NANOscientificVOL 19 SPRING 2020 The Magazine for NanoScience and Technology

HOW COVID-19 ELECTROCHEMICAL DIAGNOSTIC TESTS WORK p. 6 AFM (EC-AFM): IN SITU MONITOR OF COPPER NANO INFRARED (IR) DEPOSITION/DISSOLUTION PHOTO-INDUCED FORCE ON GOLD p. 9 MICROSCOPY (PIFM) p. 12

DETECTION OF MAGNETIZATION INDUSTRY NEWS: PARK REVERSAL IN MAGNETIC SYSTEMS COMPLETES PATTERNED ARRAY EQUITY INVESTMENT IN USING MAGNETIC FORCE p. 16 MOLECULAR VISTA p. 15 MICROSCOPY USING ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY IN MEDICAL RESEARCH p. 21

PHASE IMAGING OF POLYMER DEPOSITED ON GOLD p. 24 The Most Accurate Atomic Force Microscope

ToT olearn learn more more about about Park Park NX10 NX10 or or to to schedule schedule a ademo demo please please visit visit www.parksystems.com/nx10 www.parksystems.com/nx10 oror email email [email protected] [email protected] NANOSCIENTIFIC 2020 EDITORIAL BOARD Dr. Rigoberto Advincula, Professor, Department of Macromolecular Science TABLE and Engineering at Case Western Reserve University. OF CONTENTS NanoScientific Vol 19 Dr. Lane Baker, James L. Jackson Professor of Chemistry Indiana University p. 6 How Covid-19 Diagnostic Tests Work 6 Keibock Lee, Mr. Phil Kaszuba, Global Foundries Senior Member of Technical Staff and Euan McLeod, Assistant Professor College of Optical Sciences, Editor-in-Chief lead engineer in their Scanning Probe University of Arizona Microscopy (SPM) laboratory. Electrochemical AFM (EC-AFM): In Situ Monitor of Copper 9 Dr. John A. Marohn, Professor & Deposition/Dissolution on Gold for the NanoScientific Symposium on Director of Undergraduate Studies, Jiali Zhang, Ben Schoenek, Byong Kim and Keibock Lee, Park Department of Chemistry and Chemical Nano Materials for a Changing World (see Biology Member, Field of Materials Systems Inc., Santa Clara, CA, USA MESSAGE p. 26) where we invite speakers to present Science & Engineering, Cornell University. their research on various applications Nano Infrared (IR) Photo-induced Force Microscopy (PiFM): 12 from electrochemistry for clean energy, Dr. Ye Tao, Rowland Fellow & Principle FROM EDITOR Investigator, Rowland Institute of a Technique for Nanoscale Hyperspectral Mapping Dr. Sung Park, p. 9 biotechnology on virus and cancer research In this issue, we look into the COVID-19 Science at Harvard University, CEO & Co-Founder, Molecular Vista, San Jose, CA for saving lives, and other nanomaterial BA Harvard in Biochemistry, testing and nano particle interactions studies for supporting better life and PhD MIT/ ETH Zurich Chemistry Industry News: Park Systems Completes Equity Investment 15 through the lens of scientists researching improving the world. the virus. We have articles examining Dr. Gwo-Ching Wang, Travelstead in Molecular Visa Institute Chair, Dept. of Physics, the interaction between light, molecules If you are a researcher at a national lab or Applied Physics & Astronomy, Detection of Magnetization Reversal in Magnetic Patterned 16 and nano particles, and techniques and academic institution, we invite you to apply Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. Array using Magnetic Force Microscopy tools used in research labs detecting for a Park Nano Research Grant, which gives John Paul Pineda, Byong Kim, and Keibock Lee, Park Systems electrochemical reactions and nano infrared access to Atomic Force Microscopes to Dr. Jiahua Jack Zhu, PhD, University Inc., Santa Clara, CA, USA mapping. Wide-ranging applications of AFM researchers setting up a lab. of Akron, Associate Professor, in medical research show us the relevance Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering. Using Atomic Force Microscopy in Medical Research 21 of nano tools at the fingertips of scientists We offer a sincere wish for your safety during Ana Maria Zaske PhD, AFM core facility manager, UT Health that uncover the mysteries once left only to this very challenging time and appreciate Science Center at Houston, Internal Medicine/Cardiology p. 12 speculation about cell biology. your support of our publication. Dr. Yiping Zhao Professor, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Director, Nanoscale Science and Phase Imaging of Polymer Deposited on Gold 24 We hope you enjoy this issue and also want Keibock Lee Engineering Center, The University John Paul Pineda, Byong Kim, and Keibock Lee, Park Systems to invite you to submit an abstract Editor-in-Chief of Georgia. Inc., Santa Clara, CA, USA

Materials Matter - Column 4 - Flexible Nano Electronics 27 Dr. Rigoberto Advincula

p. 19

NANOscientific NANOScientific is published INSET PHOTO ON COVER: The surrounding area is quarterly to showcase Phase image overlaid on relatively flat with a mean Keibock Lee, Editor-in-Chief advancements in the field of topography after heating a square surface roughness [email protected] nanoscience and technology polymer sample at elevated of 0.8 nm. By comparing Debbie West, Content Editor across a wide range of temperature of 230 ᵒC and topography and phase [email protected] multidisciplinary areas of applying 1 V DC voltage image, it could be observed Byong Kim, Technical Director research. The publication is between the polymer sample that the orientation of Debbie Bishop, Art Director offered free to anyone who works and the tip. The topography the lamellar fibrils in the Richard Oettinger, Marketing Manager in the field of nanotechnology, acquired after the heat and inner and outer circular nanoscience, microscopy and bias treatment reveals that two protrusions is rearranged Publisher & Corporate Officers other related fields of study and circular protrusions (inner and and the fibrils are aligned Park Systems Corporation manufacturing. outer protrusions) formed in the differently in both Sang-il Park, Chief Executive Officer center of the scanned surface. protrusions as well as the We would enjoy hearing from The inner circular protrusion has Karen Cho, VP of Finance flat surface. you, our readers. Send your a height of around 53 nm and a Keibock Lee, President research or story ideas to diameter ranging from 1.4 µm Park Systems, Inc. [email protected] to 2.0 µm. The outside circular 3040 Olcott Street protrusion has a lower height of Santa Clara, CA 95054 To view all of our articles, please around 30 nm and a diameter [email protected] visit our web site at ranging from 2.0 µm to 4.0 µm. www.parkystems.com www.nanoscientific.org

4 NANOscientific www.nanoscientific.org NANOscientific 5 convection current where it cools as it moves up in the chamber, effectively providing the heating and cooling cycles of traditional PCR. While this has enabled rapid, point-of-care diagnostic PCR testing to become a reality, it can only give a qualitative result (the presence or absence of pathogen) and is 10-100 fold less sensitive than conventional RT-qPCR (Zhang, 2016).

Additionally, other indications of infection and immunity such as antibodies that Figure 1: Biosensing using a sandwich ELISA. The target analyte is captured using immobilized the body produces to defend against antibodies that are reactive against the analyte. All unwanted protein is then washed off before the HOW COVID-19 DIAGNOSTIC TESTS WORK the virus cannot be detected by either application of primary and secondary antibodies, which are tagged with enzymes. Signal amplification RT-qPCR or iiPCR, so the virus itself must occurs via enzyme conversion of a dye to a visible form that can be detected and quantified. Colin J. Potter and Euan McLeod be sampled to detect infection. Besides antibodies, the body also responds to infection by producing cytokine molecules that trigger an inflammatory response. In severe cases, too many cytokines can result in a potentially lethal cytokine storm. In COVID-19, the viral load in upper respiratory secretions has been shown to vary significantly between patients (Zou, 2020), indicating that detecting viral RNA alone may not be as effective at diagnosing COVID-19 as a test that can Figure 2: Lateral flow assay (LFA) biosensor. A liquid sample is placed on a sample pad, which then simultaneously detect antibodies and migrates via capillary action to a conjugate release pad, where it can pick up labeled or dye-tagged other biomarkers. antibodies that bind specifically to the target analyte to form an antibody-analyte complex. This Colin J. Potter and Euan McLeod of new, more sensitive, and specific requires heating and cooling of the complex then migrates across a porous membrane towards the detection zone, where a test line The perfect COVID-19 diagnostic test containing immobilized anti-analyte antibodies captures the complex, if present. The control zone tests Wyant College of Optical Sciences diagnostic technologies has enabled sample in a small chamber, with each for adequate flow by using another set of antibodies to capture any of the tagged antibodies from the University of Arizona better testing now than was available cycle doubling the amount of target DNA conjugate pad that make it past the test zone. An ideal test for COVID-19 would Tucson, AZ 85721 for the SARS outbreak in the early 2000s, and thus the amount of florescence. but there is still significant room for Practically, RT-qPCR has demonstrated a accomplish several things. One, it should be able to rapidly detect the presence In the last several months, COVID-19 has improvement. limit of detection of 1 copy of RNA per μL of the viral particle. Two, it should give challenged countries around the world as in a 30 μL sample (CDC Diagnostic Panel, us information about any antibodies governments and health systems struggle RT-PCR as a powerful diagnostic tool 2020). With high specificity (i.e. no false and cytokines that the patient has to contain the spread of the disease and positives) based on the use of known Currently, testing for the SARS-CoV-2 produced against the virus. Three, it to mitigate its impact. The worldwide primer strands for SARS-CoV-2 RNA, RT- virus in the US and around the world is should be sensitive enough to detect response has been remarkable, with qPCR is a powerful tool for diagnosing dependent on the use of an approach even small quantities of these targets in nations implementing policies to limit viral infections. However, as COVID-19 called reverse transcriptase quantitative asymptomatic or early infections. Four, human-to-human spread, distribute and continues to spread, some aspects of RT- polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) or it should be administered at the point of manufacture hospital resources, and qPCR have stood as barriers to its rapid real-time reverse transcriptase PCR to care, preferably in an easy-to-use hand- ensure that citizens’ basic needs are and effective implementation. detect the presence of the virus (CDC, held or wearable device that gives results Figure 3: Nanophotonic biosensors. Structures with optical resonances for a particular wavelength of met. Of all the measures implemented to light are fabricated and functionalized with antibodies designed to capture a target molecule. When 2020). RT-qPCR is performed on a sample on the spot. And finally, it should be combat the COVID-19 pandemic, possibly taken from a patient, most often a swab of Diagnosis of COVID-19 using RT-qPCR that target binds to the surface of the sensor, it perturbs the local refractive index, and the resonant inexpensive enough to be mass produced wavelength shifts, providing a detectable signal for the sensor. 1- Basic surface plasmon resonance the most impactful is the rapid and early typically requires sophisticated laboratory the patient’s upper respiratory tract. The for the deployment of millions of tests. (SPR) detector using gold film on a prism (Liedberg, 1983). 2- Localized SPR, gold nanorod detector detection of the virus that causes it, SARS- equipment and expertise, resulting in a sample is processed to isolate any genetic Such a device would limit user error and (Mayer, 2008). 3- Plasmonic nanohole array (Cetin, 2015). 4- Microtoroid optical resonator (Su, 2016). CoV-2, which can inform the need for long delay between testing and obtaining material in the form of nucleic acids, testing variability and ultimately enable quarantine, treatment, and contact tracing results. During this time, a patient including human DNA from the patient rapid identification and containment of of infected individuals (Kochańczyk, 2020). may have already spread the virus to themselves and any positive-sense RNA new outbreaks. Figure 4: Lens-free holographic microscopy. Light present, the genetic material of the SARS- several other people, presenting a major from the LED array illuminates the sample, then Testing at the desired scale is no easy problem in the control of an epidemic. is collected after diffracting through objects in the CoV-2 virus. Detecting beyond RNA with ELISA task, as we have seen in the US and other Devices such as ID NOW™ and POCKIT™ sample field. The sample image is computationally countries around the world. The scarcity reconstructed to identify particles in the sample In RT-qPCR, this RNA is converted into are relatively new technologies that One testing method that is already widely plane and generate an image similar to that from of available test kits, their accuracy and complementary DNA, and then amplified utilize insulated isothermal polymerase used is an enzyme-linked immunosorbent a conventional microscope. The ability for this sensitivity, the delay in receiving results, and detected by fluorescence from a chain reaction, or iiPCR, to qualitatively system to be compacted into a handheld device assay (ELISA). In this method, antibodies makes it a powerful diagnostic tool. and the relative complexity of the tests DNA binding dye or by a fluorescent DNA detect the presence of pathogen RNA tagged with enzymes are used to detect themselves all stand as barriers to probe that binds to a specific sequence (Tsai, 2014). In these devices, the sample target protein molecules in a sample widespread testing. The development of target DNA. The amplification process is heated from the bottom, creating a [Fig 1]. This is quite different from PCR,

6 NANOscientific www.nano-scientific.org www.nanoscientific.org NANOscientific 7 which can only detect DNA or RNA.. Each the light and the target analyte. Often, Author Biographies: APPLICATION enzyme can change the color of many dye nanophotonic biosensors rely on the ELECTROCHEMICAL AFM (EC-AFM): molecules, resulting in signal amplification, same DNA or antibody capture molecules Colin Potter is an NOTE which makes ELISA quite sensitive. While used in the previous techniques; however, M.D./Ph.D. student IN SITU MONITOR OF COPPER ELISA is not currently widely used to detect the detection of the captured molecule studying Optical SARS-CoV-2 due to the success of RT-qPCR, is performed optically, which can enable Sciences in the DEPOSITION/DISSOLUTION ON GOLD it still has the potential to be a powerful extreme sensitivity in a field-portable Wyant College of diagnostic tool in the fight against this and package. Devices based on a variety of Optical Sciences Jiali Zhang, Ben Schoenek, Byong Kim and Keibock Lee, Park Systems Inc., Santa Clara, CA USA future pandemics. different material structures have been at the University used that provide limits of detection in the of Arizona (UA). He ELISA has some of the same barriers as PCR nanomolar to attomolar concentration received his B.S. in when it comes to effective implementation, ranges, including solid metal films (surface Neuroscience from particularly during an epidemic. ELISA plasmon resonance), perforated metal UA in 2018 where also requires quantitative detection using films, arrays of metallic nanoparticles, or he studied the effects of parasitic invasion laboratory machinery with trained staff, and glass microstructures where the light skirts into the brain on the central nervous it is more complex than RT-qPCR, requiring their circumference in a whispering gallery system. He began studying medicine at controlled storage conditions for the mode [Fig 3]. In principle, such technology the UA College of Medicine Tucson in 2018 antibodies and leading to similar delays as can be made small and portable, capable and joined the lab of Dr. Euan McLeod to RT-qPCR from initial testing to results. of containing all the components necessary study soft nanophotonic systems and their for analyte detection in a small chip. These applications in biodetection. Simple point-of-care technologies emerging point-of-care technologies are at the forefront of diagnostic biosensing and, Euan McLeod Lateral flow assays (LFAs), based on a with the proper configuration, could be is an Assistant similar technology as over-the-counter used to detect SARS-CoV-2 surface proteins, Professor in the pregnancy tests, can also be used to detect RNA, or even antibodies against the virus. Wyant College of the SARS-CoV-2 virus [Fig 2]. If present, an Optical Sciences analyte-antibody complex presents itself as at the University An alternative technology that we are a colored line that indicates a positive test. of Arizona (UA) developing employs an emerging form of since 2015. He is microscopy called lens-free holographic The main draw of such a diagnostic also an Assistant microscopy [Fig 4]. This technology has Figure 1. Experimental setup: (A) A step-by-step guide to assemble an EC cell before mounting to the Park AFM system; (B) Schematic diagram showing how to technology is that it can be administered Professor of the UA the potential to detect a wide dynamic connect the potentiostat with the assembled EC cell; (C) Close-up of Au (111) working electrode mounted inside an EC cell and fixed on a Park NX12 stage while and read at the point of care to detect BIO5 Institute and range of analyte concentration, prioritizing connected to the potentiostat following the above diagram. both proteins and RNA/DNA (through use an Affiliate Member both sensitivity and versatility of detectable of complementary DNA strands instead of of the UA Cancer Center. He has received particles (Xiong, 2018). By using a lens- Introduction as a working electrode (WE) where the characterized using contact mode in antibodies). Widespread implementation postdoctoral training at UCLA and Caltech. free system, imaging of this kind can be Electrodeposition is emerging as a popular electrochemical reaction takes place. The electrolyte solution, using a force of 5 nN of LFAs could help to control the spread He received his Ph.D. from Princeton compacted into a cost-effective hand-held way to fabricate electronic nanostructures deposition process, at low potential, and and a scan rate of 0.5 Hz. of COVID-19 by providing an instant result. University and his B.S. from Caltech. device capable of imaging a sample at on a surface [1, 2]. Understanding and dissolution, at high potential, are shown to Unfortunately, the main drawback of LFAs Euan’s background and interests lie at the Au (111) on mica was mounted in an EC sub-micron resolution over a field of view controlling this process at nanoscale be fully reversible, rapidly – within one AFM is their sensitivity. Due to the design of LFA intersection of optics, nanoscience, and cell made of Polychlorotrifluoroethylene of 20 mm x 20 mm. Reconstruction of the has been a long-standing challenge in scan line. This simultaneous topographic tests, there is currently no way to amplify a soft bio-materials science. (PCTFE), manufactured by Park Systems. microscopic image is accomplished by electrochemistry. Atomic force microscopy image and electrochemical response was signal, leading to a sensitivity that cannot The substrate was mounted with a top computationally processing a recorded (AFM) has proven to be a versatile tool recorded. Our results demonstrate that compete with that of PCR and that is limited References: EC-AFM can be used for monitoring the in cover and securely sealed with a thin, diffraction pattern. This enables the Kochańczyk M, Grabowski F, and Lipniacki T, “Impact of the contact and to characterize and manipulate surface by the amount of sample used (Bishop, exclusion rates on the spread of COVID-19 pandemic,” medRxiv (2020). silicon O-ring to prevent leaking, following detection of nanoscale particles, which features with nanometer resolution. situ electrodeposition process and also 2019). Additionally, LFA tests that use new Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “CDC Tests for COVID-19,” the step-by-step procedure shown in can be configured to bind to target (2020). Researchers are therefore motivated to obtain insight into controlled additive reagents to detect new biomolecules are Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “CDC 2019-Novel nano-fabrication of an EC reaction at the Figure 1A. After the EC cell was well biomolecules. This chip-scale sensing Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Real-Time RT-PCR Diagnostic Panel,” Catalog # combine electrochemical experiments and difficult to produce and optimize, further 2019-nCoVEUA-01 (2020) assembled, the electrode cables were approach can form an economically-viable AFM technology into electrochemical AFM solid-liquid interface. limiting the usefulness of such technology Tsai YL et al., “Validation of a Commercial Insulated Isothermal connected between the potentiostat point-of-care diagnostic tool with a high PCR-based POCKIT Test for Rapid and Easy Detection of White Spot (EC-AFM). This combination allows the in the face of a novel pathogen like SARS- Syndrome Virus Infection in Litopenaeus vannamei,” PLOS One 9, Experimental (Solartron Modulab XM, Ametek Solartron, sensitivity to detect the SARS-CoV-2 virus e90545 (2014). researcher to perform in situ analysis, and CoV-2. Zhang J et al., “Evaluation of two singleplex reverse transcription- UK) and the EC cell based on the itself as well as the body’s response to the control the electrochemical reactions at A Park NX12 was used to monitor the Insulated isothermal PCR tests and a duplex real-time RT-PCR test connection diagram (Figure 1B). Three infection. for the detection of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus and porcine solid-liquid interfaces [3-5]. This technique deposition and dissolution of copper Sensing the future deltacoronavirus,” J Virological Methods 234, 34-42 (2016). cables were connected: WE, reference Zou L et al., “SARS-CoV-2 Viral Load in Upper Respiratory Specimens of has been used in applications as varied as on an Au surface. The measurement Infected Patients,” New England Journal of Medicine 382, 1177–1179 electrode (RE) and counter electrode (CE). battery studies [5-7], metal corrosion [8, 9], principles and major parts of the EC-AFM As we continue to push for sensitive, While there is still some work to be done (2020). In this study, a silver chloride electrode Bishop JD, Hsieh HV, Gasperino DJ, and Weigl BH, “Sensitivity biosensor development [10], and more. setup are similar to using AFM in liquid. A compact, point-of-care diagnostic before these technologies can be enhancement in lateral flow assays: a systems perspective,” Lab on a (Ag/AgCl) is used as the RE which keeps technologies, the field of nanophotonic implemented on a large scale, we Chip 19, 2486-2499 (2019). non-conductive probe (CONTSC cantilever Soler M, Calvo-Lozano O, Estevez MC, and Lechuga LM, “Nanophotonic This study shows the investigation of with spring constant of 0.2 N/m) was the potential between itself and the biosensors has made great strides in currently stand on the edge of a new era of Biosensors Driving Personalized Medicine,” Optics and Photonics News, working electrode constant. Typically, 26-31 (2020). localized electrochemical deposition and employed and mounted on a Teflon chip accomplishing these goals. The potential diagnostic medicine. As new innovations in Leidberg B, Nylander C, and Lundstrom I, “Surface Plasmon Resonance Platinum-Iridium (Pt-Ir) wires can be used of these sensors makes them attractive biomedicine become available, we will be for Gas Detection and Biosensing,” Sensors and Actuators 4, 299-304 dissolution of copper using EC-AFM. In the carrier, which was mounted onto a liquid (1983). study, a Park NX12 AFM system is equipped probehand designed by Park Systems. This as the CE. Here Cu wire acted as the CE as future diagnostic tools. Nanophotonic able to detect disease, mitigate the impact of Mayer KM et al., “A Label-Free Immunoassay Based Upon Localized due to its excellent malleability. When the Surface Plasmon Resonance of Gold Nanorods,” ACS Nano 2, 687-692 with a three-electrode electrochemical setting ensures that it does not interfere biosensors utilize unique material future pandemics, and target personalized (2008). WE area is bigger than the CE area, a signal structures to confine light to small volumes medicine using these sensitive and versatile Cetin AE et al., “Plasmonic Nanohole Arrays on a Robust Hybrid cell (EC cell) connected to a potentiostat. with the electrochemical reaction. All of Substrate for Highly Sensitive Label-Free Biosensing,” ACS Photonics 2, A conductive Au (111) surface is used the AFM topographic images shown were saturation error occurs in the potentiostat. in order to increase the interaction between biodetection systems. 1167-1174 (2015). Typically, the CE was reshaped into a ring

8 NANOscientific www.nanoscientific.org NANOscientific 9 Figure 3. (A) Pristine Au surface before applying voltage; (B) After applying -0.6V through the potentiostat, the Au surface was covered with copper clusters; (C) the Au surface was re-exposed after applying 3V.

Figure 2. Cyclic voltammograms: The CV curve was taken with an Au electrode mounted in a Park AFM EC cell measured in 20 mM CuSO4 solution.

to increase the CE area, as shown in voltammogram generated (Figure 2), as showing copper deposition was clearly Figure 4. In situ 3D display (A) of the AFM image (B) acquired in 1 mM CuSO4 showing bare Au surface (lower part) exposed after dissolution of electrochemically Figure 1C. All of the electrodes were the potential was scanned positively from observed in Figure 3B. The deposition deposited copper clusters (upper part) at E = 3 V, 5 m × 2.6 m, vertical range 200 nm. The corresponding line cursor profile (C) quantifies the height difference isolated from each other. After the point A to point D, the oxidation reaction rate increased with time. As the image between copper and gold regions. experimental setup was ready, an (dissolution of copper) occurred. When was scanned from top to bottom, with μ μ electrolyte solution (20 mM CuSO ) the switching potential (D) was reached, the time increasing, the deposited copper 4 The in situ dissolution of copper was also the study of nanoscale electrochemical 93 (1-2) (2001) 104-111. immersed the electrodes inside the EC cell. the scan direction was reversed (from D to clusters grew bigger and bigger in size monitored with AFM. In the middle of the reactions using Park EC-AFM. 6. Ban, I., Yamaguchi, Y., Nakayama, Y., Hirai, N., F), and the potential was scanned in the as well. This deposition of copper was imaging, positive voltage was applied and Hara, S., In situ EC-AFM study of effect of After the cell was assembled, the negative direction where the reduction reversible. When a higher voltage of 3V at the position of the horizontal green References lignin on performance of negative electrodes in cyclic voltammetry (CV) technique reaction occurred. This happened when was applied for five minutes, the bare Au dashed line. Tall copper islands (up to 1. Vidu, R., and Hara, S., Surface alloying at lead−acid batteries. Journal of Power Sources was employed to investigate the the copper was deposited on the Au underneath was again exposed (Figure 75 nm) dissolved, exposing the bare the Cd| Au (100) interface in the upd region. 107 (2) (2002) 167-172. electrochemical reaction mechanisms. surface. The sweep was steadily run for 3C). All three images were scanned at Au surface (Figure 4). This morphologic Electrochemical studies and in situ EC-AFM 7. Vidu, R., Quinlan, F. T., and Stroeve, P., Use of These mechanisms give rise to 10 cycles as shown by the overlapping of the same area to confirm the occurrence change in the middle of the image was observation. Journal of Electroanalytical in situ electrochemical atomic force microscopy electroanalytical current signals by the 10 traces. As a result, one can find the of copper deposition and dissolution. clearly characterized via AFM. Likewise, Chemistry 475 (2) (1999) 171-180. (EC-AFM) to monitor cathode surface reaction applying a voltage to the CE immersed threshold potential of copper deposition The Au domains remained the same, one can also record the in situ deposition 2. Crow, D. R. (2017), Principles and Applications in organic electrolyte. Industrial & Engineering in electrolyte solution. The cyclic (-0.5 V) and dissolution (2 V) based on the as shown by comparing A and C, thus using AFM by shifting it to negative voltage. of Electrochemistry, Routledge. Chemistry Research 41 (25) (2002) 6546-6554. voltammograms generated from the CV curve. confirming that this electrochemical 3. Reggente, M., Passeri, D., Rossi, M., Tamburri, 8. Niu, L., Yin, Y., Guo, W., Lu, M., Qin, R., software are displayed as the curve for process is fully reversible. Conclusion E., and Terranova, M. L., In Electrochemical and Chen, S., Application of scanning the current vs. the potential for a linear The EC-AFM allows the recording atomic force microscopy: In situ monitoring electrochemical microscope in the study potential sweep. The sweep of CV was set of the topographic changes during The in situ dissolution of copper was also The result of this study demonstrates that of electrochemical processes. AIP Conference of corrosion of metals. Journal of Materials to -0.5 V to 2 V, with a sweep rate of 100 electrodeposition/dissolution of monitored with AFM. In the middle of the an advanced atomic force microscopy Proceedings, AIP Publishing (2017) 020009. Science44 (17) (2009) 4511-4521. mV/s for ten cycles. Current density was materials on the surface. The AFM images imaging, positive voltage was applied system with electrochemical cell can 4. Huang, H. (2017). Electrochemical 9. Davoodi, A., Pan, J., Leygraf, C., and Norgren, calculated using the geometric area of the in Figure 3 are the topographic images at the position of the horizontal green effectively measure electrochemical Application and AFM Characterization of S., In situ investigation of localized corrosion electrode by the Modulab ECS software. recorded before deposition (Fig. 3A), dashed line. Tall copper islands (up to process in situ. It shows that a Park Nanocomposites: Focus on Interphase of aluminum alloys in chloride solution CV measurement was used to understand during deposition (Fig. 3B) and after 75 nm) dissolved, exposing the bare NX12 EC-AFM with Potentiostat can Properties (PhD Dissertation). Stockholm. using integrated EC-AFM/SECM techniques. and control the redox reaction. dissolution of copper (Fig. 3C). As shown Au surface (Figure 4). This morphologic be set up easily and obtain data from Retrieved from http://urn.kb.se/ Electrochemical and Solid State Letters 8 (6) in Figure 3A, the bare gold surface with change in the middle of the image was electrochemical reactions in a controlled resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-203239. (2005) B21-B24. Results and Discussion visible terraces was first imaged via clearly characterized via AFM. Likewise, mechanism. The process of copper 5. Yamaguchi, Y., Shiota, M., Nakayama, Y., Hirai, 10.Rezaei, B., and Irannejad, N. (2019). deposition is controlled by changing the A reversible CV curve was generated after AFM. Then the lower limit voltage was one can also record the in situ deposition N., and Hara, S., Combined in situ EC-AFM and Electrochemical detection techniques in applied voltage, and it is fully reversible. successful setup. Based on the cyclic constantly applied to the electrode (E = using AFM by shifting it to negative CV measurement study on lead electrode for biosensor applications. In Ali Ensafi (Ed.) -0.6 V), when a great morphology change voltage. This experiment shows a lot of promise for lead–acid batteries. Journal of Power Sources Electrochemical Biosensors (pp 11-43).

10 NANOscientific www.nanoscientific.org NANOscientific 11 contact with the sample. Although this technique is relatively straightforward NANO INFRARED (IR) PHOTO-INDUCED to operate, thermal diffusion enlarges the effective detection region and FORCE MICROSCOPY (PIFM): compromises the spatial resolution. Photo-induced Force Microscopy A TECHNIQUE FOR NANOSCALE HYPERSPECTRAL MAPPING (PiFM) Sung Park, Molecular Vista, San Jose, CA 95119 In this article, we introduce infrared (IR) photo-induced force microscopy (PiFM) [16-22], which combines atomic force microscopy and IR spectroscopy (AFM-IR) to provide a technique for multi-modal nanoscale hyperspectral mapping, i.e., both IR spectroscopy and chemical mapping correlated with topography with sub-10 nm spatial resolution as Figure 2. (a) Topography and PiFM images at (b) 1750 cm-1, (c) 1070 cm-1, and (d) 1720 cm-1 for PLA, shown in figure 1. IR PiFM relies on 3rd component, and ACM respectively. A zoomed in (e) composite image consisting of three PiFM near-field excitation like other near-field images and (f) three spectra from locations shown in (e). QR code leads to a Youtube video showing microscopes. However, it is the only acquisition of these data in real time. near-field microscope that acquires the sample’s optical response by measuring the optically induced attractive force (total dipole-dipole force that consists of image dipole force and van der Waals mediated thermal expansion force) in the near-field while rejecting any competing far-field background signals.[22] To generate the photo-induced force (PiF), a widely tunable IR excitation laser, tuned at a specific wavenumber, is modulated Figure 1. Schematic diagram of PiFM showing the AFM cantilever (two fundamental flexural mechanical modes at f0 and f1 are shown) and the external at a frequency (fm) to excite the first tunable IR laser used to excite the sample. Inset shows a FTIR spectrum and PiFM spectrum on polyethersulfone; the agreement between the two spectra mechanical resonance, f0, of the AFM are excellent even though FTIR and PiFM spectra originate from bulk and 10 nm region respectively. cantilever that is operated in non-contact mode with small dither amplitude Sung Park, Ph.D.; Introduction field optical microscopy (s-SNOM)[7-10] (~ 1 nm) at the second mechanical Molecular Vista, Advances in nanotechnology have utilize an AFM tip to optically excite the resonance, f1. When fm is set at the Figure 3. (a) Topography and PiFM image highlighting the PS block of PS-b-PMMA block copolymer CEO and co-founder. intensified the need for analytical tools sample just below the tip apex via a tip- difference of the two mechanical with full pitch of 41 nm before SIS process. (b) Topography and PiFM images of PS, PMMA, and AlOx Sung is the CEO that can chemically characterize newly enhanced near-field. A photon detector, resonances (f1 – f0), the standard molecules acquired at 1495 cm-1, 1733 cm-1, and 900 cm-1 respectively along with a PiFM spectrum of Molecular Vista, synthesized nanomaterials. While placed in the far-field (far from the topography (van der Waals force after SIS process. which he co-founded electron microscopy (EM) techniques sample tip area), collects the emission driven) and PiF signals can be acquired with Prof. Kumar can identify atomic species through from both the diffraction limited focal simultaneously by using two lockin Applications Wickramasinghe spot (far-field) and the near-field excited amplifiers to demodulate the AFM force energy dispersive X-ray analysis, they 2(b)) concurrently. The process can be (UC Irvine, formerly of IBM) in 2011 to volume under the AFM tip. To selectively sensor signal (f1 and f0 will measure Figure 2 shows how PiFM can be used offer little help for identification of repeated to acquire PiFM images that provide research and industrial tools access the near field information, various topography and IR absorption signal to study a polymer blend, in this case, molecular materials.[1] For identification show unique features and spectra for rapid and nanoscale imaging with methods are employed to suppress the respectively). The PiF signal, measured as of poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/acrylic rubber of molecular species, well established associated with them. Different PiFM the amplitude of the cantilever oscillation (ACM), which combines a biodegradable chemical identification. Sung has over optical spectroscopy (OS) techniques far-field background signal in s-SNOM images can be artificially colored and at f0, will reflect the magnitude of IR thermoplastic and a natural elastomer 25 years of experience of industrial such as Raman and Fourier Transform or greatly enhance the near-field signal then combined to form a chemical map absorption by the sample (this is true to create a usable and more eco-friendly R&D, engineering, marketing and sales, Infrared (FTIR) are used; their spatial in TERS. The suppression in s-SNOM as shown in figure 2(e) where three PiFM for most samples; see reference [22] material.[23] In practice, especially when and operations. He co-founded Park and enhancement in TERS are both images at 1750, 1720, and 1070 cm-1 are resolutions are governed by the for the exact nature of measured signal the sample constituents are unknown, Scientific Instruments (PSI), which was technically feasible but render the colored blue, green, and red to represent diffraction limit, on the order of a for different kinds of samples) at the AFM topography (figure 2(a)) may be one of the first commercial companies techniques more difficult to use. To poly(lactic acid), acrylic rubber, and a third micron, falling far short of the needs of excitation wavenumber. By sweeping acquired first. Then a few PiF spectra to develop and sell scanning tunneling overcome the difficulties associated with component respectively, and combined the nanotechnology and nanomaterial the laser wavelength while recording can be acquired at unique features in microscopes (STM) and atomic force the convolution of near-field and far- into one chemical map image. Note that researchers.[1] In order to overcome the the PiF signal, one can generate a topography, which will generate spectra microscopes (AFM). Prior to founding field information, optical forces on the three distinct spectra are acquired from diffraction limit of the OS techniques, PiFM spectrum, which shows excellent that are like those seen in figure 2(f). Park Scientific Instruments, he worked AFM tip can be measured directly. One three locations shown in figure 2(e) and various near-field techniques based on correlation with the bulk FTIR spectrum Seeing that there are strong peaks as a post-doc at IBM Watson Research such technique, photothermal induced displayed in figure 2(f); PiFM spectra atomic force microscopy (AFM) have (see figure 1). The topography and PiF at ~1730 cm-1, the laser can be tuned to Center. Sung earned his Ph.D. in Applied resonance microscopy (PTIR)[11-15], can be reliably acquired from regions been developed. Techniques such as signals arise from the same point and ~ 1730 cm-1 (in this case, 1750 cm-1) to as small as ~ 10 nm in size. Use the QR Physics from Stanford University and BA tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy measures thermal expansion due to allow perfect correspondence between IR acquire the AFM topography and PiFM code in figure 2 to see a video of how this in Physics from Pomona College. (TERS)[2-6] and scattering scanning near- optical absorption with an AFM tip in absorption and topography. image at 1750 cm-1 (images 2(a) and sequence of data is acquired.

12 NANOscientific www.nanoscientific.org NANOscientific 13 resin (colored green) and pDEGDA Conclusion (colored blue) is clean and abrupt and (2) IR PiFM provides hyperspectral chemical INDUSTRY NEWS: PARK SYSTEMS COMPLETES the interface between pDEGDA and SDIB analysis along with AFM at a scale (~ 5 nm (colored red) consists of ~60 nm of strong spatial resolution) heretofore unattainable EQUITY INVESTMENT IN MOLECULAR VISTA pDEGDA signal and an interface region with any techniques on diverse samples of ~60 nm where the pDEGDA signal including semiconductors, solar gradually decreases and SDIB signal cell materials, plasmonics, organics, increases. Since the data has spectra inorganics, pharmaceuticals, biological associated with every pixel, we also specimens (proteins, nucleotides, plants, looked at 30 spectra across the interface tissues), 1D/2D materials, and geological (each spectrum is about 10 nm from specimens. each other), which are shown in figure 4(b). The IR peaks used to highlight the Acknowledgements components are highlighted by vertical bands. Looking at the spectra, The author wishes to gratefully Figure 4. (a) Sample description of the polymer bi-layer cast in resin for cryo microtome. (b) we see that the resin peak at 1512 cm-1 is acknowledge the following collaborators Topography and a composite PiFM image (consisting of three PiFM images acquired at 1512 cm-1, greatly diminished from spectrum 4 to 5 for supplying the samples used in this 1734 cm-1, and 1679 cm-1 to highlight resin, pDEGDA, and SDIB respectively) along with 30 spectra (using the peak at 1734 cm-1, the abrupt study; PLA-ACM: Dr. Rudiger Berger from taken across the interface. change is takes place from spectrum 6 to Max Planck Institute of Polymer; AlOx infiltrated into PS-b-PMMA: Dr. Ricardo Molecular Vista develops and sells a specialized AFM instrument called VistaScope with Infrared 7). The SDIB peak at 1679 cm-1 seems to Photo induced Force Microscopy (IR PIFM), which provides nanoscale imaging & spectroscopy. be at full strength around spectrum 18 Ruiz of HGST; pDEGDA-SDIB: Eui Tae when the pDEGDA peak at 1734 cm-1 has Kim and Professor Kookheon Char of dropped significantly from spectrum 12 Seoul National University; hBN: Dr. Cian Park Systems Corp. world-leading manufacturer of Atomic Force Microscopes to 13; the mixing between pDEGDA and Bartlam of University of Manchester. (AFM), announced today it has made an equity investment in Molecular Vista (www. SDIB takes place from spectrum 12 to 18 1] See https://www.eag.com/techniques/ for a chart that compares existing analytical techniques. Not technique molecularvista.com), based in San Jose, CA. Molecular Vista produces AFM tools to (~ 60 nm consistent with the composite offers “chemical bonding/molecular/structural information” probe and understand matter at the molecular level through quantitative visualization at length scale below about 200 nm. image). [2] R.M. Stöckle, Y.D. Suh, V. Deckert, and R. Zenobi, Chem. using Infrared Photo-induced Force Microscopy (IR PiFM). Figure 5. (a) Topography of a hBN flake concurrently imaged by (b) s-SNOM and (c) PiFM at 1400 cm-1, Phys. Lett. 318, 131 (2000). [3] N. Hayazawa, Y. Saito, and S. Kawata, Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, both showing clear surface phonon polariton interference patterns. 6239 (2004). [4] A. Hartschuh, N. Anderson, and L. Novotny, J. Microsc. PiFM is a combination of AFM and IR spectroscopy in a single instrument that acquires PiFM measures the total dipole-dipole 210, 234 (2003). Figure 3 shows an organic/inorganic can be embedded in a resin and cryo- attractive force that exists between the [5] S. Berweger, J.M. Atkin, R.L. Olmon, and M.B. Raschke, J. both topography and chemical signatures at the nanometer scale and is universally Phys. Chem. Lett. 1, 3427 (2010). composite system that was analyzed by microtomed in order to create a clean tip and the sample in the presence of an [6] N. Jiang, E.T. Foley, J.M. Klingsporn, M.D. Sonntag, N.A. applicable to a wide range of organic and inorganic materials. Valley, J.A. Dieringer, T. Seideman, G.C. Schatz, M.C. Hersam, PiFM. To generate a hard mask for etching cut without surface contamination by excitation light. Since IR PiFM measures and R.P. Van Duyne, Nano Lett. 12, 5061 (2012). [7] N. Ocelic, A. Huber, and R. Hillenbrand, Appl. Phys. Lett. "We believe Molecular Vista’s exclusive technology places them at the forefront of for advanced lithography, aluminum the resin. For a crystalline sample such the total attractive force, as opposed to 89, 101124 (2006). oxide is selectively incorporated into as silicon, it can be cleaved for analysis. [8] M.B. Raschke and C. Lienau, Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 5089 one of the fastest-growing segments of the AFM industry,” comments Dr. Sang-il Park, only the repulsive force as in PTIR (which (2003). PMMA block in a PS-b-PMMA block Figure 4 shows the PiFM result obtained measures only the imaginary part of [9] A. Dazzi, R. Prazeres, F. Glotin, and J.M. Ortega, Opt. Lett. CEO Park Systems. "Sung Park and the talented management team at Molecular Vista 30, 2388 (2005). copolymer thin film through a process on the interface of poly(diethyleneglycol the complex polarizability), it can map [10] A. Dazzi, F. Glotin, and R. Carminati, J. Appl. Phys. 107, have created a cutting-edge company with an exciting future, and we are thrilled to 124519 (2010). called sequential infiltration synthesis diacrylate) and poly(sulfur-r- both the molecular absorption as well as [11] A. Dazzi, C.B. Prater, Q. Hu, D.B. Chase, J.F. Rabolt, and C. become part of it." Marcott, Appl. Spectrosc. 66, 1365 (2012). (SIS).24 Figure 3(a) shows the topography diisopropenylbenzene), which are nanoscale surface plasmon and phonon [12] F. Lu, M. Jin, and M.A. Belkin, Nat. Photonics 8, 307 and PiFM image of the PS block of the abbreviated as pDEGDA and SDIB. polaritons making it a truly versatile and (2014). AFM provides nanoscale topographic images and various other measurements [13] K. Kjoller, J.R. Felts, D. Cook, C.B. Prater, and W.P. King, PS-b-PMMA with a full pitch of 41 nm Figure 4(a) shows the three layers (resin, reliable near-field optical microscopy Nanotechnology 21, 185705 (2010). including mechanical, electrical, and other physical characteristics of a sample. ]14] I. Rajapaksa, K. Uenal, and H.K. Wickramasinghe, Appl. before SIS process (500 nm x 500 nm, pDEGDA, and SDIB) that are exposed via technique with the best spatial resolution. Phys. Lett. 97, 073121 (2010). Now, with the addition of PiFM technology, it can provide researchers with chemical [15] A. Cvitkovic, N. Ocelic, and R. Hillenbrand, Nano Lett. 7, 128 x 128 pixels). Figure 3(b) shows the cryo microtome. Of interest is to examine [22] Figure 5(a) shows a hexagonal boron 3177 (2007). and molecular composition information combined with the nano physical data. topography and PiFM images of PS, the extent of nanoscale mixing at the nitride (hBN) film whose surface phonon [16] Z. Fei, A.S. Rodin, G.O. Andreev, W. Bao, A.S. McLeod, M. Wagner, L.M. Zhang, Z. Zhao, M. Thiemens, and G. PMMA, and aluminum oxide along with pDEGDA and SDIB interface. Given the polariton interference patterns have been Dominguez, Nature 487, 82 (2012). [17] D. Nowak, W. Morrison, H.K. Wickramasinghe, J. Jahng, "The Park Systems investment will help us significantly expand our technology driven a spectrum acquired at a random site of thin pDEGDA layer (~ 100 nm), we used a widely measured by s-SNOM.[25-26] With E. Potma, L. Wan, R. Ruiz, T.R. Albrecht, K. Schmidt, J. IR PiFM platform, filling a critical void in nanoscale molecular and chemical analysis,” Frommer, D.P. Sanders, and S. Park, Sci. Adv. 2, e1501571 the sample after the SIS process (500 nm mode called hyPIR (hyperspectral PiFM Vista-IR system from Molecular Vista, both (2016). states Sung Park, CEO of Molecular Vista. “We are honored that Park Systems, a leader x 500 nm, 256 x 256 pixels). The spectrum IR) where a PiFM spectrum was acquired PiFM and s-SNOM measurements can be [18] J. Jahng, J. Brocious, D.A. Fishman, F. Huang, X. Li, V.A. Tamma, H.K. Wickramasinghe, and E.O. Potma, Phys. Rev. B in AFM since its inception, has become an equity partner.” shows the peaks associated with all three at each pixel of the 128 x 128 image data performed together; images 4(a), 4(b), 90, 155417 (2014). [19] J. Jahng, J. Brocious, D.A. Fishman, S. Yampolsky, D. components given the small pitch. PiFM (for 1µm x 1µm region). Even though and 4(c) are topography, s-SNOM, and Nowak, F. Huang, V.A. Apkarian, H.K. Wickramasinghe, and E.O. Potma, Appl. Phys. Lett. 106, 083113 (2015). reveals that aluminum oxide selectively each spectrum only took about 0.2 PiFM images acquired concurrently. For [20] B. Kim, J. Jahng, R.M. Khan, S. Park, and E.O. Potma, Phys. Rev. B 95, 075440 (2017). About Park Systems infiltrated only the PMMA block, causing seconds, the whole image took abouµt this measurement, the signal-to-noise [21] J. Jahng, E.O. Potma, and E.S. Lee, Anal. Chem. 90, 11054 a significant swelling of the PMMA block; an hour to acquire. Once hyPIR data is for PiFM is not quite as high as s-SNOM (2018). Park Systems is the fastest growing and world-leading manufacturer of atomic [22] J. Jahng, E.O. Potma, and E.S. Lee, PNAS, 116 (52), 26359 after the SIS process, PS block has been acquired, much analysis can be derived since the parameters were optimized (2019). force microscopy (AFM) systems, with a complete range of products for researchers [23] M. Hesami and A. Jalali-Arani, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 134, squeezed to less than 10 nm in width. from a single data set. Figures 4b(i) shows for s-SNOM for concurrent acquisition; 45499 (2017). and engineers in the chemistry, materials, physics, life sciences, semiconductor [24] R. Ruiz, L. Wan, J. Lille, K.C. Patel, E. Dobisz, D.E. the topography of the cross-section while even so the agreement between the two Johnston, K. Kisslinger, and C.T. Black, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B and data storage industries. Park Systems is a publicly traded corporation on the PiFM can be used to analyze interfaces figure 4b(ii) is a composite of three PiFM measurement techniques is excellent. 30(6), 06F202-1 (2012). Korea Stock Exchange (KOSDAQ) with corporate headquarters in Suwon, Korea, and [25] S. Dai, Z. Fei, Q. Ma, A. S. Rodin, M. Wagner, A. S. McLeod, between different materials composing a images at 1512, 1734, and 1679 cm-1 to Use the QR code in figure 5 to see a video M. K. Liu, W. Gannett, W. Regan, K. Watanabe, T. Taniguchi, regional headquarters in Santa Clara, California, USA, Mannheim, Germany, Beijing, M. Thiemens, G. Dominguez, A. H. Castro Neto, A. Zettl, multi-layer system by creating a cross- highlight the resin, pDEGDA, and SDIB on the advantage of hyPIR imaging for F. Keilmann, P. Jarillo-Herrero, M. M. Fogler, D. N. Basov, China, Tokyo, Japan, Singapore, and Mexico City, Mexico. To learn more about Park Science 343, 1125 (2014). section of the sample. For thin films such respectively. From the composite image, characterizing resonant modes of artificial [26] M. Tamagnone, A. Ambrosio, K. Chaudhary, L.A. Systems, please visit www.parksystems.com. as multi-layer polymers, the sample we can tell that (1) the interface between Jauregui, P. Kim, W.L. Wilson, F. Capasso, Sci. Adv. 4: structures. eaat7189 (2018).

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16 NANOscientific www.nano-scientific.org www.nanoscientific.org NANOscientific 17 APPLICATION 2, red arrows) and 44 nm in height (Figure DETECTION OF MAGNETIZATION 2, blue arrows). The array spacing for the NOTE circular regions is approximately 71 nm REVERSAL IN MAGNETIC PATTERNED (Figure 2, green arrows). The MFM image shows that the domain structures are also ARRAY USING MAGNETIC FORCE circular and all are bright in color. The contrast of the circular dots correlates John Paul Pineda, Byong Kim, and Keibock Lee, Park Systems Inc., Santa Clara, CA, USA to the domain magnetization. In this experiment, the bright color implies that Abstract bit which can be either a 1 or a 0 bit. The same position at 4 minute intervals to the magnetic dipole points in an upward Magnetization reversal plays a major role magnetic properties of the nanostructures observe the magnetic domain variation direction normal to the sample surface in designing the switching mechanisms of such as domain magnetization, shape, over time. while a dark color implies a magnetization magnetic nanostructures in a high density size, array spacing, etc. can greatly pointing in the downward direction. In MFM mode, there are two interaction storage device. In this study, magnetization affect the performance of the magnetic Thus, the MFM image demonstrates that forces between the magnetized tip and reversal in a magnetic patterned array storage device. Thus, a technique that the lattice structure at the initial time the magnetic sample: the Van der Waals sample was successfully investigated using can measure these characteristics and point is compose of a circular pattern in force and magnetic force. The van der an atomic force microscopy (AFM) system investigate samples with nanoscale a magnetic single-domain state that are Waals force is harnessed to generate the via magnetic force microscopy (MFM). features must be utilized in evaluating pointing in an upward direction. sample’s surface topography while the The magnetic property and topography device reliability. There are several magnetic force between the magnetized data of a sample surface were obtained methods that can be used in investigating Figure 3 shows the MFM measurements tip and magnetic sample generates data simultaneously and the data shows that and monitoring magnetic domains. acquired every 4 minutes. Based on the for the sample’s magnetic properties. the two signals are well separated by the Examples include Photo Electron Emission color of the circular regions, Figure 3a The obtained cantilever oscillation two-pass scanning method. The MFM Microscopy (PEEM), Scanning Electron shows the majority of the circular regions signal contains both sets of information; images demonstrate that a majority of the Microscopy (SEM), X-ray Magnetic Circular have completely switched magnetization therefore, a method that can completely circular dot domain structures with 148 nm Dichroism (XMCD), Kerr Effect Microscopy, polarization, while some have either separate these signals is the key to width on the sample surface experienced among others [2, 3, 4, 5]. However, some of partially switched or had no change. The successful imaging. One such method a magnetization reversal during the scan these methods do not provide high spatial partially switched domains represent a introduced to accomplish this task is with a few domains remaining in their resolution; while others have tedious Figure 2. Topography (top-left) and MFM (top-right) data from the magnetic sample. Line profile of AFM magnetic multi-domain state while the two-pass scanning. In this method, the topography (Red: circular dot diameter, Green: array spacing, Blue: circular dot height. original state. Some of the circular dots sample preparation requirements, are domain that experienced a complete topography data is obtained in the first that experienced a magnetization reversal destructive, or do not operate in ambient magnetization reversal and those that scan while the MFM data is obtained in the switched their magnetization easily, conditions. For these reasons, Magnetic Results and Discussion in topography data, which is a patterned remained on their original magnetization second scan. The tip is lifted during the while others switched gradually as the Force Microscopy (MFM) was developed The topography data obtained in this array consisting of circular dots. The represents a magnetic single-domain second scan in the height where the only magnetic field between the tip and the to overcome such shortcomings. In experiment shows that a lattice structure data acquired in this experiment were all state [7]. From this interpretation, the change in force affecting the cantilever sample changes over time. A single defect addition, the integration of the two with circular dots was successfully analyzed using XEI software developed lattice after 4 minutes is comprised oscillation signal is the change of the was also observed in the images of the techniques enables the user to acquire fabricated but no significant information by Park Systems. Figure 2 shows the predominantly of single-domain states magnetic force as shown in Figure 1 [6]. acquired data. The results sum up that both topography and magnetic property related to its magnetic domain is provided. topography and MFM measurement of the with a few multi-domain states. By In this experiment, the optimum value the technique described in this study can data simultaneously without changing the In contrast, the magnetic property magnetic patterned array sample acquired monitoring the individual domains of tip-sample distance chosen to get a provide a reliable data in understanding sample or tip. To this end, MFM was used data acquired in MFM measurements at the first time point. The topography over time, it is observed that most of reliable MFM image is 50 nm. A lock-in the magnetization behavior and can be to investigate a magnetic patterned array shows the magnetic domain structure data shows a clear image of a well-defined the single-domain states experienced a amplifier which is embedded in the AFM used in defect identification of a magnetic and the data shows that this technique and magnetization, but no significant lattice structure. The line profile that was complete magnetization reversal. The system is used to analyze the tip motion sample. is an effective method for the magnetic information related to physical structure generated by the XEI software in Figure 2 same interpretation can be made in Figure caused by the van der Waals force in the properties characterization of magnetic of the sample. The domain structure provides the geometrical information of 3b, however, most of the partially switched first scan and magnetic force in the second Introduction storage devices. observed in MFM data of this sample is the lattice structure. The data shows that domains at the second time point have scan. In MFM mode, the domain structures the diameter of each circular region is completely switched their magnetization Magnetic storage is vital to the digital era, similar to the physical structure observed Experimental and polarity are detected by analyzing approximately 148 nm in diameter (Figure by the third time point. At the final time and is implemented in a wide variety of A magnetic patterned array sample was the changes in the cantilever’s oscillation devices including computers, cell phones, frequency caused by the magnetic field. data servers, and others. The ability of investigated using a Park NX10 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) system. The The magnitude of the change in oscillation magnetic storage devices to inexpensively frequency is proportional to the magnetic store large amounts of information magnetic properties of the sample were characterized under ambient air field intensity. During scanning, the tip is in a small area makes it attractive either attracted toward or repulsed from compared with other high-density storage conditions using MFM mode. A cantilever with a tip coated with a magnetic the sample surface depending on the technologies [1]. Maintaining a high domain magnetization of the sample. signal to noise ratio (SNR) has become a material (Nanosensors, PPP-MFMR) was great challenge in high density recording. magnetized prior to imaging and used in One of the most effective methods for the entire experiment. A non-magnetic achieving an adequate SNR involves sample holder was also utilized to obtain storing the data in a magnetic patterned an optimum measurement. The MFM array. In this method, the data are stored in measurements were performed using lithographically defined magnetic patterns the conventional non-contact two-pass scanning method (see Figure 1). Four in the form of magnetic domains with Figure 3. MFM data at a.) M4 minutes b.) 8 minutes and c.) 12 minutes following magnetization. Scan size: 1.7 um x 1.7 um. each domain representing a single data consecutive images were acquired at the Figure 1. Two-pass scanning method of MFM mode.

18 NANOscientific www.nano-scientific.org www.nanoscientific.org NANOscientific 19 point, Figure 3c shows the structure is nm. The MFM data shows that a majority [3] P. Kasiraj, et al., Magnetic domain FEATURED composed of circular dots that are all in a of the magnetic domains experienced imaging with a scanning Kerr effect single-domain state. The majority of these a magnetization reversal during the microscope. IEEE Transactions on ARTICLE USING ATOMIC FORCE single-domain states are the ones that scan with a few domains remaining in Magnetics, Volume: 22, Issue: 5, Sep 1986. experienced a complete magnetization their original state as the magnetic field [4] C. Schneider, et al., Investigating surface MICROSCOPY IN MEDICAL reversal pointing in a downward direction. between the tip and the sample changes magnetism by means of photoexcitation electron emission microscopy. Reports on The remaining circular dots with bright over time. A surface irregularity was also Progress in Physics, Volume 65, Number 12. RESEARCH colors are the ones that remained at their observed on the images speculated to be [5] P. Fischer, et al., Imaging of magnetic initial magnetization during the entire a single defect consisting of a region that domains with the X-ray microscope at process. The absence of the switch in does not exhibit magnetic properties likely BESSY using X-ray magnetic circular magnetization of these domains could created during the fabrication process. dichroism. Zeitschrift für Physik B be due to surface non-uniformity [8]. It is Characterization of magnetization reversal Condensed Matter, December 1997, speculated that the magnetization reversal is significant in designing the switching Volume 101, Issue 3, pp 313–316. is caused by the changed in the magnetic mechanisms of magnetic nanostructures. [6] Park MFM Technique: http://www. field between the tip and the sample over A well designed switching mechanism parkafm.com/images/spmmodes/ time. A surface irregularity on the lattice is important especially in writing the magnetic/Magnetic-Force-Microscopy- (MFM).pdf. structure was also observed on the lower information in a bit cell. Failure of [7] P. Krone, et al., Investigation of the left sides of all the images. This irregularity inversion of a single bit during writing will magnetization reversal of a magnetic is speculated to be a single defect that was lead to data loss or corruption. Overall, the dot array of Co/Pt multilayers. Journal of acquired during the fabrication process [9, technique described in this study could be Nanoparticle Research, November 2011, 10]. Such individual defects could greatly used in the investigation of magnetization Volume 13, Issue 11, pp 5587–5593 Figure 1. Liposome endocytosis occurring at 60 min of incubation in HCAEC’s. 3D AFM micrograph affect the magnetic reversal properties of reversal behavior and defect identification [8] A. Fraerman, et al., Observation of obtained at 25 µm (x-y) illustrating the engulfment of liposomes conjugated with gold nanoparticles the sample [10]. of high-density magnetic storage devices. MFM tip induced remagnetization effects during membrane internalization [1]. in elliptical ferromagnetic nanoparticles. Conclusions References Institute for Physics of Microstructures RAS, Corresponding author: Nano-biotechnologies represent an trials to mitigate diseases using Atomic Nizhny Novgorod, Russia unprecedented recent advance that may Force Microscopy. The BioScope™ The lattice structure of the magnetic [1] Z. Bandic, et al., Advances in Magnetic Ana Maria Zaske PhD [9] A. Manzin, et al., Influence of lattice revolutionize many areas of medicine II microscope at our core, has been patterned array was successfully Data Storage Technologies. Scanning the Internal Medicine, defects on the ferromagnetic resonance and biology. We are now able to evaluate engineered to facilitate advanced life characterized by the Park NX10 AFM using issue Cardiology Division. [2] K. Koike, et al., Scanning Electron behaviour of 2D magnonic crystals. the effects of a treatment in cancer cells, science research such as imaging, MFM mode imaging. The topography University of Texas Health Science Microscope Observation of Magnetic Scientific Reports 6, Article number: 22004 analyze the efficiency of skin healing probing and manipulating biological data revealed that the lattice structure [10] X. Hu, et al., The influence of individual Center at Houston. 1881 East Rd, Domains Using Spin-Polarized Secondary or just simply observe DNA structures, systems. All three axes (X, Y, and Z) is composed of circular regions with a lattice defects on the domain structure in Houston TX, 77054, USA. Email: Electrons. Japanese Journal of Applied all at the nano-metric scale. One of the of the instrument are equipped with diameter of 148 nm and height of 44 Physics, Volume 23, Part 2, Num. 3. magnetic antidot lattices. [email protected] major advances, in the nano-technology high-resolution capacitive sensors to field, was the development of the allow imaging at the nanoscale and Biography Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) in 1982, operating in liquids. It has the ability to Ana-Maria Zaske graduated in 2001 as a modification of the first scanning analyze samples in the natural state in with a PhD from the University of tunneling microscope created by Gerd dry conditions or ‘in-vitro’, immersed Manchester Institute of Science and Binnig. Binnig is the German physicist in biological solutions. The instrument Technology in the UK, where she that won the Nobel Prize in Physics also has an unprecedented compatibility specialized in high resolution Atomic along with Heinrich Rohrer in 1986 for with optical microscopy to facilitate the Force Microscopy (AFM) to resolve their invention. localization of the areas of interest. bio-enzymatic processes. She used AFM as a Research Associate in the The AFM is a nano-technique based on Cell cultures are widely used to laboratory of Molecular and Cellular sensing. Such as "feeling" or "touching" mimic biological conditions where Neurobiology, at the UNAM Mexico, the sample surface with a very small physiological reactions take place. The to characterize membrane receptors flexible probe, while a feedback loop effects of a treatment or disease can in follicular cells. In 2004 she did regulates the gap distance between the be assessed analyzing the changes her post-doctoral studies at North sample and the probe. The AFM imaging in structure and elasticity of living Carolina State University. In 2008, she is, therefore, a mechanical process cells using AFM. The interaction of joined the University of Texas Health based on attractive and repulsive biomolecules with various types Science Center at Houston, and later forces between the sample surface and of controlled nano-particles is also she became the manager of the IM the probe, giving resolutions to the becoming highly important for many Bioscope 2 - UT core facility. Over nanometer level. biological and biomedical applications. the course of her career, Dr. Zaske In combination with fluorescence has gained relevant expertise in the Several models of Atomic Force microscopy, AFM can identify bio- principles and applications of AFM Microscopes have been specifically molecules based in fluorescence in the biological and medical field. designed to address the needs of labeling and topography imaging. In She visualizes the AFM technique as biological and medical investigations. The addition, non-cellular structures can a revolutionary tool to explore the mission at our AFM core facility located also be imaged. We can now determine nano-world. in the University of Texas Health Science the micromechanical properties of both parksystems.com Center at Houston, is to explore all biological and non-biological materials. meaningful ways to assess experimental Additionally, this technology requires

20 NANOscientific www.nano-scientific.org www.nanoscientific.org NANOscientific 21 It can provide valuable insights about the mechanisms of a disease, and assess a successful treatment pathway for its cure.

References 1. ZASKE, ANA-MARIA; DELIA DANILA; MICHAEL C. QUEEN; EVA GOLUNSKI; JODIE L. CONYERS (2013). “Biological Atomic Force Microscopy for Imaging Gold-Labeled Liposomes on Human Coronary Artery Endothelial Cells”. Journal of Pharmaceutics, vol. 2013, Article ID 875906, 8 pages, DOI:10.1155/2013/875906.

2. SERDA, RITA E.; AARON MACK; MERLYN PULIKKATHARA; ANA-MARIA ZASKE; CIRO CHIAPPINI; JEAN R. FAKHOURY; DOUGLAS WEBB; Figure 3. Elastic properties associated with skin healing. Color-coded force maps were generated BIANA GODIN; JODIE L. CONYERS; XUE W. LIU; Figure 2. (A) AFM image of a full length myosin protein visualized at RT° on mica. Scan over skin biopsies to determine collagen deposition as a promoter of wound healing in transgenic JAMES A. BANKSON; MAURO FERRARI (2010). "Cellular association and assembly of a multi-stage to 2 µm (x-y) using tapping mode in air. (B) 3D AFM micrograph of DPPC liposomes mice. (A) AFM micrograph obtained at 2.5 µm (x-y) showing topography of a skin wound. (B) Force delivery system". Small [cover] 6 (12): 1329-1340. deposited on mica. Volume map of a 50 µm (x-y) scan of the same skin area. 3. HAYWOOD-WATSON, RICKY; JOHN B. HOLCOMB; ERNEST A. GONZALEZ; ZHANGLONG PENG; minimal sample preparation procedures, can evaluate the effects of several integrity in an in-vitro model of shock. SHIBANI PATI; PYONG WOO PARK; WEIWEI WANG; which enhances its popularity in the physiological processes by measuring In these studies, shock (or endothelial ANA MARIA ZASKE; TYLER MENGE; ROSEMARY A. field. the elastic response on cells and tissues. injury) disrupted junctional integrity KOZAR (2011). “Modulation of Syndecan-1 Shedding As per example, the elasticity of the cell and increased permeability in cell after Hemorrhagic Shock and Resuscitation”. Some of the AFM applications that we PLoS ONE 6:8, 1-10, e23530, DOI:10.1371/journal. membrane can vary between cell types cultures. Fresh frozen plasma restored pone.0023530. routinely use in our laboratory include: as a function of growth, differentiation, the endothelial integrity and reduced disease or treatment. syndecan-1 shedding after hemorrhagic 4. ZHANG, YANJUN; XIAO LIU; LI LIU; ANA-MARIA • Topographical imaging of samples shock. In a different project, we ZASKE; ZHOU ZHOU; YUANYUAN FU; XI YANG; in air or liquid environments Over the years, we have gained relevant JODIE L. CONYERS; JING-FEI DONG; JIANNING monitored dynamic morphological ZHANG (2013). “Contact and Agonist Regulated experience to apply the fundamentals changes of human platelets in real- Microvesiculation of human platelets”. Thrombosis • High-resolution imaging at the of AFM to medical research. We time using AFM. We noticed that and Haemostasis, 2013; 110 (2):331-339. nano-metric scale initiated studying the internalization platelet formation is independent of mechanism and effects of nanovectors the interaction between fibrinogen and 5. HONG LIANG, HUANWEN MU, FRANTZ JEAN- FRANCOIS, BINDU LAKSHMAN, SUPARNA SARKAR- • Time-lapse experiments that in ‘in-vitro’ cells [1]. We determined the platelet integrin αIIbβ3. However, BANERJEE, YINYIN ZHUANG, YONGPENG ZENG, show real-time changes in sample the time it takes for the cell to uptake platelets were very sensitive to agonist- WEIBO GAO, ANA MARIA ZASKE, DWIGHT NISSLEY, morphology or structure gold labelled liposomes for medical induced micro-vesiculation [4]. In a most ALEMAYEHU GORFE, WENTING ZHAO, and YONG applications. We excitedly captured the recent work with Dr. Yong Zhou [5], AFM ZHOU (2019). “Membrane curvature sensing of the lipid-anchored K-Ras small GTPase”. Life Science • Nano-probing of samples to moment during liposome membrane was used to determine roughness of cell Alliance (2019) DOI: https://doi.org/10.26508/ measure molecular interactive internalization as seen in Figure 1. We plasma membranes to quantify several lsa.201900343 vol 2 / no 4 / e201900343. forces also studied the cell intake of a multi- modulations of the lipid-anchored K-Ras Figure 4. Studies on impact of sucrose as a modulator on cell proliferation and death. Atomic force 6. LEE, SEI-YOUNG; ANA-MARIA ZASKE; TOMMASO delivery system consisting of porous expression, which is known to regulate micrograph of HeLa cells showing surface topography for volume measurements. Cell volume was silicon microparticles (S1MPs) loaded NOVELLINO; DELIA DANILA; MAURO FERRARI; proliferation in cancer cells. calculated using the bearing analysis application and using contact mode operated in liquid [8]. JODIE CONYERS; PAOLO DECUZZI (2011). "Probing • Studies of local micromechanical with one or more types of second-stage properties (elasticity, stiffness, the mechanical properties of TNF-α stimulated nanoparticles. Each level of complexity New insights have developed, in the endothelial cell with atomic force microscopy". adhesion, roughness) presents an opportunity for overcoming AFM field, to determine the elastic International Journal of Nanomedicine 6: 179–195. physiological barriers, such as enzymatic properties of biological materials. • Data analysis for determination 7. HONG JIA, JAGADEESH JANJANAM, SHARON degradation, vascular transport, crossing We routinely estimate the Young’s C. WU, RUISHAN WANG, GLENDIN PANO, MARINA of homogeneity of samples, size endothelium, and bypassing molecular Modulus of cell membranes, fresh CELESTINE, OPHELIE MARTINOT, HANNAH distribution, position, force volume efflux pumps [2]. We have also used AFM tissues and other biological samples, BREEZE-JONES, GEORGIA CLAYTON, CECILE mapping and 3D imaging. to determine the structural properties to help to understand the mechanisms GARCIN, ABBAS SHIRINIFARD, ANA MARIA ZASKE, DAVID FINKELSTEIN, MYRIAM LABELLE (2019). “The of several other nanovectors such as of several physiological processes, Figure 5. AFM image of a HUVEC (human tumor cell–secreted matricellular protein WISP1 Surface processes such as endocytosis/ exosomes, liposomes, microvesicles and such as differentiation, growth, drug umbilical vein endothelial cell) expressing drives pro-metastatic collagen linearization”. The exocytosis, interactions between chitosan nanoparticles with therapeutic treatment, metastasis and disease [6], E-selectin and incubated with ESTA-1 EMBO Journal (2019) E101302. DOI: 10.15252/ cells and other surfaces, the dynamic properties (Figure 2). [7]. Additionally, it is possible to map the aptamer nano-beads after fixation with 4% EMBJ.2018101302. reorganization of the cytoskeleton, or formaldehyde. Image acquired in phosphate distribution of elastic responses on the 8. PULIKKATHARA, MERLYN; COLETTE MARK; analysis of surface configurations are I have had the opportunity to participate sample surface (Force Volume maps) by saline solution 1X. NATASHA KUMAR; ANA MARIA ZASKE; RITA E. SERDA between the topics extensively studied in several multidisciplinary projects at combining force curve measurements (2017). “Sucrose modulation of radiofrequency- using the AFM technique. An area of UT-Health. For example, we studied with topographic imaging as shown in induced heating rates and cell death". Convergent major interest, among our researchers, the effects of frozen plasma as a Figure 3 with tissue samples. Science Physical Oncology. 3 (2017) 035001. DOI: is to determine the stiffness of a sample resuscitative agent with Kozar’s group 10.1088/2057-1739/aa757b. (Elastic Modulus). By calculating the [3]. We determined that plasma based The unique properties of the AFM offer Young’s modulus on the surface, we resuscitation, preserved endothelial unlimited applications in medical research.

22 NANOscientific www.nano-scientific.org www.nanoscientific.org NANOscientific 23 APPLICATION the phase lag between the signal that NOTE PHASEPHASE IMAGINGIMAGING OFOF POLYMERPOLYMER drives the cantilever oscillation and its output signal, as shown in Figure 1.

DEPOSITEDDEPOSITED ONON GOLDGOLD Table 1 shows the topography and phase images of a polymer thin film before and after heating and bias application. John Paul Pineda, Charles Kim, Byong Kim, and Keibock Lee The topography image acquired before Park Systems Inc., Santa Clara, CA USA the treatment reveals a smooth sample surface, while the phase image shows that properties in addition to topological the surface was composed of lamellar information. Among these, Phase Imaging polymer fibrils distributed homogeneously is a powerful AFM mode used by scientists over the surface. On the other hand, the and engineers to study compositional topography acquired after the heat and heterogeneities in polymer materials. bias treatment reveals that two circular This mode provides complementary protrusions (inner and outer protrusions) information to the topography image formed in the center of the scanned by revealing local variations of surface surface. The inner circular protrusion has properties and compositions in the a height of around 53 nm and a diameter investigated materials. ranging from 1.4 to 2.0 µm. The outside circular protrusion has a lower height of In this study, a Park NX20 was used to around 30 nm and a diameter ranging characterize polymer thin films coated from 2.0 to 4.0 µm. The surrounding on Gold (Au) using Tapping Mode AFM. Table 1: Topography and Phase image before and after heating the sample at 230 ᵒC and applying 1 V DC area is relatively flat with a mean square A high-resolution phase image acquired voltage between the sample and the tip. surface roughness of 0.8 nm. By comparing simultaneously with the topography image topography and phase image, it could revealed that surface changes occurred be observed that the orientation of the after heating the sample and applying lamellar fibrils in the inner and outer DC tip bias. The conformation and phase circular protrusions is re-arranged and separation of the polymer domains were the fibrils are aligned differently in both measured and evaluated. protrusions as well as the flat surface.

Experimental Figure 2a and 2b are the enlarged view A polymer thin film coated on Au on a and corresponding 3D representation of silicon wafer was heated up to 230 ᵒC the area highlighted in red in the phase using a Park Systems temperature control image of Table 1. Both images clearly stage. Additionally a 1 V DC voltage was show distinct differences in the fibril applied between the AFM tip and the alignment. As such the upper and lower sample surface. With a Park NX20, both part of Figure 2a captured periodic fibrils topography and phase image were align in-plane, while the dotted area in Figure 1. Schematic Illustration of Phase Imaging [6]. obtained simultaneously by using Tapping the center of the Figure corresponds to Mode AFM under ambient conditions. domains with fibrils that re-arranged in the Introduction Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Images were acquired before and after vertical direction during the heat and bias Functional polymer thin films have Energy-filtered transmission electron the sample had undergone the heating treatment. Figure 2c is the corresponding numerous technological applications microscopy (EFTEM) are common process and tip bias application. A line profile generated using Park XEI image ranging from optoelectronics to sensors. methods to characterize polymer thin conductive Mikromasch NSC36A Ti-Pt analysis software to evaluate the sizes Their tunable properties, flexibility, and films. However, SEM has a low spatial cantilever (nominal spring constant k = 1 of the lamellar fibrils as well as phase low-cost preparation make them attractive resolution when imaging nanostructured N/m and resonant frequency f = 90 kHz) separation. The measured width of the to the industry. [1] The properties of organic samples containing light elements was used in the experiment. lamellar fibrils was approximately 26 nm, polymer thin films are heavily affected by only, while EFTEM has high level of knock- while separation between each fibrils was the distribution, shapes, and monomer on damage due to high accelerating Results and Discussion approximately 22 nm. composition of individual macromolecules. voltages applied during operation. [3, 4] An In Tapping Mode, the tip oscillates near its Figure 2. (a) Enlarged view of the phase image in table 1 (after heat and bias treatment), (b) 3D view of For this reason, designing polymer effective tool to overcome these problems Summary resonance frequency, which allows the tip Figure 2a, (c) Corresponding line profile of Figure 2a. properties requires a characterization is Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). AFM is to periodically touch the sample surface at This study demonstrates the suitability of technique that can image material a nondestructive technique that provides the lower turning point of the oscillation. phase imaging for the characterization of contrasts with high spatial resolutions to high-resolution images required for Topography images are obtained by cantilever is mechanically oscillated near maintains the cantilever’s constant polymer thin films. The high-resolution visualize the polymer morphology on the nanoscale characterization. Moreover, measuring the changes in the vibrational its resonant frequency during the scan. amplitude and distance by controlling the phase images obtained in the experiment nanoscale and measure macromolecule this tool can be operated in different amplitude of the cantilever induced by The measured changes are compensated Z scanner movement. [5] The phase image reveals significant surface changes of the sizes accurately.[2] measurement modes that image material the attractive Van-der-Waals force as the by the AFM’s feedback loop, which is acquired simultaneously by monitoring polymer thin films after they underwent

24 NANOscientific www.nano-scientific.org www.nanoscientific.org NANOscientific 25 heating and bias application. It is observed References and Accepted with revision May 22, 1995. that during the heat and bias application, 1. S. Satish, et al., Preparation and some polymer fibrils re-aligned to a characterization of nanoscale PMMA thin 4. R. Masters, et al., Sub-nanometre vertical orientation and others remained films Indian Journal of Pure & Applied resolution imaging of polymer–fullerene MATERIALS MATTER in-plane. Additionally, the in-plane fibrils Physics. Vol. 52, January 2014, pp. 64-67. photovoltaic blends using energy-filtered formed domains of varying orientations. scanning electron microscopy. Nature NANO PRINTED Column Highlighting Topics Thus, phase imaging can provide unique 2. V. Korolkov, et al., Ultra-high resolution Communications volume 6, Article insights of how temperature and DC imaging of thin films and single strands number: 6928 (2015) FLEXIBLE Presented in Dr. Advincula’s voltage affect the fibril arrangement of polythiophene using atomic force ELECTRONICS Monthly Webinars on and orientation of polymer thin films, as microscopy. Nature Communications 5. https://www.parksystems.com/images/ 4 COLUMN Advancements in Material Science required to design customized properties. volume 10, Article number: 1537 (2019) spmmodes/standard/3_Phase-Imaging-and- Since phase imaging operates in AFM Phase- Detection-Microscopy-(PDM).pdf tapping mode, this technique allows safe 3. J. Brostin, Compositional Imaging Dr. Rigoberto Advincula, Professor, acquisition of high-resolution images of Polymers Using a Field Emission 6. J. Gunther, Introduction to Atomic Force without the continuous tip-sample Scanning Electron Microscope with Microscopy, March 10, 1998, ACS Group Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Case Western Reserve University contact. In sum, phase imaging is a a Microchannel Plate Backscattered and MENs, Beckman Institute. https:// promisingPark toolAn nouncesin applications thatNano require Research Grant www.slideshare.net/joserabelo/atomic- Electron Detector. SCANNING Vol. 17, The printed flexible electronics market is have a fabricated pattern and then a last There are several hierarchies in this type high-resolution imaging of material 327–329 (1995). Received March 13, 1995 force-microscopy-37962055 contrasts on the$1 nanoscale. Million Dollar projected to reach $330 billion by 2027 deposited protective cover layer. The of manufacturing, which of course can Grant Fund Established for NanoScience Research including different substrates from PET flexible circuits can be stacked to form be reduced into a printed or flexible to polyamide to other flexible electronics, multilayer flex circuits, building geometry electronics, if carefully designed, so in this If you are a researcher at a university startup lab you may be eligible for a Park Nano Grant. We started the Park Nano Grant RFID tags, electronic paper, flexible solar and function in three dimensions. Rigid level you will be looking at chips, chipsets program to support researchers world-wide with AFM equipment forPark their up and Systems coming research that is rapidlyAnnounces changing and $1Million Dollar Nano Research Grant Fund cell, wearable electronics, sensors and flex circuits are combinations or hybrid interconnect scales. improving our world. Being on the cutting-edge of the nanoscale revolution,If you together are wea canresearcher reach for new scientific at horizons. a university or government startup lab you may be eligible for a Park different types of dynamic solid state and construction of this substrate, as well How does nanostructuring and InNano every field Grant.- materials science, We electronics, started life science, the Park Nano Grant program to support researchers that require display devices, representation in logic, as metal layer construction on one side nanotechnology, we keep up with the exhilarating pace of nanomaterials interface with flexible innovationatomic so scientists force can microscopyfocus on getting results. Our equipment steadfast for their up and coming research. memory circuits, organic light emitting or both sides. And perhaps of higher commitment is to deliver ultra-high resolution with extremely electronics? Nanostructuring simply precise measurements quickly and easily. diode displays, and many others. The interests in terms of bringing more means the ability to pick and place design GoVisit to www.parksystems.com/grant www.parksystems.com/grant to apply to apply and learn more. convergence of function and the ability polymer content into a flex circuit is the for the Park Nano Grant and let us help you and structure enables self-assembly achieve the results you need. to fabricate them in a high throughput use of a polymer thick film as a substrate, of these nanomaterials, nanoparticles manner is just going to grow and there's a a PTF. It simply means you can use into a device that can be used either for lot of interest on wearable electronics. polyethylene terephthalate, polyamides, optimizing an OLED or a sensor device. polycarbonates and different types of roll What are flexible electronics? Wearable This can involve integrating an organic throw plastic substrates that can produce electronics represent different types of polymer material, whether it be the high throughput fabrication methods. sensors that go directly onto your skin or passive or the active component, or an implanted, such as sensing mechanism What materials are used in flexible inorganic material, including metal alloys NanoScientific Symposium or textile and printed electronics on circuits? Flexible circuit materials are and different types of high conducting sportswear or gadgets that can be the base material for instance, a polymer materials, this becomes a hybrid system on Nano Applications for a Changing World attached to what you wear every day. film, would be called a laminate that can and not a composite. But putting this or have a thickness anywhere from a 12 to integrating these all together requires an What are the different types of 125 microns or five mils. This thin film ability to synthesize, design and engineer flexible circuit structures? Flexible can either be made of PET, polyamide, this then on a nanoscale, positioning circuit structures can be divided into PEI, polyethyleneimine, or various types the patterning using a high vacuum “The science of today is the technology of tomorrow.” ratio geometries from single sided flex Covers applications in Join us for an Inspiring of polymers or even silicone polymers environments ability to nucleate formation electrochemistry for –– EdwardEdward TellerTeller Symposium that Highlights circuits, and then you build on top of this to control the chemical resistance and of these metals in a block copolymer clean energy, biotechnology Nano Applications & Research dielectric film features that can represent weapon behavior. Another material could composition or ability to control their for virus and cancer research Leading Towards a Better Future your circuit, your solid state display, for saving lives, and other be the deposition of a metal. A typical self-assembly. Organic polymer materials An Online virtual and your LCD, and an LED film or LED glass, nanomaterial studies for metal foil can be deposited either by give you a different hierarchy of ordering or interactive symposium on would be a representation or several supporting better life. printing or by electrolysis deposition supra molecular assembly. The orientation September 8, 2020 how NanoTechnology is flexible automotive lighting composites methods. This means that you are able to or even liquid crystal in behavior of https://parksystems.com/electrifiedbyAFM Leading us Into a Better World. that would typically be in a fabricator create a pattern based on transfer of the different organic materials can be concept device. A double access flex circuit metal material or a reduction of the metal controlled. means there’s a pattern on both sides of on the surface. the substrate, with various methods to This column is an excerpt from a produce a finish, multi-material system What is the most manufactured webinar led by Dr. Advincula. The with multi-layers circuits. A double sided device configuration? PCB is the most webinar also describes in depth research Sponsored by Park Systems and NanoTechnology World Association and NanoScientific flex circuit can represent flex circuits manufactured device configuration to being done in Dr. Advincula’s lab on future If you would like to present, submit your abstract having two conductor layers, with or integrate capacitors, resistors, and come flexible electronics. to [email protected] without plated two holes, depending on up with a board that can be used for an To listen to the entire webinar, go to: the design requirements, this will then instrument or automotive application. https://youtu.be/978mqMWZ47Y

26 NANOscientific www.nano-scientific.org www.nanoscientific.org NANOscientific 27 PARK SYSTEMS Announces $1 Million Dollar Nano Research Grant Fund for Researchers Setting up Nanoscience Labs in North America

(March 1, 2020) Park Systems, world-leading manufacturer of Atomic Force Microscopes announces a $1 Million Dollar Nano Research Grant Fund to support researchers who are starting new nanoscience labs in North America. The Park Systems Nano Research Grant Fund provides up to twenty grants of $50,000 towards the purchase of any AFM system and accessories manufactured by Park Systems.

“Park 50K Nano Research Grants align with our mission, “to enable nanoscale advances,” comments Keibock Lee, President of Park Systems. “We recognize that professors and scientists setting up their labs require the best scientific instruments, as they pursue new technology to improve our world. This is our way to help them achieve that goal.”

Park Systems started the Park 50K Nano Research Grant program to support researchers pushing the envelopes of nanoscale research and engineering with AFM equipment for their up and coming research as they pursue impactful science for the betterment of society. “In every field - materials science, electronics, life science and nanotechnology, we keep up with the exhilarating pace of nanoscale microscopy and metrology innovations so scientists and engineers can focus on getting results,” adds Lee.

Park Systems $1 Million Dollar Grant Fund o„ ers new researchers setting up their labs easier access to the most advanced nanoscale technologies including atomic force microscopy, scanning ion conductance microscopy, and scanning electro-chemical microscopy tools, for applications ranging from materials science to in-vivo life science, electrical and electro-chemical research.

To complement its AFM equipment, Park Systems has a full line of options including acoustic enclosures, temperature control & environmental control, liquid cells, probe hands and other accessories such as a signal access module, electrical modules, external high voltage kits and magnetic field generators.

To qualify for a Park 50K Nano Research Grant, you must be a university researcher or a professor of a national research university or a researcher at a national laboratory in North America starting a new nanoscience lab.

Please visit http://www.parksystems.com/grant to apply or to learn more. There are a limited number of grants, so apply early to ensure your opportunity to receive this assistance.

Park Systems is a world-leading manufacturer of atomic force microscopy (AFM) systems with a complete range of products for researchers and industry engineers in the chemistry, materials, physics, life sciences, and semiconductor and data storage industries. Park’s AFM provides the highest data accuracy at nanoscale resolution, superior productivity, and the lowest operating cost, thanks to its unique technology and innovative engineering. Cutting-edge AFM automation and nanometrology solutions provided by Park’s team of 100% committed professionals improves workplace productivity. Park System Inc., headquartered in Santa Clara, CA has global manufacturing and R&D headquarters in Korea and is supported worldwide with regional headquarters in the US, Korea, Japan, Singapore, Germany, China and Mexico. Park Systems high-performance scientific instruments explore new scientific phenomena that enable scientists around the globe to contribute to impactful science that helps humanity grow and improve life standards. Please visit www.parksystems.com/grant to apply and learn more.