DOCSLIB.ORG

Management of Cycad Aulacaspis Scale, Aulacaspis Yasumatsui Takagi

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Management of Cycad Aulacaspis Scale, Aulacaspis Yasumatsui Takagi McSorley, R., K.-H. Wang, and G. Church. 2004. Fumigant alternatives to me- Weingartner, D. P., J. R. Shumaker, and G. C. Smart, Jr. 1983. Why soil fumi- thyl bromide for managing nematodes and weeds in snapdragon. Proc. gation fails to control potato corky ringspot disease in Florida. Plant Dis. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 117: (in press). 67:130-134. Obenauf, G. L. (ed.). 2002. 2002 International Research Conference on Me- thyl Bromide Alternatives and Emissions Reductions. Methyl Bromide Al- ternatives Outreach, Fresno, CA. Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 117:305-307. 2004. MANAGEMENT OF CYCAD AULACASPIS SCALE, AULACASPIS YASUMATSUI TAKAGI CHRISTINE EMSHOUSEN1 (Walters et al., 1997). The infected area included Fairchild Montgomery Botanical Center Tropical Botanic Garden and Montgomery Botanical Center, 11901 Old Cutler Road both of which have collections of rare and endangered Miami, FL 33156-4242 cycads. Concern for their collections led these two gardens to seek an identification of this pest so control measures could CATHARINE MANNION AND HOLLY GLENN be established (Howard et al., 1999; Walters et al., 1997). University of Florida, IFAS Initially, the scale insect was thought to be Psuedaulacaspis Tropical Research and Education Center cockerelii (Magnolia white scale), which is common in the area. Homestead, FL 33031 However, the control methods often used for P. cockerelii did not seem to be effective and the infestations of scale appeared to be Additional index words. Aulacaspis yasumatsui, cycads, Florida more intense than in the past (Howard et al., 1996; Walters et ornamentals, ornamental diseases al., 1997). Dr. Avas B. Hamon, Division of Plant Industry, Flori- da Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Gaines- Abstract. Since it was first introduced into south Florida in 1995, ville, identified the scale pest as Aulacaspis yasumatsui Takagi Aulacaspis yasumatsui Takagi (cycad aulacaspis scale) has (cycad aulacaspis scale). The identification was confirmed by been attacking popular landscape cycads and spreading rapid- Dr. Douglas R. Miller Systematic Entomology Laboratory, ly. This pest is now found in Florida, Texas, Hawaii, Puerto USDA-ARS-SEL, Beltsville, Md. (Howard et al., 1996). Rico, U.S. Virgin Islands, and Guam. Plant death and damage After the scale’s identity was confirmed, a survey of south caused by A. yasumatsui is having a marked effect on the or- Miami was conducted in Oct. 1996 to evaluate the extent of namental cycad industry and has become a major concern for the scale infestation (Howard et al., 1999). From Oct. 1996 to nursery professionals. The spread of A. yasumatsui to other June 1998, (Howard et al., 1999) examined hundreds of in- countries through plant sale and trade is also a serious con- cern as it could threaten native cycad populations. Previous re- fested cycads in the south Miami area. By 1997, cycad aulacas- search on 1 gallon potted cycads indicated that an insect pis scale (CAS) infestations had been discovered in Miami growth regulator, pyriproxifen, applied as a foliar spray provid- Beach and cities north of Miami. By the following year, CAS ed excellent control of this pest and did not cause any plant tis- had spread to Broward County, and by 1999, CAS had been re- sue damage. An additional study was conducted to evaluate ported in Palm Beach County, Hong Kong, Hawaii, and the the effectiveness of pyriproxifen on light and dense infesta- Cayman Islands (Weissling et al., 1999). Most recently, CAS tions of A. yasumatsui on cycads ranging in size from 1 foot to has been reported to be attacking cultivated C. revoluta on the approximately 10 feet tall growing in a landscape situation. We island of Guam and there is concern that if it is not controlled, observed that pyriproxifen provided excellent control of A. ya- it may spread to the native C. micronesica (Marler, 2004). sumatsui on lightly infested plants, adequate control on dense- This pest has spread rapidly and has a wide host range ly infested plants, and did not cause any plant tissue damage. among cycads (Howard et al., 1999). If uncontrolled, it is a threat to the ornamental cycad nursery industry as well as a In 1995, residents of south Miami first began to notice a threat to native cycad populations around the world. white scale insect infesting Cycas rumphii Miq. and C. revoluta Initially, pesticides and oils recommended for armored Thunb. which had, until then, been low maintenance cycads scales were used to manage CAS. This has included foliar ap- (Walters et al., 1997). By 1996, this pest had infested many plications of horticultural and fish oils, insecticidal soap, or C. rumphii and C. revoluta in an area at least several square ki- drenching with dimethoate (previously sold as Cygon) or lometers in south Miami (Howard et al., 1996; Weissling et al., malathion (Walters et al., 1997; Weissling et al., 1999). 1999). Plants were quickly covered in layers of live and dead Disadvantages of these methods of control quickly be- scale that looked like a white crust. The cycads rapidly began came apparent. Applications of horticultural or fish oils are ef- to lose leaves as the scale infestation continued. Within a year, fective in controlling CAS only when infestations are light and many large plants in the southern Miami area were dying good foliar spray coverage is possible. In addition, oils need to be applied weekly or at least biweekly until the infestation is 1Corresponding author. under control (Hodges et al., 2003; Walters et al., 1997). Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 117: 2004. 305 Conversely, dimethoate and malathion can more quickly C. angulata R. Br., C. taitungensis C.F. Shen, C. edentata De control a heavy infestation of CAS although use of Laub., and Stangeria eriopus (Kunze) Baill. With the exception dimethoate or malathion has its own disadvantages. They are of C. edentata, one plant of each species was sampled. S. eriopus broad-spectrum insecticides, which can be toxic or dangerous was included in this study because we have observed heavy in- if used inappropriately. In addition, many suppliers have festations of CAS on this species at MBC. MBC was selected for stopped carrying dimethoate. Both dimethoate and the location of this study because there are more than 3000 malathion can cause phytotoxicity to new growth on cycads cycads in the ground and available for scientific study. (Emshousen and Mannion, 2004). The spray solution was mixed at a rate of 12 fl. oz. product In more recent years, University of Florida, IFAS research- per 100 gal of water in accordance with the Distance label. ers have evaluated some of the newer classes of insecticides The mixed solution was applied as a foliar spray to both sur- for control of CAS. Research trials conducted at the Tropical faces of leaves, cones and trunk. The spray was applied with a Research and Education Center showed that two systemic in- 300-gal high-pressure sprayer until the point of runoff. secticides recommended for scale control, imidacloprid After 40 d, Mannion and Glenn removed two samples from (Merit or Marathon) and thiamethoxam (Flagship) did not each of the nine plants. One sample from each plant was taken provide adequate control of CAS (C. Mannion, University of from a heavily infested area, such as a leaf base, and a second Florida, personal communication). sample was taken from an area with a lighter infestation, such Pyriproxifen (Distance), an insect growth regulator, has as a distal leaflet. Twenty female scale insects were examined also been evaluated and shown to provide excellent control of on each sample for mortality of the females and eggs. CAS. There are several main differences between pyriprox- ifen and broad-spectrum insecticides. Pyriproxifen does not Results and Discussion provide a contact kill, but rather inhibits production of viable eggs by females, sterilizes females, and inhibits metamorpho- Pyriproxifen’s ability to control female scale and eggs was sis of immature scale. Since pyriproxifen is a narrowly target- encouraging. One hundred percent of female scale and eggs ed insect growth regulator rather than a broad-spectrum on the lightly infested sample of S. eriopus were dead. Of the insecticide, it is less likely to disrupt any control by biological nine samples taken from lightly infested portions of the sam- parasitoids. It is also less likely to inadvertently harm either pled plants, six samples contained 90% or greater female the applicator or the immediate environment. Since py- mortality and female scale with all dead eggs. All samples tak- riproxifen breaks the life cycle of the scale by preventing de- en from lightly infested portions of sampled plants contained velopment, it takes a full life cycle before control of the pest at least 75% female mortality and 75% of females with all can be established. dead eggs (Table 1). Based on these results, pyriproxifen C. Mannion and H. Glenn first began evaluating pyriprox- broke the scale life cycle and was able to provide a high de- ifen for control of CAS at TREC in 2002. They initially exper- gree of control on lightly infested areas of the plants. imented with foliar applications applied to C. revoluta in 1- Pyriproxifen did not control scale as well on densely in- gallon pots. Female scale on leaf samples were examined un- fested samples. Of the nine samples taken, two samples, S. eri- der a microscope for mortality of females and eggs. Results in- opus and C. media, showed excellent control of CAS by dicated that, although pyriproxifen was slower to act in pyriproxifen (89% or greater female scale mortality and fe- controlling CAS than some broad-spectrum insecticides, males with all dead eggs). Five samples, C. bougainvilleana, 100% of eggs and 99% of female scale examined were dead C.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Cycad Aulacaspis Scale
    Invasive Insects: Risks and Pathways Project CYCAD AULACASPIS SCALE UPDATED: APRIL 2020 Invasive insects are a huge biosecurity challenge. We profile some of the most harmful insect invaders overseas to show why we must keep them out of Australia. Species Cycad aulacaspis scale / Aulacaspis yasumatsui. Also known as Asian cycad scale. Main impacts Decimates wild cycad populations, kills cultivated cycads. Native range Thailand. Invasive range China, Taiwan, Singapore, Indonesia, Guam, United States, Caribbean Islands, Mexico, France, Ivory Coast1,2. Detected in New Zealand in 2004, but eradicated.2 Main pathways of global spread As a contaminant of traded nursery material (cycads and cycad foliage).3 WHAT TO LOOK OUT FOR The adult female cycad aulacaspis scale has a white cover (scale), 1.2–1.6 mm long, ENVIRONMENTAL variable in shape and sometimes translucent enough to see the orange insect with its IMPACTS OVERSEAS orange eggs beneath. The scale of the male is white and elongate, 0.5–0.6 mm long. Photo: Jeffrey W. Lotz, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, The cycad aulacaspis scale has decimated Bugwood.org | CC BY 3.0 cycads on Guam since it appeared there in 2003. The affected species, Cycas micronesica, was once the most common cause cycad extinctions around the world, Taiwan, 100,000 cycads were destroyed tree on Guam, but was listed by the IUCN 7 including in India10 and Indonesia11. The by an outbreak of the scale . It is difficult as endangered in 2006 following attacks continuous removal of plant sap by the to control in cultivation because of high by three insect pests, of which this scale scale depletes cycads of carbohydrates4,9.
    [Show full text]
  • Chemical Element Concentrations of Cycad Leaves: Do We Know Enough?
    horticulturae Review Chemical Element Concentrations of Cycad Leaves: Do We Know Enough? Benjamin E. Deloso 1 , Murukesan V. Krishnapillai 2 , Ulysses F. Ferreras 3, Anders J. Lindström 4, Michael Calonje 5 and Thomas E. Marler 6,* 1 College of Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Guam, Mangilao, GU 96923, USA; [email protected] 2 Cooperative Research and Extension, Yap Campus, College of Micronesia-FSM, Colonia, Yap 96943, Micronesia; [email protected] 3 Philippine Native Plants Conservation Society Inc., Ninoy Aquino Parks and Wildlife Center, Quezon City 1101, Philippines; [email protected] 4 Plant Collections Department, Nong Nooch Tropical Botanical Garden, 34/1 Sukhumvit Highway, Najomtien, Sattahip, Chonburi 20250, Thailand; [email protected] 5 Montgomery Botanical Center, 11901 Old Cutler Road, Coral Gables, FL 33156, USA; [email protected] 6 Western Pacific Tropical Research Center, University of Guam, Mangilao, GU 96923, USA * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 13 October 2020; Accepted: 16 November 2020; Published: 19 November 2020 Abstract: The literature containing which chemical elements are found in cycad leaves was reviewed to determine the range in values of concentrations reported for essential and beneficial elements. We found 46 of the 358 described cycad species had at least one element reported to date. The only genus that was missing from the data was Microcycas. Many of the species reports contained concentrations of one to several macronutrients and no other elements. The cycad leaves contained greater nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations than the reported means for plants throughout the world. Magnesium was identified as the macronutrient that has been least studied.
    [Show full text]
  • Survival of the Cycad Aulacaspis Scale in Northern Florida During Sub-Freezing Weather
    furcata) (FDACS/DPI, 2002). These thrips are foliage feeders North American Plant Protection Organization’s Phytosanitary causing galling and leaf curl, which is cosmetic and has not Alert System been associated with plant decline. This feeding damage is http://www.pestalert.org only to new foliage and appears to be seasonal. This pest is be- coming established in urban areas causing concern to home- Literature Cited owners and commercial landscapers due to leaf damage. Control is difficult due to protection by leaf galls. Howev- Edwards, G. B. 2002. Pest Alert, Holopothrips sp., an Introduced Thrips Pest er, systemic insecticides are providing some control. No bio- of Trumpet Tree. March 2002. <http://doacs.state.fl.us/~pi/enpp/ ento/images/paholo-pothrips3.02.gif>. controls have been found. FDACS/DPI. 2002. TRI-OLOGY. Mar.-Apr. 2002. Fla. Dept. Agr. Cons. Serv./ Div. Plant Ind. Newsletter, vol. 41, no. 2. <http://doacs.state.fl.us/~pi/ Resources for New Insect Pest Information enpp/02-mar-apr.html>. Howard, F. W., A. Hamon, G. S. Hodges, C. M. Mannion, and J. Wofford. 2002. Lobate Lac Scale, Paratachardina lobata lobata (Chamberlin) (Hemip- The following are some web sites and list serves for addi- tera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea: Kerriidae). Univ. of Fla. Cir., EENY- tional information on new insects pests in Florida. 276. <http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/IN471>. Hoy, M. A., A. Hamon, and R. Nguyen. 2003. Pink Hibiscus Mealybug, Ma- University of Florida Pest Alert conellicoccus hirsutus (Green) (Insecta: Homoptera: Pseudococcidae). http://extlab7.entnem.ufl.edu/PestAlert/ Univ. of Fla. Cir., EENY-29. <http://creatures.ifas.ufl.edu/orn/mealybug/ mealybug.htm>.
    [Show full text]
  • University of Florida Thesis Or Dissertation Formatting
    EVALUATION OF Rhyzobius lophanthae (BLAISDELL) AND Cryptolaemus montrouzieri MULSANT (COLEOPTERA: COCCINELLIDAE) AS PREDATORS OF Aulacaspis yasumatsui TAKAGI (HEMIPTERA: DIASPIDIDAE) By GRETA THORSON A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2009 1 © 2009 Greta Thorson 2 To my family for their constant support and encouragement, as well as past and present colleagues and mentors who helped inspire me along the way 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I thank my family for their enthusiasm in helping me collect insects and willingness to store countless specimens in their freezers over the years. I’d especially like to thank my major professor and committee members for lending their experience and encouragement. I’d like to also thank my past mentors who inspired me to pursue entomology as a profession. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...............................................................................................................4 LIST OF TABLES...........................................................................................................................7 LIST OF FIGURES .........................................................................................................................8 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS........................................................................................................10 ABSTRACT...................................................................................................................................11
    [Show full text]
  • Report and Recommendations on Cycad Aulacaspis Scale, Aulacaspis Yasumatsui Takagi (Hemiptera: Diaspididae)
    IUCN/SSC Cycad Specialist Group – Subgroup on Invasive Pests Report and Recommendations on Cycad Aulacaspis Scale, Aulacaspis yasumatsui Takagi (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) 18 September 2005 Subgroup Members (Affiliated Institution & Location) • William Tang, Subgroup Leader (USDA-APHIS-PPQ, Miami, FL, USA) • Dr. John Donaldson, CSG Chair (South African National Biodiversity Institute & Kirstenbosch National Botanical Garden, Cape Town, South Africa) • Jody Haynes (Montgomery Botanical Center, Miami, FL, USA)1 • Dr. Irene Terry (Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA) Consultants • Dr. Anne Brooke (Guam National Wildlife Refuge, Dededo, Guam) • Michael Davenport (Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden, Miami, FL, USA) • Dr. Thomas Marler (College of Natural & Applied Sciences - AES, University of Guam, Mangilao, Guam) • Christine Wiese (Montgomery Botanical Center, Miami, FL, USA) Introduction The IUCN/SSC Cycad Specialist Group – Subgroup on Invasive Pests was formed in June 2005 to address the emerging threat to wild cycad populations from the artificial spread of insect pests and pathogens of cycads. Recently, an aggressive pest on cycads, the cycad aulacaspis scale (CAS)— Aulacaspis yasumatsui Takagi (Hemiptera: Diaspididae)—has spread through human activity and commerce to the point where two species of cycads face imminent extinction in the wild. Given its mission of cycad conservation, we believe the CSG should clearly focus its attention on mitigating the impact of CAS on wild cycad populations and cultivated cycad collections of conservation importance (e.g., Montgomery Botanical Center). The control of CAS in home gardens, commercial nurseries, and city landscapes is outside the scope of this report and is a topic covered in various online resources (see www.montgomerybotanical.org/Pages/CASlinks.htm).
    [Show full text]
  • Sex Change in Cycads
    Palms& CycadsNo 76 July - September2002 1 Sex Change in Cycads Rov Osbornet and Root Gorelick2 tP O Box 244, Burpengary, Queensland,4505Australia :Department of Biology, Arizona State University, Tbmpe,AZ 85287-1501, U.S.A. Introduction Trees", also mentionstwo cycad sex changeincidents: a fernalespecirnen of Becausecycads are strictly and Cycascircinalis fagain,rlore probably C. unifonnly dioecious,occasional early rumphiil that changedto male after being reportsof sex changein theseplants were mechanicallydarnaged fthis rnay be the largely discountedas erroneous(Mehra samecase as referredto by Charnberlain]. 1986).lndeed, there have been some claims and a male of the salnespecies which of sexchanges for which otherexplanations produceda fernalecone after severefrost are rrore appropriate.Nevertheless, exposure. attentionmust be paid to the increasing A detailedaccount of a particularcycad numberof apparentlygenuine cases of sex sex reversalis given by Van Wyk & changesthat have been reportedover the Claassen( l98l) andrelates to oneof several past70 years.In this articlewe sutnmarise specirnens of Encephalartos incidentsof 30 cycad sex reversals, umbeluziensisgrowing in Dr Claassen's including several previously un- garden in Pretoria, South Africa. The documentedcases. We alsomention details particularspecimen produced a malecone of some"false" cases and suggest possible in 1970,but a fernalecone in l9l9 and controlling mechanisms. A table thereafter.As theplant in questionwas in a summarisesthe known casesof cycad sex rlore exposedsituation that others in the change,and a bibliographyis provided. salnegarden, it is speculatedthat a freak cold weatherspell in 1972may haveinitiated Know,n cases o.f'sex change - listed the change. chronologicalllt "Encephalartos",the journal of the Cycad Society of South Africa, has The earliestreference to sex changein publicisednurlerous incidents of cycadsex cycadsis that given by Schuster(1932) change.These are summarised in this and who tells of a Cvc'asrevoluta plant that the following paragraph.H.J.
    [Show full text]
  • Comparative Biology of Cycad Pollen, Seed and Tissue - a Plant Conservation Perspective
    Bot. Rev. (2018) 84:295–314 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12229-018-9203-z Comparative Biology of Cycad Pollen, Seed and Tissue - A Plant Conservation Perspective J. Nadarajan1,2 & E. E. Benson 3 & P. Xaba 4 & K. Harding3 & A. Lindstrom5 & J. Donaldson4 & C. E. Seal1 & D. Kamoga6 & E. M. G. Agoo7 & N. Li 8 & E. King9 & H. W. Pritchard1,10 1 Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst Place, Ardingly, West Sussex RH17 6TN, UK; e-mail: [email protected] 2 The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; e-mail [email protected] 3 Damar Research Scientists, Damar, Cuparmuir, Fife KY15 5RJ, UK; e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] 4 South African National Biodiversity Institute, Kirstenbosch National Botanical Garden, Cape Town, Republic of South Africa; e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] 5 Nong Nooch Tropical Botanical Garden, Chonburi 20250, Thailand; e-mail: [email protected] 6 Joint Ethnobotanical Research Advocacy, P.O.Box 27901, Kampala, Uganda; e-mail: [email protected] 7 De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines; e-mail: [email protected] 8 Fairy Lake Botanic Garden, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China; e-mail: [email protected] 9 UNEP-World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge, UK; e-mail: [email protected] 10 Author for Correspondence; e-mail: [email protected] Published online: 5 July 2018 # The Author(s) 2018 Abstract Cycads are the most endangered of plant groups based on IUCN Red List assessments; all are in Appendix I or II of CITES, about 40% are within biodiversity ‘hotspots,’ and the call for action to improve their protection is long- standing.
    [Show full text]
  • 35 Ideal Landscape Cycads
    3535 IdealIdeal LandscapeLandscape CycadsCycads Conserve Cycads by Growing Them -- Preservation Through Propagation Select Your Plant Based on these Features: Exposure: SunSun ShadeShade ☻☻ ColdCold☻☻ Filtered/CoastalFiltered/Coastal SunSun ▲▲ Leaf Length and Spread: Compact, Medium or Large? Growth Rate and Ultimate Plant Size Climate: Subtropical, Mediterranean, Temperate? Dry or Moist? Leaves -- Straight or Arching? Ocean-Loving, Salt-Tolerant, Wind-Tolerant CeratozamiaCeratozamiaCeratozamiaCeratozamia SpeciesSpeciesSpeciesSpecies ☻Shade Loving ☻Cold TolerTolerantant ▲Filtered/Coastal Sun 16 named + several undescribed species Native to Mexico, Guatemala & Belize Name originates from Greek ceratos (horned), and azaniae, (pine cone) Pinnate (feather-shaped) leaves, lacking a midrib, and horned, spiny cones Shiny, darker green leaves arching or upright, often emerging red or brown Less “formal” looking than other cycads Prefer Shade ½ - ¾ day, or afternoon shade Generally cold-tolerant CeratozamiaCeratozamia ---- SuggestedSuggested SpeciesSpecies ☻Shade Loving ☻Cold TolerTolerantant ▲Filtered/Coastal Sun Ceratozamia mexicana Tropical looking but cold-tolerant, native to dry mountainous areas in the Sierra Madre Mountains (Mexican Rockies). Landscape specimen works well with water features, due to arching habit. Prefers shade, modest height, with a spread of up to 10 feet. Trunk grows to 2 feet tall. Leaflets can be narrow or wider (0.75-2 inches). CeratozamiaCeratozamia ---- SuggestedSuggested SpeciesSpecies ☻Shade Loving ☻Cold TolerTolerantant ▲Filtered/Coastal Sun Ceratozamia latifolia Rare Ceratozamia named for its broad leaflets. Native to cloud forests of the Sierra Madre mountains of Mexico, underneath oak trees. Emergent trunk grows to 1 foot tall, 8 inches in diameter. New leaves emerge bronze, red or chocolate brown, hardening off to bright green, semiglossy, and grow to 6 feet long. They are flat lance-shaped, asymmetric, and are broadest above middle, growing to 10 inches long and 2 inches wide.
    [Show full text]
  • Risks from Unknown Quarantine Organisms Posed by The
    Recommendation of a Pathway Approach for Regulation of Plants for Planting A Concept Paper from the IUFRO Unit on Alien Invasive Species and International Trade* Issue: A Pathway Approach Is Needed Many forest pests have been introduced into new locations on plants for planting. Mounting scientific evidence suggests that the current pest-by-pest regulatory approach and reliance on inspection to detect pests is untenable in today’s global marketplace. Much recent experience demonstrates the need to curtail the introduction of plant pests that are present in an exporting territory but not yet known to science. Therefore, the forest entomology and pathology science community recommends a pathway approach to regulating nursery stock, similar to that adopted for wood packaging material (WPM). Best management practices effective at preventing known pests will significantly reduce the risk of introducing unknown pests as well. Introduction and Scope There are three problems with the current phytosanitary regulatory approach: 1) It relies on inspection, but the volume of world trade has expanded far beyond inspection capacity. 2) It focuses on addressing the risks associated with known quarantine organisms, but most pests introduced on plants for planting are previously unknown or unpredictably aggressive pests. 3) Article VI.2 of the IPPC prohibits requiring phytosanitary measures against unregulated pests. The limitations of current measures were accepted long ago to prevent the misuse of phytosanitary concerns as artificial barriers to trade. In the ensuing years, however, it has become evident that WPM and plants for planting routinely provide pathways for unanticipated pests. With the adoption of ISPM-15 (FAO, 2002), the exchange of known and unknown pests via WPM has been significantly reduced.
    [Show full text]
  • Invasive Alien Species in Protected Areas
    INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES AND PROTECTED AREAS A SCOPING REPORT Produced for the World Bank as a contribution to the Global Invasive Species Programme (GISP) March 2007 PART I SCOPING THE SCALE AND NATURE OF INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES THREATS TO PROTECTED AREAS, IMPEDIMENTS TO IAS MANAGEMENT AND MEANS TO ADDRESS THOSE IMPEDIMENTS. Produced by Maj De Poorter (Invasive Species Specialist Group of the Species Survival Commission of IUCN - The World Conservation Union) with additional material by Syama Pagad (Invasive Species Specialist Group of the Species Survival Commission of IUCN - The World Conservation Union) and Mohammed Irfan Ullah (Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment, Bangalore, India, [email protected]) Disclaimer: the designation of geographical entities in this report does not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IUCN, ISSG, GISP (or its Partners) or the World Bank, concerning the legal status of any country, territory or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delineation of its frontiers or boundaries. 1 CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS...........................................................................................4 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...........................................................................................6 GLOSSARY ..................................................................................................................9 1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................12 1.1 Invasive alien
    [Show full text]
  • Rhyzobius Lophanthae Introduced Against Asian
    ABSTRACT Too Little and Too Late???? Asian Cycad Scale (ACS) Chronology Asian cycad scale (ACS), Aulacaspis yasumatsui, was 1972 – Aulacaspis yasumatsui described in Thailand first detected in Tumon, Guam in December 2003 in front Rhyzobius lophanthae introduced against Asian 1996 – ACS detected in Florida of a hotel where Cycas revoluta, an introduced ornamental 1998 – ACS detected in Hawaii cycad and Cycas micronesica, an indigenous cycad were cycad scale, Aulacaspis yasumatsui, on Guam 2003 – ACS detected on cycads used for landscaping in Guam’s planted. The scale is believed to have been imported from Tumon Bay hotel district Hawaii in 1998 on ornamental cycads. The scale currently R.H. Miller1, A. Moore1, R.N. Muniappan1, A.P. Brooke2 and T.E. Marler1. 2004 – ACS spreads to Cycas revoluta and C. micronesica infests introduced and indigenous cycads on about two 1CNAS-AES, University of Guam, Mangilao, Guam (fadang) throughout Guam thirds of Guam’s 354 square kilometers. Severe 2Guam National Wildlife Refuge, Dededo, Guam 2005 – Ryzobius lophanthae and Coccobius fulvus released on infestations have been observed to kill both species within Guam; Plans made to preserve C. micronesica germplasm from a few months. We fear that C. micronesica may be Guam on the nearby island of Tinian threatened with extinction should the scale spread to the few other Micronesian islands that harbor it. Rhyzobius lophanthae, a coccinellid introduced to Asian Cycad Scale Management Hawaii in 1894 for other scale insects, was imported from Biological Control Agents on Guam Maui to Guam in November 2004 and released on C. Rhyzobius lophanthae micronesica at the Guam National Wildlife Refuge at • Introduced in Hawaii in 1894; Guam ??? 1930s Ritidian point in February 2005.
    [Show full text]
  • References, Sources, Links
    History of Diaspididae Evolution of Nomenclature for Diaspids 1. 1758: Linnaeus assigned 17 species of “Coccus” (the nominal genus of the Coccoidea) in his Systema Naturae: 3 of his species are still recognized as Diaspids (aonidum,ulmi, and salicis). 2. 1828 (circa) Costa proposes 3 subdivisions including Diaspis. 3. 1833, Bouche describes the Genus Aspidiotus 4. 1868 to 1870: Targioni-Tozzetti. 5. 1877: The Signoret Catalogue was the first compilation of the first century of post-Linnaeus systematics of scale insects. It listed 9 genera consisting of 73 species of the diaspididae. 6. 1903: Fernaldi Catalogue listed 35 genera with 420 species. 7. 1966: Borschenius Catalogue listed 335 genera with 1890 species. 8. 1983: 390 genera with 2200 species. 9. 2004: Homptera alone comprised of 32,000 known species. Of these, 2390 species are Diaspididae and 1982 species of Pseudococcidae as reported on Scalenet at the Systematic Entomology Lab. CREDITS & REFERENCES • G. Ferris Armored Scales of North America, (1937) • “A Dictionary of Entomology” Gordh & Headrick • World Crop Pests: Armored Scale Insects, Volume 4A and 4B 1990. • Scalenet (http://198.77.169.79/scalenet/scalenet.htm) • Latest nomenclature changes are cited by Scalenet. • Crop Protection Compendium Diaspididae Distinct sexual dimorphism Immatures: – Nymphs (mobile, but later stages sessile and may develop exuviae). – Pupa & Prepupa (sessile under exuviae, Males Only). Adults – Male (always mobile). – Legs. – 2 pairs of Wing. – Divided head, thorax, and abdomen. – Elongated genital organ (long style & penal sheath). – Female (sessile under exuviae). – Legless (vestigial legs may be present) & Wingless. – Flattened sac-like form (head/thorax/abdomen fused). – Pygidium present (Conchaspids also have exuvia with legs present).
    [Show full text]