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Atvirojo Kodo Programų Taikymas Rinkos Tyrimuose

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Atvirojo Kodo Programų Taikymas Rinkos Tyrimuose MYKOLO ROMERIO UNIVERSITETAS Tatjana Bilevičienė, Steponas Jonušauskas ATVIROJO KODO PROGRAMŲ TAIKYMAS RINKOS TYRIMUOSE Vadovėlis Vilnius 2013 UDK 004.4:339.13(075.8) Bi238 Recenzavo: doc. dr. Eugenijus Telešius, Informacinių technologijų institutas prof. dr. Vitalija Rudzkienė, Mykolo Romerio universitetas Autorių indėlis: doc. dr. Steponas Jonušauskas – 4,2 autorinio lanko doc. dr. Tatjana Bilevičienė – 5,4 autorinio lanko Mykolo Romerio universiteto Socialinės informatikos fakulteto Informatikos ir programų sistemų katedros 2012 m. spalio 11 d. posėdyje (protokolo Nr. 1INFPSK-16) pritarta leidybai. Mykolo Romerio universiteto Mokslo programos „Socialinės technologijos“ komiteto 2012 m. lapkričio 5 d. posėdyje (protokolo Nr. MPK2-4) pritarta leidybai. Mykolo Romerio universiteto Socialinės informatikos fakulteto tarybos 2012 m. lapkri- čio 8 d. posėdyje (protokolo Nr. 10-55-(1.15 E-20701)) pritarta leidybai. Mykolo Romerio universiteto Mokslinių-mokomųjų leidinių aprobavimo leidybai komi- sijos 2012 m. lapkričio 14 d. posėdyje (protokolo Nr. 2L-38) pritarta leidybai. Visos knygos leidybos teisės saugomos. Ši knyga arba kuri nors jos dalis negali būti dauginama, taisoma arba kitu būdu platinama be leidėjo sutikimo. ISBN 978-9955-19-513-9 © Mykolo Romerio universitetas, 2013 Turinys PRATARMĖ ...................................................................................................................5 1. ATVIROJO KODO PROGRAMŲ TAIKYMAS ...................................................8 1.1. Atvirojo kodo programų ypatumai ....................................................................8 1.2. Statistikos programinių paketų apžvalga ........................................................ 18 1.3. Atvirojo kodo statistinio paketo pasirinkimas .............................................. 33 2. RINKOS TYRIMŲ ORGANIZAVIMAS .............................................................34 2.1. Rinkos tyrimų paskirtis ir reglamentavimas .................................................. 34 2.2. Statistinio tyrimo projektas .............................................................................. 37 2.3. Tyrimo tikslas ir tyrimo modelis ..................................................................... 38 2.3.1. Tyrimo problemos ir tikslo formulavimas .......................................... 38 2.3.2. Koncepcijų žemėlapis ............................................................................ 41 2.4. Kokybiniai ir kiekybiniai tyrimai. Tyrimo tipo pasirinkimas...................... 43 2.5. Anketinės apklausos metodas .......................................................................... 50 2.5.1. Kintamųjų tipai ir matavimo skalės pasirinkimas ............................. 52 2.5.2. Imties sudarymo būdas ir dydis ........................................................... 58 2.5.3. Anketos kodavimo schemos sudarymas. Duomenų kodavimas ..... 65 3. DUOMENŲ SUVEDIMAS Į KOMPIUTERĮ .....................................................69 3.1. Pspp programų paketo duomenų redaktorius ............................................... 69 3.2. Pspp duomenų bazės pildymas ........................................................................ 76 3.3. Duomenų įkėlimas iš kitų šaltinių................................................................... 89 4. PIRMINĖ STATISTINĖ DUOMENŲ ANALIZĖ ...............................................94 4.1. Duomenų keitimas ir atranka .......................................................................... 94 4.2. Duomenų atranka (filtravimas) ..................................................................... 105 4.3. PSPP paketo sintaksės redaktorius ................................................................ 110 4.4. Aprašomoji statistika ....................................................................................... 112 4.4.1. Vienmatė dažnių analizė ..................................................................... 118 4.4.2. Porinės dažnių lentelės ........................................................................ 121 4.4.3. Pagrindiniai grafikai: histogramos ir skritulinės diagramos .......... 125 4.4.4. Padėties ir sklaidos charakteristikos .................................................. 130 5. STATISTINĖS HIPOTEZĖS ................................................................................144 5.1. Imties skirstiniai. Įverčiai................................................................................ 144 5.2. Statistinių hipotezių tikrinimas ..................................................................... 145 6. RYŠIŲ ANALIZĖ ..................................................................................................156 6.1. Kintamųjų, išmatuotų nominalioje skalėje arba rangų skalėje su nedideliu kategorijų skaičiumi, statistiniai ryšiai ............................................... 156 6.1.1. Pirsono χ2 suderinamumo kriterijus.................................................. 156 6.1.2. Pirsono χ2 suderinamumo kriterijaus skaičiavimas (nominalūs kintamieji) .................................................................................. 159 6.1.3. Pirsono χ2 suderinamumo kriterijaus skaičiavimas (ranginiai kintamieji) ..................................................................................... 164 6.1.4. Kiti χ2 kriterijaus skaičiavimo būdai .................................................. 168 6.1.5. Nominaliųjų kintamųjų ryšio matai .................................................. 169 3 6.2. Koreliacinė analizė........................................................................................... 171 6.2.1. Pirsono koreliacijos koeficientas ........................................................ 174 6.2.2. Pirsono koreliacijos koeficiento skaičiavimas .................................. 175 6.2.3. Spirmeno (Spearman) koreliacijos koeficientas ............................... 180 6.2.4. Spirmeno koreliacijos koeficiento skaičiavimas ............................... 182 6.2.5. Kiti kokybinių kintamųjų ryšio matai ............................................... 185 6.2.6. Kiti tarpusavio ryšio matai .................................................................. 188 7. REGRESINĖ ANALIZĖ .......................................................................................198 7.1. Tiesinis (paprastas) regresijos modelis ......................................................... 198 7.2. Tiesinė regresinė analizė pspp ir spss terpėje .............................................. 201 7.3. Tiesinė regresinė analizė ms excel terpėje .................................................... 204 7.4. Daugialypės tiesinės regresijos modelis ........................................................ 208 7.5. Daugialypė tiesinė regresija PSPP ir SPSS terpėje ....................................... 209 7.6. Daugialypė tiesinė regresija MS EXCEL terpėje .......................................... 212 8. SKIRTUMŲ ANALIZĖ ........................................................................................215 8.1. Hipotezės apie vidurkių lygybę ...................................................................... 215 8.2. T kriterijus vienai imčiai ................................................................................. 216 8.2.1. T kriterijaus vienai imčiai skaičiavimas ............................................ 217 8.3. T kriterijus dviem nepriklausomoms imtims .............................................. 219 8.3.1. T kriterijaus dviem nepriklausomoms imtims skaičiavimas .......... 221 8.4. T kriterijaus dviem priklausomoms (porinėms) imtims skaičiavimas pspp ir spss terpėje.................................................................................................. 228 8.5. Dispersinė analizė ............................................................................................ 230 8.6. Vienfaktorinė dispersinė analizė PSPP ir SPSS terpėje .............................. 235 8.6.1. Kontrastų tikrinimas ........................................................................... 239 8.7. Skirtumų analizė MS EXCEL terpėje ............................................................ 242 8.7.1. Vienfaktorinė dispersinė analizė ........................................................ 242 8.7.2. T kriterijus dviem priklausomoms (porinėms) imtims .................. 244 8.7.3. T kriterijus dviem nepriklausomoms imtims ................................... 246 9. FAKTORINĖ ANALIZĖ ......................................................................................251 9.1. Faktorinė analizė PSPP ir SPSS terpėje ......................................................... 264 10. KLAUSIMINŲ PATIKIMUMO ANALIZĖ .....................................................274 10.1. Kronbacho ALFA skaičiavimas .................................................................... 276 10.2. Konkordancijos koeficiento skaičiavimas .................................................. 278 11. LOGISTINĖ REGRESIJA IR ROC ANALIZĖ .................................................280 11.1. Logistinė regresija .......................................................................................... 280 11.1.1. Logistinė regresija SPSS terpėje ....................................................... 281 11.2. Operatoriaus charakteringa kreivė .............................................................. 284 Literatūra ....................................................................................................................290 1 priedas. χ2 skirstinio α lygmens kritinės reikšmės ..................................................
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