NANOscientificVOL 19 SPRING 2020 The Magazine for NanoScience and Technology HOW COVID-19 ELECTROCHEMICAL DIAGNOSTIC TESTS WORK p. 6 AFM (EC-AFM): IN SITU MONITOR OF COPPER NANO INFRARED (IR) DEPOSITION/DISSOLUTION PHOTO-INDUCED FORCE ON GOLD p. 9 MICROSCOPY (PIFM) p. 12 DETECTION OF MAGNETIZATION INDUSTRY NEWS: PARK REVERSAL IN MAGNETIC SYSTEMS COMPLETES PATTERNED ARRAY EQUITY INVESTMENT IN USING MAGNETIC FORCE p. 16 MOLECULAR VISTA p. 15 MICROSCOPY USING ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY IN MEDICAL RESEARCH p. 21 PHASE IMAGING OF POLYMER DEPOSITED ON GOLD p. 24 The Most Accurate Atomic Force Microscope ToT olearn learn more more about about Park Park NX10 NX10 or or to to schedule schedule a ademo demo please please visit visit www.parksystems.com/nx10 www.parksystems.com/nx10 oror email email [email protected] [email protected] NANOSCIENTIFIC 2020 EDITORIAL BOARD Dr. Rigoberto Advincula, Professor, Department of Macromolecular Science TABLE and Engineering at Case Western Reserve University. OF CONTENTS NanoScientific Vol 19 Dr. Lane Baker, James L. Jackson Professor of Chemistry Indiana University p. 6 How Covid-19 Diagnostic Tests Work 6 Keibock Lee, Mr. Phil Kaszuba, Global Foundries Senior Member of Technical Staff and Euan McLeod, Assistant Professor College of Optical Sciences, Editor-in-Chief lead engineer in their Scanning Probe University of Arizona Microscopy (SPM) laboratory. Electrochemical AFM (EC-AFM): In Situ Monitor of Copper 9 Dr. John A. Marohn, Professor & Deposition/Dissolution on Gold for the NanoScientific Symposium on Director of Undergraduate Studies, Jiali Zhang, Ben Schoenek, Byong Kim and Keibock Lee, Park Department of Chemistry and Chemical Nano Materials for a Changing World (see Biology Member, Field of Materials Systems Inc., Santa Clara, CA, USA MESSAGE p. 26) where we invite speakers to present Science & Engineering, Cornell University. their research on various applications Nano Infrared (IR) Photo-induced Force Microscopy (PiFM): 12 from electrochemistry for clean energy, Dr. Ye Tao, Rowland Fellow & Principle FROM EDITOR Investigator, Rowland Institute of a Technique for Nanoscale Hyperspectral Mapping Dr. Sung Park, p. 9 biotechnology on virus and cancer research In this issue, we look into the COVID-19 Science at Harvard University, CEO & Co-Founder, Molecular Vista, San Jose, CA for saving lives, and other nanomaterial BA Harvard in Biochemistry, testing and nano particle interactions studies for supporting better life and PhD MIT/ ETH Zurich Chemistry Industry News: Park Systems Completes Equity Investment 15 through the lens of scientists researching improving the world. the virus. We have articles examining Dr. Gwo-Ching Wang, Travelstead in Molecular Visa Institute Chair, Dept. of Physics, the interaction between light, molecules If you are a researcher at a national lab or Applied Physics & Astronomy, Detection of Magnetization Reversal in Magnetic Patterned 16 and nano particles, and techniques and academic institution, we invite you to apply Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. Array using Magnetic Force Microscopy tools used in research labs detecting for a Park Nano Research Grant, which gives John Paul Pineda, Byong Kim, and Keibock Lee, Park Systems electrochemical reactions and nano infrared access to Atomic Force Microscopes to Dr. Jiahua Jack Zhu, PhD, University Inc., Santa Clara, CA, USA mapping. Wide-ranging applications of AFM researchers setting up a lab. of Akron, Associate Professor, in medical research show us the relevance Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering. Using Atomic Force Microscopy in Medical Research 21 of nano tools at the fingertips of scientists We offer a sincere wish for your safety during Ana Maria Zaske PhD, AFM core facility manager, UT Health that uncover the mysteries once left only to this very challenging time and appreciate Science Center at Houston, Internal Medicine/Cardiology p. 12 speculation about cell biology. your support of our publication. Dr. Yiping Zhao Professor, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Director, Nanoscale Science and Phase Imaging of Polymer Deposited on Gold 24 We hope you enjoy this issue and also want Keibock Lee Engineering Center, The University John Paul Pineda, Byong Kim, and Keibock Lee, Park Systems to invite you to submit an abstract Editor-in-Chief of Georgia. Inc., Santa Clara, CA, USA Materials Matter - Column 4 - Flexible Nano Electronics 27 Dr. Rigoberto Advincula p. 19 NANOScientific is published INSET PHOTO ON COVER: The surrounding area is NANOscientific quarterly to showcase Phase image overlaid on relatively flat with a mean Keibock Lee, Editor-in-Chief advancements in the field of topography after heating a square surface roughness [email protected] nanoscience and technology polymer sample at elevated of 0.8 nm. By comparing Debbie West, Content Editor across a wide range of temperature of 230 ᵒC and topography and phase [email protected] multidisciplinary areas of applying 1 V DC voltage image, it could be observed Byong Kim, Technical Director research. The publication is between the polymer sample that the orientation of Debbie Bishop, Art Director offered free to anyone who works and the tip. The topography the lamellar fibrils in the Richard Oettinger, Marketing Manager in the field of nanotechnology, acquired after the heat and inner and outer circular nanoscience, microscopy and bias treatment reveals that two protrusions is rearranged Publisher & Corporate Officers other related fields of study and circular protrusions (inner and and the fibrils are aligned Park Systems Corporation manufacturing. outer protrusions) formed in the differently in both Sang-il Park, Chief Executive Officer center of the scanned surface. protrusions as well as the We would enjoy hearing from The inner circular protrusion has Karen Cho, VP of Finance flat surface. you, our readers. Send your a height of around 53 nm and a Keibock Lee, President research or story ideas to diameter ranging from 1.4 µm Park Systems, Inc. [email protected] to 2.0 µm. The outside circular 3040 Olcott Street protrusion has a lower height of Santa Clara, CA 95054 To view all of our articles, please around 30 nm and a diameter [email protected] visit our web site at ranging from 2.0 µm to 4.0 µm. www.parkystems.com www.nanoscientific.org 4 NANOscientific www.nanoscientific.org NANOscientific 5 convection current where it cools as it moves up in the chamber, effectively providing the heating and cooling cycles of traditional PCR. While this has enabled rapid, point-of-care diagnostic PCR testing to become a reality, it can only give a qualitative result (the presence or absence of pathogen) and is 10-100 fold less sensitive than conventional RT-qPCR (Zhang, 2016). Additionally, other indications of infection and immunity such as antibodies that Figure 1: Biosensing using a sandwich ELISA. The target analyte is captured using immobilized the body produces to defend against antibodies that are reactive against the analyte. All unwanted protein is then washed off before the HOW COVID-19 DIAGNOSTIC TESTS WORK the virus cannot be detected by either application of primary and secondary antibodies, which are tagged with enzymes. Signal amplification RT-qPCR or iiPCR, so the virus itself must occurs via enzyme conversion of a dye to a visible form that can be detected and quantified. Colin J. Potter and Euan McLeod be sampled to detect infection. Besides antibodies, the body also responds to infection by producing cytokine molecules that trigger an inflammatory response. In severe cases, too many cytokines can result in a potentially lethal cytokine storm. In COVID-19, the viral load in upper respiratory secretions has been shown to vary significantly between patients (Zou, 2020), indicating that detecting viral RNA alone may not be as effective at diagnosing COVID-19 as a test that can Figure 2: Lateral flow assay (LFA) biosensor. A liquid sample is placed on a sample pad, which then simultaneously detect antibodies and migrates via capillary action to a conjugate release pad, where it can pick up labeled or dye-tagged other biomarkers. antibodies that bind specifically to the target analyte to form an antibody-analyte complex. This Colin J. Potter and Euan McLeod of new, more sensitive, and specific requires heating and cooling of the complex then migrates across a porous membrane towards the detection zone, where a test line The perfect COVID-19 diagnostic test containing immobilized anti-analyte antibodies captures the complex, if present. The control zone tests Wyant College of Optical Sciences diagnostic technologies has enabled sample in a small chamber, with each for adequate flow by using another set of antibodies to capture any of the tagged antibodies from the University of Arizona better testing now than was available cycle doubling the amount of target DNA conjugate pad that make it past the test zone. An ideal test for COVID-19 would Tucson, AZ 85721 for the SARS outbreak in the early 2000s, and thus the amount of florescence. but there is still significant room for Practically, RT-qPCR has demonstrated a accomplish several things. One, it should be able to rapidly detect the presence In the last several months, COVID-19 has improvement. limit of detection of 1 copy of RNA per μL of the viral particle. Two, it should give challenged countries around the world as in a 30 μL sample (CDC Diagnostic Panel, us information about any antibodies governments and health systems struggle RT-PCR as a powerful diagnostic tool 2020). With high specificity (i.e. no false and cytokines that the patient has to contain the spread of the disease and positives) based on the use of known Currently, testing for the SARS-CoV-2 produced against the virus. Three, it to mitigate its impact. The worldwide primer strands for SARS-CoV-2 RNA, RT- virus in the US and around the world is should be sensitive enough to detect response has been remarkable, with qPCR is a powerful tool for diagnosing dependent on the use of an approach even small quantities of these targets in nations implementing policies to limit viral infections.