RELIGION and MORALITY CLAREMONT STUDIES in the PHILOSOPHY of RELIGION General Editor: D
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RELIGION AND MORALITY CLAREMONT STUDIES IN THE PHILOSOPHY OF RELIGION General Editor: D. Z. Phillips Published titles: PHILOSOPHY AND THE GRAMMAR OF RELIGIOUS BELIEF Edited by Timothy Tessin and Mario von der Ruhr RELIGION AND NORALITY Edited by D. Z. Phillips CAN RELIGION BE EXPLAINED AWAY? Edited by D. Z. Phillips PHILOSOPHY AND THEOLOGICAL DISCOURSE Edited by Stephen T. Davis (forthcoming) Religion and Morality Edited by D. Z. Phillips Danforth Professor of the Philosophy of Religion Claremont Graduate School, and Professor of Philosophy, University of Wales, Swansea ~ Palgrave Macmillan ISBN 978-1-349-13560-8 ISBN 978-1-349-13558-5 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-13558-5 RELIGION AND MORALITY Copyright © 1996 by The Claremont Graduate School Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1996 978-0-333-62066-3 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles or reviews. For information, address: St. Martin's Press, Scholarly and Reference Division, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 First published in the United States of America in 1996 ISBN 978-0-312-12868-5 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Religion and morality / edited by D. Z. Phillips. p. cm. - (Claremont studies in the philosophy of religion) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-312-12868-5 (cloth) I. Religion and ethics. 2. Religious ethics. I. Phillips, D. Z. (Dewi Zephaniah) II. Series. BJ47.R43 1996 241--dc20 95-17961 CIP Contents Preface and Acknowledgements vii Notes on the Contributors viii Introduction xi PART I RELIGION AS INFANTILE 1 1 Is Religion an Infantile Morality? Raimond Gaita 3 2 Reply: Morality, Humanity and Historicality: Remorse and Religion Revisited Richard Schacht 39 PART II MORALITY AND DIVINE COMMANDS 57 3 The Concept of a Divine Command Robert Merrihew Adams 59 4 Reply: Moral Duty and God: A View from the Left Clark A. Kucheman 81 PART III THE PROBLEM OF EVIL 105 5 Evil and the God-Who-Does-Nothing-In-Particular Marilyn McCord Adams 107 6 Reply: Redeeming Sorrows Rowan Williams 132 PART IV RELIGION AND MORAL RELATIVISM 149 7 Relativism about Torture: Religious and Secular Responses Philip L. Quinn 151 8 Reply: Ethical Universality and Ethical Relativism Joseph Runzo 171 v vi Contents PART V BUDDHISM AND ETHICS 189 9 Ethics Post-Zen John V. Canfield 191 10 Reply: Before 'Post-Zen': A Discussion of Buddhist Ethics Frank J. Hoffman 212 PART VI ATHEISM, MORALITY AND RELIGION 233 11 Atheism and Morality R. W. Beardsmore 235 12 Reply: Nietzsche, Kierkegaard and Anscombe on Moral Unintelligibility James Conant 250 PART VII VOICES IN DISCUSSION 299 13 Voices in Discussion D. Z. Phillips 301 Index of Names 351 Index of Subjects 354 Preface and Acknowledgements This collection of essays is the second in the series Claremont Studies in the Philosophy of Religion, the first being Philosophy and the Grammar of Religious Belief edited by Timothy Tessin and Mario von der Ruhr. It is based on the proceedings of the fifteenth annual con ference on the philosophy of religion at The Claremont Graduate School, California, in February 1994. As in the first volume, I have included 'Voices in Discussion' as an afterword. Some readers may want to read this discussion first before turning to the papers as fuller elucidations of the philo sophical perspectives expressed in it. Others may not want to do so, hence the general introduction. I am grateful to the contributors to this collection, not only for participating in the conference, but for their generous support of the fund from which the annual conferences are funded. I also gratefully acknowledge contributions to the fund by The Claremont Graduate School, Pomona College, and Claremont McKenna College. I am indebted to Stephen Davis, Jackie Huntzinger and Althea Spencer-Miller for administrative assistance with the conference and to all those graduate students who, in various ways, contrib uted to the success of the conference. I acknowledge the help provided in the preparation of typescripts by Lance Ashdown and Martha Bailey, my research assistants at Claremont, and Helen Baldwin, Secretary to the Department of Philosophy at Swansea. I am grateful to Timothy Tessin, my colleague at Swansea, for help with the proof-reading. The ready cooperation of people based at Claremont and Swansea is a happy by-product of my involve ment in both institutions. D. Z. PHILLIPS Claremont and Swansea vii Notes on the Contributors Marilyn McCord Adams is Professor of Historical Theology at Yale University and an Episcopal priest. She is author of a two volume study, William Ockham, and of numerous articles on medi eval philosophy and theology, Anselm, Duns Scotus, and the problem of evil. Robert Merrihew Adams is Professor of Philosophy and Religious Studies at Yale University. He is the author of The Virtue of Faith and Leibniz: Determinist, Theist, Idealist, and of articles on meta physics, ethics, the philosophy of religion, and the history of philosophy. R. W. Beardsmore is Senior Lecturer in Philosophy and Head of Department at the University of Wales, Swansea. He is the au thor of Moral Reasoning and Art and Morality and author of pa pers on ethics, aesthetics and Wittgenstein. John V. Canfield teaches at Erindale College, University of To ronto. He is the author of Wittgenstein: Language and the World and The Looking-Glass Self. James Conant is Assistant Professor of Philosophy at the Univer sity of Pittsburg. He is the author of articles on Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, Frege and Wittgenstein. Raimond Gaita is Professor of Philosophy at the Institute of Ad vanced Research, Australia, and Lecturer in Philosophy at King's College, London. He is the author of Good and Evil: An Absolute Conception and editor of Value and Understanding: Essays for Peter Winch. Frank J. Hoffman is Assistant Professor of Philosophy at West Chester University. He is the author of Rationality and Mind in Early Buddhism and co-editor of Pali Buddhism. He is Associate Editor of the Journal of Comparative Literature and Aesthetics (India). viii Notes on the Contributors ix John Hyman is Fellow and Praelector in Philosophy at The Queen's College, Oxford. He is the editor of Investigating Psychology and the author of The Imitation of Nature. Clark A. Kucheman is Arthur V. Stoughton Professor of Chris tian Ethics at Claremont McKenna College. He is editor of The Life of Choice: Some Liberal Religious Perspectives on Morality and the author of numerous essays in journals and anthologies. David McLellan is Professor of Political Theory at the University of Kent. His numerous books have been translated into many languages. His most recent publications are Simone Weil: Utopian Pessimist and Unto Caesar: The Political Reference of Christianity. D. Z. Phillips is Professor of Philosophy at the University of Wales, Swansea and Danforth Professor of the Philosophy of Religion at The Claremont Graduate School. He is the author of The Concept of Prayer; Moral Practices (with H. O. Mounce); Death and Immor tality; Faith and Philosophical Enquiry; Sense and Delusion (with Dham Oilman); Athronyddu Am Grefydd; Religion Without Explanation; Through a Darkening Glass; Dramau Gwenlyn Parry; Belief, Change and Forms of Life; R. S. Thomas: Poet of the Hidden God; Faith After Foundationalism; From Fantasy to Faith; Interventions in Ethics; Wittgenstein and Religion; Writers of Wales: J. R. Jones. He has edit ed many books including Wittgenstein: Attention to Particulars. Essays in Honour of Rush Rhees (with Peter Winch). He is editor of the journal Philosophical Investigations and of the Macmillan series, Swansea Studies in Philosophy and Claremont Studies in the Philos ophy of Religion. Philip L. Quinn is John O'Brien Professor of Philosophy at the University of Notre Dame and was formerly William Herbert Perry Faunce Professor of Philosophy at Brown University. He is the author of Divine Commands and Moral Requirements and numer ous articles on philosophy of religion, philosophy of science, eth ics and metaphysics. He has served as editor of Faith and Philosophy and president of the American Philosophical Association, Central Division (1994-5). Joseph Runzo is Professor of Philosophy and Griset Professor of Religion at Chapman University. He is the author of World Views x Notes on the Contributors and Perceiving God; Relativism and God; editor of Is God Real? and Ethics, Religion and the Good Society, New Directions in a Pluralistic World, and co-editor of Religious Experience and Religious Belief: Essays in the Epistemology of Religion. He is founder and president of the Philosophy of Religion Society. Richard Schacht is Professor of Philosophy and Jubilee Professor of Liberal Arts and Sciences at the University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign. He is Executive Director of the North American Nietzsche Society and editor of the University of Illinois Press series International Nietzsche Studies. His books include Alienation; Classical Modern Philosophers; Hegel and After; Nietzsche; and, more recently, The Future of Alienation; Making Sense of Nietzsche. Rowan Williams is the Anglican Bishop of Monmouth, Wales, Honorary Professor of Theology at the University of Bristol and Fellow of the British Academy. He was formerly Lady Margaret Professor of Divinity, University of Oxford. He is the author of The Wound of Knowledge; Resurrection; The Truth of God; Beginning Now: Peacemaking Theology (with Mark Collier); Arius: Heresy and Tradition; Theresa of Avila and editor of The Making of Orthodoxy. Introduction D. Z. PHILLIPS For some contemporary philosophers, an emphasis on guilt in morality is infantile, the sign of a narrowly conceived ethics. Raimond Gaita argues that this is not so. Guilt is the essential means by which we recognise the harm we do to others.