The Works of Christopher Marlowe Vol. 1 [1590]
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Plutarch, Machiavelli and Shakespeare's Coriolanus Patrick
The Changing Faces of Virtue: Plutarch, Machiavelli and Shakespeare’s Coriolanus Patrick Ashby University of Bristol [email protected] Introduction: The hinges of virtue ‘Let it be virtuous to be obstinate’, says Caius Martius Coriolanus, shortly before the catastrophe of Shakespeare’s tragedy (Coriolanus, 5.3.26).1 In uttering these words, he articulates a moral hypothesis which is of central importance to Coriolanus: the supposition that steadfastness of principle is a fundamental good. This is a theory which the play puts to the test. The idea of ‘virtue’ — in a variety of guises — is a key focus of this essay, which identifies as crucial those moments at which definitions of virtue are unsettled, transformed, or confronted with a range of alternatives. Several commentators have connected Shakespeare’s Coriolanus with the political ideas of Niccolò Machiavelli, the Florentine theorist whose notoriety rests upon his recommendation of moral flexibility for political leaders. For Anne Barton, who reads the play in the context of Machiavelli’s Discourses on Livy’s history of early Rome, Coriolanus dramatises the futile persistence of obsolescent virtues (the valorisation of battlefield heroics) in an environment of subtler needs and growing political sophistication.2 In Shakespeare and the Popular Voice, Annabel Patterson hints at Shakespeare’s sympathy with the idea of popular political representation, proposing that ‘there is nothing in the play to challenge that famous interpretation of the tribunate which [. .] Machiavelli made a premise of Renaissance political theory’.3 John Plotz 1 William Shakespeare, Coriolanus, The Norton Shakespeare, ed. by Stephen Greenblatt, Katherine Eisaman Maus, Jean E. -
4. Shakespeare Authorship Doubt in 1593
54 4. Shakespeare Authorship Doubt in 1593 Around the time of Marlowe’s apparent death, the name William Shakespeare appeared in print for the first time, attached to a new work, Venus and Adonis, described by its author as ‘the first heir of my invention’. The poem was registered anonymously on 18 April 1593, and though we do not know exactly when it was published, and it may have been available earlier, the first recorded sale was 12 June. Scholars have long noted significant similarities between this poem and Marlowe’s Hero and Leander; Katherine Duncan-Jones and H.R. Woudhuysen describe ‘compelling links between the two poems’ (Duncan-Jones and Woudhuysen, 2007: 21), though they admit it is difficult to know how Shakespeare would have seen Marlowe’s poem in manuscript, if it was, as is widely believed, being written at Thomas Walsingham’s Scadbury estate in Kent in the same month that Venus was registered in London. The poem is preceded by two lines from Ovid’s Amores, which at the time of publication was available only in Latin. The earliest surviving English translation was Marlowe’s, and it was not published much before 1599. Duncan-Jones and Woudhuysen admit, ‘We don’t know how Shakespeare encountered Amores’ and again speculate that he could have seen Marlowe’s translations in manuscript. Barber, R, (2010), Writing Marlowe As Writing Shakespeare: Exploring Biographical Fictions DPhil Thesis, University of Sussex. Downloaded from www. rosbarber.com/research. 55 Ovid’s poem is addressed Ad Invidos: ‘to those who hate him’. If the title of the epigram poem is relevant, it is more relevant to Marlowe than to Shakespeare: personal attacks on Marlowe in 1593 are legion, and include the allegations in Richard Baines’ ‘Note’ and Thomas Drury’s ‘Remembrances’, Kyd’s letters to Sir John Puckering, and allusions to Marlowe’s works in the Dutch Church Libel. -
Arden of Faversham, Shakespearean Authorship, and 'The Print of Many'
Chapter 9 Arden of Faversham, Shakespearean Authorship, and 'The Print of Many' JACK ELLIOTT AND BRETT GREATLEY-HIRSCH he butchered body of Thomas Arden is found in the field behind the Abbey. After reporting Tthis discovery to Arden's wife, Franklin surveys the circumstantial evidence of footprints in the snow and blood at the scene: I fear me he was murdered in this house And carried to the fields, for from that place Backwards and forwards may you see The print of many feet within the snow. And look about this chamber where we are, And you shall find part of his guiltless blood; For in his slip-shoe did I find some rushes, Which argueth he was murdered in this room. (14.388-95) Although The Chronicles of England, Scotland, and Ireland by Raphael Holinshed and his editors records the identities and fates of Arden's murderers in meticulous detail (Holinshed 1587, 4M4r-4M6v; 1587, 5K1v-5K3v), those responsible for composing the dramatization of this tragic episode remain unknown. We know that the bookseller Edward White entered The Lamentable and True Tragedy ofArden ofFaversham in Kent into the Stationers' Register on 3 April 1592 (Arber 1875-94, 2: 607 ), and we believe, on the basis of typographical evidence, that Edward Allde printed the playbook later that year ( STC 733). We know that Abel Jeffes also printed an illicit edition of the playbook, as outlined in disciplinary proceedings brought against him and White in a Stationers' Court record dated 18 December 1592 (Greg and Boswell 1930, 44). No copies of this pirate edition survive, but it is assumed to have merely been a reprint of White's; Jeffes was imprisoned on 7 August 1592, so his edition must have appeared prior to this date. -
Research Journal of English Language and Literature (RJELAL) HOW POWER CORRUPTS in SHAKESPEARE's MACBETH and CHRISTOPHER MARLO
Research Journal of English Language and Literature (RJELAL) A Peer Reviewed (Refereed) International Journal Vol.3.Issue 4.2015 (Oct-Dec) http://www.rjelal.com RESEARCH ARTICLE HOW POWER CORRUPTS IN SHAKESPEARE’S MACBETH AND CHRISTOPHER MARLOWE’S DOCTOR FAUSTUS: AN ANALYSIS RECEP ÇAĞDAŞ Department of English Language and Literature The Graduate Institute of Social Sciences Istanbul Aydin University, Turkey ABSTRACT From past to present, many leaders, politicians, scientists, or even common peoplehave experienced and tasted the absolute power. At the very beginning of this ownership, everything seemed usual and innocent. However; it has been observed that people who have absolute power fell into error thinking that corruption of power would never give rise to their end. The objective of this essay is to examine the reasons behind two literary protagonists of Shakespeare’s Macbeth and Christopher Marlowe’s Doctor Faustus’ downfall.The major characters of these two books and other real life cases show that how the notion of having absolute power ends up with catastrophe and destruction. Macbeth and Doctor Faustus RECEP ÇAĞDAŞ illustrated different types of power: The first one is related to the political authority and the other one is connect to knowledge. The paper also highlights how these tragic downfalls stem from human weaknesses. We also examined how a common person could turn out to be a villain or how he could destroy the values of the society and himselffor the sake of obtaining absolute power. With the help of Shakespeare’s Macbeth and Christopher Marlowe’s Doctor Faustus, we would explore how power corrupted absolutely in case the absolute power was in the hands of wrong people. -
Christopher Marlowe and the Golden Age of England
The Marlowe Society Christopher Marlowe and the Research Journal - Volume 05 - 2008 Golden Age of England Online Research Journal Article Michael J. Kelly Christopher Marlowe and the Golden Age of England Poet, spy and playwright, Christopher Marlowe was the embodiment of the Elizabethan Golden Age. Marlowe’s work was the product of his ‘Erasmian,’ or Christian humanist, education, the state of affairs in England and his own ability and readiness to satirize the world around him. Marlowe and his fellow contemporaries were a testament to the development of English drama, its pinnacle at the end of the English Renaissance and its eventual decline and suppression at the outbreak of the English Civil War. Their work is historically important because it illustrates, in addition to the development of English theatre, the dramatic political and social events of the time through the public medium of the playhouse. Specifically, the development of the theatre helps explain key features of the English Renaissance such as the creation of English self-identity, adoption of humanistic ideal, the advancement of English over Latin, the role of religion, the intellectual development of a people and parliament and their gradual alienation from the monarchy, the ultimate assertion of parliamentary power, and Civil War. Furthermore, the development of commercial playwriting, acting, stage management and private investment in theatres, an aspect of life today taken for granted, began during this Golden Age in English drama. The history of English playwriting and performance stretches back to at least the ninth century trope ‘Alle Luia’ sung at Easter masses. However, post-classical Christian ritual performance itself probably developed from the ritualistic repetitions of the Empirical Roman Senate.1 This tradition, established in the Church at some point during the early formation of Roman successor states, likely spread to England from Spain, via Ireland, through missionaries. -
“Mark This Show”: on Dramatic Attention in Christopher Marlowe’S and William Shakespeare’S Tragedies
“MARK THIS SHOW”: ON DRAMATIC ATTENTION IN CHRISTOPHER MARLOWE’S AND WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE’S TRAGEDIES by JAMIE PARIS B.A. (Honours), University of Winnipeg, 2005 M.A., University of Regina, 2008 A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE AND POSTDOCTORAL STUDIES (English) THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (Vancouver) AUGUST 2015 © Jamie Paris, 2015 ii Abstract This dissertation will argue that the early modern theatre and the early modern church were both concerned with keeping the attention of their audiences, and that one of the ways that dramatic interest in Christopher Marlowe's and William Shakespeare's plays was generated was by staging acts that can be read as ambiguous, interrupted, failed or parodic confessions, prayers, and sermons. In particular, I will argue that when the characters in Marlowe’s and Shakespeare’s tragedies fail to find solace in acts that model reformed devotional practices, they eventually suffer the strange but dramatically engaging consequences of their tragic passions like despair, hatred, jealousy, fear, and rage. This dissertation, then, will bridge the turn to religion and affect studies as a means of arguing that early modern tragedy was consumed with attracting, and sustaining, the dramatic attention of the audience. While it is not possible to say, with any finality, why tragedies hook an audience's attention, it is possible to suggest how Marlowe's and Shakespeare's tragedies used the passions generated by the failure of model devotional acts as a means of capturing and sustaining the attention of the audience. -
An Algorithmic Criticism of Audience Manipulation in Christopher Marlowe’S the Massacre at Paris
An Algorithmic Criticism of Audience Manipulation in Christopher Marlowe’s The Massacre at Paris Galen Cuthbertson Thesis submitted for the degree of Master of Philosophy (English) School of English and Creative Writing The University of Adelaide May 2017 Table of Contents Contents Abstractv Statement vii Acknowledgements viii Notes on the Text ix Introduction1 1 A Close Reading of Spectacle7 1.1 Structure..................................9 1.2 Roles..................................... 24 1.3 Audience Response............................. 28 2 An Algorithmic Criticism of Utterance 33 2.1 Fragmentation................................ 35 2.2 Valence & Affect.............................. 47 2.3 Dido, Queen of Carthage .......................... 55 2.4 Audience Response............................. 65 3 A Topography of Social Space 69 3.1 Character Interaction Networks...................... 70 3.2 Disruption & Coherence.......................... 82 3.3 Audience Response............................. 100 Conclusion 105 A Character Interaction Network Detection Methods 111 B A Model for Part-Doubling Possibilities 115 C Relative Popularity in the Shakespeare Canon 124 i Table of Contents D Figures 127 E Bibliography 156 ii List of Figures List of Figures 2.1 Raw Caesura Detection in The Massacre ................. 36 2.2 Raw Enjambment Detection in The Massacre .............. 37 2.3 Likely Verse Lines with both Caesurae and Enjambments........ 38 2.4 Rolling Mean of Caesurae in The Massacre ................. 41 2.5 Rolling Mean of Enjambments in The Massacre ............. 44 2.6 Raw Sentiment Valence in The Massacre ................. 49 2.7 Transformed Sentiment Valence in The Massacre; Low Pass Size = 3.. 51 2.8 Transformed Sentiment Valence in The Massacre; Low Pass Size = 15. 53 2.9 Speech Length (Words) in The Massacre ................. 57 2.10 Speech Length (Words) in Dido ..................... -
THE TRAGICAL HISTORY of DOCTOR FAUSTUS (The “A” (Short) Text)
ElizabethanDrama.org presents the Annotated Popular Edition of THE TRAGICAL HISTORY of DOCTOR FAUSTUS (the “A” (short) text) by Christopher Marlowe Written c. 1589-1592 Earliest Extant Edition: 1604 Featuring complete and easy-to-read annotations. Annotations and notes © Copyright Peter Lukacs and ElizabethanDrama.org, 2020. This annotated play may be freely copied and distributed. THE TRAGICAL HISTORY OF DOCTOR FAUSTUS By Christopher Marlowe Written c. 1589-1592 From the Quarto of 1604 aka the 'A' (short) Text DRAMATIS PERSONAE. INTRODUCTION to the PLAY Faustus. Doctor Faustus is Christopher Marlowe's crowning Wagner, Servant to Faustus. achievement, and remains today the most popular and Valdes, Friend to Faustus. well-known play of the Elizabethan era outside of the Cornelius, Friend to Faustus. Shakespearean canon. The tale is of a theologian who sold his soul to the devil in return for the ability to perform The Pope. sorcery and gain knowledge of the workings of the universe; Cardinal of Lorraine. but God's mercy is infinite, and Faustus, who repeatedly regrets his decision, could have returned to the fold of God The Emperor of Germany. at anytime, but was too blinded by his own pride to realize Duke of Vanholt. it. Duchess of Vanholt. A Knight. OUR PLAY'S SOURCE Other Human Characters: Our text of Doctor Faustus (1604) is adopted primarily Clown. from Alexander Dyce's edition of Marlowe's plays, but Robin. with some of the spelling and wording from the 1604 quarto Rafe. reinstated. Vintner. Horse-Courser. NOTES ON THE ANNOTATIONS An Old Man. Scholars, Friars, and Attendants. -
Redating Pericles: a Re-Examination of Shakespeare’S
REDATING PERICLES: A RE-EXAMINATION OF SHAKESPEARE’S PERICLES AS AN ELIZABETHAN PLAY A THESIS IN Theatre Presented to the Faculty of the University of Missouri-Kansas City in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree MASTER OF ARTS by Michelle Elaine Stelting University of Missouri Kansas City December 2015 © 2015 MICHELLE ELAINE STELTING ALL RIGHTS RESERVED REDATING PERICLES: A RE-EXAMINATION OF SHAKESPEARE’S PERICLES AS AN ELIZABETHAN PLAY Michelle Elaine Stelting, Candidate for the Master of Arts Degree University of Missouri-Kansas City, 2015 ABSTRACT Pericles's apparent inferiority to Shakespeare’s mature works raises many questions for scholars. Was Shakespeare collaborating with an inferior playwright or playwrights? Did he allow so many corrupt printed versions of his works after 1604 out of indifference? Re-dating Pericles from the Jacobean to the Elizabethan era answers these questions and reveals previously unexamined connections between topical references in Pericles and events and personalities in the court of Elizabeth I: John Dee, Philip Sidney, Edward de Vere, and many others. The tournament impresas, alchemical symbolism of the story, and its lunar and astronomical imagery suggest Pericles was written long before 1608. Finally, Shakespeare’s focus on father-daughter relationships, and the importance of Marina, the daughter, as the heroine of the story, point to Pericles as written for a young girl. This thesis uses topical references, Shakespeare’s anachronisms, Shakespeare’s sources, stylometry and textual analysis, as well as Henslowe’s diary, the Stationers' Register, and other contemporary documentary evidence to determine whether there may have been versions of Pericles circulating before the accepted date of 1608. -
Spenserian Satire Spenserian
Spenserian satire Spenserian Spenser Sp enser Spenser Spenser Spenserian satire examines the satirical poetry of Edmund Spenser and argues for his importance as a model and influence for younger poets writing satires in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. The book focuses on reading satirical texts of the period in relation to one another, with specific attention to the role that Edmund Spenser plays in that literary subsystem, in order to address several distinct audiences. For Spenser scholars, who recognize Spenser’s supremacy in “serious poetry” of the period and have carefully studied his influence on epic, pastoral and lyric poetry, the analysis of Spenser’s reputation as a satirical Spenserian satire poet will contribute to a fuller understanding of Spenser as “the poet’s Spenser poet.” For scholars of satire, the book offers a more detailed discussion and theorization of the type of satire that Spenser wrote, “indirect satire,” A tradition of indirection than has been provided elsewhere. Spenser’s satire does not fit well into the categories that have been used to taxonomize satirical writing from HILE the classical era up to the eighteenth century, but including him with the Sp complaint tradition is also imprecise. A theory of indirect satire benefits ense not just Spenser studies, but satire studies as well. For scholars of English Renaissance satire in particular, who have tended to focus on the formal verse satires of the 1590s to the exclusion of more r indirect forms such as Spenser’s, this book is a corrective, an invitation to recognize the influence of a style of satire that has received little attention. -
The Plays & Poems of Robert Greene;
ROBERT -GREENE ITY LOS ANGELES * -»* THE PLAYS & POEMS OF ROBERT GREENE EDITED WITH INTRODUCTIONS AND NOTES By J. CHURTON COLLINS, Litt.D. (PROFESSOR OF ENGLISH LITERATURE IN THE UNIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM) \ VOL. II FRIER BACON AND FRIER BONGAY. JAMES THE FOURTH THE PINNER OF WAKEFIELD. A MAIDENS DREAME POEMS FROM THE NOVELS. NOTES TO PLAYS AND POEMS APPENDIX : ENGLAND'S PARNASSUS. GLOSSARI AL INDEX GENERAL INDEX OXFORD AT THE CLARENDON PRESS MDCCCCV 28609 HENRY FROWDE, M.A. PUBLISHER TO THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD LONDON, EDINBURGH NEW YORK AND TORONTO * ' CONTENTS VOLUME I PAGE Facsimile of a portion of the Alleyn MS. of Orlando Furioso Frontispiece PREFACE vii GENERAL INTRODUCTION I INTRODUCTION TO ALPHONSVS 70 ALPHONSVS KING OF ARRAGON 77 INTRODUCTION TO LOOKING GLASSE . .137 A LOOKING GLASSE 143 INTRODUCTION TO ORLANDO FVRIOSO . .215 ORLANDO FVRIOSO 221 THE ALLEYN MS 266 NOTES :— ALPHONSVS 279 LOOKING GLASSE 290 ORLANDO FVRIOSO 304 VOLUME II INTRODUCTION TO FRIER BACON 1 FRIER BACON AND FRIER BONGAY .... 15 INTRODUCTION TO IAMES IV 79 IAMES THE FOVRTH 87 INTRODUCTION TO THE PINNER 159 THE PINNER OF WAKEFIELD 181 INTRODUCTION TO A MAIDENS DREAME . .219 A MAIDENS DREAME 221 POEMS FROM THE NOVELS 235 NOTES :— FRIER BACON 325 IAMES THE FOVRTH 349 THE PINNER OF WAKEFIELD 367 A MAIDENS DREAME 378 POEMS FROM THE NOVELS 381 APPENDIX : ENGLAND'S PARNASSUS . .398 GLOSSARIAL INDEX 407 INDEX 411 INTRODUCTION TO FRIER BACON AND FRIER BONGAY This play was first published in quarto by Edward White in 1594, and in the May of that year it was entered on the Stationers' Registers, thus :— xiiii t0 die Maij ' ADAM ISLIP Entred for his Copie under th(e h)andes of bothe the EDWARD WHITE wardens a booke entituled the Historye of ffryer BACON andffryer BOUNGA YE . -
The Swallow and the Crow: the Case for Sackville As Shakespeare
The Swallow and The Crow The Case for Sackville as Shakespeare Sabrina Feldman niquely in the annals of English literature, William Shakespeare of Stratford-upon- U Avon was credited during his lifetime, and for many years afterwards, with writing two large and distinct sets of literary works. The first, conveniently described as the “Shakespeare Canon,” contains the Bard’s famed works—some three dozen plays, 154 sonnets, and several longer poems.1 The second set, the “Shakespeare Apocrypha,” contains a dozen or so uncelebrated plays printed under Wil- liam Shakespeare’s name or attributed to him in some fashion, but excluded from the 1623 First Folio . Bridging the Canon and the Apocrypha are the “Bad Quartos,” poetically inferior versions of six or so canonical works. Scholars don’t actually know how the Apocrypha and the Bad Quartos came into being. There is no way to disprove that William Shakespeare wrote them (in full or in part) without resorting to stylistic arguments and invoking the Thomas Sackville, 1536-1608 authority of the Folio . Some of the apocryphal plays and Bad Quartos speak with more than one authorial voice, but stylistic threads linking these works suggest they shared a common author or co-author who left the following sorts of fingerprints in his writings: wholesale pilferings (especially from the works of Christopher Marlowe and Robert Greene dur- ing the late 1580s and early 1590s), bombast, a breezy style, clumsy blank verse, a salty sense of humor, food jokes, crude physical slapstick, inventive slang, very funny clown scenes, a penchant for placing characters in disguise, jingoism, bungled Latin tags and inept classical allusions, un- sophisticated but sweet romances, shrewish and outspoken women, camaraderie among men, an emphasis on who is or isn’t a gentleman, and a complete lack of interest in political nuance and philosophical digressions.