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December 2009 Teacher's Guide Table of Contents

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December 2009 Teacher's Guide Table of Contents December 2009 Teacher's Guide Table of Contents About the Guide .............................................................................................. 3 Student Questions .......................................................................................... 4 Answers to Student Questions ..................................................................... 6 ChemMatters Puzzle: SU-CHEM-DU .......................................................... 10 Answers to the ChemMatters Puzzle ......................................................... 11 NSES Correlation .......................................................................................... 12 Anticipation Guides ..................................................................................... 12 Hollywood’s Special Effects: How Did They Do That? .......................................... 14 The Science of Snowflakes: Crystals from the Clouds .......................................... 15 Space Food .......................................................................................................... 16 The Vinland Map: The Vikings’ Best Kept Secret ................................................. 17 Reading Strategies ....................................................................................... 18 Hollywood’s Special Effects: How Did They Do That? .......................................... 19 The Science of snowflakes: Crystals from the Clouds .......................................... 20 Space Food .......................................................................................................... 21 The Vinland Map: The Vikings’ Best Kept Secret ................................................. 22 Hollywood’s Special Effects: How Did They Do That? ............................ 23 Background Information ........................................................................................ 23 Connections to Chemistry Concepts ..................................................................... 28 Possible Student Misconceptions ......................................................................... 28 Demonstrations and Lessons ............................................................................... 29 Student Projects ................................................................................................... 32 Anticipating Student Questions ............................................................................. 32 References ........................................................................................................... 33 Web Sites for Additional Information ..................................................................... 33 The Science of Snowflakes: Crystals from the Clouds ............................ 37 Background Information ........................................................................................ 37 Connections to Chemistry Concepts ..................................................................... 40 Possible Student Misconceptions ......................................................................... 40 Demonstrations and Lessons ............................................................................... 41 Student Projects ................................................................................................... 44 Anticipating Student Questions ............................................................................. 45 References ........................................................................................................... 45 Web Sites for Additional Information ..................................................................... 45 Space Food ................................................................................................... 49 Background Information ........................................................................................ 49 Connections to Chemistry Concepts ..................................................................... 58 Possible Student Misconceptions ......................................................................... 59 Demonstrations and Lessons ............................................................................... 59 Student Projects ................................................................................................... 59 Anticipating Student Questions ............................................................................. 60 References ........................................................................................................... 60 Web Sites for Additional Information ..................................................................... 60 The Vinland Map: The Vikings’ Best Kept Secret ..................................... 62 Background Information ........................................................................................ 62 Connections to Chemistry Concepts ..................................................................... 67 Possible Student Misconceptions ......................................................................... 67 Demonstrations and Lessons ............................................................................... 68 Student Projects ................................................................................................... 71 Anticipating Student Questions ............................................................................. 72 References ........................................................................................................... 73 Web Sites for Additional Information ..................................................................... 74 2 About the Guide William Bleam, Donald McKinney, Ed Escudero, and Ronald Tempest, Teacher’s Guide Editors, created the teacher’s guide article material. Susan Cooper prepared the national science education content, anticipation, and reading guides. David Olney created the puzzle. E-mail: [email protected] Patrice Pages, ChemMatters Editor, coordinated production and prepared the Microsoft Word and PDF versions of the Guide. E-mail: [email protected] Articles from past issues of ChemMatters can be accessed from a CD that is available from the American Chemical Society for $30. The CD contains all ChemMatters issues from February 1983 to April 2008. The ChemMatters CD includes an Index that covers all issues from February 1983 to April 2008. The ChemMatters CD can be purchased by calling 1-800-227-5558. Purchase information can be found online at www.acs.org/chemmatters 3 Student Questions Hollywood’s Special Effects: How Did They Do That? 1. List three different chemical substances used by special effects experts. Tell what each is used for. 2. Why is artificial snow better than the real thing? 3. List at least five different recipes or substances used in the past for artificial snow (11 are listed in the article). 4. What’s wrong with using confetti for snow? 5. What is a polymer? 6. Explain what happens in the hydrogen bonding inside the polymer chains when sodium polyacrylate is exposed to water. 7. List the three major ingredients in latex foam. 8. Explain the role of sulfur as a curing agent for latex foam as the foam is heated. 9. Heat “cures” latex foam. What cures silicone, and how does it work? 10. What is the advantage of using miniature buildings to represent on-screen explosions? 11. What are the main ingredients of black powder? The Science of Snowflakes: Crystals from the Clouds 1. Name the basic 3 shapes of snow crystals. 2. Who was the first person to photograph snowflakes? 3. Who grew the first man-made snow crystals? 4. What else did this man discover? 5. What two properties of water molecules are responsible for the hexagonal structure of snow crystals? 6. Why do rough surfaces grow more quickly than facet planes? 7. Why doesn’t all frozen water have faceted surfaces? 8. How do branched snow stars form? 9. Why do snowflakes frequently have complex shapes? 10. What two roles does dust play in the formation of snow crystals? Space Food 1. What happens to astronauts’ nutritional requirement for iron in space? 2. Which chemical element is related to bone loss by astronauts in microgravity? How does its rate of absorption in microgravity compare to that on Earth? 3. The article provides a table that lists several categories of space food. In what way are the categories of foods on the table different from traditional food categories? 4. Freeze drying relies on what change of phase process? 5. What are the triple point values on the phase diagram for water? For a bit of a challenge, answer the question also in units of Kelvins and Pascals. 6. What electrochemical reaction takes place at the anode of the fuel cell described in the article? 4 7. What is the net product of the reactions that occur in fuel cells, and why is the product important on a space mission? The Vinland Map: The Vikings’ Best Kept Secret 1. Why did Norwegian explorer Helge Ingstad mount an archeological expedition to the northeastern coast of Newfoundland? What did he discover? 2. What is the Vinland Map? When did it come to light? 3. How do the ancient documents the Tartar Relation and Speculum Historiale relate to the Vinland Map? 4. How was the connection made that, although found in the Tartar Relation, the Vinland Map may have originally been a part of the Speculum Historiale? 5. What were the results of the initial analysis of the ink used to draw the map? 6. How did further analysis refute claims made by McCrone? 7. What results
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