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TESI Scorpioni Cristian Corso di Laurea Magistrale in Economia e Gestione delle Arti e delle attività culturali ordinamento ex D.M. 270/2004 Tesi di Laurea La Classificazione della musica in generi tra fenomeno sociale e mercato musicale. Relatore Prof. Giovanni De Zorzi Correlatore Prof. Michele Girardi Laureando Cristian Scorpioni Matricola 871363 Anno Accademico 2018 / 2019 INDICE INTRODUZIONE................................................................................................. 3 CAPITOLO I: Sul concetto di genere musicale .................................................8 1.1: La categorizzazione della cultura tra passato e presente ...................................8 1.2: Il genere musicale come affermazione verticale dell’identità individuale ......15 1.3: Definizione di genere musicale .......................................................................24 CAPITOLO II: Il carattere diacronico dei generi musicali ............................35 2.1: Generi musicali come Object: il sistema discorsivo dei generi. .....................37 2.2: Generi musicali come process: le traiettorie dei generi e i loro steccati. ........50 2.2.1: Avant-Garde Genre .............................................................................53 2.2.2: Scene-based Genre ............................................................................56 2.2.3: Industry-based Genres .......................................................................57 2.2.4: Traditionalist Genre ............................................................................58 2.2.5 Fuori dalle traiettorie dei generi: i politically-purposed genre. ...........60 2.2.6 Lo steccato dei generi. .........................................................................62 CAPITOLO III: Il Genre-System come modello di business ........................67 3.1: Mercato, Etichette e Conglomerati digitali: una visione d’insieme. ...............67 3.2: Il sistema dei generi nella logica manageriale ................................................73 3.2.1: La stigmatizzazione dei generi musicali .............................................76 3.3: La dialettica dei generi tra Mainstream e mercati di nicchia. .........................80 1 3.4 Il genre-system nell’industria musicale: segni di obsolescenza? .....................90 CAPITOLO IV: Classificare la musica oggi: tendenze attuali e future .........95 4.1 Generi e Mood nella Neo-Muzak era. ..............................................................95 4.2 Il genere musicale nell’era del Music Tag Retrieval ......................................105 4.3 La (De)Generative Music ...............................................................................114 CAPITOLO V: GENERI E MOOD: il caso Spotify ......................................123 5.1: Il fenomeno Spotify: un’ascesa precaria. ......................................................123 5.2: Il Business delle Playlists ..............................................................................127 5.3: La subordinazione dei generi nel nuovo paradigma contestuale ..................137 CONCLUSIONI ................................................................................................149 BIBLIOGRAFIA ...............................................................................................153 SITOGRAFIA ...................................................................................................162 DISCOGRAFIA ................................................................................................165 2 INTRODUZIONE La prima volta in cui ho ragionato in termini di generi musicali è stato nel 2007. In quel periodo avevo quindici anni e per la prima volta sono entrato in contatto con una band di cui in poco tempo ne sarei diventato fan accanito: i Linkin Park, una band di Los Angeles nata alla fine degli anni Novanta. Prima di allora il mio background culturale in materia di musica era alquanto scarso: mio padre mi trasmise un immenso affetto per le canzoni dei Nomadi, celebre gruppo musicale nato all’inizio degli anni Sessanta, e il mio primo Lettore Mp3, all’età di quattordici anni, conteneva principalmente le tracce dell’allora nuovo disco della band statunitense Red Hot Chili Peppers, Stadium Arcadium (2006). La mia passione per i Linkin Park fu tale da indurmi a frequentare vari forum in cui la fanbase della band si riuniva per parlare della loro musica. Proprio nel 2007 uscì il terzo disco del gruppo californiano intitolato Minutes to Midnight, il quale rappresentò una dipartita dallo stile Nu Metal che ha contraddistinto i precedenti acclamati lavori, a favore di uno stile Rock maggiormente orecchiabile. La ricezione dei fan a tale album fu polarizzante. Tra i vari forum del web si scontravano due correnti di pensiero: da una parte c’è chi riteneva che la band avesse tradito se stessa, la propria audience e la propria musica, “vendendosi” alle logiche del mercato di massa; dall’altra risiedevano coloro che accoglievano tale cambiamento, ritenendo che il gruppo avesse la sacrosanta libertà di seguire la propria ispirazione, anche se ciò significava abbandonare quello stile che li aveva precedentemente contraddistinti. Dinanzi a tali accorate discussioni, ho personalmente appoggiato la seconda posizione. Il motivo fondamentale su cui si reggeva il mio pensiero è probabilmente da ricondurre al mio essere diventato fan dei Linkin Park in un periodo relativamente tardo della loro carriera: non ho avuto il tempo di interiorizzare ed affezionarmi ad una figura ideologica della band accostata ad uno stile musicale univoco. Quando iniziai ad ascoltare assiduamente i loro brani, alternavo indistintamente lavori dei primi due dischi 3 con quelli del terzo, senza averne una chiara distinzione in termini di album. In quegli anni, la mia inesperienza musicale, unita ad un pizzico di innocenza, mi ha inconsapevolmente permesso di sviluppare un tipo di approccio alla musica di cui tutt’ora traggo beneficio: un approccio libero da vincoli, stereotipi, e pregiudizi causati dalla catalogazione di un artista e della sua musica in un determinato genere musicale. Con il passare degli anni, i miei gusti musicali sono maturati ed ho fatto inevitabilmente conoscenza con le logiche vincolanti dei generi musicali, così tanto radicate all’interno della culture delle fanbases. Tuttavia, ancora oggi sento di aver mantenuto lo stesso approccio che avevo allora: non riuscirei, ad esempio, a dare una risposta concreta alla sopravvalutata e frequente domanda “che genere di musica ascolti?”, così come non riuscirei ad orientarmi attraverso la logica dei generi musicali quando cerco nuova musica da ascoltare nelle piattaforme streaming o nei negozi di vinili. Inoltre, se dovessi dire quali sono i musicisti che stimo di più in assoluto, sarebbero senz’altro coloro in cui intravedo un approccio alla composizione musicale simile a quello presentato poche righe fa: la difficoltà di racchiudere in un gente preciso la variegata carriera del cantautore inglese Steven Wilson (1967 - ), oppure gli annichilenti lavori della band sperimentale statunitense Swans, si è sempre rivelata motivo di sostenuto apprezzamento verso la loro musica. Tuttavia, il frequente entrare in contatto con il discorso dei generi musicali, tra conversazioni e post sui social network, non mi ha lasciato indifferente. Si sviluppò in me la curiosità di saperne di più su questo sistema classificatorio, perché è a mio parere così impreciso, e su quali basi esso si regge. Il presente elaborato è frutto di questa mia curiosità, e si prefigge di rispondere alle seguenti domande: cosa è un genere musicale? Come si inserisce il sistema di classificazione in generi nel contesto socio-economico? E’ attualmente possibile fare a meno di tale criterio classificatorio? Alla luce delle ricerche svolte, mi sento di affermare come queste si siano rivelate tutt’altro che semplici. Complice l’argomento, il quale rappresenta essere una tematica abbastanza spinosa da affrontare, mi sono accorto come molte fonti citate avevano una concezione di genere musicale differente l’una dall’altra. Pertanto, sia in fase di elaborazione dati che in fase di scrittura, ho dovuto prestare particolare 4 attenzione allo sviluppo di un ragionamento che fosse coerente con la prospettiva assunta dalla fonte di turno circa la classificazione della musica in generi. Esistono infatti diversi approcci alla tematica, e non tutti questi possono incastrarsi perfettamente. In altri casi, dove non arrivavano degli studi specifici, ho ritenuto opportuno, come del resto richiede la stilazione di un elaborato in generale, dedurre logicamente una teoria sulla base di studi di carattere sociologico, economico e culturale. In sintesi, la mia tesi vuole essere un modesto contributo allo sterminato campo dei generi musicali. Ho cercato di effettuare una analisi quanto più approfondita possibile per ogni contesto in cui la classificazione della musica in generi va ad inserirsi. Per ragioni che vanno oltre alla portata ed i fini dell’elaborato, alcune micro- tematiche, come ad esempio l’utilizzo del sistema dei generi musicali nel contesto delle radio, non hanno ricevuto la stessa esposizione rispetto a tanti altri aspetti fondamentali. A tal proposito, ricerche integrative non possono che essere auspicate e benvenute. Per il resto, il presente elaborato può dimostrarsi una più che solida base di partenza per comprendere al meglio i meccanismi su cui si basa il tradizionale sistema di classificazione musicale in generi nel contesto socio-economico, e quali sfide esso
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