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4256162.Pdf (1.163Mb) The grand old party – a party of values? The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Mair, Patrick, Thomas Rusch, and Kurt Hornik. 2014. “The grand old party – a party of values?” SpringerPlus 3 (1): 697. doi:10.1186/2193-1801-3-697. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1186/2193-1801-3-697. Published Version doi:10.1186/2193-1801-3-697 Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:13581110 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA Mair et al. SpringerPlus 2014, 3:697 http://www.springerplus.com/content/3/1/697 a SpringerOpen Journal RESEARCH Open Access The grand old party – a party of values? Patrick Mair1*,ThomasRusch2 and Kurt Hornik3 Abstract In this article we explore the semantic space spanned by self-reported statements of Republican voters. Our semantic structure analysis uses multidimensional scaling and social network analysis to extract, explore, and visualize word patterns and word associations in response to the stimulus statement “I’m a Republican, because ...” which were collected from the official website of the Republican Party. With psychological value theory as our backdrop, we examine the association of specific keywords within and across the statements, compute clusters of statements based on these associations, and explore common word sequences Republican voters use to characterize their political association with the Party. Keywords: Multidimensional scaling; Republican party; Values; Network communities 1Introduction opposing ends (e.g., security and self-direction) are neg- Historically, the Republican Party—often referred to as atively related. The circumplex of values itself can be the “grand old party” (GOP)—advocated classical liberal- positioned in a space spanned by two dimensions (leading ism, paleoconservatism, and progressivism as their polit- to four quadrants): self-enhancement/self-transcendence ical ideologies. Nowadays, the GOP provides a platform and openness/conservation. The first dimension is a bipo- for a diverse set of people including fiscal/economic con- lar scale opposing motives of self-interest versus motives servatives, social conservatives, neoconservatives, mod- of welfare of others. For example, instances of power erates, and libertarians. Conceptually, while all these and achievement are values that belong to the self- ideological branches share similar overarching (conserva- enhancement end. The second dimension opposes the tive) concepts, distinctions between them are based on wish to keep the status quo intact (conservation) with different emphases of political values (Farmer 2006). the need to pursue intellectual and emotional interests The concept of “values” has received much atten- even when faced with uncertainty (openness). Examples tion in the social and behavioral sciences. The influ- of values related to conservation are instances of tradi- ential definition by Schwartz (1992) states that values tion, security, and conformity. An example for openness is are concepts or beliefs about desirable end states or self-direction. behaviors that transcend specific situations, guide the Political ideology is a field in which values are par- selection or evaluation of behavior and events, and are ticularly important and for which there exists a strong ordered by relative importance. He identifies 10 basic base of empirical studies (Braithwaite 1998; Caprara and values: tradition, conformity, security, power, achieve- Zimbardo 2004; Converse 1964; Feldman 1988, 2003; ment, hedonism, stimulation, self-direction, universalism Henry and Reyna 2007; Jost et al 2009; McCann 1997; and benevolence. By focusing on the structural rela- Rokeach 1973). A substantial proportion of value stud- tions between these values, Schwartz proposed that they ies have been conducted within the context of Schwartz’s canbearrangedinacircumplex model.Thecircumplex circumplex theory (Barnea 2003; Barnea and Schwartz structure means that adjacent values (e.g. tradition and 1998; Caprara et al. 2006; Piurko et al. 2011; Schwartz conformity) tend to be positively related, and those on et al. 2010). (Schwartz et al. 2010) investigated the rela- tionship and congruency of core political values with basic personal values by means of a multidimensional scaling *Correspondence: [email protected] (MDS) approach. This work identified the following polit- 1Department of Psychology WJH 968, Harvard University, 33 Kirkland St, 02138 Cambridge, MA, USA ical values and the relationship to basic values (based on Full list of author information is available at the end of the article an Italian sample): © 2014 Mair et al.; licensee Springer. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. Mair et al. SpringerPlus 2014, 3:697 Page 2 of 10 http://www.springerplus.com/content/3/1/697 • traditional morality (positively related to the basic Republican voters were asked to complete the sentence values of tradition, conformity and security), “I’m a Republican, because ...”. • patriotism (security, conformity and tradition), At any point in time, the Republican Faces section on • law and order (security, conformity and tradition), the GOP website posted 180 statements as answers to the • foreign military intervention (security, conformity, question “I am a Republican because ...”. They permuted tradition, power), the statements dynamically every 12 hours. Consequently, • free enterprise (achievement, power), we scraped the statements twice a day. After 15 days • equality (universalism, benevolence), we had 5400 statements imported into the R environ- • civil liberties (universalism, self-direction), ment for statistical computing (R Core Team 2014) that • accepting immigrants (universalism, benevolence, reduced to 252 unique statements. The statements are self-direction, stimulation). provided as supplementary materials. We do not exactly know the composition of the sample nor how the Web- When studying data from the US, political values are site maintainers selected the statements, our sample is often proxied by the distinction between Republicans neither fully random nor necessarily representative. Thus, (conservatism) and Democrats (liberalism) (McCann although it does not lend itself to confirmatory analyses, 2009; Sheldon and Nichols 2009). By shifting our focus the raw, unstructured information is well suited for data solely to the Republican Party, we are able to tease exploration. out differences in the value structures across ideolog- Subsequently, we stored the data in a proper text corpus ical branches. Along the lines of congruency of per- structure and performed text mining pre-processing tasks sonal values with certain core political values (Barnea such as removing punctuations, numbers, and stop words and Schwartz 1998; Caprara et al. 2006; Schwartz et al. and converting letters to lower case. We also removed 2010), we expect Republican voters’ values to be located in the name of the corresponding person (the website pro- the self-enhancement/conservation quadrant of Schwartz’ vides the first name with the second name abbreviated). two-dimensional space, with high importance of tradition, Using these text copora, for our first analysis we create security, achievement as well as power and conformity. a document-term matrix (DTM) using the tm package This would reflect, among others, endorsement of tradi- (Feinerer et al. 2008). The DTM reflects a frequency table tional morality, law and order, patriotism, free enterprise, of word counts across statements. Each row in the DTM and foreign military intervention. refers to a single self-report; each column to a term (key- The process of performing structural value analy- word). The initial DTM was of dimension 252 × 734. ses based on Republican self-reports as presented in Out of these we selected the 35 most frequent keywords this paper poses several methodological challenges that which leads to a reduced DTM of dimension 252 × 35. require innovative approaches to data collection and to This matrix, provided as supplementary materials, will methodological adaptations, applications, and visualiza- be used in our MDS analysis. Because our data material tions. First, we use a multidimensional scaling (MDS) takes the form of short and very diverse statements, the variant to investigate similarities (associations) between DTM is sparse which makes the structure analysis chal- words used in the self-reports. Second, we adapt algo- lenging. In order to scale word associations based on a rithms from social network analysis (SNA) and graph sparse DTM we propose an MDS variant that is based theory to find clusters of frequently (co-)occurring word on word co-occurrences and which we call power gravity sequences. Our approach is of an exploratory nature: MDS (PGMDS). We elaborate on this approach in the next We investigate value representations in the unstructured paragraphs. data material from the self-reports, describe how they are structured and associated, and gauge how strongly they 2.1.1 Multidimensional scaling: SMACOF align with
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