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TASK 3.1 Technological State of The Project of Offshore Wind Energy: Research, Experimentation, Development WP 3 - TASK 3.1 Technological State of the Art Project Title P.O.W.E.R.E.D. ‐ Project of Offshore Wind Energy: Research, Experimentation, Development Project Code 087 Programme IPA ADRIATIC CBC PROGRAMME 2007‐2013 Priority 2 – Natural and Cultural Resources and risk Prevention Measure 2.3 – Energy saving and renewable energy resources WP 3 ‐ Technological, normative, of energetic and environmental policy state of the art TASK 3.1 DELIVERABLE: Technological state of the art POWERED – Deliverable – WP 3 – Task 3.1 – May 2012 Pag.1 Table of Contents List of Figures ............................................................................................................................. 7 List of Tables ............................................................................................................................. 14 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 15 2 Offshore wind energy overview ...................................................................................... 17 2.1 Offshore Wind Energy Development ..................................................................... 17 2.1.1 The current status of wind energy ................................................................... 21 2.1.2 The growth of offshore wind power ................................................................ 24 2.2 Offshore wind energy cost analysis ....................................................................... 27 2.3 Wind Energy Production and Constructive Trends ................................................ 32 2.3.1 Annual installation, wind energy production and investments (2011‐2020) .. 32 2.3.2 Annual installation, wind energy production and investments (2021‐2030) .. 35 2.3.3 Offshore future trends ..................................................................................... 38 2.3.4 Turbine size evolution ...................................................................................... 39 2.4 Advantage and drawbacks of offshore wind farm ................................................. 42 3 Off‐shore wind energy technological and physical limits ............................................... 44 3.1 Adriatic Sea Environmental Conditions ................................................................. 44 3.2 Adriatic Sea Bathymetric Maps. ............................................................................. 48 3.3 Support structure and design requirements ......................................................... 49 3.3.1 Support structure types ................................................................................... 49 3.3.2 Grounded concepts .......................................................................................... 51 3.3.2.1 Monopile Foundation. ............................................................................. 51 3.3.2.2 Gravity Base Foundation .......................................................................... 53 3.3.2.3 Jacket Foundation .................................................................................... 55 3.3.2.4 Tripod Foundation.................................................................................... 57 3.3.2.5 Tripile Foundation .................................................................................... 58 3.3.2.6 Suction bucket foundations ..................................................................... 59 3.3.3 Floating concepts ............................................................................................ 60 3.3.3.1 Barge Floater (buoyancy stabilized system) ............................................ 60 POWERED – Deliverable – WP 3 – Task 3.1 – May 2012 Pag.2 3.3.3.2 Tension Leg Platform ............................................................................... 61 3.3.3.3 Spar Floater (ballast stabilized system) ................................................... 61 3.3.3.4 Demonstrators ......................................................................................... 62 3.3.4 Design requirements ........................................................................................ 65 3.3.4.1 Standards and Certifications .................................................................... 65 3.3.4.2 Winds ....................................................................................................... 65 3.3.4.3 Waves ....................................................................................................... 66 3.3.4.4 Currents .................................................................................................... 67 3.3.4.5 Onsite Data Collection ............................................................................. 67 3.3.4.6 Seabed Characteristics and Water Depth ................................................ 68 3.4 Offshore Wind Turbine Technological and Energetic features.............................. 69 3.4.1 The main turbine models ................................................................................. 69 3.4.2 Wind Conditions and Wind Turbine Classes .................................................... 81 3.4.2.1 Small Wind turbine (SWT) classes ([25.]) ................................................. 81 3.5 Transmission and electric grid connection systems .............................................. 82 3.5.1 Transmission Systems: HVAC, HVDC‐LCC, HVDC‐VSC ...................................... 84 3.5.1.1 HVAC Systems .......................................................................................... 84 3.5.1.2 HVDC‐LCC systems ................................................................................... 86 3.5.1.3 HVDC‐VSC systems ................................................................................... 87 3.5.1.4 Comparison among the various transmission systems ........................... 88 3.5.2 The electricity grid connection requirements and technologies ..................... 89 3.5.2.1 Problems with grid code requirements for wind power ......................... 89 3.5.2.2 An overview of the present grid code requirements for wind power ..... 91 3.5.3 Power Control Systems .................................................................................... 96 3.5.4 Electricity storage and transformation systems .............................................. 97 3.6 LCA in Wind Energy .............................................................................................. 100 4 Technologies and Materials to realize off‐shore wind turbines components .............. 103 4.1 Blades ................................................................................................................... 103 4.1.1 Materials ........................................................................................................ 105 POWERED – Deliverable – WP 3 – Task 3.1 – May 2012 Pag.3 4.1.1.1 Fibers ...................................................................................................... 108 4.1.1.2 Matrixes ................................................................................................. 109 4.1.1.3 Core materials ........................................................................................ 111 4.1.1.4 Coatings .................................................................................................. 112 4.1.1.5 Adhesive ................................................................................................. 112 4.1.1.6 Future developments ............................................................................. 112 4.1.2 Design and certification ................................................................................. 113 4.1.2.1 Structure ................................................................................................ 113 4.1.2.2 Design tools and testing ......................................................................... 115 4.1.2.3 Future developments ............................................................................. 119 4.1.2.4 Certification ............................................................................................ 119 4.1.3 Manufacturing................................................................................................ 119 4.1.3.1 Key processes ......................................................................................... 120 4.1.3.2 Future developments ............................................................................. 122 4.2 Nacelle cover and spinner .................................................................................... 122 4.2.1 Materials ........................................................................................................ 123 4.2.2 Processes ........................................................................................................ 124 4.3 Towers. ................................................................................................................. 125 4.3.1 Concrete solutions for offshore wind farms .................................................. 125 4.3.1.1 Pylon design flexibility ........................................................................... 126 4.3.2 Welding in the fabrication of offshore wind towers ..................................... 129 4.3.3 Comparison of steel and concrete towers ..................................................... 132 4.4 Cables. .................................................................................................................
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