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Preserving with Purpose: Narratives of Settlement Women and Historic Interiors at Hull House and on Henry Street

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Preserving with Purpose: Narratives of Settlement Women and Historic Interiors at Hull House and on Henry Street PRESERVING WITH PURPOSE: NARRATIVES OF SETTLEMENT WOMEN AND HISTORIC INTERIORS AT HULL HOUSE AND ON HENRY STREET By ERIN CUNNINGHAM A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2010 1 © 2010 Erin Cunningham 2 This dissertation is dedicated to my husband Joel whose devotion to, and enthusiasm for, his work never fails to impress and inspire me. 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First, I thank Dr. Portillo who is not only a great advisor, but an excellent personal and professional mentor. I hope that I can carry Dr. Portillo’s energy, as well as her enthusiasm, for the field of design and narrative inquiry into my own work. I would also like to thank Dean Silver who, alongside running a college and traveling around the world, has been generous with his time, energy and wisdom. And, as members of my advisory committee, I thank Dr. Larsen and Dr. Barr who have provided much needed advice and support. The knowledge and accomplishments of my advisory committee are truly inspirational. Finally, I would like to thank David Klaassen, archivist of the Social Welfare History Archives, and Catherine Cullen for their help and support gathering sources on the Henry Street Settlement. The last year of writing my dissertation was marked by the loss of three of my grandparents. I was fortunate to have close relationships with all of my grandparents, and with three of them into my thirties. Their love of knowledge, and their wonderful stories, played a large role in shaping my research interests and I am thankful for their influence in my life. Thanks to my parents and my sister, brother and nephew for their encouragement and unwavering confidence in me. I feel very blessed to have such a wonderful family. Finally, thank you to my husband who has supported me through three degrees, which has involved living in four different cities, two different countries and eating way too many Tombstone pizzas. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................................. 4 LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................... 8 ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................... 9 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 11 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 11 This Inquiry: Settlement Houses ............................................................................. 15 Two Cases: Hull House and Henry Street ........................................................ 16 Three Critical Junctures.................................................................................... 19 Structure of the Dissertation ................................................................................... 21 Concluding Comments............................................................................................ 24 2 METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................... 26 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 26 Narrative Inquiry ..................................................................................................... 28 Analysis of Narratives ....................................................................................... 29 Structural analysis and socio-linguistics ..................................................... 30 Thematic analysis ...................................................................................... 32 Visual narrative analysis and archival sources ........................................... 34 Narrative Analysis: Research Stories ............................................................... 37 Law: Creating narratives to surface client perspective .............................. 39 History: Constructing multiple narratives around a single events ............... 41 Narrative Inquiry and the Interior Environment ....................................................... 43 Strategic Stories: Capturing Stakeholder Perspectives .................................... 45 Recent Work: Design Pedagogy ...................................................................... 49 Narrative Inquiry and Historic Preservation ............................................................. 52 Methodological Approach of this Dissertation ......................................................... 54 Summary ................................................................................................................ 58 3 SETTLEMENT HOUSES: PHILOSOPHY and ARCHITECTURE ........................... 60 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 60 Toynbee Hall and Settlement House Architecture .................................................. 61 The American Settlement House Movement and its Architecture ........................... 66 The Early Settlement House Movement and Women ............................................. 69 A Home-Like Environment ...................................................................................... 71 Between the World Wars ........................................................................................ 75 After World War II ................................................................................................... 85 5 Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 93 4 HULL HOUSE CASE STUDY ................................................................................. 98 Critical Juncture 1: Founding of Hull House ............................................................ 98 Newspapers: “Work of Two Women” .............................................................. 102 Ellen Gates Starr: A “Perfect Counterpart” ..................................................... 103 Jane Addams: “The Moving Spirit in this Novel” ............................................. 104 Afterwards: “A Home on Halsted Street” ........................................................ 106 “Noble Woman who Founded and Manages Hull House” .............................. 113 Critical Junction 2: Transition to New Head Resident ........................................... 118 Louise deKoven Bowen: An “Intimate Friend” and Business Woman ............ 121 Adena Rich: A “Hull House Summons” .......................................................... 123 Afterwards: Creating a Hull House Worthy of Miss Addams’ Memory” ........... 124 Charlotte Carr: “A Big-time Operator with a Flair for the Spectacular” ............ 130 Louise deKoven Bowen: Maintaining the Hull House “Ideal” .......................... 131 Afterwards: “Haunted Hull House” .................................................................. 131 Critical Juncture 3: Hull House Preservation ......................................................... 138 Russell Ballard: “A Political Double Cross” ..................................................... 139 University Narrative: “The End of a Makeshift Education” .............................. 141 Community Narrative: “A Neighborhood Will Change” ................................... 142 Student Narrative: “Big ‘Hurrah’ From Navy Pier” .......................................... 143 Afterwards: An Idea or a Set of Buildings? ..................................................... 144 5 HENRY STREET CASE STUDY .......................................................................... 163 Critical Juncture I: Founding of the Henry Street Settlement ................................ 163 Lillian Wald: “An Inexperienced Girl” .............................................................. 167 Jacob Schiff: A Sympathetic Banker .............................................................. 168 Lavinia Dock: The “Settlement Family” ........................................................... 170 Afterwards: “A House on Henry Street” .......................................................... 171 Critical Juncture II: Transition to a New Head Resident ........................................ 186 Lillian Wald: “A Nurse and a Headworker”..................................................... 191 The Nurses: A “Loss of Confidence” .............................................................. 192 Helen Hall: A Layperson and a Headworker................................................... 193 Afterwards: A “Confusion of Authority” ........................................................... 194 Critical Juncture III: Henry Street Preservation ..................................................... 203 Henry Street Settlement: “The House the Bulldozer Missed” ......................... 208 Housing and Redevelopment Board: “How to Tame a Bulldozer” .................. 210 Henry Street Neighbors: “Making War on the Poor” ....................................... 212 Afterwards: “A Living Memorial to a Great Idea” ............................................ 212 The Neighborhood: “Urban Renewal Can Be Lethal” ..................................... 216 The New Art Center: “An Urban Triumph” ...................................................... 217
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