DOCSLIB.ORG

Technical, Environmental and Social Requirements of the Future Wind Turbines and Lifetime Extension WP1, Task 1.1

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Technical, Environmental and Social Requirements of the Future Wind Turbines and Lifetime Extension WP1, Task 1.1 Ref. Ares(2020)3411163 - 30/06/2020 Deliverable 1.1: Technical, environmental and social requirements of the future wind turbines and lifetime extension WP1, Task 1.1 Date of document 30/06/2020 (M 6) Deliverable Version: D1.1, V1.0 Dissemination Level: PU1 Mireia Olave, Iker Urresti, Raquel Hidalgo, Haritz Zabala, Author(s): Mikel Neve (IKERLAN) Wai Chung Lam, Sofie De Regel, Veronique Van Hoof, Karolien Peeters, Katrien Boonen, Carolin Spirinckx (VITO) Mikko Järvinen, Henna Haka (MOVENTAS) Contributor(s): Aitor Zurutuza, Arkaitz Lopez (LAULAGUN) Marcos Suarez, Jone Irigoyen (Basque Energy Cluster) Helena Ronkainen (VTT) 1 PU = Public PP = Restricted to other programme participants (including the Commission Services) RE = Restricted to a group specified by the consortium (including the Commission Services) CO = Confidential, only for members of the consortium (including the Commission Services) This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 851245. 1 D1.1 – Technical, environmental and social requirements of the future wind turbines and lifetime extension This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 851245. 2 D1.1 – Technical, environmental and social requirements of the future wind turbines and lifetime extension Project Acronym INNTERESTING Innovative Future-Proof Testing Methods for Reliable Critical Project Title Components in Wind Turbines Project Coordinator Mireia Olave (IKERLAN) [email protected] Project Duration 01/01/2020 – 01/01/2022 (36 Months) Deliverable No. D1.1 Technical, environmental and social requirements of the future wind turbines and lifetime extension Diss. Level Public (PU) Deliverable Lead IKERLAN Working Status Verified by other WPs x Final version Due date 30/06/2020 Submission date 30/06/2020 Work Package WP 1 - Requirements and concepts development Work Package Lead IKERLAN Contributing All partners beneficiary(ies) In this task the technical, environmental and social requirements of the future wind turbines, and more precisely for bearings and gearboxes for large wind turbines will be defined. The requirements will be focused more deeply on pitch bearings and gearbox. The specifications will be technical (lifetime, structural integrity, environmental conditions, etc.), environmental performance, protection and footprint, economic issues, and social issues (effect on the population, public awareness on the topic, DoA social acceptance). This task will also comprehend the analysis of the lifetime extension tendency of existing wind farms (mainly onshore). VITO, expert in social and environmental innovation, CSR and social impact assessment will carry out specific actions to foster social acceptance. Selected partners will be invited to join to the Stakeholders Working Group of the project. To become successful, a dialogue will be established at EU level, involving the relevant transnational organisations. A co-creation meeting with This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 851245. 3 D1.1 – Technical, environmental and social requirements of the future wind turbines and lifetime extension identified stakeholders will be carried out to include social requirements since the beginning of the project. This activity is completely linked with WP6 and WP7. Date Version Author Comment 05/06/2020 0.1 IKERLAN First draft of deliverable 11/06/2020 0.2 BEC Internal review 12/06/2020 0.3 VITO Internal review 29/06/2020 1.0 IKERLAN Final version The content of this report represents the views of the author only and is his/her sole responsibility; it cannot be considered to reflect the views of the European Commission and/or the Executive Agency for Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (EASME) or any other body of the European Union. The European Commission and the Agency do not accept any responsibility for use that may be made of the information it contains This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 851245. 4 D1.1 – Technical, environmental and social requirements of the future wind turbines and lifetime extension Table of Contents 0. Executive Summary ......................................................................................................11 1 INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................................................14 2 MARKET TREND ANALYSIS ........................................................................................16 2.1 Energy consumption evolution and forecasts .........................................................16 2.1.1 Present and future installed capacity of wind energy .......................................18 2.1.2 Wind turbine manufacturers ............................................................................21 2.2 Turbine size evolution and forecast ........................................................................22 2.3 Pitch bearing evolution and forecast .......................................................................25 2.3.1 Pitch bearing types ..........................................................................................25 2.3.2 Pitch bearing diameter evolution .....................................................................27 2.4 Drive train and gearbox evolution and forecast .......................................................29 2.5 Current product development process and time to market .....................................32 2.6 Design lifetime requirement evolution and forecast ................................................34 2.7 Lifetime extension evolution and forecast ...............................................................35 2.8 Summary of forecast values ...................................................................................38 2.9 New technological concepts and trends .................................................................40 3 ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS FOR FUTURE WIND TURBINES .....................43 3.1 Wind turbine noise .................................................................................................43 3.1.1 Types of noises ...............................................................................................43 3.1.2 Wind turbine noise recommendations .............................................................44 3.1.3 Wind turbine generator and noise relationship ................................................44 3.1.4 Conclusion on wind turbine noise ....................................................................45 3.2 Impact on flora and fauna .......................................................................................46 3.2.1 General ...........................................................................................................46 3.2.2 Specific case: bird interaction with wind turbines .............................................46 3.2.3 Conclusion on impact on flora and fauna.........................................................46 3.3 Visual impact of wind turbines ................................................................................47 3.4 Electromagnetic interference effects ......................................................................47 3.5 Land-use environmental impacts ............................................................................47 3.6 Shadow flicker and flashing ....................................................................................48 3.7 Environmental impacts based on life cycle assessment .........................................48 4 SOCIAL REQUIREMENTS FOR FUTURE WIND TURBINES .......................................50 4.1 Definition of social acceptance ...............................................................................50 This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 851245. 5 D1.1 – Technical, environmental and social requirements of the future wind turbines and lifetime extension 4.2 Aspects of social acceptance .................................................................................51 4.3 Influences on social acceptance .............................................................................52 4.4 Discussion on social acceptance ............................................................................53 4.5 Conclusion on social acceptance ...........................................................................54 5 IDENTIFICATION AND ASSESSMENT OF GOOD PRACTICES .................................55 5.1 Identification of relevant projects ............................................................................55 5.1.1 WISE Power ....................................................................................................55 5.1.2 WinWind..........................................................................................................56 5.2 Identification of relevant research ...........................................................................56 5.2.1 Research outcomes by IEA Wind Task 28 ......................................................56 5.2.2 Other relevant research papers and articles ....................................................57 6 INNTERESTING CASE STUDIES:SPECIFICATIONS ..................................................60
Load more

Recommended publications
  • “Hybrid Lattice-Tubular Steel Wind Towers: Conceptual Design of Tower”
    “Hybrid Lattice-Tubular steel wind towers: Conceptual design of tower” Dissertação apresentada para a obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Civil na Especialidade de Mecânica Estrutural Autor João Rafael Branquinho Maximino Orientador Carlos Alberto da Silva Rebelo Milan Veljkovic Esta dissertação é da exclusiva responsabilidade do seu autor, não tendo sofrido correcções após a defesa em provas públicas. O Departamento de Engenharia Civil da FCTUC declina qualquer responsabilidade pelo uso da informação apresentada Coimbra, Julho, 2015 Hybrid Lattice-Tubular steel wind towers AGRADECIMENTOS Agradeço em primeiro lugar aos meus pais, por todo o apoio demonstrado ao longo dos anos, e pelos ensinamentos fundamentais que me levaram a este momento. Ao meu irmão, que sempre esteve ao meu lado, obrigado pela motivação em todos os momentos. A toda a minha família pela união, apoio, coragem e vontade que sempre me transmitiram. À minha namorada, que desde o início tornou esta experiência melhor para mim, e me ajudou a crescer como pessoa. Aos meus colegas que me acompanharam e apoiaram neste percurso, a todos os professores que me transmitiram tudo o que aprendi até agora, o meu muito obrigado. Por fim gostaria de agradecer à Universidade Técnica de Lulea por me ter acolhido na realização desta tese de mestrado, e mostrar a minha gratidão ao Professor Doutor Carlos Alberto da Silva Rebelo e ao Professor Doutor Milan Veljkovic pela orientação e disponibilidade dispensada. i Hybrid Lattice-Tubular steel wind towers ABSTRACT The utilization of the wind is not a new technology, but an evolution of old processes and techniques. Like nowadays, wind power had a huge role in the past, with different utilizations and proposes, although the main goal was always to help in the Human’s heavy work.
    [Show full text]
  • The Impact of Pitch-To-Stall and Pitch-To-Feather Control on the Structural Loads and the Pitch Mechanism of a Wind Turbine
    energies Article The Impact of Pitch-To-Stall and Pitch-To-Feather Control on the Structural Loads and the Pitch Mechanism of a Wind Turbine Arash E. Samani 1,2,* , Jeroen D. M. De Kooning 1,3 , Nezmin Kayedpour 1,2 , Narender Singh 1,2 and Lieven Vandevelde 1,2 1 Department of Electromechanical, Systems and Metal Engineering, Ghent University, Tech Lane Ghent Science Park-Campus A, Technologiepark Zwijnaarde 131, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium; [email protected] (J.D.M.D.K.); [email protected] (N.K.); [email protected] (N.S.); [email protected] (L.V.) 2 FlandersMake@UGent—corelab EEDT-DC, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium 3 FlandersMake@UGent—corelab EEDT-MP, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 10 July 2020; Accepted: 22 August 2020; Published: 1 September 2020 Abstract: This article investigates the impact of the pitch-to-stall and pitch-to-feather control concepts on horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWTs) with different blade designs. Pitch-to-feather control is widely used to limit the power output of wind turbines in high wind speed conditions. However, stall control has not been taken forward in the industry because of the low predictability of stalled rotor aerodynamics. Despite this drawback, this article investigates the possible advantages of this control concept when compared to pitch-to-feather control with an emphasis on the control performance and its impact on the pitch mechanism and structural loads. In this study, three HAWTs with different blade designs, i.e., untwisted, stall-regulated, and pitch-regulated blades, are investigated.
    [Show full text]
  • È Il Momento Dell'hi-Tech
    € 2,50 Giugno 2016 Quarta edizione INTERNATIONAL CINAITALIA È IL MOMENTO DELL’HI-TECH MF International, gli speciali di MF-Milano Finanza – Supplemento a Spedizione inart. A.P. 1 c. 1 L. 46/04, DCB Milano E-COMMERCE Chi vende di più online NUOVE FRONTIERE Le città strategiche per la crescita GRANDI LAVORI 30 progetti in cui inserirsi POWER 100 I cinesi e gli italiani che contano Cover Cina ok.indd 1 15/06/16 12:48 Giugno 2016 I CONTENUTI INTERNATIONAL CINAITALIA COVER STORY OUTLOOK Hi Tech L’invasione dei robot Power 100 Pil, yuan e Borsa, la Xi- 56 di Mariangela Pira I nomi dei personaggi cinesi e economy alla prova mercato 6 italiani che contano nel business 36 Valuta tendenzialmente debole sul E-commerce e nelle relazioni bilaterali per fare dollaro ed euro, qualche possibile È l’ora dell’m-shopping affari con il Paese di mezzo apertura sulle borse grazie ai fondi 58 di Franco Canevesio pensione: ecco come gli analisti guardano a Oriente Fashion TESTIMONIAL di Marcello Conti Sul web, purché sia social 62 di Milena Bello Xia Hua L’Europa? Investire DOSSIER/NUOVE FRONTIERE Ambiente 16 conviene di Tecno-green, italiani in prima fila Pier Paolo Albrici Inner Mongolia 64 di Marco Barbieri Latte, carne e cachemere, le Vito Xu 44 chance della Mongolia Food&beverage Mister Outlet va di Francesco Colamartino L’acqua? È uno status symbol al raddoppio di 17 di Franco Canevesio Pier Paolo Albrici 68 Federico Bazzoni Xia Hua Mobili Arredo Insider Banking Sulla scia del turbo-design 18 di Mariangela Pira 70 di Martina Mazzotti Gianfranco Lanci Sanità
    [Show full text]
  • THE ASIA-PACIFIC 02 | Renewable Energy in the Asia-Pacific CONTENTS
    Edition 4 | 2017 DLA Piper RENEWABLE ENERGY IN THE ASIA-PACIFIC 02 | Renewable energy in the Asia-Pacific CONTENTS Introduction ...................................................................................04 Australia ..........................................................................................08 People’s Republic of China ..........................................................17 Hong Kong SAR ............................................................................25 India ..................................................................................................31 Indonesia .........................................................................................39 Japan .................................................................................................47 Malaysia ...........................................................................................53 The Maldives ..................................................................................59 Mongolia ..........................................................................................65 Myanmar .........................................................................................72 New Zealand..................................................................................77 Pakistan ...........................................................................................84 Papua New Guinea .......................................................................90 The Philippines ...............................................................................96
    [Show full text]
  • Offshore Technology Yearbook
    Offshore Technology Yearbook 2 O19 Generation V: power for generations Since we released our fi rst offshore direct drive turbines, we have been driven to offer our customers the best possible offshore solutions while maintaining low risk. Our SG 10.0-193 DD offshore wind turbine does this by integrating the combined knowledge of almost 30 years of industry experience. With 94 m long blades and a 10 MW capacity, it generates ~30 % more energy per year compared to its predecessor. So that together, we can provide power for generations. www.siemensgamesa.com 2 O19 20 June 2019 03 elcome to reNEWS Offshore Technology are also becoming more capable and the scope of Yearbook 2019, the fourth edition of contracts more advanced as the industry seeks to Wour comprehensive reference for the drive down costs ever further. hardware and assets required to deliver an As the growth of the offshore wind industry offshore wind farm. continues apace, so does OTY. Building on previous The offshore wind industry is undergoing growth OTYs, this 100-page edition includes a section on in every aspect of the sector and that is reflected in crew transfer vessel operators, which play a vital this latest edition of OTY. Turbines and foundations role in servicing the industry. are getting physically larger and so are the vessels As these pages document, CTVs and their used to install and service them. operators are evolving to meet the changing needs The growing geographical spread of the sector of the offshore wind development community. So is leading to new players in the fabrication space too are suppliers of installation vessels, cable-lay springing up and players in other markets entering vessels, turbines and other components.
    [Show full text]
  • Expertise in Bearing Technology and Service for Wind Turbines the Company
    Expertise in Bearing Technology and Service for Wind Turbines The Company Expertise through knowledge and experience FAG Kugelfischer is the pioneer of the For over 30 years, INA and FAG have Monitoring systems, lubricants, mounting rolling bearing industry. In 1883, Friedrich designed and produced bearing arrange- and maintenance tools. In this way, Fischer designed a ball mill that was the ments for wind turbines. Within Schaeffler Schaeffler Group Industrial helps to historic start of the rolling bearing industry. Group Industrial, the specialists from achieve low operating costs for wind INA began its path to success in 1949 the business unit “Wind power” work turbines. with the development of the needle closely with designers, manufacturers Core skills roller and cage assembly by Dr. Georg and operators of wind turbines. This Schaeffler – a stroke of genius that has resulted in unbeatable know-how: • Wide range of application-specific helped the needle roller bearing to make as early as the concept phase, detailed bearing designs, intensive ongoing its breakthrough in industry. Schaeffler attention is paid to customer require- product development Group Industrial with its two strong ments. Bearing selection and documen- • Soundly-based consultancy by brands, INA and FAG, today has not only tation are backed up by sophisticated experienced engineers a high performance portfolio in rolling calculation methods. Products developed • Optimum application of customer bearings but also, through joint research to a mature technical level
    [Show full text]
  • Effects on Support Structure Design Due to Wake-Generated Turbulence
    Effects on support structure design due to wake-generated turbulence M.Sc. Thesis by Russell A. Guzmán Tejada 2014 Delft, The Netherlands. Effects on support structure design due to wake-generated turbulence by Russell A. Guzmán Tejada Ing. Mecatrónica por la UNAM, México. in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Sustainable Energy Technology at the Delft University of Technology, to be defended publicly on Tuesday October 24, 2014 at 9:30 AM. Supervisor: Dr. ir. M.B. Zaaijer, TU Delft Thesis committee: Prof. dr. G.J.W. van Bussel, TU Delft Dr. Eliz-Mari Lourens TU Delft This thesis is confidential and cannot be made public until October 23, 2014. An electronic version of this thesis is available at http://repository.tudelft.nl/. Abstract As the world demands cleaner, sustainable and economical energy sources, the wind energy academia and industry battles to increase performance and reduce costs. One of the promising fields of study is wind turbine wakes in wind farms. The position of the turbines within the layout affects the intensity of their wake effects, such as reduced wind speed or turbulence, therefore the choice of its position has an impact on wake losses and fatigue damage induced by wake-generated turbulence on the components. In this work, the possibility of wind turbine’s support structure cost reduction is explored by studying the effect on its design (and cost) caused by wake-generated turbulence. Furthermore, layout optimization considering wake losses and the wake-affected support structure cost was studied. To obtain insights about these effects, the turbulence intensity calculation and a simple support structure design were implemented into the wind farm design tool TeamPlay (by M.
    [Show full text]
  • Learning Curves for Renewables and Other Technologies
    Die approbierte Originalversion dieser Diplom-/ Masterarbeit ist in der Hauptbibliothek der Tech- nischen Universität Wien aufgestellt und zugänglich. http://www.ub.tuwien.ac.at Learning curves for renewables and other technologies: The approved original version of this diploma or master thesis is available at the main library of the Vienna University of Technology. an international analysis http://www.ub.tuwien.ac.at/eng MASTER THESIS For obtaining the academic degree Diplom-Ingenieur (Dipl.-Ing.) Vienna University of Technology Institute of Energy System and Electrical Drives Energy Economics Group Supervisor : Univ.Prof. Dipl.Ing. Dr. Reinhard Haas Assistant: Dipl.-Ing. Dr. Gustav Resch By Kenan Sütcü Cortigasse 12/26 1220 Vienna Vienna, November 2018 1 Table of Contents 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 5 1.1 Motive .................................................................................................................................... 5 1.2 Objective ................................................................................................................................ 6 1.3 Method ................................................................................................................................... 6 1.4 The Experience Curve Formula ............................................................................................... 7 1.5 Perils of the Experience Curve ...............................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Zero Carbon Australia 2020 Stationary Energy Plan
    ENERGY A research collaboration PHOTO:TORRESOL ENERGY Australian Sustainable Energy Zero Carbon Australia Stationary Energy Plan > A ten year roadmap for 100% renewable energy > Baseload energy supplied by renewable sources > Affordable at $8 per household per week As a nation better endowed with renewable energy resources than most, and at the same time the OECD’s biggest per capita emitter of greenhouse gases, it behoves Australia to act promptly, and perhaps lead the world to a zero emissions economy based on renewable energy. This Report shows one way to do it, using presently available and commercially viable technology, and at an affordable cost comparable to our planned defence expenditure of 3% of GDP over the next ten years. Zero Carbon Australia is a timely and aspirational report that deserves the widest attention and debate, particularly by political and industrial decision makers. — gEnEral PETER GRATION, AC, OBE, FTSE FORMER AUSTRALIAN CHIEF OF DEFENCE As a company involved in the development of solar plants all over the world, at Torresol Energy we support the Zero Carbon Australia Plan that sets the path for a future with clean, renewable energy. Australia is one of the areas with better solar radiation and forms part of the international ‘sun belt’. Besides, the country has excellent conditions for profiting from that solar radiation: large low-populated areas to build the plants and an industry that can support the technological development in the solar generation sector. In that sense, each of Torresol Energy’s new projects introduces technologically advanced improvements to make Concentrated Solar Energy a manageable, economically competitive option and a real, viable, ecological and sustainable alternative to traditional energy sources.
    [Show full text]
  • Aeroelastic Simulation of Wind Turbine Dynamics
    Aeroelastic Simulation of Wind Turbine Dynamics by Anders Ahlstr¨om April 2005 Doctoral Thesis from Royal Institute of Technology Department of Mechanics SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden Akademisk avhandling som med tillst˚and av Kungliga Tekniska h¨ogskolan i Stock- holm framl¨agges till offentlig granskning f¨or avl¨aggande av teknologie doktorsexamen fredagen den 8:e april 2005 kl 10.00 i sal M3, Kungliga Tekniska h¨ogskolan, Valhalla- v¨agen 79, Stockholm. c Anders Ahlstr¨om 2005 Abstract The work in this thesis deals with the development of an aeroelastic simulation tool for horizontal axis wind turbine applications. Horizontal axis wind turbines can experience significant time varying aerodynamic loads, potentially causing adverse effects on structures, mechanical components, and power production. The needs for computational and experimental procedures for investigating aeroelastic stability and dynamic response have increased as wind turbines become lighter and more flexible. A finite element model for simulation of the dynamic response of horizontal axis wind turbines has been developed. The developed model uses the commercial finite element system MSC.Marc, focused on nonlinear design and analysis, to predict the structural response. The aerodynamic model, used to transform the wind flow field to loads on the blades, is a Blade-Element/Momentum model. The aerody- namic code is developed by The Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI, previously named FFA) and is a state-of-the-art code incorporating a number of extensions to the Blade-Element/Momentum formulation. The software SOSIS-W, developed by Teknikgruppen AB was used to generate wind time series for modelling different wind conditions.
    [Show full text]
  • Investigation of Wind Mill Yaw Bearing Using E-Glass Material
    ISSN(Online): 2319-8753 ISSN (Print): 2347-6710 International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology (An ISO 3297: 2007 Certified Organization) Website: www.ijirset.com Vol. 6, Issue 9, September 2017 Investigation of Wind Mill Yaw Bearing Using E-Glass Material Maharshi Singh, L.Natrayan, M.Senthil Kumar. School of Mechanical and Building Sciences, VIT University, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India. ABSTRACT: Wind-turbine yaw drive endures to display a high rate of rapid failure in meanness of use of the best in current design performs. Subsequently yaw bearing is one of the priciest components of a yaw drive in wind turbine, higher-than-expected failure tariffsgrowth cost of energy. Supreme of the difficulties in wind-turbine yaw drive appear to discharge from bearings. Yaw bearing is located between the Tower and Nacelle portion of the Wind Turbine and slews shadow the wind way.The modelling of yaw bearing is done using Pro-E and fatigue life and static loading capacity are investigated by ANSYS. There is a gear positioned on the outer ring of the bearing and the Yaw Drive Motor is mated with this gear. The gear controls the angle control relative to the direction of the wind. This bearing gathering consists of an Outer ring, Inner ring, balls, and seal. Surviving yaw bearing made up of Carbon and Low Alloyed steels, High Alloyed Steels and Super Alloys. In this yaw bearing constitutes fairly accurate 25 tons of weight. So we categorical to diminish the weight of yaw bearings using composite materials. KEYWORDS:Yaw Bearing,Composite Material, Ansys, Fatigue Life, Yaw Drive, Static Load.
    [Show full text]
  • Modelo Para a Formatação Dos Artigos a Serem Submetidos À Revista Gestão Industrial
    PERMANENT GREEN ENERGY PRODUCTION Relly Victoria V. Petrescu1, Aversa Raffaella2, Apicella Antonio2; Florian Ion T. Petrescu1 1ARoTMM-IFToMM, Bucharest Polytechnic University, Bucharest, 060042 (CE) Romania [email protected]; [email protected] 2Advanced Material Lab, Department of Architecture and Industrial Design, Second University of Naples, Naples 81031 (CE) Italy [email protected]; [email protected] Abstract After 1950, began to appear nuclear fission plants. The fission energy was a necessary evil. In this mode it stretched the oil life, avoiding an energy crisis. Even so, the energy obtained from oil represents about 60% of all energy used. At this rate of use of oil, it will be consumed in about 60 years. Today, the production of energy obtained by nuclear fusion is not yet perfect prepared. But time passes quickly. We must rush to implement of the additional sources of energy already known, but and find new energy sources. Green energy in 2010-2015 managed a spectacular growth worldwide of about 5%. The most difficult obstacle met in worldwide was the inconstant green energy produced. Key-words: environmental protection, green energy, wind power, hydropower, pumped-storage. 1. Introduction Energy development is the effort to provide sufficient primary energy sources and secondary energy forms for supply, cost, impact on air pollution and water pollution, mitigation of climate change with renewable energy. Technologically advanced societies have become increasingly dependent on external energy sources for transportation, the production of many manufactured goods, and the delivery of energy services (Aversa et al., 2017 a-e, 2016 a-o; Petrescu et al., 2017, 2016 a-e).
    [Show full text]