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Geologic Framework of the Clarno Unit, John Day Fossil Beds National Monument, Central Oregon

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Geologic Framework of the Clarno Unit, John Day Fossil Beds National Monument, Central Oregon OREGON GEOLOGY published by the Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries VOLUME 61, NUMBER 1 JANUARY/ FEBRUARY 1999 IN THIS ISSUE: GEOLOGIC FRAMEWORK OF THE CLARNO UNIT, JOHN DAY FOSSIL BEDS NATIONAL MONUMENT, CENTRAL OREGON REPORTS ON EARTHQUAKE SWARM AT MOUNT HOOD AND EARTHQUAKE DAMAGE TO LIFELINES IN COLOMBIA OREGON GEOLOGY Mount Hood earthquake swarm of January 1999 VOLUME 61 , NUMBER 1 JAN./FEB. 1999 During the month of January, Mount Hood experi­ ,...,.".... """"""""" 1Muo'y. MMII. .....,.. W\<. ~. w __ by "" 0."", 00pWnenI oJ enced an earthquake swarm similar to past events. This Gtoqy ... _~~~,,,,,,,,,,CI __ ""'o.,,,,) swarm produced 81 recorded events, including 4 events COoverning Board between magnitude 3.0 and 3.2, Events were felt at Jacqueline G, Haggerty, Chair .. .. ..... ................. .......... " ........ Ent e rpri~ Timberline, Brightwood, Parkdale, and Mount Hood A~een N. Barnett .. ...... ...... " ..... ...... ...... ........... ............. ..... ", .. Portland Donald W. Christensen.. ____ . Depoe Bay Meadows. The majority of events (41) occurred on State Geologist .... ...... ...... " .... " .... " ..... ...... ..... " .... ,' .... , Donald A. Hull Monday, January 11, followed by 9 events on January Oeputy State Geologist .... ...... ...... " .... " ..... " .... .. .. " .. John D. Beaulieu 12, 1 event on January 13, 18 events on January 14, Editor .... " ...... ...... .................. " ..... ...... ....... ......... Klaus K,E. Neuendorf and 12 events on January 15. The earthquakes Production Assistants ..... " ..... ...... ...... ....... ...... " .... " .... ". Geneva Beck were Kate Halstead focused approximately 6 km to the south-southeast of Main OHic~; Su ite 965. 800 NE Oregon Street II ~8. Portland 97132. the summit of Mount Hood, with hypocenter depths phone (503) 731·4100, FAX (503) 731·4066. ranging from 1.1 to 9.4 km below the surface. In the Interne!; http:// sarvis.dogami, state ,0r.Us 8ak~r City Field OHic~; 1831 First Street. Baker City 97814. phone last decade, 15 other similar swarms have been located (541) 523·3133. FAX (541) 523·5992. in approximately the same area, and the largest Mark t. Ferns. Regional Geologist. recorded earthquake was a magnitude 4.0 event in Granb Pass F i~ld OHic~; 5375 Monument Drive, Grants Pass 97526, phone (541) 476-~496. FAX (541) 474-3158. December 1974. Thomas /. Wjley, Regional Geologist. The location and concentration of earthquake Mined Land Reclamation Program: 1536 Queen Ave . Sf. Albany swarms in this specific area is believed to indicate a 97321, phone (541) 967·2039, fAX (541) 967·2075, Gal)' W. Lynch. Supervisor. northwest-trending fault that is in line with the overall Internet; http://www.proaxis.com/-dogami/mlrweb.shlml regional tectonic stresses. Fault plane analysis of the The Nature of the Northwed Information Center: Suite 177. 800 NE largest event (magnitude 3.2 on January 11) indicates Oregon SI. II 5. Portland, OR 97132·2162, phone (503) 872·2750, FAX (503) 731 ·4066, Donald j, Haines, Manager. normal faulting, Internet: http://www,naturenw.org Mount Hood is considered an active volcano with the Periodicals postage paid at Portland. Oregon. Subsoiption rates: 1 potential for damaging earthquakes, eruptions, dome year. SIO: 3 years, S22. Single issues, S3, Address subscriptIon orders, renewals. and changes of address to Oregon Geology, Su ite 965. 800 collapses, pyroclastic flows, lahars, debris flows, and NE Oregon Street II 2B. Portland 97232. jokulhlaups (glacial outburst floods). Current activity Or~.{on ~.{Y is designed to reach a WIde spe<lrum of readers includes earthquake swarms and small fumaroles in the interested In the geology and minerai mdustry of Oregon. Manusoipt contributions are Invited on both technical and general'lnterest subjects Crater Rock area. The last eruptive phase was the Old relatmg to Oregon geology. Two copies of the manuscript should be Maid Flat event occurring between 200 and 300 years submttted. If manuscript was prepared on common word·processlng ago, although individual reports in 1859, 1865, and equipment. a file copy on diskette should be submitte1l in place of one paper copy (from MaCintosh systems, hlgh·d~nsity diskette only) 1907 mention small localized ash, pumice, and steam Graphics should be camera ready: photographs should be black -and· events. The valleys of the Hood and Sandy Rivers are white gl05S I ~S . All figures should be deaTly malked: figur~ captions built la rgely on eruptive and debris material from should be together at the end of the text. Style IS generally that of US Geological Survey publicatIons, (See Mount Hood. USGS Suggestions to Authors. 7th ed .. 1991, or rec~nt issues of Of~gon G~8Y-) BiblIOgraphy should be limited to references Clt~ d, Authors Recent swarm earthquakes with magmtude ~2.5 are responsIble for the accuracy of the bIbliographIC references. Include names of revrewers in the acknowledgm ~ nts , Loca- Distance AutholS will rec ~ lve 20 complimentary caples of the issue contaIning tion SSE of their contnbutlon. Manuscnpts, l e tt~rs. notlC ~ S. and meetIng announce· Lat Long D epth Mag- qual- M ount ments should be sent to Klaus Neuendorf. EdItor. at the Portland office Date Time (N) (W) (mi) nit ude ity Hood (km) (address abov~) . PermISSIon is granted 10 r~pnnt Information contaIned helein. CredIt 99/01/11 13:48:46 45.31 121.65 75 25 CB 65 gIven to the Oregon Department of Geology and Mlnerailndustnes for compl/ing this information WIll be appreCIated. ConclUS ions and op,nrons 99/01111 16:54:11 45.31 121.65 7.2 3.0 CB 6.5 presented In altlCles ale those of the authors and are not necessafl ly 99101111 22:04:14 45.31 121.65 6.8 3.2 BB 7.0 endooed by the Oregon Department of Geology and MineraI Industnes, 99101114 11:56:47 45.31 12 1.66 7.6 3.2 CB 5.4 POSTMASTER: S~nd address changes to Or~gon Geology, Suit~ 965,800 NE Or~gon St. II 28, Portland, OR 91232·2162. 99101114 16:13:42 45.31 121.65 59 3.0 BB 6.2 For more information, visit the websites of the U.S. Cover photo Geological Survey Cascades Volcano Observatory: The Palisades, a prominent cliff in the Clarno Unit of http·//vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Volcanoes/Hood/frame­ the John Day Fossil Beds National Monument. formed by the erosion of massive debris-flow depOSits. Article work.html; and the University of Washington Geo­ beginning on next page describes the geology of this physics Program: http://www.geophys.washington.edu region. Photo courtesy of Erick A. Bestland. / SEIS/ PNSN / HOOD/ 2 OREGON GEOLOGY, VOLUME 61 , NUMBER I, JANUARY/FEBRUARY 1999 Geologic framework of the Clarno Unit, John Day Fossil Beds National Monument, central Oregon 1 ;/ I "d·' b~ EA. Best/and, PE Hammond, D.L.S Blackwell, M.A. Kays, GJ Retallack, an j Stimac ABSTRACT conglomerates but have, in addi­ These fossil leaf beds are thus earliest Two major geologic events are tion, fluvially reworked conglomer­ Oligocene in age, similar in age to the recorded in the Eocene-Oligocene ates, reworked tuff beds, a distinc­ type locality of the Bridge Creek flora volcaniclastic strata, volcanic fJows, tive amygdaloidal basalt flow (43.8 in the Painted Hills area. and paleosols of the Clarno Unit of ± 0.5 Ma), and the fossil site known the John Day Fossil Beds National as the "Nut Beds." Both units accu ­ INTRODUCTION Monument. A major plate-tectonic mulated on volcanic aprons in re­ The scenic high desert of north­ reorganization in the Pacific North­ sponse to volcanism (synvolcanic central Oregon contains a colorful west at about 40-42 Ma shifted vol­ sedimentation) in an area of irregular volcanic and alluvial sequence of Ter ­ canism from the Clarno volcanic topography, including hills of a pre­ tiary age (Figure 1). For the protection province, represented by Clarno For­ existing dacite dome. and appreciation of the geologic and mation andesitic flows and debris Above the conglomerates are paleontologic resources in this area, flows, to the Cascade arc, repre­ thick but discontinuous red clay­ three " Units" (Sheep Rock, Clarno, sented by John Day Formation tuffa­ stones (claystone of Red Hill), which and Painted Hills) were established in ceous deposits and ash-flow tuffs. record a long period of volcanic the John Day Fossil Beds National Evidence of the second major geo­ quiescence (2-4 m.y.), slow flood­ Monument. The strata exposed in the logic event comes from paleosols and plain aggradation, and long periods National Monument record two im­ fossil remains of plants and animals in of soil formation. The Red Hill pale­ portant geologic events: (1) The these two formations and indicates a osols and fossil plants from the Nut change from Eocene Clarno arc vol ­ global paleoclimate change centered Beds, which directly underlie the red canism, represented by the Clarno around the 34-Ma Eocene-Oligocene beds, are evidence of a climate that Formation, to late Eocene Cascade arc boundary, when the earth changed was subtropical and humid. Discon­ volcanism and John Day Formation from a tropical Eocene "hothouse" to form ably overlying the red beds are back-arc deposition is recorded in a temperate Oligocene "icehouse." gray-brown siltstones and conglom­ these two formations. (2) A dramatic In the Clarno Unit area, the lower erates of the Hancock Mammal paleoclimatic change occurred across part of the Clarno Formation consists Quarry, which have yielded a the Eocene-Oligocene transition dur­ of structurally domed debris-flow titanothere-dominated fossil fauna ing which conditions changed in cen­ conglomerates, andesite flows (51.2 (Duchesnean North American land tral Oregon from subtropical humid to ± 0.5 Ma), and a dacite dome (53.5 Mammal Age). semiarid temperate climate. The mag­ ± 0.3 Mal. both onlapped by less The Clarno Formation is overlain nitude and timing of these paleocli ­ deformed debris-flow conglomerates, abruptly by an ash-flow tuff of the matic changes as well as the strati­ andesite flows (43.4 ± 0.4 Mal.
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