like (0:30:05 and you’d be driving a tractor up the road and um he’d be stood on the back, like you know, and perhaps a visitor would be coming along and they’d you’d pull in for them and they’d say, “can you tell me the way to Tavistock?” like, see; 0:30:20 because he used to say, “up the road here about two gun-shots go way fore and then about another two gun-shots and go back fore” and now they all um, you know, they’m they’re completely and utterly lost and you’d have to stand then and do a bit of a bit of bit of interpretation, like, you know; 0:33:34 my kids stared to learn to ride ponies, like, and that and us got an old Dartmoor pony and her’s broken in ’cause they had ponies and and um stuck a maid on them one day and uh course the pony started to buck and that and instead of sort of saying ‘grip tight’ he used to say, “cream your knees, mate, cream your knees”, you know; 1:09:52 I did the compèring but I would tell one of my grandfather’s old tales, like, you know) utterance final mind (0:51:23 and it was winter time, mind, ’cause that was the best time for rabbits don’t forget; 0:53:57 he said, “it’s secret, mind, don’t say nothing”; 1:25:55 course I got in trouble when I went home, mind (yeah) ’cause I didn’t ought to have been playing but that ’twas I they said ’twas favouritism; 1:31:39 ’twas all direct current then, mind, ’twas not a alternating current) utterance final see (0:30:05 and you’d be driving a tractor up the road and um he’d be stood on the back, like you know, and perhaps a visitor would be coming along and they’d you’d pull in for them and they’d say, “can you tell me the way to Tavistock?” like, see; 0:45:36 but one of the funniest things the butcher van was in Okehampton village and he decided he’d just got in the village and he decided he couldn’t deliver no more meat so matey tried to get back up Yelverton, see; 1:14:28 and father was in the war gone and there was just me and mother home, see, until we had evacuees) invariant tag (0:13:52 but there are so many different things (yeah) I mean you’re talking to us now about about the furze and that (yeah) it’s like I mean there’d be the ferns and the bracken well we call them ‘ferns’, isn’t it? (that’s right, ‘ferns’)) form of address, boy (0:33:07 and father used to say, “take a maddock and don’t forget to ram it in tight, boy, it ain’t no good if you don’t do that”; 1:36:11 early in the morning horses was all done up they was out cutting grass (yeah, that’s right) you daren’t speak to your farmer he “hasn’t got time to talk to thee, boy, I gotta get on”; 1:30:47 far as I know, boy, they went on their own) otiose what (0:17:12 Dave here has a certainly different accent than what I’ve got I mean to me I speak reasonably clear but he Dave is a real Dartmoor accent (yeah, he’s middle of Dartmoor))

© Robinson, Herring, Gilbert Voices of the UK, 2009-2012 A British Library project funded by The Leverhulme Trust

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