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For additional information on adopting this title for your class, please contact us at 800.200.3908 x501 or [email protected] HUMAN EXPRESSIONS OF SPIRITUALITY …
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Introduction 1 By Margaret McKinnon
Part I Western Religions—Abrahamic Faiths
Chapter 1: Judaism 25
Israel's Sacred History 27 By Eliezer Segal
Chapter 2: Jewish Spirituality 43
What Is Jewish Spirituality? 45 By Martin A. Cohen
Chapter 3: Christianity 49
Th e Taking of the Gospel to the Gentiles; Paul 51 By Scott Gambrill Sinclair
Th e Patristic Era 57 By Scott Gambrill Sinclair Monasticism 63 By Scott Gambrill Sinclair
Th ree Major Types of Christianity 67 Its Nature and Criteria By Scott Gambrill Sinclair
Th e Challenge of Modernity 75 By Scott Gambrill Sinclair
Chapter 4: Christian Spirituality 79
Christian Spiritual Th eology 81 Its Nature and Criteria By Simon Chan
Chapter 5: Islam 107
Arabia, Muhammad and History of Islam to About 700 ce By William Shepard
Expansion and Flowering Th e History of Islam from About 700 to 1700 ce By William Shepard
Chapter 6: Muslim Spirituality 131
Th e Quran as the Foundation of Islamic Spirituality 133 By Seyyed Hossein Nasr Part II Eastern Religions
Chapter 7: Hinduism 143
Hinduism 145 By David Smith
Chapter 8: Hindu Spirituality 175
An Introduction to Hindu Spirituality 177 By Arvind Sharma
Chapter 9: Buddhism 183
Th e Buddha 185 By Charles S. Prebish and Damien Keown
Chapter 10: Buddhist Spirituality 199
Connecting Inner and Outer Transformation 201 Toward an Expanded Model of Buddhist Practice By Donald Rothberg
Part III Secular Spirituality
Chapter 11: Secular Spirituality 223
Secularization 225 By Judith Fox Part IV Social Th emes
Chapter 12: Ecology and Indigenous Peoples 245
Earth Spirituality and the People's Struggle for Life 247 Refl ection from the Perspectives of Indigenous Peoples By Elizabeth S. Tapia
Chapter 13: Ecology and Judaism 259
Religion and Nature 261 Th e Abrahamic Faiths’ Concepts of Creation By His All-Holiness Bartolomeus, Professor Rabbi Arthur Hertzberg, and Fazlun Khalid
Chapter 14: Compassion 271
Compassion as Justice 273 By Richard Reilly
Chapter 15: Justice 291
Biblical Justice 293 Leroy H. Pelton
Chapter 16: Food 315
Global Food Disorder 317 L. Shannon Jung
Chapter 17: Art 331
Religion and the Arts 333 John R. Hinnells
Chapter 18: Music 351
Music and Global Spirituality 353 Hal A. Lingerman Introduction
By Margaret McKinnon
“Our hearts are restless until they fi nd their rest in Th ee.”*
n the opening quote, we fi nd that our hearts are restless until they fi nd a home in the divine or within the depths of one’s own being. Th e yearning and seeking of the heart for a resting place is the search I of human spirituality. Th e word “spirituality” will mean something diff erent to each person. For one person it is a searching for, or expression of, one’s correlation to a greater and more meaningful context. For another, it is a relationship with God; and for still another, it may be a person fi nding one’s home in the universe that may involve in-depth searching for an enhanced sense of self. In the end, one has to ask the question, “Who am I?”† Th ere have been many fi gures of wisdom throughout the ages who have explored the longings of the human spirit, from the shamans and elders of the primal peoples to the spiritual teachers of the world’s religions. In this book, we will explore what these sages still have to teach us. Today, the topic of human spirituality is an academic fi eld. Th ere are many journals and university courses being developed around this theme as well as individuals seeking out study in a more familiar approach. During the academic year of 2007–2008, Virginia Commonwealth University in Richmond, Virginia, where Dr. Daniel Perdue and I teach, undertook to develop a simpler program of general educa- tion. According to Dr. Perdue,
* St. Augustine. “Th e Confessions of St. Augustine, Bishop of Hippo.” Th e Confessions of St. Augustine. Cyber Library International School of Th eology Leadership U. July 12, 2002. Leadership University. April 2010
Introduction | 1 2 | Human Expressions of Spirituality
Each department made an attempt to provide a course for the new list. Religious Studies pursued the category of “diverse and global communities.” … Th e University was encouraging us to off er a survey of world religions, which would fi t with this idea. Religious Studies is not a single discipline but rather interdisciplinary and multi-disciplinary study. Th us, Religious Studies is compartmentalized, focusing on a single topic. As it happens in all religious studies departments, some faculty are fully conversant in one fi eld while relatively unaware of another. For instance, one might be an expert in the New Testament while having no more acquaintance with Hinduism than the average person on the street. Th is situation implies that, whereas it might be nice to fulfi ll the University’s wish to require a survey of world religions, not all would be able to do it.*
Th inking of our real-world situation, Dr. Perdue came up with the title of “Human Spirituality” for our general course off ering. It is a very broad title, and anyone in Religious Studies can do some version of it. He chose this title for the course because it is appealing; many books sell by title alone as do many courses. It is also fl exible and versatile. Th e catalog entry states,
Th ese courses are designed to provide students with an understanding of communities, cultures and identities other than their own, and with the ability to apply methods of inquiry from various academic disciplines to the understanding of diverse cultures and societies and the interactions among them.†
In closing, Dr. Perdue sees the course description as a way of allowing
for a wide variety of off erings, a “big tent” under which anyone in Religious Studies can fi nd shelter. Th e only requirement is that the course addresses at least one theme as expressed in at least two spiritual communities. Th us, the survey of world religions fi ts.‡
With the development of the course, this book was born! In this text, the reader will fi nd a plethora of information from an historical overview of primal and world religions of West and East: in particular Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Hinduism and Buddhism and their accompanying spiritualities, as well as that of secular spirituality. In the second half of the text, social themes such as ecology, compassion, justice, food, art, and music are also explored and how they impact the human spirit and the human community.
A variety of scholars and specialists have contributed to this text. Within the numerous chapters, you, the reader, will learn from many diff erent scholars their views on the world’s religions and gain a sense of the accompanying spiritualities. Hopefully, you will expand your knowledge and be able to see a world of
* Dr. Daniel Perdue. Personal interview. February 8, 2010. † General Education, Diverse and Global Communities, Religious Studies 108 Human Spirituality. Dept. home page. Virginia Commonwealth University. April 2010.
spirituality that can provide meaning to your place within the cosmos. In experiencing the many spiritual paths, you may not only discover your own spiritual tradition more deeply, but come to appreciate and even assimilate the vast spiritual legacies of our world today.
What Is Spirituality? Th e word “spirituality” defi es a simplistic defi nition. Spirituality is found within every person of all ages; it is an inherent spiritual dimension that includes experience whether as an indivudal or a community and for some people it even sees itself as a search for union with the transcendent.* We know that the human person is made up of body, mind, and spirit. To understand the makeup of the human, we need to know what spirituality is. Th is word takes on many diff erent meanings depending upon the religion, fi eld, or person defi ning it. Spirituality is known as the quality of being spiritual, an incorporeal or immaterial nature.† It can also refer to an ultimate reality or transcendent dimension of the world.‡ Next the reader will see a short description of what spirituality is according to the primal and world religions as well as in the secular fi elds.
Primal People Within the culture of primal people, the principal resource is oral recitation that is passed on by the elder family members within a tribe.§ Dreaming is used by the indigenous people of Australia to help the tribe understand the structure and nature of the created world and how they are to relate to the world and one another. In some tribes in Australia and the Americas, there is the practice of totem whereby the person identifi es a specifi c form of animal and a respect for the natural order. Th e totem gives the person support and relief. Also important to the tribal people of the Americas is the vision quest that involves the initiation of the young into adulthood.¶
* Mary Mulligan, RSHM. “Christian Spirituality.” Th e College Student’s Introduction to Th eology. Ed. Th omas P. Rausch, SJ. Collegeville, MN: Th e Liturgical Press, 1993. p. 161 of 161–74. † “Spirituality.” Dictionary.com. AnAsk.com Service. 2010. April 2010.
Judaism In Judaism, the soul is based on three parts called by the Hebrew names, nefesh, ruach, and neshama. Th e word neshama is similar to nesheema, which literally means “breath.” Ruach denotes “wind or spirit.” Nefesh comes from the origin nafash, meaning “rest,” as in the verse, “On the seventh day, [God] ceased work and rested (nafash)” (Exodus 31:17). Th e neshama is infl uenced only by thought, the ruach by speech, and the nefesh by action.* Th e word “spirituality” draws on the Hebrew found in the Tanakh, in the Greek equivalent pneuma, and in Latin spiritus.† Spirit means to have life. Th us spirituality animates the human person. It moves the person to seek and develop one’s interior life and urges the individual to know the depth of the inner self. Spirituality is a way of living, whether one chooses to be part of a religious community or lives within a strictly secular context. A basic religious defi nition of spirituality is
… the quest for a fulfi lled and authentic religious life, involving the bringing together of the ideas distinctive of that religion and the whole experience of living on the basis of and within the scope of that religion.‡
Christianity In the Christian tradition, spirituality is a lived experience with a Triune God: Father (Creator), Son (Savior), and Spirit (Sanctifi er). It concentrates on the reaction of faith in relationship to consciousness and practice.§ Christian spirituality examines the religious experience of the believer in response to God’s invitation to a relationship. Th e life of the person is at the heart of this spirituality, which then informs one’s understanding of God, self, others, and the world.¶
Islam Islam teaches that the fi rst step on the path to spiritual development is faith. One’s mind and heart must be aware that Allah is the Master, Sovereign, and Deity. Next, the believer is to seek Allah’s pleasure in all endeavors and all commands are to be followed and obeyed. Th is fi rm conviction is based on one’s intellect and will. Obedience relies upon subservience to Allah, leading the adherent to submission, which is the meaning of the word “Islam” found in the Qur’an. In the subsequent stage, the believer becomes aware of
* Rabbi Aryeh Kaplan. “Understanding the Source of Our Soul and Its Eternal Essence.” Th e Handbook of Jewish Th ought (vol. 2). aish.com. Th e Handbook of Jewish Th ought, Vol. 2, Maznaim. 2010. aish.com. April 2010.
consciousness and how to live one’s faith in daily life. Th e last stage is godliness. It signifi es that one has attained the highest worth in words, deeds, and thoughts, identifying one’s will with the will of Allah. One who reaches this stage attains the highest summit of spirituality and is nearest to Allah. Th e best method for developing the spiritual life is living out the fi ve pillars:
1. Prayer (Salat); 2. Fast (Sawm); 3. Almsgiving (Zakat); 4. Pilgrimage (Hajj); 5. Disseminate the word of Allah (Jihad).*
Hindu In the Hindu religious tradition of South Asia, there is a mixture of doctrines and practices that have evolved since Neolithic times. At several ancient sites, many religious practices have been found that include goddess fertility fi gurines, totem-like depictions of animals, seals with yogic meditation poses, and insignias of the god Siva.† Th e Vedic people developed a hierarchical social structure that has evolved into the Hindu caste system. Th ere are four levels:
1. Brahman, the priest, the holder of education, ritual, and medicine; 2. Ksatriya, the warrior; 3. Vaisya, the merchants; 4. Th e Sudra, the worker or service group.‡
After the institution of the caste system, a new notion developed that one’s entry into a family is due to one’s past actions—karma—and that after death a person is reborn according to past behavior. If one’s life has been commendable, then one can gain a higher birth; if one’s life has been cruel, then a lower human birth or even an animal birth will result. If one has led the life of renunciation, then a third option is avail- able—liberation from rebirth and entry into an unending state of purifi ed consciousness and happiness.
* Abul Ala Maududi. “Th e Spiritual Path of Islam.” Taken from a radio interview on Radio Pakistan, Lahore on March 16, 1948 at http://jamaat.org/beta/. Islam 101. Th e Sabr Foundation. 2009. Th e Sabr Foundation. April 2010
Th is release is known as moksa, and is found in the Upanishads collection of religious texts dating between 600–100 B.C.E.* In Hinduism, there is a search for fruitfulness of myths and philosophical inquiry.†
Buddhism Buddhism holds that spirituality acknowledges the radical insuffi ciency of this shifting world, off ering a path of enlightenment through self-eff ort or higher assistance.‡ Th is spirituality is interested with the end of suff ering through the enlightened understanding of reality. Th e holy life in Buddhism starts and concludes in practice, not belief and doctrine. Th e spiritual practices of this tradition diff er considerably among its major varieties, but all of them are oriented toward ultimate freedom from suff ering and the encouragement of wisdom and compassion. Th e spiritual life is what the Buddha called the noble life (brahmacarya), a life lived in search of these ideals.§
Medical Field Now we turn to the fi eld of medicine, the nursing fi eld in particular, and its view of spirituality. Burkhardt and Jacobson see it as permeating life; shaping our life journey; and it “is vital to the process of discovering purpose, meaning, and inner strength.”¶ Other authors in the same fi eld, say that the
spirit is [a] unifying force of a person; the essence of being that permeates all of life and is manifested in one’s being, knowing, and doing; the interconnectedness with self, others, nature, and God/Life Force/Absolute/ Transcendent.**
* Christopher Key Chapple. “Th eology and the World Religions.” Th e College Student’s Introduction to Th eology. Ed. Th omas P. Rausch, SJ. Collegeville, MN: Th e Liturgical Press, 1993, p. 195. † “Declaration on the Relation of the Church to Non-Christian Religions: Nostra Aetate.” Declaration on the Relation of the Church to Non-Christian Religions. Vatican. Pope Paul VI and Bishops of the Second Vatican Council October 28, 1965. Vatican. April 2010.
Also from the nursing fi eld, Barnum states that
Spirituality may be refl ected in humanitarian acts, in religion, or in many diff erent ways. Alternately it is possible to have both humanitarian acts and religious practices that stem from nonspiritual motives. Spirituality, then, is a context and a motive, a search, and, for many, a search successfully concluded.*
Secularism Secular spirituality is understood as a cultural development. It refers to the faithfulness of a spiritual phi- losophy. In theory, secular spirituality may hold many of the same forms of practices as religious spirituality, but the reason is diff erent. Th e accent is on practice rather than belief and on the inner peace of the person rather than on a relationship with the divine.†
SPIRITUAL PRACTICES On the Web site of Spirituality and Practice: Resources for Spiritual Journeys,‡ the reader can fi nd a list of resources to develop one’s interior life. In particular is a list of spiritual practices such as attention, beauty, being present, and so many more. Whether a person practices a religious or secular spirituality, one can delve into these spiritual practices, thereby enhancing one’s inner life as well as that of one’s community, locally and potentially globally. For adherents of various faith traditions and of secular life, spirituality is a way of living that infl uences all aspects of life. Both culture and spirituality inspire rituals, customs, living circumstances, and systems of organization.
SOCIAL ISSUES In the second half of this text, the reader will fi nd a variety of social issues and scholars’ responses to them in relation to spirituality. Th ey include ecology, compassion, justice, food, art, and music. To explore these social issues even further than the text off ers, a list of additional resources is provided:
* Barbara Stevens Barnum. Spirituality in Nursing: From Traditional to New Age. New York: Springer, 2006. p. 2. † “Secular Spirituality.” Secular Spirituality. Wikipedia. 2010. Wikipedia: Th e Free Encyclopedia. April 2010.
Ecology: • John O’Donohue, an excerpt from Beauty: Th e Invisible Embrace.* • Frederic and Mary Ann Brussat’s book review of David Spangler’s Blessing: Th e Art and the Practice.† • Jack Forbes, Indigenous Americans: Spirituality and Ecos.‡ • List of articles on Judaism and the Environment.§ • Mary Evelyn Tucker and John Grim, “Overview of World Religions and Ecology.”¶
Video Clips: Th e Native American Nations (six-part series on YouTube): Part 1: Indigenous Native American Prophecy (6:37 minutes)** Part 2: Indigenous Native American Prophecy (8:43 minutes)†† Part 3: Indigenous Native American Prophecy (7:51 minutes)‡‡ Part 4: Indigenous Native American Prophecy (7:59 minutes)§§ Part 5: Indigenous Native American Prophecy (4:30 minutes)¶¶ Part 6: Indigenous Native American Prophecy (5:20 minutes)***
* John O’Donohue. “Beauty: Th e Invisible Embrace.” Beauty: Th e Invisible Embrace. Spirituality and Practice: Resources for Spiritual Journeys. 2010. Spirituality and Practice: Resources for Spiritual Journeys. April 2010.
Judaism and the Environment*
Mark Dowd: God is Green Part 1† Part 2‡ Part 3§
Justice: • United States Conference of Catholic Bishops: Catholic Social Justice Th emes.¶ • Richard Rohr et al.: Grace in Action.** • Sarah Stillman: Made By Us: Young Women, Sweatshops, and the Ethics of Globalization.††
Video Clips: • Th e Miniature Earth.‡‡ • PBS Independent Lens “China Blue”.§§ • 100 Children You Must Meet.¶¶
* YouTube. Ed. Rabbi Avraham Arieh Trugman. 2008. Ohr Chadash. April 2010.
• John Perkins, History of the American Empire.* • Martin Luther King Jr., Th e King Center.†
Food: • Paul F. Knitter, Th e Myth of Religious Superiority: Multifaith Explorations of Religious Pluralism on Gandhi on Hospitality. ‡ • Jonathan Sacks, Th e Dignity of Diff erence: How to Avoid the Clash of Civilizations on Hospitality.§ • Michael Pollan, We Are What We Eat.¶ • Lloyd Alter, Eat Like Michael Pollan.** • Vandana Shiva, Why We Face Both Food and Water Crises.†† • Th e Meaning of Food.‡‡ • Presbyterian Hunger Program.§§ • Presbyterian Hunger Program Resources: Games.¶¶ • Murad A. Baig, How Did Hindus Become Vegetarians.*** http://www.chowk.com/articles/how-did-hindus-become-vegetarians-Murad-Baig.htm.
* Th e Secret History of the American Empire. Ed. John Perkins. 2007. FORA.tv. April 2010.
• Religion and Vegetarianism.*
Video Clips: • Vandana Shiva in Conversation.† • Th e Meatrix.‡
Music: • Sant Rajinder Singh Ji Maharaj, Inner Music: Th e Divine Music Within Us.§ • Anil K. Rajvanshi, Spiritual Music: Palliative Eff ects of Good Music.¶
Video Clips: • Microfundo Tune Your World: Explore World Spirituality Music Here.** • Religions of the World: Th e Music of Hinduism.††
ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
Documentaries and Movies: August Rush (PG) (113 minutes). Th ere is music in the wind and sky. Can you hear it? And there’s hope. Can you feel it? Th e boy called August Rush can. Th e music mysteriously draws him, penniless and alone, to New York City in a quest to fi nd—somehow, someway—the parents separated from him years earlier. And
* Religion and Vegetarianism. 2007. International Vegetarian Union (IVU). April 2010.
along the way he may also fi nd the musical genius hidden within him. Experience the magic of this rhapsodic epic of the heart starring Freddie Highmore (as August), Keri Russell, Jonathan Rhys Meyers, Terrence Howard, and Robin Williams. “I believe in music the way some people believe in fairy tales,” August says. Open your heart and listen. You’ll believe, too.*
Baraka (NR) (1 hour, 37 minutes). Documentary. Breathtakingly shot in 24 countries on six continents, Baraka is a transcendent global tour that explores the sights and sounds of the human condition like nothing you have ever seen or felt before. Th ese are the wonders of a world without words, viewed through human and nature’s own prisms of symmetry, savagery, harmony, and chaos.†
Th e Kite Runner (PG). (2 hours, 7 minutes). Amir is a young Afghani from a well-to-do Kabul family; his best friend Hassan is the son of a family servant. Together the two boys form a bond of friendship that breaks tragically on one fateful day, when Amir fails to save his friend from brutal neighborhood bullies. Amir and Hassan become separated, and as fi rst the Soviets and then the Taliban seize control of Afghanistan, Amir and his father escape to the United States to pursue a new life. Years later, Amir—now an accomplished author living in San Francisco—is called back to Kabul to right the wrongs he and his father committed years ago.‡
Mosque (28 minutes). Islam is a religion that remains a mystery to most Westerners, yet it is a way of life for 900 million people. Th is fi lm provides an introduction to Islam that begins with a tour of a Muslim mosque in Cairo, Egypt—an ancient city known for its tolerance and hospitality. Th e common roots of Christianity, Judaism, and Islam are also presented in the fi lm.§
Th e Pianist (R) (a true story) (150 minutes). Th e Pianist stars Adrien Brody in the true-life story of brilliant pianist and composer Władysław Szpilman, the most acclaimed young musician of his time, until his promising career was inter- rupted by the onset of World War II. Th is powerful, ultimately triumphant fi lm follows Szpilman’s heroic and inspirational journey of survival with unlikely help from a sympathetic German offi cer (Th omas Kretschmann). A truly unforgettable epic, testifying to both the power of hope and the
* August Rush. Dir. Kirsten Sheridan. Perf. Freddie Highmore, Keri Russell, Jonathan Rhys Meyers. Warner Bros. Pictures, 2007. † Baraka. Dir. Ron Fricke. Perf. Documentary. Magidson Films, 1993. ‡ Th e Kite Runner. Dir. Marc Forster. Perf. Khalid Abdalla, Atossa Leoni, Shaun Toub, Homayoun Ershadi. DreamWorks SKG, 2007. § Mosque. Dir. Maryknoll World Productions. Perf. Documentary. Maryknoll World Productions, 1992. Introduction | 13
resiliency of the human spirit, Th e Pianist is a miraculous tale of survival masterfully brought to life by visionary fi lmmaker Roman Polanski in his most personal movie ever.*
Th e Power of Forgiveness (NR) (1 hour, 18 minutes). To forgive someone can be simple. But this simple act can have powerful consequences—and may lead to a personal and spiritual transformation. Recently, the study of forgiveness has come into its own. Researchers are examining the psychological and physical eff ects of forgiveness under an amazingly wide variety of conditions, ranging from petty insults to sexual assault to 9/11. Clinicians now help guide people to forgive transgressions and get on with their lives. From Ground Zero to Northern Ireland to the Amish countryside, Th e Power of Forgiveness explores this important concept and reveals how forgiveness can transform your life.†
Rabbit-Proof Fence (PG) (1 hour, 34 minutes). Th is powerful true story of hope and survival has been met with international acclaim. At a time when it was the Australian government’s policy to train aboriginal children as domestic workers and integrate them into white society, young Molly Craig decides to lead her little sister and cousin in a daring escape from their internment camp. Molly and the girls, part of what would become known as Australia’s “Stolen Generations,” must then elude the authorities on a dangerous 1,500-mile adventure along the rabbit-proof fence that bisects the continent and will lead them home. As shown by this outstanding motion picture, their universally touching plight and unparalleled courage are a beautiful testament to the undying strength of the human spirit.‡
Th e Soloist (PG 13) (a true story) (117 minutes). Robert Downey Jr. and Jamie Foxx star in this inspiring true story of how a chance meeting can change a life. Th e Soloist tells the poignant and ultimately soaring tale of a Los Angeles newspaper reporter who discovers a brilliant and distracted street musician fi lled with unsinkable passion, and the unique friendship and bond that transforms both their lives. Th e remarkable performances make for an unforgettable experience in what is hailed as “a courageous and uncompromising fi lm” (Gene Shalit, Today).§
* Th e Pianist. Dir. Roman Polanski. Perf. Adrien Brody, Emilia Fox, Michal Zebrowski. R. P. Productions, 2003. † Th e Power of Forgiveness. Dir. Martin Doblmeier. Perf. Th e fi lm includes stories and interviews with people from many faith traditions. JourneyFilms, South Carolina ETV, 2007. ‡ Rabbit-Proof Fence. Dir. Phillip Noyce. Perf. Evelyn Sampi, Tianna Sansbury, Laura Monagham, Kenneth Branagh. Miramax Films, 2002. § Th e Soloist. Dir. Joe Wright. Perf. Jamie Foxx, Robert Downey Jr., Catherine Keener. DreamWorks SKG, 2009. 14 | Human Expressions of Spirituality
Walking with the Buddha (28 minutes). As the number of immigrants from Southeast Asia increases, Americans will meet believers in Th eravada Buddhism. Th e Buddhist emphasis upon compassion based on meditation off ers an example and challenge to all. Th is fi lm was done on location in Th ailand, looks at the life of the Buddha, and how his followers live their beliefs.*
Whale Rider (PG-13) (101 minutes). Th ere is a legend that Paikea rode on the back of a whale and led his people to New Zealand. Since that time, tradition has decreed that the fi rst-born male descendant will become chief of the tribe. Th en Pai is born … and she is a girl. She grows up within a close-knit village that retains the tribe’s traditional spiritual relationship with the sea and their warrior values. Although loved by all, Pai faces rejection from her grandfather, Koro, who is brokenhearted that there is no grandson to carry on the line.†
Roots and Wings: A Jewish Congregation (28 minutes). What does it mean to be Jewish? Too few Christians know Judaism as a living community shaped by thousands of years of a people’s relationship with God and the world. Th is fi lm introduces a Jewish congregation and presents the ways in which Judaism is passed on from generation to generation in a predominantly Christian society. Filmed in the United States.‡
Novels: Mahatma Gandhi. Th e Essential Gandhi: An Anthology of His Writings on His Life, Work and Ideas. Mohandas K. Gandhi, called Mahatma (“great soul”), was the father of modern India, but his infl uence has spread well beyond the subcontinent and is as important today as it was in the fi rst part of the twentieth century and during his nation’s own civil rights movement. Taken from Gandhi’s writings throughout his life, Th e Essential Gandhi introduces us to his thoughts on politics, spirituality, poverty, suff ering, love, nonviolence, civil disobedience, and his own life. Th e pieces collected here, with explanatory head notes by Gandhi biographer Louis Fischer, off er the clearest, most thorough portrait of one of the greatest spiritual leaders the world has known.§
* Walking with the Buddha. Dir. Maryknoll World Productions. Perf. Documentary. Maryknoll World Productions, 1993. † Whale Rider. Dir. Niki Caro. Perf. Keisha Castle-Hughes, Rawiri Paratene. New Market Films USA.Buena Vista International, 2002. ‡ Roots and Wings: A Jewish Congregation. Dir. Maryknoll World Productions. Perf. Documentary. Maryknoll World Productions, 1994. § Mahatma Gandhi. Th e Essential Gandhi: An Anthology of His Writings on His Life, Work and Ideas. Th e Essential Gandhi. Ed. Louis Fischer. New York: Vintage Books: A Division of Random House, 1962, 1983, 2002. Introduction | 15
Immaculée Ilibagiza. Left to Tell: Discovering God amidst the Rwandan Genocide. Immaculée was born and raised in Rwanda. In this book, she writes about her life, family, and her survival during the Rwandan Genocide of 1994.*
Elie Wiesel. Night. Born in the town of Sighet, Transylvania, Elie Wiesel was a teenager when he and his family were taken from their home in 1944 to the Auschwitz concentration camp and then to Buchenwald. Night is the terrifying record of Elie Wiesel’s memories of the death of his family, the death of his own innocence, and his despair as a deeply observant Jew confronting the absolute evil of man. Th is new translation by his wife and most frequent translator, Marion Wiesel, corrects important details and presents the most accurate rendering in English of Elie Wiesel’s testimony to what happened in the camps and of his unforgettable message that this horror must never be allowed to happen again. †
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