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Remote Sensing Laboratories (University of Zurich) for His Fruitful Collaboration, Which Incited Me to Improve DART 3D Projection

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Remote Sensing Laboratories (University of Zurich) for His Fruitful Collaboration, Which Incited Me to Improve DART 3D Projection THÈSETHÈSE En vue de l’obtention du DOCTORAT DE L’UNIVERSITÉ DE TOULOUSE Délivré par : l’Université Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier (UT3 Paul Sabatier) Présentée et soutenue le 03/07/2015 par : Tiangang Yin Modélisation 3D du transfert radiatif pour simuler les images et données de spectroradiomètres et Lidars satellites et aéroportés de couverts végétaux et urbains. 3D radiative transfer model for simulating satellite and airborne imaging spectroscopy and LiDAR data of vegetation and urban canopies. JURY STÉPHANE JACQUEMOUD Professeur d’université Université Paris Diderot GRÉGOIRE VINCENT Chargé de Recherche IRD-AMAP-CIRAD XAVIER BRIOTTET Directeur de recherche ONERA FRÉDÉRIC BARET Directeur de recherche INRA-EMMAH-CAPTE JOSIANE COSTERASTE Ingénieur CNES JEAN-BAPTISTE FERET Chargé de Recherche IRSTEA (UMR-TETIS) JACQUELINE ROSETTE Research Officer Swansea University École doctorale et spécialité : SDU2E : Océan, Atmosphère et Surfaces Continentales Unité de Recherche : Centre d’Etudes Spatiales de la BIOsphère (UMR 5126) Directeur de Thèse : Jean-Philippe Gastellu Etchegorry Rapporteurs : Stéphane Jacquemoud, Grégoire Vincent ii Dédié à ma mère et ma femme Dedicated to my mother and my wife iii iv Acknowledgements The years of pursuing a PhD is a fruitful and memorable period, which I would cherish in my whole life time. It is my great pleasure and honor to take this opportunity to say thank you to many people who helped me during this journey. Foremost, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my thesis supervisor, Professor Jean- Philippe Gastellu-Etchegorry, for his continuous guidance, inspirations, supports and encouragements throughout the period. Without the robust foundation of his great effort during the past 20 years in making DART a mature model, this dissertation would not have been possible. He is respectable as both a researcher and a friend. I especially appreciate his attitude and enthusiasm for pursuing truth and excellence in research, which will be the objectives of my future career as a researcher. I would like to thank the DART team: Nicolas Lauret, Thomas Cajgfinger, Tristan Gregoire, Jordan Guilleux and Lucas Landier, for continuously improving DART code, functionalities (SQL databases, etc.) and modeling components (atmosphere, water, etc.), particularly during the past 6 months which I spent writing papers. I will miss our systematic weekly work meetings. Special thanks to Nicolas for his excellent management of DART computer science, scientific collaboration, especially for LIDAR, and patience in helping me to implement new DART functionalities. He deserves a perfect dissertation next year. I would like to say thank you to all the previous DART team members, including Eloi Grau, Maïlys Lopes, Francois Gonard, Ruzena Janoutova, as well as Zbynekˇ Malenovský and Jean-Baptiste Féret who shared their expertise in spectrometry applied to vegetation, which inspired my research. I appreciated also working with all past and present master and PhD students in DART team, including Josselin Aval, Laurine Marmisse, Sahar Benhmida, Lucas Moresve, Fabien Leclerc, etc. I wish them all bright professional and personal lives. Many thanks to Jeremy Rubio, Bruce Cook, Douglas Morton and Guoqing Sun from Goddard Space Flight Center. During my stay at NASA, I appreciated their hospitality and guidance on present and fu- ture LIDAR systems. Many thanks to Fabian Schneider from Remote Sensing Laboratories (University of Zurich) for his fruitful collaboration, which incited me to improve DART 3D projection. I would like to say thank you to the reviewers of my thesis, Professor Stéphane Jacquemoud and Dr. Grégoire Vincent, for their detailed and valuable remarks and corrections, which definitely make this dissertation a better one. Thanks to all colleagues in CESBIO, for their friendly smiles and daily hellos. I thank also the v security staffs for their night hellos. Working far into the night is now forbidden by the administration. A special thank to my previous group leader, Emmanuel Christophe, who initially recommended me to come to work in CESBIO. Another thank you to Jordi Inglada, who recommended me to join the DART team. Without their recommendations, I would never have got the chance to start this thesis. Thanks to my family and friends in China, Singapore and France, for all their supports. Last but never the least, the most sincere appreciations to my mother and my wife, who gave me the best supports to pursue my dream with their patiences, trusts and love. vi List of publications Articles 1. T. Yin, J. P. Gastellu-Etchegorry, N. Lauret, E. Grau, J. Rubio, "A new approach of direction discretization and oversampling for 3D anisotropic radiative transfer modeling”, Remote Sensing of Environment, pp. 135, 213-223., 2013. 2. J. P. Gastellu-Etchegorry, T. Yin, N. Lauret, T. Cajgfinger, T. Gregoire, E. Grau, J. B. Feret, M. Lopes, J. Guilleux, G. Dedieu, Z. Malenovský, B. D. Cook, D. Morton, J. Rubio, S. Dur- rieu, G. Cazanave, E. Martin, T. Ristorcelli, "Discrete anisotropic radiative transfer (DART 5) for modelling airborne and satellite spectroradiometer and LIDAR acquisitions of natural and urban landscapes”, Remote Sensing 7 (2), 1667–1701., 2015. 3. T. Yin, N. Lauret, J. Gastellu-Etchegorry, "Simulating images of passive sensors with finite field of view by coupling 3-D radiative transfer model and sensor perspective projection”, Remote Sensing of Environment (In Press), 2015. 4. J. P. Gastellu-Etchegorry, T. Yin, N. Lauret, et al. "Simulation of satellite, airborne and terres- trial LiDAR with DART (I): waveform simulation with quasi-Monte Carlo ray tracing”, Remote Sensing of Environment, (Under review) 2015. 5. T. Yin, N. Lauret, J. P. Gastellu-Etchegorry, et al. "Simulation of satellite, airborne and terres- trial LiDAR with DART (II): ALS and TLS multi-pulse acquisitions, photon counting, and solar noise”, Remote Sensing of Environment, (Under review) 2015. 6. T. Yin, J. B. Feret, J. P. Gastellu-Etchegorry, N. Lauret, et al. “In-flight fusion for simulated data of airborne imaging spectrometer and waveform LiDAR multi-sensor system through DART model”, Remote Sensing of Environment, (Ready to submit) 2015. Conferences 1. T. Yin, J. Rubio, J. P. Gastellu-Etchegorry, E. Grau, N. Lauret, “ Direction discretization for radiative transfer modeling: An introduction to the new direction model of dart”, In Geoscience vii and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS), 2012 IEEE International (pp. 5069-5072). IEEE. , Munich, Germany, 2012 (Oral) 2. J. P. Gastellu-Etchegorry, N. Lauret, F. Leclerc, P. Roche, E. Grau, T. Yin, J. Rubio, G. Dedieu, “Assessment of the potential of a high spatial resolution geostationary system”, In Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS), 2012 IEEE International (pp. 233-236). IEEE. , Munich, Germany, 2012 (Oral) 3. T. Yin, J. Inglada, J. Osman, “Time series image fusion: Application and improvement of STARFM for land cover map and production”, In Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS), 2012 IEEE International (pp. 378-381). IEEE. , Munich, Germany, 2012 (Oral) 4. J. Inglada, J. Osman, T. Yin, “Fusion of Sentinel-2 and Proba-V/Sentinel-3 Images for Multi- Temporal Land-Cover Map”, 32nd EARSeL Symposium 2012: Advances in Geosciences, Mykonos Island, Greece, 2012 (Oral) 5. T. Yin, J. P. Gastellu-Etchegorry, E. Grau, N. Lauret and J. Rubio, “Simulating satellite waveform Lidar with DART model”, In Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS), 2013 IEEE International (pp. 3029 - 3032). IEEE. , Melbourne, VIC, Australia, 2013 (Oral) 6. J. P. Gastellu-Etchegorry, T. Yin, E. Grau, N. Lauret, J. Rubio, “Lidar radiative transfer model- ing in the Atmosphere”, In Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS), 2013 IEEE International (pp. 4554 - 4557). IEEE. , Melbourne, VIC, Australia, 2013 (Oral) 7. F. D. Schneider, T. Yin, J. P. Gastellu-Etchegorry, F. Morsdorf, M.E. Schaepman, “At-Sensor Ra- diance Simulation for Airborne Imaging Spectroscopy”, Workshop on Hyperspectral Image and Signal Processing: Evolution in Remote Sensing (WHISPERS), 2014 IEEE. , Lausanne, Switzer- land, 2014, (In Press) (Oral) 8. D. C. Morton, J. Rubio, J. P. Gastellu-Etchegorry, B. D. Cook, M. O. Hunter, T. Yin, J. R. Nagol, M. M. Keller, “Modeling Diurnal and Seasonal 3D Light Profiles in Amazon Forests”, American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2013, abstract No. B42C-02, 2013 9. E. Grau, S. Durrieu, R. Fournier, J. P. Gastellu-Etchegorry, T. Yin, N. Lauret, M. Bouvier, “Com- paring voxelisation methods of 3D terrestrial laser scanning with Radiative Transfer simulation to assess vegetation density”, ForestSAT2014, Riva del Garda (TN), Italy, 2014 (Oral) viii Abstract Radiation propagation and interaction within Earth landscapes and atmosphere are decisive factors for data acquired by Earth observation devices. These data depend on instrumental (spectral band, spatial resolution, field of view (FOV), etc.) and experimental (landscape and atmosphere architecture and op- tical properties, etc.). The rapid developments in remote sensing techniques requires appropriate tools for validating their working principles and improving the operational use of remote sensing data. Ra- diative Transfer Model (RTM) is a celebrated tool to simulate remote sensing measurements for various applications, including validation of existing systems, inversion for implicit parameters retrieval, prepa- ration of future systems, etc. Discrete Anisotropic Radiative Transfer (DART) model is recognized by the scientific community as
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