NUMBER k2 .- WHORF, BENJAMIN LEE A CONTRIBUTION TO THE STUDY OF THE
AZTEC LANGUAGE. 1928 A CONTRIBUTION TO THE STUD? OF THE AZTEC LANGUAGE
[A detailed linguistic and literary treatment of the second poem found in D. G. Brinton's compilation, Ancient Náhuatl poetry]
Benjamin Lee Whorf
(circa 1928)
MICROFILM COLLECTION OF MANUSCRIPTS ON MIDDLE AMERICAN
CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY
No. U2
UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO LIBRARY
CHICAGO, ILLINOIS
1956 ii
TABLB OF CONTENTS
Page
1 [Main "body of article]
26 Appendix A. Original Text of the Poem Transcribed into Revised and Regular Spelling — System of B. L. Whorf.
27 Original Astee Text of the Poem vith Spelling as Given in Brinton's "Ancient Náhuatl Poetry."
28 Appendix B. A List of the Most Common Roots in the Aztec Language. Preface to Root-List - Ollgosynthesis.
30-36 [Missing] 37 [Continuation of list]
U2 Appendix C. Bibliography.
Note: This copy vas found among Whorf family papers hy
J. B. Carroll. Another copy occurs as Manuscript 157 in the Franz Boas Collection, Library of the American
Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. C:- 3'
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X 3i.-RIB0 3OH0, AS QTOMI SONG, A MKLODY. stir these n him is this: Blossoming gardens I who sing this song have entered many a one, of something Carefree haunts in pleasant places all aglow with dew and sun, vividly thai Where the sweet birds all are trilling, where oomes floating down utmost b? _• ;1 the song something e\ That the silver-throated ooyol birds are strewing all along, somehow or t Crying jcy before the Ever-Preaent Lord; o aya.' o aya i it is to be surpassingly There the very soul and oenter of that music pomes to me - baseless ore Surely not from earthly sources springs suoh golden harmony; imagination Only in the far-off heaven e'er was suoh sweet coyol heard One glimpse Lifting voioe in chorus with the quechol and the zaquan bird, seem to be Where indeed they praise the Over-Present Lord, oayaj oayaJ drawn in frc must hold tl Then I ponder what I've heard - up.' my spirit, soar afar something a1 Till thou oomest forth in glcry where those heavenly regions are - made by the Turn into a rushing wind, my sighs2 and let me on your wings imperfectly Pass beyond into that heaven's depths wherein the Saouan sings, is this eai Paya! oayai that ia kinc vast, high, But when I look into my heart, this the truth that I oan see; associated v There is no sweet bird sings at all - true - yet heavenward there them so fitl must be ends in thit The things the mind of ffod hath wrought, than these my fancies the sense oj greater far, with its pli And if my spirit turns to God I may sometime transoend the bar And enter in and see the wondrous works the heaven's depths afford Bri To gladden heaven's own sweet birds before the Ever-Preaent Lord. before the < Payai oayai' (the Christ; explanatory. How roach longer must I weep on earth through life's deluding play. permissible Knowing well it all must vanish when this breath shall pass away - 0 Thou Ever-Preaent Lord, in Vhy mansion of the skies. Be: Might I yonder sing Thy praises! - fain toward Thee my soul would rise, explain the Rise and look beyond the present, and Thine Sver-BTesence see the trad i tic In all and causing all, O Thou who bringest all to be] obscure the Qayal oayai ways, as o i In order to Listen to my song, O friend, a throbbing drum that flowers entwine - chosen not 1 Let my soothing song of heaven solace you, 0 masters mine; able w) and May it from my heart out-blossoming like a rain of flowers fall represented Till my hymns find grace before Thee, Ever-Present Lord of allJ when I writi Oayai oayai and Maya. ] I also reta: This is the poem, and it hardly sounds like any priestly quioatl for effusion* It is oouohed in charaoteristio Aztec poetical style, which by a - henoi abounds in references to birds and flowers and allusions to natural represented scenery, and seems like the spontaneous utterance of some unknown a or e, v/hej poet whose heart yearned to know what was behind all the beauty of au and eu; < nature that so stirred him, as we know from such poems that it did yeoteneua. j 4. stir these man of old l&exioo. The thing that Beams most to Impress hint is this: great as is the beauty of nature, he has inward visions of something still more beautiful and perfeot. That he can realise so vividly ".hat there o an be something even more beautiful than the utmost bíj;ty of nature means to him that such a beauty, or else something even more posfeot than that vision, must indeed exist somehow or somewhere in the universe, though he does not suppose that it is to be found on the earth. He rejects the view that something surpassingly greater than the beauty of nature might be a mere baseless creation of the fanoy - hie feeble and wholly imitative imagination would have no power to oréate anything of this sort. One glimpse of this ideal, and it is rather the things of earth that seem to be vain illusion fistlaoauia) or obstructing appearenoes drawn in front of the view, it is the greater and not the less whloh must hold the greater truth. And so he is led to the thought of something still greater, of the Creator of all* There must be worlds made by the Divine Being that realize this perfection of which he oan imperfectly oonoeive, worlds more closely related to that Creator than is this earth; and he feels something within himself ("no-yollo") that ia kindred to these ideal realms. It would seem that a sense of vast, high, serene aface fills his thoughts of these realms and is associated with the blue expanse of the sky. He finds no name for them so fitting as "heaven" - ilwioatl. He feels that his true destiny ends in this region where all is close to God - for this seems to be the sense of the ending of the next to the last or olimaoterio "tan»a with its play upon the inner meaning of the Divine Fame. Brinton assures us that the poem is ancient, dating from before the oonqueat, and that the words yenan Dios, "he who is (the Christian) God",which ocourred in his text, were added later as explanatory, to show that the song was not idolatrous and was permissible to a Christian people. Before proceeding to a detailed study of the text, I must explain the simplified spelling that I have employed in preference to the traditional spelling of Azteo based on old Spanish, which tends to obscure the etymology of words by representing the same sound in two ways, as o and qu for M k, qu and ou for kw, z,o, and o for s. In order to preserve as much as possible the typioal appearance I have chosen not to introduce any new letters like k (exoept for an unavoid- able w) and not to use any letters for sounds which they have M^BT represented in the traditional spelling. Remember then that hereafter when I write the letter 0 it is always hard, or like k, as in Latin and Maya. Henoe I write oetaal for queseal. The familiar digraph qu I also retain in its Latin value - its value in question - hence quloatl for ouicatl. The sound of a or a soft s is always represented by a - henoe ze and zan for oe and can. The sound of w is ordinarily represented by the digraph hu; I use w exoept when it is preceded by a or e, when I follow Sahagun and Molina in employing the diphthongs au and eu; ohua I write oa. Hence I have $t waloalao, wel, auaoh, yj?joteneua, njfflojaya, for tasjjgalafi., JmAl, A29£í«JPifiBA.» ÜSM%ft2ft• 5. -..-ad ao from now on ffaua will take the pi ace of Hahua. As before, from a root 3 x has the sound of English ah, while ch is always as in church. word pantli, T write the demonstrative particle in (the, that, which, etc.) coming from 1 separate from the next word, hyphenate possessive pronouns to the Song" is aim] name of the thing possessed, hyphenate to the verb pronominal phrases and does not like nonol. xlteohmo. analogous to the French je l'en. 11 nous y. any more thai which precede it, also the verbal particles te and fTa when they are referred to c not an inseparable part of the stem. I hyphenate the suffixed dictionary; i auxiliary verb oa.to be, to distinguish from the suffix oa of other either somet) meanings, and hyphenate all long or unusual compounds (in whioh the regular, and language abounds) whether nouns' or verbs. tlamelauhoa. direct, guide Now our poem bears the title Xopan-quicatl. Oton-quioatl. flattened ou1 Tlamelauhoayotl - a sprftng song, an Otbmi song, a plain (or melodious) straight, dii song - and the word quloatl, song, will aerve as a good example to to a song or illustrate several peculiarities of the Aztec tongue. Nouns in the singular take a suffix whioh may be omitted if the noun is used as Tl a modifier like "iron" in "the iron box". It also may be retained in xoohi-tlal-pt suoh uses. This suffix is tl for vowel stems and tli for consonant auach toname; stems, and since by an Invariable rule of Aztec phonetics t drops out between two l's, in the case of 1-aterns the suffix beoomes 11, so that "I suoh words end in Hi. Here is a brief list of some of the most greatly care- important grammatical forms: dewily, radii Root - qul - follow, follow after, conform, pursue, seek, gather, An verb qui. gather, acquire, It is precede reduplicated verb quiqui. model, mold, sculpture, carve. o, and the p< Tenae-sign b< 4-Root - tla - sot, put, place, a place. end in a non- qul-tla. qul-tla-pan, adverb and postposition, after, behind. vowel , ao thi essential th« -f Root - lo - turn, go around, cover. required in 1 i-gui-lo-a-, v. trace, delineate, draw, write. tla-qui-lo-a. v. decorate, ornament with designs. Thl oalaci, ente] Stem-forming element £ settle, oet i quic. stem -""rhythm, chant, singing, musio, versification. endow, invesl qulo-tll. n. song(rare) - qulo-ti-n. songs. extremely cor no-quic." my song. iio-qulo-wa-n. my songs. sing. container (e, CTOloaa. v. sing (he alngs )~o-qulo. He" sang, quio-a-z. he will calaoi might qulo-a-tt. n. song (common) - qulo-a-me. songs. the root o. < no-qulo-^a-uh. my song no-quic-a-ua-n. my songs. a verb caToé qulo-a-ni. nomen agentis, n. singer, adj. singing. This verb" ca qulo-a-l, nomen patientis stem, quic-a-1-li. what is sung. root of acT~": qui-qulo'-a. v. reduplicated and frequentative - sing away, whioh I regaj carol, e.g. of birds. quio-ili-a. v. sing to, e.g. object a person (applicative or *Ftnote. Th: dative verb). a-tla-tl, dis o-qttlo-ill, he sang to, qulo-111-z, he will sing to. especially UJ "void" as sij The first word of the title gives us quioatl compounded with privative pr( xogantli, growing-season, spring, summer. In compounding and derivation the tl or tli is either dropped or reduced to t or ti. Xopanttli is 6. from a root xo, *si, xluh. aprout, bloom, vegetate, grow green, ana the word pant11. abode, found ao far as I know only in eompounds, and coming from the root pa, pervading, through, in , over, on. "Otoml Song" is simply a name given to a certain kind of poetical composition and does not mean that the poem in question was taken from the Otomies, any more than such a name as "French horn" indicates that the article referred to came from France. Tlamelauhcayotl is not in Molina's dictionary; it is rendered "Plain Song" by Brinton, and clearly means either something direct, plain, and simple, or something smooth, regular, and metrical; being an abstract noun from the adverb tlamelauhoa, directly, atraightly, oorreotly, from the verb melaua. tla. direct, guide, make olear, declare distinctly (op. melaua, mo, beoome flattened out, prostrate oneself) from the roots me, smooth, even, straight, direot, and ## lo, (lau), turn. Perhaps the word aB applied to a song or poem means a smooth, flowing, lilting melody or metre. The song begins: Onl-walcalao. ni quicanl. nepapan xoohi-tlal-pan. wel te-ellelolxtloan. te-tlamachtlcan, onoan auach tonameyo olauhtl-manl, - "I have entered, I the singer, various flower-grounáís), greatly care-banishing places, enjoyment places, where (everything) dewily, radianily, moist-extends, - " An interesting word here is the verb walcalaoi. enter. It is preoeded by a phrase consisting of the sign of the perfeot tense, o, and the personal pronoun ni, I. Verbs in the perfeot bear another Tenae-sign besides; namely tHe apooopation or end-clipping. When verba end in a non-radical vowel the clipping is simply a dropping of that vowel, ao that walcalaoi becomes waloalao. The apooopation is more essential than the sign o, which is sometimes omitted, and it is also required in the imperative. This verb walcalaoi is an elaboration of a simpler verb oalaci, enter. Calaoi consists of the verb aci. go into a fixed state, settle, act (sun).causative on aoi-a, put on (olothes) assume, bestow, endow, invest, imbue, put upon or at; and the stem cal, interiority, extremely common as a noun oal-li, house, home, abode, plaoe, interior, container (e.g. tlauil-oalli. lamp, from tlauilli. light). Hence calaoi might be rendseed "assume interiorityV TEe stem cal oornes from the root o. oa. interior, and has the form of a nomen patlentis from a verb ca~ be or beoome in or at, dwell in, hence "what is dwelt in". This verb" ca has however beoome merely a simple oopula, to be. The root of aoT~"i8 probably ao, with the meaning move over, transport, put, which I regard as a secondary formation from the root a, spaoe.* *Ftnote. This is the very oommon root a, space, room, void, e.g. in a-tla-tl, distance-putter, spear-thrower, tlil-a-tl, dark abyss, especially uaed to denote liquid, water (a-t>, water) and to mean "void" as sign of nullification, doubt, interrogation, and negative or privative prefix - quail1. good, aqualii, bad. 8. 7. but whose coo Having thuo analyzed the parent word oalacl. IJ&G uo return composition n to walcalaoi. Wal ia a very common adverb meaning hither, *;o this place, lifting, vio] toward here, ooming. Por its ultimate constitution see the .-.let of *XSKX tlt-00, root-compounda appended» It la much UBed in composition - e.g., (with change yauh, go, wallauh, come (ly_ becomes 11 by invariable phonetic rule). ition oarryiz It gives to palaoi the nuance of "come in" as diatinguished from "go - used as a in". Thus the opening line means "on various occasions I have been in be the idea < the position of one who has just entered a garden." facts that e] general mean: This is the next word to olaia our attention. What sort of in its redup: places are these whioh ha sings of having entered? He calls them gardens, xoohi-tlalli. literally "blossom land" of "flower-ground". If then The word xoqhltl cornea close to having the aame meaning as the English ting somethii noun "bloom", being both singular and collective. It is moreovó^ a we shall pro! word greatly used for the associations it evokes and the figurative produoed thii senses it assumes - a favorite and characteristic expression of the ¿¡¡a roots el-lel poets. It consists of the root xo, sprout, bloom, whioh we saw in "paina", a ti xppantli, and the root ohi. form, shape, make, accomplish. The word in a word, o: "Slal-11, earth, land, ground, has the form of a nomen patlentis from sort of stati the root tla. settle, down, set, plaoe, fix. A cal-laill is a house- whioh ellell: plot; a xoohl-tlalll is a flower-garden. It is well known that the everything ii Aztecs were quite accomplished in the horticultural and florioultural poet's imagiJ arts; indeed they seem to have had an almost Japanese-like love of verbal stem flowers. Our poet may have in mind such magnifioent bowers of tropical "where?" and vegetation as were associated with the palaces of great nobles, peaces er, location like the xoohi-tlaltln of Montezuma with their aviaries and the collect- ellelclxtia. ions of plants that made team brue botanical gardens. The word pan meaning (not suffixed to the stem xochl-tlal is a postposition into, essentially the JUBI same word as pantli but reduced to an adverbial function like* -hat Before of ward in "homeward". Aztec as in coinoidence, Our poet has another name for these garden-spots - Wei is very te-ellelclxtioan. a word of complex and interesting construction, Greek eu and tthe verb ellelcTxtia. te. means please, delight, amuse, entertain, intensify an solace - it is literally to drive out or put outside trouble, pain, or care, ellelli. The verb clxtia has three meanings; (1) show the The oth appearance of, resemble, bell ike, (2) make excuses, or be arrogant, similarly fo "put up a front", ('¿) externalize, put out, put outside, emit, ejeot. pleasure in, All three come naturally enough from the meaning of its root ix, the one inte exteriority, outwardness (ix-tli, face, front, surface). Cixtia is a the probable fixation of the transitive form c-ixtia of an earlier verbTxtia. which root-oompoun survives in the me inlngs look out, peer, spy, and, oppose saamtt oneself it with maoh to another in oombat. Brinton is certainly mistaken in alluding to tlamachia, a cixtia as the causative of the verb oiza, go out. The process of placidly, v,e making causativos in Aztec is phonetioally V6ry regular, and would neveB permit of changing oiza to cixtia. No doubt «xxKxxgxxaeibcicaxJáttcx *Ftnote. An cixtia may be used as the causative of oiza, 'just as in English bring a-tlantl-oo Ta used as the causative of oome. Ciza comes from the root za, sepa- 4-tl, water, tion, isolation, modulated by a form of that very common root o,oi,ca. And I daresa interior. It means separate oneself(from the interior). some meaning water". Bui As for ellel, the stem of ellelli. suffering, pain, it has or any one c the form of a nomen patientis from a verb elle that no longer exists 8. 7. but whose composition and general idea are easily discerned. The 3 return composition must be el-tie. She root tie denotes strenuoaity, heaving, n this place, lifting, violence, passion, heat - from it come tle-tl. fire, -.let of XXCKX tle-oo, rise, tle-oo-teoa. urge, aooelerate, and probably • 8». (with change of vowel) tla-ti-a, .burn. The stem el appears in oomposit- o rule), ition carrying the ideas of labor or diligence ancfof abdominal vieeera from "go - used as a noun, el-11. it means the liver. Its basis would seem to 7e been in be the idea of breathing, panting, blowing, breath, judging by the facts that cl-pantli means the ohest and that the root e includes in its general meaning that of blow, breathe, wicxmk as la especially evident t sort of in its reduplicated form eje, e.g. ee-oa. blowing, windy, cc-oa-tl. wind. them round", If then we think of el-lel, the stem of ellelli. as a word sugges- he English ting something like a fire that consumes the breathing or vital parts eovó^* a we shall probably be not far afield from the semantlo process that urative produced this Asted word for pain* Again, in the milder senses of the of the ¿¡¡5 roots el-lel would mean a atrenuosity of diligence, a taking of great saw in "pains", a taking of trouble, a state of worrisome over-applioation, The word in a word, of "care". And of course it is the very opposite to this tie from aort of state that is adumbrated by the word ellelcixtia. a state in a house- whioh ellelli ia ejected, thrown out, a "carefree" atate in whioh hat the everything ia easy, peaceful, and happy. Such are the gardens of our ioultural poet's imagining; he culls them to-ellelcixtitcan. applying to the ove of verbal stem the place-suffix can, whioh as an Independent word means of tf^pical "where?" and whioh again oomes from the root ca, interiority, contain- es, placee er , location. Te is the verbal prefix whioh goes with the verb the colleot- ellelcixtia. andwhen a verb reguires suoh a prefix in a particular ord pan meaning(not all do) it must be carried over into derived nouns. ntially the n like* -hat Before this word stands one of the two words that are the same In Aztec as in English, wel. - the other being on. It ia a strange coincidence, but the meaning of wel la nwellTr*and that of on la "on".* Wel is very freely placed before verbs and other worda like the tion. Greek eu and its Sansorit cognate au, exoept that it rather denotei rtain, intensify and thoroughness than good" quality. , pain, or ' the The other epithet applied to the gardens, te-tlamacht1-can. is ogant, similarly formed from the verb tlamaohtia, meaning (1) enjoy, take .t, eject. pleasure in, (2) enrich some oneT The first meaning would seem to be - **. the one intended. Those interested will find what I ooneider to be xtia is a the probable composition of this word indicated In my Hat of 'xjbi'a, which root-compounda in the appendix. I might say that I do not oonneot tamtt oneself it with maohtia, learn, teach, or tlamaohla draw designs, or ding to tlamachia, apportion, arbitrate, but in the case of tlamaoh. mildly, iss of placidly, v,e have a closely-related word. I would neve8 txjdncx *Ftnote. Another queer coincidence ia that a-tlanti-o and .ish bring a-tlantl-eo are good Aateo words meaning "down in the water", from aja, sepa- A-tl, wafer, and the stem tlan. tlant. tlantl. settled, down, low. >t o.oi.oa. And I daresay that such a word-form as a-tlanti-g-tli would convey some meaning to a native, and one something like "place down in the water". But let no one think I am trying to derive the Aztecs, Tolteos, i, it has or any one else from sunken Atlantis! sr exists 9. tttk Bu iVith the fondneaB for scenic description which has been with sub3tan previously noted our poem now glides easily into a vivid word-picture syncopated t introduced by qnoan. whioh is both a demonstrative adverb "there" and moisture. 'J? a conjunction "whire". It is composed of the interrogative can eompoaed of "where?" and on. so that it means whereon, on or at which place. the aua of a Auaohtli. dew, (also written anechtll) appears to consist of the root to water, ir ohi or oh, form, to form, affixed to a stem ana meaning diffuse, seem to be s evaporate, fume, vapor, from which aa-ia (verb in yja, for aua-ya). generally ex be pleased, contented, the probable original meaning of whose aense two precedía of pleasantness is seen in the derivatives au-ia-o, fragrant, sweet, K2a«Hpraasi u: au-la-oa-yo-tl. perfume. This stem aua would seem to be a root- whatever we compound composed of the roots wa, aend, send out, and the previously-mentioned a denoting empty, vague, or undefined spaoe. An proceeds to The poet suggests the brilliance and light that suffuses the wBole imagined scene, the sparkle of the dew and the On flash of lustrous leaveB, by the word tonameyotl, radiance, or in ooyol-tbT "ray-gush", from the utem of the verb meya, flow, gush (root me, smooth, flowing), and the stem tona, radiate, glow, seen in the verb Wh tona, glow, be hot, warm, and in tona-1-li, radiation, heat, light song as the (rnetz-tonalli. moonlight) archalo day (tonal-amatl, book of days), tona-ya-n sunlight, sun, in the sun, tona-tiuh. the sun. The root Az of tonaTs to, send out, emit, radiate, spread abroad. reduplioatin continual vo How it should be noted that the tl-suffix is srontix crying out, omitted from the words auaoh-tli and tonameyo-ISI. This is significant; utter, etc , it shows that these nouns are being used as modifiers, and since they tla-to-a-ni, can modify only the following verb they are to be regarded as adverbs similar sort rather than substantival subjects or objects. An analogy from modern singular. colloquial English may illustrate this. Not long ago while in Albany, N. Y. I observed signs cautioning pedestrians with the words To "don't Jaywalk". Now "jay" is a noun, even though it be a slang tlazo, preoT noun, yet here it is not used aa a substantive but as a modifier, an of admiratio adverb. It qualifies the action of the verb, making it mean to walk to love. It like a "jay" or acoording to the nature of "jays". Such free use of soft, tender words as in an isolating language is more characteristic of colloquial word for worn than of literary English, but it is still more characteristic of Aztec, mud, ao-tl, where answering to "jay walft" we have "heart know", yollo mati, and ao-zo-ci-ti-' "church be saved", teopan mo-macixtia. The construction of auaoh and tonameyo in the poem ia the same. Th The verb here in a narrow sense is mani, extend, spread, verb tlaza» i (from root ma, extend), and oiauhtl. "wetness", can be considered in case in tlaa the same construction as tonameyo, or it can be considered as forming XXXXJULpKX&XX a compound verb, for the stem In t or _ti is typical of many compounds stem quloa, and auoh compounds of mani with noun steme» or other verbs are very substance of common. In them mani sinks to the rank of an auxiliary verb or but I feel m formative termination indicating that the action of the verb is spread stem prefixe out in spaoe. Such a suffixed verb often corresponds to an English same sense a adverb, in this case "all around" or "all along". object place better under 9. 10. But the bodiless idea of aprifding evoked by mani is filled l-i has been with sub3tanoe by the stem compounded with, it - olauhti. the rd-picture syncopated t-atem of uiaultl. rain-water, rain, general wetness, there" and moisture. The form of this noun hints at a verb oi-aula fa-wa-ya). can composed of the roots a, water, and wa, send, and therefore related u Laoe. the aua of auach. This verb is known in its applicative form, ani-li-a. C the root to water, irrigate. The resulting oompound verb oiauhti-mani would fuse, seem to be atative XXXKX rather than active, denoting a state of ia-ya), generally extended moiatneas - oomposed of sparkling ftsvocx dew, as the 3e aenae two preceding modifiers tell ua. The subject of this verb is t, sweet, uamipxanaai unexpressed or impersonal - it is "it" or "everything" or root- whatever we may consider the poem to be talking about. 3paoe. And now having called up this visual imagery, our poet proceeds to give us an impression of the sounds of such a garden. at ad the Oncan quiquica in nepapan tlazo-totome, on quica-tlaza or in ooyol-tototl oauantl-mani in in-tozoitzin - b me, the verb Where sing away various lovely birds, and drops down on (one) . light aong as the ooyol-fowl let go spreading their glorious voices - days), tie root Azteo verbs are made frequentative arid intensive by reduplicating the first syllable; hence quiquica conveys the idea of continual volleys of song. The word tototl. bird, probably means ananxxoc crying out, oalling, from the reduplicated root to, throw or send out, significant; utter, etc, whence 1-to-a. apeak, say, tla-to-a. speak,tell, command, aince they tla-to-a-ni, commander, chief, king, to-oa-1-tl, name, and others of as adverbs similar sort. This word like our "fowl" is collective as vfell as rom modern singular. in Albany, 3 Toto-roe. birds, a true plural, is compounded with the stem slang tlazo,. precious, dear, lovely, exquisite, sweet, etc., a general term ifier, an of admiration and endearment. From it is formed the verb tlazo-tla.» a to walk to love. It cornea from the root zo, mollls. simplex, planas, to W se use of soft, tender, pliant, smooth, flaTsT open, etc.. whenoe ao-a-tl. a , colloquial word for woman, go-ol-tl. clay, zo-cl-ti-»a. moisten, soak. zCKOl-yoVtl. ic of Aztec, mud, zo-tl, cloth, zo-a. unfold, open, zo-tla-ua. be languid, tired, ati, and zo-zo^oirib"i-c. soft, and others. auach This stem tlazo is to be carefully distinguished from the ad, spread, verb biaza, drop, fall, let fall, in which ths tla is radical, not the idered in case in tlazo. Tlaza is a fusion of the roots tía, down, settle/ and as forming xxxxaxiiEuÉx3Eax za, separate. This verb is here compounded with the compounds stem quloa. song, or sing, whiah oharaoterizes and defines the re very substance of the falling action. It is a oase of what is sometimes, b or but I feel mistakenly, called an "incorporated" noun objeot. A noun b is spread atem prefixed to a verb should not be considered an object in the English same sense as the prefixed personal pronoun object or the true noun object placed almost always after the verb. The phenomenon can be better understood as one of simple compounding, in whioh the relation 11. of the subordinate element ia not specified as object or anything in are artii else but left indefinite to be deoided by the oontext. The construc- tnat or whii tion is the same as with auaoh above, such "adverbial" nouns differing involving i' only in that other words, like pronouns or verbal particles, happen ; arrect Brig: to intervene between them and the verb-stem proper* It is true that demons tr at i1 the compounding of a noun with a verb may take the place of an English pronoun in- direct or indirect object, but again such a compounded stem may have present ion an instrumental or locative or descriptive significance, and it always word. The serves rather to adumbrate a general idea than to denote a single before vowe: individual thing. For instance, tla-xoohl-iqulloa. as ~.aed by Sahagun, does not mean to decorate a flower; it means to deoorate Th (gold ornaments, etc.) with floral designs. oonstruotio: derived fro; These prefixed «terns are essentially modifiers or qualifiers; relinquish, they represent constructions like "to jaywalk" or "to joy ride"; the roots a they belong like all word-compounding to the isolating or verbal pre"? Chinese-like form of syntax, and Astee, for all its te^denoy to fuse may be sugg roots into oompound stems and to synthetize long words, is in many cai/a-r) -tí¡ ¿aa-n-tli. KXXX ways not far removed from such isolating tongues» One is struok throw out, by the similarity of Aztec jentence syntax to the "logical" syntax nouns, rath of English or Chinese and by its dissimilarity from the syntax of a the whole w highly-inflooted language like Sanskrit, but if one compares typical from ,.-,i ear long Sanskrit and Asteo compounds. only resemblance is seen. Whether admir.ng, a the compounded stem is incorporated in the xxcxx sense that tmesis of splendor ooours, inserting the stem between the verb-stem and its prefixed to the epit Particles after the manner of our "split infinitive", xaax is a matter of secondary consequence and often of the speaker's choice. Th The Aztec tía, te. mo. oi. etc,, are more loosely attaohed than the poet, t purists at least would regard the to of our infinitive as being. birds' note We may have yo1Ion i te-mat i and nifre-yollo-mati. on o-ena and c-on-eua. As in English, so in Aztec, the parts split off have a merely auxiliary function; splitting the actual stem of a verb is the 3ver-Pr unheard of in either. There ia no grammatical subject of name dietin on quica-tlaza; it is impersonal, and the on tells us that the aotlon to those wh is carried "on" or "onward" to its resting plaoe. What it see from two ad The little demonstrative and relative particle in is the pertaining the most important and many-aicled word in Aztec syntax. ""The nearest The last is word in English is that in all its possible senses, but still in found in th must often be translated "the" or "a" cr "the one that" or (Anahuao), "in regard to which". Placed before verbs it makes them dependent; are suba tan in what way dependent being understood from the tense or mood, or bearing the from another Conjunction with it, or often only from the context, as substantiva with our that. Like that, it introduces purpose and result clauses positive ei and indireet discourse and is often a relative pronoun, both nomina- tival c ala tive and accusative. It is plaoed before nouns to which attention or a generic, verbal action is directed, even to becoming a aort of sign of the certain plv accusative. It might be oalled an article if by this be understood expanding t neither a definite nor indefinite article but simply an artioulating that the id article, whose main function is to link together the phrases of the philosophic sentence, both setting off and subordinating to the main thought that according 1 thought injro whioh it leads. In the above lines the first and third conveyed a 12. in are articles before nouna, the seoond is really a relative pronoun that or whioh referring to the action of the verb qnloa-tlaaa and involving it in the aotion of the next verb. But the exigencies of arreet Bflglish require transiting as instead of whioh. Shis demonstrative in should not be oonfuued with the possessive personal pronoun in-, tEeir, whioh was probably onoe is* or 1-mo. owing its present ¥orm to a phonetio rule whioh prohibits m at the end of a word. The original m remains, at least in some cases of dialects, before vowels, e.g. Sahagun writes lm-altepeuh. their oity. The aotion of the ooyol birds is described by another construction with mani dispersive, the characterising stem being derived from the verb oaua. leave, forsake, let go, let, release, relinquish, desist, another form of result produoed by combining the roots a, spaoe, void, and wa send off. The o I regard as the verbal pre?ix#f fuBed to the stem, though the ¡L °* interiority may be suggested by it. The stem looks like a derived nonn cai/a_T)-tf¡ ¿as.~n-tli. Tozoitl. the singing voice, comes from the root to, throw out, radiate, utter; z. is an afformative used in making nouna, rather uncommon except in the very common formation -li-g: the whole word to-z-ci-tl looks like a secondary adjective form from v-.-i earlier*~to-2~tll7 The tl ie replaoed by the extolling, admir.ng, and reverential suffix tain, whioh conveys an impression of splendor or nobility, the whole expression in-toe o Itz in answering to the epithet "silver-throated" in my translation. The thought of these sweet sounds brings to that other singer, the poet, thoughts of the Creator of all, and leads him to say of the birds' notes - in o-ellololxtla in Tlooe in Hauaoe. - that delight the HJver-Preaent Lord - o ailing the Supreme Being by the divine name distinctive of Aztec monotheism. Bxaotly what this name meant to those who called upon will probably always remain a mystery. What it seems to say is "the Near, the ail-Around". It ia formed from two adverbs or postpositions; tloo. near, close, connected with, pertaining to, and nauao, IK r, neighboring, around, associated. The last is used in phrases like "the surrounding oountry" and is found in the name of the chief region of Asteo culture, a-nauac (Anahuao), "around the water" i.e. the lake of Tezouoo. Both words are substantives in what might be called a looatlve case, i.e., bearing the locative postposition -o, in, but of neither the substantival meaning ñor the radical structure of these words am I positive enough to make definite statements. The locative and aijeo- tival o also appears in the form oe, and then has an adjectival, a generic, and henoe also a oolleóTive force, and is need to form certain plurals. The divine appelation has evidently been formed by expanding the smxadCx o of the two adverbs to oe. At any rate we know that the ideas expressed by these adverbs dilated into a lofty philosophlo conception of the Deity as an all-encircling Bn« Bntlum: according to early authorities (see Brinton and footnote) the term conveyed a sense of the immanence of God in all things and of 13, Tha Hia omnipresence in all apace - no doubt also, Judging from the song whioh d ordinary meaning of the words, a sense of His enfolding nearness to seems to fee His worshipper wherever the latter might be.* its source i is tlalt-iop The singer now seems to realize that the most important tlal-tll (la thing that he has gotten fvom this muaio of nature is not the based on the mere sense-impressions of sound but something deeper, whioh he calls root io_, ass the root of song. Perhaps he feels as most of us have felt at the As for tlaoa sound of some snatoh of melody heard at some certain time or at some word azo. ev inexpressible effect of hidden meaning ooming upon one with the glimpse tlao, state of a certain scene. Observe his language at this point. e to.), tla<- • "a certain'^ Oncan nl-caci in quloa-nelwayotl in ni quicani. tlacazo and lz-tlao- amo tlaltlcpac.cpac in peuh yeotll yanqnioiyanqnloatl - There I hear the root of song,aong, I the singer, surelysure.' (it is not on earth that $i.e. where) The first began goodly poetry - It is a noun hence means The verb oaoi, hear, perhaps originally"talce in" appears to our word nov oome from the root ca, interiority. The word nelwayotl not only apparent ele means root of a plañT but foundation, fundamental, substrate, essence, particular s whioh is the sense it has here. Its own "root" is lo. lu. lw, semantic con go or be around, turn, be round, encompass, one of the oommoneat after, and y_ Astee roots* Since the later Nauatl speech will not tolerate an I hence to pro at the beginning of a word, this root picks up a prosthetic towel, As for the a usually 1, when it forms verbs. The first step in the genesis of ently invest nelwayotl was probably a verb i-lo-a. go around, cover; this came to the more emp be used only in the middle voice and the voice-prefix mo. m- fused sense ia "bl inseparably with the word, as very commonly occurs, resulting in a worthy poeti verb miloa go around, wrap, now known in the form of a reduplicated peua begin ( intensive mimlloa. roll, turn over, overturn. It has been mentioned with the ten that the voice-prefix must be retained before derived nouns. In the with celesti middle voice however the form of the prefix used before nouns ia ne, self, instead of cao, himself, itself. Thus mo-namicti-a. marry, Tla yields ne-namioti-liz-tli. marriage. Again, prosthetic 1 usually in tlazo-ooy drops after vowels; mo-zoali-a. revive, ne-zcali-liz-tli. resurrection. zaquan-totot Further, pre-vooalio o regularly syncopates to w when a word is oome hearing lengthened; a-pano. cross water, causative a-panw-la. to ford. raise it unt There are two suffixes corresponding to English ness; lia and yo. It is then olear that an abstract xsxkxtaxxK noun in yo from the original verb m-i-lo-a should have the form ne-lw-a-yo-tl, and mean Tloce Naaace something like enolosedness, covered-over condition, hence state of created ever lying underneath. •fftnote. A3t *Ftnote. Sahagun defines Tlooe Nauaoe as "creator et servitor round1" tlacatli day and does not hesitate to use the word in his A3tec version of the aggregate (r Scriptures. Molina defines it aa "oabe quien esta el ser de todaa las calendar dat cosas, oonserverandolas y sustendandolas."- "encompassing one who ia is taasx ton the Being of all things, preserving and sustaining them". What does radiation, g Bezaualooyotl say? His dootrine has been handed down in the words "ipan in ohioonaul tlamanpan m-eztl-oa In Tlooe Nauaoe, palnemoani, te-yocoyani. lael Teotl; ocl-yooox in ixoloh cexolch, in ittonl iwán amo lttoni"- "in the ninth order (of spheres or heavens) abideth the 13, 14. That there is a quality about this perfect essence of a the song which does not belong to physical things, is the way our poet •neaa to seems to feel about it and he expresses this feeling by saying that its source is not on íhtí eurth. The regular expression for "on earth" ia tlalt-iopao, in whioh the t-retaining stem of the original word >rtant tlal-tli (later tlal-li) beura the postposition iopao. all over, ie based on the root pa." pervading, throughout, over, oombined with the he calls root io_, association, contiguity, "with", and the locative suffix c-. at the As for tlaoaao, "positively" it is an emphatic compounded of the "" ' at some word aao. evidence, fact, truly, for instance; reinforced by the stem the glimpae tlao. state of being set, fixed form, corporeity (from root tla. set, etc.), tlac-tli, body, related words being tlac-a-tl, person, man, "a oertaln>r. tlao-a-tli. day, daytime "'(distinctness, clear visibility), .acazo and lz-tlao-a-uia. form an appearance, illusion; deceive. ie root . where) The word yanquioatl is not a oompound of quioatl, song. It is a noun from the adjetive yanqulo. new, recent, new-born, snd hence means new thing, original production, composition - compare .ppears to cur word novel. Possibly however the appearance in the word of an only apparent element quioatl gave the meaning a lean toward the , essence, particular sense of poetic or musical composition, making the word a 3emantio conglomerate* Yanqulo is composed of the roots qui. follow nest after, and y_a, go, advance, in the form of an old noun-stem ya-n - e an I hence to proceed as an after-occurrence, be another and new one* towel, As for the adjective yectli. whose etymology I have not yet suffici- s of ently investigated, it is one of the two words for "good" and perhaps came to the more emphatio and elevated. In the compound yeo-tenetta its fused sense ia "blessed". The whole term ieotll yanquioatl is applied to g in a worthy poetical works. The verb peun is the apocopated perfect of licated peua begin ( from root jge, spring, start, burst forth, dash forward) entioned with the tense -sign o omitted. Our poet connects yectli yanquioatl In the with celestial realms: - s is , marry, Tlacazo ompapa in ilwicatl itic wal cacizti in c-on-eua ually in tlazo-ooyol-tototl.tl. in cim-eullla in nepapan teo-cecholme. surrection. zaquan-tototl. - Surely there beyond within the heaven shouId is oome hearing of how sweet coyol birds raise it (their songs), d. raise it unto the various divine quechol birds and the zacuan-fowl* d yo. the nd mean Tloce Naaace, the vivifying One, the Creator, the sole God; Ha tate of created everything whatsoever, apparent and unapparent." *fftnote. Astee has three interesting words for "day", the chief being prmundi" tlaoatli daytime and aemilwitl "date-in-general" from gem totality, FTEe aggregate (root ze, unity, union) and ±*K±*£X llwitl recurrence, todaa las calendar date, festal dayíroot lo round, cycle, etc) Less oommon e who is is taasx tonalli, which as we have already seen means primarily hat does radiation, glow of light and/or heat, hence sunshine* words smoani. oni iwan ideth the 16. Ompa (on pa), on beyond, out there, yonder, consista of the rapidly over • pervasive root pa, through, over, beyond, and on. Ilw-1-ca-tl, poxaua, labor sky, heaven, is rrom the root lo, iw, go arouncFe tc'i and means the rise, whioh 1< encircling, the circumambient, An udjeotive ilwlca with this Tlalnmalclliz' meaning survives in the phrase llwloa atl. ocean, i.e. surrounding from namioi. " water. Compare ilwi-z. diveruely, differently, i.e. turning or join in, oausi turned, diverted. Azteo cosmology conceived a series of enveloping meaning set, < heavens, corresponding to a hierarchy of spirits and gods of Popetlati, coi successive ranks. Itio. within, in the interior, is a postposition and its stem t in the form of & c-locative of a noun from the root i. it-, and tla, ast,' draw in, interiorice, absorb. Caoiztl ia a future gerund formation modulated by the adverb wal. hither, coming. Kua, lift, raise, is Am from the root e_ denoting expansive and lifting force, breath, and in nloln-nalo air, with the verbalising root wa, send, and eullia is its applica- llivlcatl~"ltio tive or dative form, "raise to,""for, unto". Azteo renders the them (the hea dative relation not by a case-inflection of the noun but by a special zaquan-oolorei form of the verb, which denoted that the action affects the object after the manner of an indirect object. Cim, cln. ia the plural of In o,cl, and anticipates a plural object - in this case oeoholme. whioh has bee: denoting sigh is related to The stanza is concluded with the remark - onoan tlacazo and like them oi-yeoteneua in Tloce in flauaoe - where surely they oall blessings weak. The ne upon the Ever-Present Lord. The only new word kaaocc here is from e-e-ca, yecteneua. in whioh yeo. the stem of yectli. is prefixed to the root e-e (see verb terieua. represent, call, name, tell; from the root ne, neu, no. be going to ( sameness, alikeneas, identity, self, and allied to neuan. both. auxiliary ver neneuhoi, alike, equal, similar, neneuilia, be or set equal to, inchoatives, liken, compare. In the Aztec Lord's Prayer yecteneua is used for verb meaning "hallow". Haloixtla. pa causative of The next stanza appears to contain, in the text given by project (q.v. Brinton, seme mistakes in spelling and division of words. Thus meaning like the nlcaqula ni of that tent means nioaqui in ni, whioh I spell (aeaondary ro nl-oaol In nl. The notlalnamiquilizo quinpepetlatiquiza means and reduplica notlalnamlquiliz oo quinpepetlatiquiza, or my no-tlalnamiciliz oo e.g. nan-tli. oin-pepetlati-ciaa. The lnlqulnalquixtla means in niquinnalquixtla. or my in nicin-naloixtla. Here the singer meditates upon the flash of perfect beauty that has oome to him; he strives to recapture poem. The po its essence and to let his imagination rise above the things of perfectly wel earth toward a fuller apprehension of those aerial heights and figment of th their inexpressible ¿ntax joys. matter-of-fac also realises Bi-yol-poxaua in ni-oaoi in ni ouioani: acociza in truth, the di no-tlalnamloilis. oo cin-pepetlatl-oiza in ilwicame; -I labor certain truth inwardly over what I hear, I the singer; - may it rise, my mind greatness of ¿exxmsanxx (or memory) and go shining forth to the heavens; - must be great beauty-loving The limits of reasonable lengMi will not permit me to says he in el continue the minute analysis to their roots of all the words where may not be an this might be done, valuable as such study is for disclosing the whioh I seerne internal semantic structure of the Azteo tongue. We must pass 16. 16. ta of the rapidly over the first word, noting only that it is composed of poxaua, labor, and tho otem yol denoting inner life, and over acooiza. ans the rise, which looks like a development of ol-i, §o out, move outwardly. Is Tlalnamlclliztli. memory or mind, perhaps also imagination, is possibly ounding from namlol. JoTn. add, reduplicated nanamlci, be auxiliary, aid, help, g or Join in, oausative n ami o t la. Join, oonneot.Ttc., with the stem tlal «reloping meaning aet, definite; hence denoting a constructive visualizing faculty. Pepetlati, compounded with oiaa, means shining, lustrous, brilliant, position and its atern petla is compouH3ed of the roots jge, spring or burst forth, and tla, aet, definite, plain, clear, vivid. ormation iae, is And so the verse concludes: n-elzizlwillz h, and in nioin-nalclxtla In ompa on tla-teneua In zaquan wTbartiaii in appiloa- llivlcatl ltio. My oighing, grow inte a wind, that I may penetrate the them (the heavens, ilwioame), the far-beyond where are calling the a special zaquan-oolored (golden) humming birds in the interior of heaven. object lural of In elzizlwlliztli we have the atern el signifying vital breath, lie. which has been discussed above, compounded witlPthe verb zizlwia denoting sighing, tiredness, or the like. This verb, unusual alone, is related to ziaua and glziana, be tired, weak, and to aIwatl, woman, blacazo and like them is from the root zi, rattxaat uniform, smooth, mild, gentle, LeoEinga weak. The next verb io formed Trorn the noun e-e-ca-yo-tl. windlnwas, is from e-e-ca. windy, blowing, e-e~oa-tl. wind, from the reduplioated the root e-e (aee above). The irregular and defective verb tiuh. go, start, nen, no. be going to (do something), lead into, bocome, is used only as an Dth, auxiliary verb compounded with other verbs or with nouns to form to, Inchoatives, inceptivea, and incipient futures. Here it produces a ad for verb meanigg to rise and blow stronger and stronger like the wind. Haloixtla. pass through, penetrate, is not as stated by Brinton a oauaatlve of "nalolza". It in a compound of olxtla. ¡send out, eject, ren by project (q.v. supra) and the adverb and postposition nal or anal, Thus meaning like Latin trans, from the root an. na. extend, increase, pell (aeaondary root from a, upaoe), v/henoe an-a. grow, increase, multiply, ¿ns and reduplioated stem""'nan (for an-an) reproducing, secondary, in Liz oo e.g. nan-tli. mother, na-nan-oi-11-a. respond to, answer. Lqulxtla. Ee .aid now comes the deepest and most philosophical part of the recapture poem. The poet shows himnoIf a thinker as well. He seems to realize i of perfectly well that the heavenly garden of his mind's eye is only a and figment of the poetio imagination, aa far as concerns Judging it as a matter-of-fact description of any real paradise-like place» But what he also realises is that while that imaginative construction itself is not truth, the direction or tendency of it is all in the direotlon of a ibor certain truth; it is in the direotlon of the surpassing goodness and r.ind greatness of the all-embracing Spirit and Cause of the universe, which must be greater and better than anything that the most poetio and beauty-loving imagination in )the world could oonatruot. To be sure, to says he in effect, that object of faith which I have called "heaven" i where may not be anything like these gardens of which I am telling you, in 5 the which I seemed to get a glimpse of heaven. But what I am oertain of 188 17. confeas is that It la aornething no leas and no worse, that it is Indeed settle). Fro something far superior and far better than this construction of mine. He believes that his fondest hopes will after all be fulfilled, by The being exceeded* confirm, asau certainly, ne Moreover, he feels that the part of hie nature which can deolare true, rise above earthly things and sense the existence of a harmony, a root is proba quloa-nelwayotl or a yectli yanquioatl above that of all terrestrial bird-songs and other harmonies, is a nature allied to that of the Tlooe Nauaoe Himself, which can tend more and more tartrt toward His las divine nature and so at last enter into that beatitude that he calls of panauia, í heaven. That those interested may follow the poet's thought with the conquer; whic utmost closeness I shall give this most important stanaa in word-for- go through, c word interlinear rendering. related to tt te-pan over, Auh nwwiampa nlc-tlaohialtla in no-yollo. auh pet,Trans. AñT"a8 everywhere "T look into my heart XDch why Mo- tlaoazo nelll in amo ixo ich c-eua in tense formed" ¿surely the "iruth (is) tEat not at all lifts up (a inga) that making, and 1 with mo, shov tlago-tototl; tlaoaaooarso ye ooOq tla-panauia in ilwloatl Itic this middle i sweet bird; su rely >jbaan, jre¥H'wore transcends wKat ln-heaven subject, and our "the hou« i-yo] beoomes equii his netarT tEe Tloce Hauaoe aelf-raating -is, whTTe not-until ohiwa, make, tenjro-tluh in no-tlalnamlollig. aso vfel oin-nalclxti-oa: In; divinity-tends-^TTyJI my mind, is-it-that wholly them-entering-it-is; i.e. the con "set thing", lttazo in tla-inaujgolli in llwiea-o io papaci sometimes ua< there-will-be-seen TTEe marvelousness in-heaven whereby rejoice something, intervening i in ilwioa -o tlago-totome ixpan in Tloce in Ilauace. tEe heaven 'a* sweet birds ia-the-prenenoe-cf ^Ke Tlooe nauaoe. *Ftnote. Somi The word auh, and, and so, as, when, is a eloyely connecting are: jga, ve: and mildjry subordinating conjunction, more like the Semitic wa than our over.io-pa-c and, which corresponds more to the /uteo lwan. The v*rb tlaoTTialtia. wash; pa«*c-f look into, through, explore, has the form of a denominative verb from exuberant, 1 a noun tlachlal-Tt)11. which in turn would be the nomen patientie of the intermediary simpler verb tlaohia. look at, related to ohia. expect, await; both n. stem pal, from root ohl. form, ahape, aapeot, make, etc. The next noun, yollotl. pa-l-li, a b heart, kernel, nuoleus, central region, inner man, is an important one. wetness; wit It comes from the root yo, be alive w5.thin, live, exist, be inner, hidden, pa-ti 1., fl obscured: whenoe yo-ca-uTjt, thing, yo-co-ya, create, invent, construct, pa-ti-yo-tl, yo-a, darken, become night, yo-a-1-ii, nignt, tla-yo-a-1-li, darknes8, denominative i-yo-w-la. feel, suffer, endure, be in, dwell in, 1-yo-tl. soul, spirit, pa with root breath, yo-li. live, be alive, yo-li-lig-tli, life. The stem yo-1 that pa-leu-ia (^ appears in yoli ia not used as a word by itself but Í8 very frequent in These inatar oompounds, with the meaning of inner life, mind, aoul, as in yol-qui-tl-a multifarious 18. confesa (root qui, pursue), yol-lalia, comfort ítlalla. aet, settle). Prom this stem yol oomeeyol-lo-tl for yol-yo-tl. The atem nel. nel-t appears in nel-tl, agree with, find true, confirm, assure, prove, nel-11. surety, truth, as adverb truly, certainly, nel-ti-lis-tli, truth; and in compounds like nel-ltoa. deolare true, affirm, certify, nel-toca. call true, believe in. Its root is probably ne, same, equal, alike, identity, self.
Taa-panauia is the tla-voioe or definitely transitive nuanoe of panauia. go beyond. pass, surpass, exceed, transgress, overcome, conquer; which has the form of a derivative in ya. ia from pano. go through, over, across, by, pass, oross (panauia for pano-ia). related to the postposition pan, throughout, in, and the preposition te-pan over, and coming from the root joa, pervading, through, over, pet,"Trans. Mo-ohiuhti-oa is a continuativo or progressive present tense formed as in English, with the stem of a verbal noun chluhti-. making, and the auxiliary verb oa, to be It is in the middle voice with mo, showing the subject acting by or for himself. Sometimes this middle voice means that the aotion is- closely associated with the subject, and our logical object is then placed as subject, as in our "the house is building", Asteo oalli mo-ohluhti-oa. when it beoomes equivalent to a passive voioe^ The underlying verb here is ohiwa, make, do; root chi, form, shape. Intiacamo is from intla. if, when, which is simply in tla, i.e. the conjunction in, that, and the root tla in the meaning "set thing", given condition - henoe; "that being given". Tla is sometimes uaed alone with the meaning of a certain thing or matter, something. Intlacamo has the negative adverb amo, not, suffixed with intervening eufchonio ¿, and hence the expected meaning would be
*Ftnote. Some other semantioally interesting words from the same root are; jga, verb, to tinge, stain, dye; pa-o. postposition over, all over.io-pa-o. tine id.; pa-atl. ointmeni (atl. fluid); pa-c-a. bathe, wash;~^a«o~l. be joyous, merry (prboably originally run over, be exuberant, lightly mobile); atem pa-1 1. substantive"^ transfer, intermediary, medium, means, postposition pal through7 by means of, n. atem pal, palli. in composition meaning hand; stem pa-1 2. in pa-1-1i. a black dye, pa-l-tl. soak, moiste», soften; pa-l-ti-lia-tli. wetness; with root an, grow, pal-an-i, grow soft, mushy, putrefy; pa-ti 1., flow, melT7 dissolve; pa-tl 2., close over, heal, get well; pa-ti-yo-tl, pa-ti-o-tl, noun, transfer, exchange, payment, price; denominative VD. pa-IST^o-a, cost, be worth; pa-nl. prep, over; pa with root lo, turn, pa-lo-a (turn soaked) a. soak, moisten b. taste; pa-leu-ia (pa^o-ia, turn across to), help, aid, do a favor, grant. These inatanoes will help to show how an Aztec root develops its multifarious derivatives. 19.
"unleaa", and so Brinton translates. Bat this translation does not azo zan fit the contest very well and perhaps the negative sense attaches a indeed only little differently - "no, but if - ", "not until". in iaxxstB to Teuyo-tiuh is a creacentive formed with tluh, meaning to our grow more and more according to ten-yo-tl, divine nature, from tett-tl or teo-tl, god - see the root ten in the appended root-list. Bef Ittazo is the future tense, passive voice, of the verb itta, see. above words rn It is an euphonic corruption of ittazlo. The passive, or perhaps where I am, a more accurately the reversed voice of the verb, is formed by suffixing ri to be in cont the root lo, "turned around . The full meaning of itta is come upon, iztlacaula, a discover, discern, see, look at, inspect, visit, and it appeats to -wia, from a consist of the 3tem or root it, bring, carry, a form of the root elements of w i.lt-. draw inward, oome, bring, and the root ta, origin, source - (see above) a hence bring in to or come upon the source (e.g. of report), the truth; also a sort o find out, detect, discern. attention - Tla-mauizo-1-ll, wonder, is a nomen patientia from Tla maulzo-a. tla. admire, marvel at, a nuance of mauizo-a, be or iJ6Come combined with great, famous, mighty, gloriouB, which in turn is a denominative become set or verb from the corresponding adjective mauiz-o (for mauiz-yo); and gives "ontlani this again is from a noun-stem maui-z used in composition and a naive ear-s derivation in the same sense with more or less lean toward the original meaning of awe-inspiring, respeot-evoking quality, majesty, The as in maui-8-ti-ca-yo-tl. dignity, authority. This stem is in nemoaya and ¡¿ fact directly from the verb maul, fear, dread, stand in awe of, usually verba respect, which is probably KXEOX m-aui. the m-voice of an XSITHX older than nouns, a verb KXKXXXKKXX a-w-i. au1. meaning avoid, give room, draw away from, possessed con from the roots a, space, room, void, and wa, send, move away. of course ano already exami Papaol. rejoice, is the reduplicated intensive of fctocx possibly for pad, which is analyzed in the footnote on the root joa, above. nemi, go, wal The preposition ixpan. before, in front of, in the presence of, is live, dwell; simply the root ix, exterior, face, front, with the common in the advert locative element pan. die, whioh on to the last 1 In the next stanza the poem rises to its climax. The things mi-ci. dead ( of the earth in their mutability and perishability Juts* now become idea, the foi to the poet like unfixable phantoms, and he yearns to exchange them nuance. POSE for the permanent happiness of heaven, which by striving toward he influencing c may enter after death in place of the dark underworld of Miotlan a related tic reserved for the bulk of humanity. perhaps indec the yol-cone« Cenin, ah, jpao; yee nioan itaelfof the How long, ah", shall I weep #~ on earth•to" thusthui here connotation c the root jo, tlao&zo onoa nemoaya ?i - no - ztlaoauia; nioo - itoa transition ix truly myself delude; I (can) say - maquele I 0 that 19. 20. aes not azo aan re: ixoich in pican in tlalticpao on tlami aches a indeed only ¡Ta: all here on ear $ ends upon in taxxaxs to-yolia; Ing to our living; 3m ot-list. Before talcing the second half of the stanza, a few of the aee. above words may be discussed, e.g. ni-can. here, literally X-where, rhaps where I am, and onea. to have, alao written on oa. literally to be on, suffixing to be in contact with or "on one's person". The verb meaning deceive, ame upon, iztlacaula, appears to be verbalised, probably with the verbal element uta to -v/ia. from a meaning like phantom, apparition, show, empty show, the root elements of which are the stem tlao. tlapa, bodily or visible form irce - (see above) and the root iz_, hither, baok, returning, arrival, whioh is bhe truth; also a sort of demonstrative and aurpriae-partiole, calling the attention - here i behold! Tlami, to cease, end, is from the root mi, g°. P»sa, perish, r hecome combined with the root tla in its atatio and terminativo sense - fcive become set or fixed, xfcft; stop, settle, rest* Brinton'a version ; and givea "ontlamian toyolia" in which the "tlamian" i8 undoubtedly KHXX I a naive ear-spelling of "tlami in". tie naje sty, The two words used for "life" in this stanza xamx - in nemoaya and yolia - are verbal or abstract nouns formed with the :>f. usually verbal element y_a. In fact they look more like verbs iz older than nouns, aince they do not take the usual -uh of vowel stems in vay from. possessed construction! - at least the latter cioea not. Yol-ia is of course another word derived from the stem yol which we have already examined. The other word is from a verb nemoa, live, ktexx possibly for nemiwa. and a development of the more common verb 3. nemi, go, walk, move, be going, animated, alive, and especially Df, Í8 live, dwell; reduplicated nenemi. go along, proceed; apocopated stem in the adverb nen. gone, in vain. The root is mi, go, pass, perish, die, whioh curiously enough has developed a significance quite opposite to the last in this derivative, so that ne-ml-nl. alive, and Dhe things mi-ci. dead (whence mi-c-tlan. Hades) are forms of the same verbal oe come idea, the former in ita progressive, the latt#er in its perfeotive ?e them nuance. Possibly some feeling for these underlying root ideas is ard he influencing our poet as he passes from the derivative of ne-mi to the blan a related tla-mi, and then to the entirely different word for life - perhaps indeed two different concepta of life, the nem»concept and the yol-concept, are here being contrasted, the former partaking in jan itself of the nature of evanescence, the latter with a deeper are connotation of mysterious hidden being, springing from the aense of the root £0, from whioh the poet seems to make a natural >a transition into direot apostrophe to the JDivlne Souroe of life: ~ roa que le (t) euatl in Tlooe in Nauaoe ma ompa inwan 0 that Thee tEe Tlooe Hauace leT beyond those things 21. ni-mitz-no-quicatiliguio a' in ilwica-o mo-chanecauan, ca no-yollo me-Thee - singin* - to ~in-heaven Thy habitations, for my soul euia, ompa n- on-tiachia. in MO-NAUAC, would riae, beyond I would look, "surrounding-with-Thee"(?), in 1S0-TL0C, to - pal - nemoa. ~"Trcloae-with-Thee"(?), (the One that) we through-live, (live by) The word "euatl" in Brinton's text does not malee 3ense; evidently the letter t was inadvertently left out. The climax of the song is here, in condensed elliptical style and involving an extraordinary play upon words. The adverbs or postpositions tloo and nauac are used in such a way that they are seen to refer to their part in the name Tloce Mauace - hence they would not convey their ordinary meaning but would tend to take on a mystical sense, becoming broken forms of the Divine Name, and shadowing forth a state of heavenly affiliation through the same meaning, whatever it is, that has in this name become the signature of Deity. It is of course impossible to translate this trope into Kngliah. The final phrase is also a trope, an allusion to another Divine epithet; i-pal nemoa, "through Him one lives", or in i-pal nemoa, "the One through whom one lives". The change consists of turning the poBseaaive pronoun i^, his, into the nominative pronoun tl, we, whion automatically makes pal an adverb modifying the verb Tildtead of an independent substantive. Thus there is born a new V6rb, pal-nemoa, conveying some auch sense as the receiving of life and existence from God according to the idea of the phrase i-pal nemoa. Certainly the poet has compressed a good deal of meaning into the final words of this climacterio stanza. The last stanza ia the coda of the song, a aubsidenoe from heights of feeling into tranquillity, a dying away to the muffled drum-beat with which the singer accompanies his song upon the ivewetl or the teponaztli. a gentle coming down to earth again in which the bard resumes consciousness of hia audience and addresses them in the complimentary terma customary at the end of such a recital. Yet he does not forget the Tlooe Hauace, whose name is the last upon his lips, Ma xi - cao in no-quio. in ti no-cniuh, Do' tHbu hear my lay thou my friend xoohi - wewttl inic tzotzona; ilwioa - quicatl a flowery drum whereby there was bea'beating, a heaven-song in ni-zeuasaya , ic ni - oim - elleloixtia in teteuctin; tEat soo thed with, wKereby i them solace. the nobles; 22. 21. xoohi - omeponi in no-vollo Izoi xoohitl • lio florally it blossoms ao that from my heart behold I with bloom nic-tzetzeloaya io mali-tiuh in no-quioatgln I was raining it down, *her
*Ftnote. Literally, "the four-hun-"red-voiced'.' "TurquiAee" is literally "turquoise bird" and "emerald" literally "green trogan" - birds even more brilliantly colored than the gema, and used as names of oolora. 23. 24. bow to It is this root structure to which I wish to oall attention, for apart from the value of its study to the aoienoe of riñe language, a feeling for it greatly enlivens the study of Aztec die away. literature and cannot hut be of help in numerous problems that confront the scholar interested in the ethnography and archaeology 3X1 and ## and anolent history of Mexico* Aztec is far oloaer to its roots in and than a modern Aryan tongue, so that it might be sadd that in it the a will be logio of isolating and monosyllabic speech underlies and not infre- Lar and quently shines through the complex formations of an agglutinative reminded and deriving language* It is a truism that very similar meanings 9: that may derive from very dissimilar roots, hut in Aztec the comparative 1 have obviousness of the roots has the result of imparting some little from the tinge of the root-idea to all the derivatives, so that words whioh are almost synonyms nevertheless have different timbres, like the ataliine same musical phrase sounded on different instruments, when those similar meanings are developed from different rootB. •quioatzln Yet the root-ideas do not always tinge the meaning of -sweet-music words. The meanings of secondary stems derived or compounded from roots are atill more influential in this way, and their special senses often quite cover up the root meaning, which becomes apparent only upon analysis. It may X possible that the peculiar and sometimes absurd meanings apparently embodied in many Aztec proper ao-guioa, names, especially names of gods, may have been read into them by a it sings. process of popular etymology, that took them to be composed of certain common stems instead of the largely forgotten roots that had originally been put together to form the name* Such a tendency could have been greatly aided by piotographio rebuses such as the Azteos employed for writing place names.
1. Take for instance the name of the magician-god Tesoatlipoca. It is commonly supposed to mean "smoking mirror", from teaoatl. mirror la (returner, reflector, root is), and popooa. to give off smoke» beoause aes-to the name is sometimes thus pTotfcifcred * or the god is pictured as bearing aome such device or insignia. But suoh a hieroglyph does not neces- sarily expíes8 the meaning of a word; it may be only a rebus intended to suggest its sound, and "Smoking Mirror" is not a very intelligible meaning for a personal name* Besides, by the principles of Aztec ton of this word-compounding if the name means some sort of mirror the element bed atruo- meaning mirror should oome last; if an element meaning smoking oomes 9 cohering last it means some sort of smoking* But pooa does not ordinarily mean jjaion from smoking at all (though pootll means smoke i - it must be reduplicated, f a small fopoca. to have that meaning* Again, the til cannot belong with the and over in ezoa. for the tl-sufflx of a noun is KXKBKXX always dropped in the angements middle of a compound word. So suppose that we consider the roots of the word* There are probably three, iz, hither, coming, back, also behold! tie or til, rising, also fireTfrom the primary root e), and fo, expand, open, dissipate, lose, vanish* Te is the personaT prefix. is literally Inal oa forms descriptive terms, and its varTants o, oi (they all rds even mean in a state of) become oa in the middle of a compound, so that we f oolora. may oompare-aoa with iaoi, beholdÍ Henoe the term te-zca-tli-po-oa could mean "he who xxaft (loJ) uprises, vanishes" - not an 25. inappropriate name for a magician - or taking tie in the sense of fire, "he who (lol) makes the flamea expand, grow* - referring to OrJ an original nature as fire-god. ai These ideas must in their present stage he aooounted merely hints and suggestions. But more positive light on such points may he expected to flow from a continued study of the language and its XO] radical, "oligosynthetic" structure. Among other things, a scrutiny of the root structure of A.teo names and a comparative study of their Oni-waloalao piotographlo representations might show in what oases the hieroglyphs Wei te-ellel( are certainly to be regarded as phonetio rebuaes and in what cases Onoan quiquii simply as ideograms. Progress toward deoipherment of the hieroglyphs Oauantl-manl must probably be made by a dual method, part phonetic and part ÍYeuan Dios) ideographic, slnoe probably both methods were used, as in Chinese, for constructing word signs. The problem is simplified if we have in Onoan ni-cao: any given case some fair indication of whether we are dealing with a Tlacaso amo phonogram or an ideogram, or if we are able to separate a hieroglyph Tiacaso ompa into an "ideographic determinative" and a "phonetic complement". In tlazo-ooyi 2aquan-totot: Besides the poetical pieces in Brlnton*s collection, there Oayaí oayai XXxst exists abundant material for the student of Aztec linguistics in the original Aztec version of the Historia Universal de Mueva Ni-yol-poxaui Bapafia. the great work of Father Bernardino de Sahagun, who could Acooiaa in n write and speak the Aztec tongue "with great accuracy and elegance".* N-elziziwill Many extraots from this text are given in the Abhandlungcn zur In zaquan wi Amerlkanlsohe 3praohforsuchung. Not the least Interesting thing Oayai oayaJ therein Is the well elaborated vooabulary of technical terms applying to the arts. Auh nowlampa Auh tlacaso : I append first the Aztec text of our poem, in my own Tlaoaao ye o revised and regular spelling and again in the original Spanish I-yollo in T spelling found in Brinton's book, second a list of the most oúmmon Ca intlaaamo roots in the Asteo language, with a note on "oligosynthesis" and Azo wel cin- examples of some typioal "oligosynthetic" root-compounds. Third, In ilwioao 1 I append a brief bibliography. Ixpan in Tlo Cenin, ah, n Ye nioan tla Nino-ztlac au In nioan in Maquele teua In ilwioao m *Ftrióte. Fresoott, Conquest of Mexico, p. 58. In MO-NAUAC, Oayai oaya! Ma xl-oao in Xoohi-wewetl Ic nicim-ell Xoohi-quepo» Io ««Tttt» II Oayaí oayaI 26. APPENDIX A. Original text of the Poem Tranaorlbed Into Revised and Regular Spelling - Syatem of B. L. tfhorf»
XOÍAH-C3ÜICATI, OTOH-QUICATL, TIAMELAÜHCAYOTL. Oni-waloalao ni quioani nepapan xoohi-tlalpan, Wei te-elleloixtioan, te-tlamaohtioan, onean auaoh tonameyo oiauhti-mani; Onoan quiquioa in nepapan tlazo-totome, on quioa-tlaaa in ooyol-tototl Oauanti-mani in in-tozoitzin, in o-elleloixtia in Tlooe in Hauaoe - fYeuan Dioa ) Oayai oayai Onoan nl-oaol in quloa-nelwayotl, in ni quioani - Tlacaeo amo tlaltiopao in peuh yectli yanquioatl, Tlaoazo ompa in ilwioatl itio wal oaoizti in o-on-ena In tlazo-ooyol-tototl, in oim-euilia in nepapan teo-oeoholme, 2aquan-tototl; onoan tlaoazo oi-yeoteneua in Tlooe in Nauaoe - Oayai oayai Hi-yol-poxaua in ni-caoi, in ni quioani - Aoooiza in no-tlalnamiolliz, oo oin-pepetlati-oisa in ilwioame; H-elziziwlliz, eeoayo-tiuhi in nioin-nalcixtia in ompa on tlateneua In zaquan witzitzil in ilwioatl itio. Oayai oayai Auh nowiampa nio-tlaohialtia in no-yollo - Auh tlaoazo nelli in amo ixoloh o-eua in tlaao-tototl; Tlaoazo ye oo tla-panauia, in ilwioatl itio I-yollo in Tlooe in Hauaoe mo-ohiuhtl-oa; Ca intlaoamo teuyo-tiuh in no-tlalnamiolliz, Azo wel oin-naloixti-oa; ittaao in tla-mauizolli In ilwioao io papaoi in ilwioao tlazo-totome Ixpan in Tlooe in Hauaoe, oayai oayai Ceniñ, ah, ni-ohooaz in tlaltiopao - Ye nioan tlaoazo onoa nemoaya Hino-ztlacauia; nio-itoa azo zan ye:±XB±aduc ixoloh In nioan in tlaltiopao on tlami In to-yolia - Maquela teuatl, In Tlooe in Hauaoe, ma ompa inwan nimitano-quioatill In ilwioao mo-ohaneoauan, oa no-yollo eua, ompa n-on-tlaohia. In MO-HAUAC, in MO-TLOC, ti-pal-nemoa! Oayai oayai Ma xl-oao in no-quio, in ti no-oniuh - Xoohi-wewetl inio tzotzonaya, ilwioa-quioatl in ni-zeuaya, lo nioim-elleloixtia in teteuotin - Xoohl-queponi in no-yollo izoi xoohitl nio-tzetzeloaya, lo apatttig mali-tiuh in no-quicatzin ixpan in Tlooe Hauaoe. Oayai oayai 27.
Original ¿ateo Text of the Poem with Spelling a8 Given in Brinton'a "Ancient Náhuatl Poetry".
XOPAHCUIOATL, OTOHCUICAT1 . TIAMKIAUKCAYOTI Onihualoaiao nicuioani nepapan xoohitlalpan, huel teellelquixtlean tetlamaohtioan oncan ahuach tonameyoquiauhtimani-. onean ouiouioa in nepapan tlazototome on ouioatlaza in coyoltototl cauantimani inintozquitzin in quellelquixtia in tloque in nahuaque, yehuan Dioa, ohuaya, ohuaya. Oncan nicaqui in culoanelhuuyotlin ni cuicani tlacazo amo tlaltiopao in peuh yeotli yanouicatl; tlaoaso ompa in ilhuicatlitio hualoaquiüti in oonehua in tlazocoyoltototl in quimehuilia in nepapan teoquecholma zaouantotttl, oncan tlacazo quiyectenehua in tloque in nahuaque, ohuaya, ohuaya. Uiyolpoxah.ua in nioaquia ni cuicani, acoquiza in notlalnamiquilizo quinpepetlatiqulza in ilhuieume, nelcioihuiliz eheoayotiuh in iquinalquixtia in ompa BntsitfiHEkscaxxBx ontlatenehua in XHOTKffhgt zaouanhuitaitzil in ilhuicatlitio. Auh nohuiampa nictlaohialtia in noyollo, auh tlacazo nelli in amo ixquich quahua in tlazotototl, tlacazo ye oo tlapanahula in IxhKxBXtxxx* ilhuicatlitio iyollo in tloque in nahuaque moohiuhtica, oa intlaoamo teuyotiuh in notlalnamiquiliz azo feuelquinalquixtica ittazo in tlamahuizolll in ilhuicac io papaci in ilhuicao tlazototome ixpan in tloque nahuaque, ohuaya, ohuaya. tlaltiopao Quenin ah nichocaz in tlalticpac; ye nican tlacaeo onca nemohuaya ninoztlaoahuia, nicitoa (uio) azo aan ye ixquich in nican¡ inV ontlamian toyolia; raaouele ehuatl in tloque in nahuaque ma ompa inhuan nimitznoouioatlli in ilhuicao moohanecahuan, oa noyollo ehua ompa nontlaohia in monahuac in motloo tipalnemohua, ohuaya, ohuaya. lía xicaquin nocuio in tinooniuh, xoohihuehuetl inic tzotzonaya, xkK ilhulcacuioatl in nioehuaya ic niquimellelquixtia in teteucti, xochioueponi in noyollo izqui xoohitl nictzetzelohuaya, ic malltiuh in nocuieatzin ixpan in tloque in nahuaque, ohuaya, ohuaya, 28. APPENDIX B.
A Hat of the Moat Common Roots In the Aztec Language.
Preface to Root-List - Oligoayhthesla.
The following Hat doea not include all the roots 7;hose existence is apparent in the baeio framework of the language, but I believe it includes the majority of oommon roots. It should be remembered that the meanings of roots and especially of these roots are very broad, not to be rendered by any single English word, and rather to be roughly outlined than defined like a word. It is generally well to render their meaning as muoh as possible by verbs, ainoe in Aáteo the verba are generally the words olosest to their roota and bearing the lightest derivational superstructure; moreover the ideas of roots are vivid like verbs, and yet not concrete, but broad and general, like verbs. Yet a root is not a verb; it belongs to no aet grammatical category, it is only the sign of a general notion. This will at least be perfectly clear to any student of Chinese. One thing to be noted about the Asteo root-ideas is their simplicity, and another is their unemotionality. Whatever these roots are they ure not emotional cries. They do not show meanings like "I am angry". Emotions are suggested only secondarily, by a process of synaesthesla, even the meaning love being only a phase of the idea that is also used to denote soft plastic clay. It would rather aeem as though the roots stood for oertaln broad and simple ideas of extension, motion, and relation, suoh as might perhaps be oonveyed by one or two gestures with arms and hands. The interesting thing about Asteo is the small number of roota and the great extent to which ideas and meanings, even the most subtle ones, are "built up" by combining the members of this small stock of suoh elementary ideas, somewhat as the myriads of chemical substanoes are built up out of a few chemical elements* To denote this aort of structure in any language I propose the term "ollgosynthesis", meaning "synthesis from a few", from oXfyes *f*w. Asteo is an oligosynthetio language. Oligosynthesis is not necessarily opposed to polysfrnthesis. Some of the languages called polysynthetlo may also be oligosynthetio, though when a language originally oligosynthetio developee to the stage of polysynthetlo complexity seen in Algonkin and Eskimo it tends to cover up its original oligosynthetio structure. To what extent the ollgosynthesis of ftahuan speeoh is detectible in its remote relatives of the Uto-Aateoan or Shoahonean atook I am not aware * this is something to be determined by future research. In these tongues a similar atruoture may be observable, or again it may be hopelessly oovered up. 29. ohi-a -wa - do oí>/¿90130 The opposite pole from jjoSíysynthesis la not so-called polyaynthesie but the condition observed in the Aryan languages. The Aryan tongues are' synthetic, but not oligosynthetie. In them, e-tle bre as in Aztec, words are not roots but forms built up from roots. But unlike Aztec they are not built up by the varied elaboration e-wa lif and interoombination of the same few roots. They are based on a root-vocabulary containing many roots. So a much greater dggree than it-ta com of Azteo there holds good of Aryan the rule; one word, one root. It is not possible in Aryan tongues to have a large vocabulary of words commanding a wide range of meanings without making use of lw-ma aroi several hundred roots. In AMtec on the other hand the greater part of the whole vocabulary employs nothing but the thirty-two primary lw-pi aroi roots in the list below. It is possible to have a very large vocabulary, sufficient for all ordinary needs, without using any but ma-oo- •qui ex these thirty-two roots, and I doubt if more than twenty would need to be added to this number to aocount for all the words in Molina's dictionary. mafl)- ohi fti The afformative and preformative elements are spec ialized or worn-down roots; they often become piled one upon another in the raa(8)- ohi ha successive derivation of caw words from older words, a proce 88 which in Azteo is oarried to great lengths. The chief afformative s of noun-stems (including adjectives and adverbs) are o, ce, oi, oa. Ú$ 1. n. ni. yo. a. lia, and of verb-a terns a. i. ti. wa. ya*" or la. ma(0)- ohi mi: lia, with vk piled-up forms like aua. eua. oa, wla. tla. Iti a, tilia. The chief preformatives both for nouns and verbs are of verb aiif origin, via. oi or £, m. or m£, a§_ or a, Is. or ¿, tla or $1, and the prosthetic ma-lw exti vowelTÉBx ,1, probably picked up from the pronouns ni. ti. oi , that BO often immediately precede a verb. The chief phonetic rules of ma-ni exti composition and derivation are these: itl becomes 11, ly be comes 11 likewise, final m becomes n, and initial 1 is uoT~alIowed but ma-g ext< must take some prosthetic element. *~ To study the comparative grammar and etymology of a family of me-lw atri languages like the Aryan is to study the meohanioa of speech, the phyaica ta. of language. But to utudy the structure of an oligoaynthetio me-lo-wa and/< speech like Aztec is to study the ohemistry of language. Indeed, it is to study the chemistry of thought. Students of this new ground there will be, and to them I dedicate this root-list. They should me-ya amo< seek to improve upon it, for while I have tried to make it accurate I do not claim that it is a perfect statement of radical meanings. I could perhaps suggest what may be its greatest value should I ni-oa sell write above it the motto which Beethoven prefixed to the Pastoral Symphony - mehr Bmpflndung ale Malerei. ni-ma ael:
ovei 37. ohl-a-wa - doing - room - release; allow room for doing; ehl-o-a-wa. ohloaua. be able; chioaualiztli. power - see oaaa. a-wa. above. e-tle breath - burning; e-1-tle-l-tll. ellelli. pain. e-wa lifting - aend out; eua. rise, lift. lt-ta come - original,true; itta. come upon, find, discover, perceive, see, visit. lw-ma around - extend; t-llw-ma-tli. tilmatil, clothing, garment. lw^joi around - bind; 1-lw-pi-a. llpla. tie, bind, gird. ma-oo-<•qui extend - contain - acquire,gain; maooqui. swell, rise, fill (said of rivers ). mafl)-ohi giving - make; tla-ma-ohl-a. tlamaohia. 1. ftxsxxkoCfcKKX distribute, apportion, arbitrate. ma(8)-ohi hand,grasp - form; tla-ma-chl-a. tlamaohia.2. apply designs, embroider; ma-chl-yo-tl. machiotl. design, pattern, type, example, figure, symbol. ma(g)-ohi mind - form; ma-oh-tl-a. maohtia. learn, study, teaoh, preach, ma-chl-ti-a, machitia. advise. ma-lw extended - turn; ma-lw-i-n-a. malina, twine, twist, wreathe. ma-ni extend - self; manl. spread, extend, z±faasM stretch along. ma-g extended - union; ma-a-l-o. maaio. whole, entire, complete; maaloayotl. sou'ndneas. integrity. me-lw straight - turn; me-lw-a-o-tl-o. melaotlo. straight, right. me-lo-wa and/or me-lwa-wa; straight - turn - «and; melaua. ittice.slxx direct, straighten, flatten, prostrate self. me-ya Bmooth - go; meya, flow, gush; me-me-ya-l-yo-tl. memeyallotl. mlflc. nl-oa self - location; nl-oa-n. nican. here. ni-ma self - extend,continue on; nl-ma-n. niman. after this, next, thereupon, then. over - liquid (a liquid for putting over); paatl. anointing-fluid.ointment. bó.
pa-lo pervaded - turnílo inchoative); pa-lo-a, paloa. soak, te-mi lin moisten, aop, taste. pa-lo aoroaa - turn; pa-lo-ia. paleuia. do a favor, help, aid, granS. te-pa lin pa-wa-ai bathing - sending - softness; pauasi, boil, stew, cook by boiling. te-pa lin pe-na first - response; pe-pe-na. pepena, choose, prefer, eleot. pe-tla spring - set upon; petla(l). make an onset, onslaught. te(3)-pe stc pe-tla burst through - setnesa,rigidity; petla(a). bore, dig, stab. tlft-ma-chl a pe-tla spring forth - Bet,distinct; pe-pe-tla-oa. pepetlaoa. be vivid, brilliant, gleam, shine. pe-tla apring forth - settle down; pe-tla-n-ia. petlania. ?raatx tla-mi ret pour out, spill, strew. Cp. tlani, down-...»....._ but verb t Ian la means resort to, ask. pe-tla-oa spring - set upon - container; pe-tla-ca-1-tll. petlaoalli. bow; lit. "home of impetus" or "reservoir of spring", op. petla(l) and oalli. house.
pe-tlau spring forth - display, shine out; pe-tlau-a, petlaua, get bare, undress, strip, tla-aa dot despoil, rob. JtikSKX pe-wa spring - send forth; peua, originate, begin, be or come first, to-ma(3) th: win, triumph, conquer. pi-ne-wa shrink - self - relinquish (let go); be shy, timid, bashful; to-ma-wa pr plneua. turn pale (fright); plnaua. be ashamed, blush; pTnauani. ashamed, shameful, shy, timid, fearful. to-me-ya ra po-lo. po-lw disperse - turn (turn loose); poloa. íBDH» lose, let go, let scatter; popoloa. dissipate, waste, devastate,, destroy; jA pollwi to-mi ao (po-lu-i. or wi), perish, vanish; po-po-lw-ia. popolwla. let pass, forgive. qul-lo trace - turn; trace - around; i-qui-lo-a.•qul-io-a. iquiloalquiJj . draw, to-ml ra write, delineate; tla-qui-lo-a, tlaquiloa, apply designs, deoorate. to-neu dr qui-pa following,again - all over (over again); quepa, turn around, turn, turn back, return. tc-ya-wa ao qui-po-nl following,resulting - expand - self; queponl, come to full flower, bloom, bloaaoa. to-chi dz be. 39. ak, te-mi line - pasa, or limit - pass; temi, be full, filled; .6. apocopated stem te-n-. whenoe e.g. tenoi. full. i, aid, gran*, te-pa line - Over, straight over, right over; te-pa-n. tepan. cook by prep, above, over*
te-pa limit.division - running through; te-pa-n-tiif tepantli. ', eleot. wall, partition. ght. te(3)-pe stone - upspringing; te-pe-tl. tepetl. mountain, crag, rock. dig, stab. * tla-ma-chl settled - extent - make; tla-ma-oh. tlamach. adv. smoothly, placidly, in oonoord; Loa, tla-ma-oh-ti-a. ±k tlamachtia. enjoy, take pleasure in; "gleam, shine. tlamachtia. te. usually.enrich some one (make it ea«y for). , JSDUtX tla-mi rest - pasa, or static-go ( the uae of "go" which is like r. a use of "atop", and vice •t to, ask. versa); tlami. cease, end; apocopated stem tla-n-. tlan, in e.g. tlantia. end, come to an end. >etlaoalli. (This is an example of a olass of compound common in : impetus"' isolating languages like Chinese, where by plaoing two 111, house. roots together their meanings are narrowed down to that much that they have in common - e.g. where one says "look-see" instead of "see".) Laua. 188, strip, tla-ga down - separate; tlaga. drop, let fall, fall.
XXSKX : come first, to-ma(3) throw out, scatter - mind, intentionf getting ready to soatter) toma, loosen, untie. , bashful; to-ma-wa proJeotibulge) - extend - send; tomaua. grow fat; tlatomaaa. jht); fatten. shameful, to-me-ya radiate - smoothly - go, or ray-gush (see me-ya above); to-n-a-me-y-yo-ti-a. >ae, let go, tonameyotia. sparkle, flash, xTttytttmawx "rayonnsr". )POloa. to-mi soatter - let pasa; tomi, beoome unloosed, untied - toma above probably affected by this word, or vioe versa. , draw, to-mi radiating - darts; to-ml-tl. tomitl. fuza, down, fur, hair, fluff, xx fleece, wool. j.te. to-neu drive - confusion (alikeness); toneua, trouble, annoy, affliet, irn around, toneualiatll. anxiety. 3. tc-ya-wa soatter - running - let go; toyana, pour fotth, op. ya-wa. ne to full om, blossom. to-ohi driving - make; to-to-chi-li-a, totoohilia, urge, inoite. 40. to-lo projection - turn (turn back what projects1); to-lo-a. ae-ma-Hi toloa, lower, bow (the head, eto.) wa-axi go - beyond, through (op. an-a-1. anal, acroaa, through); wa-an-a. rednp. wa-w'-an-a. wauana, pierce, bore, dig. ae-me-lw agj wa-lw departure - turned; «ral, approaching, «orausx coming, hither. (an example of lo reversive, op. ze-po uní to-lo supra, aa-lo infra, and lo of the paaaive.) zi-a-wa we* xo-chi aprout - form; xo-chi-tl. xoohitl. bloom, flower, flowering. xo-tla aprout - aet; xotla. to bloom, flower. ya-qui proceed - following, next after; ya-n-qui-o. yanquio. al-a-wa gei recent, frean, new. ya-wa go - aend abroad, out (a "look-see" compound); zo-ne-wa fl< ya-w-1. yani. go on pilgrimage; i-ya-wa, iyaua. repel; oi-ya-wa-o. clyauao. outside, outdoora. ao-tla-wa w< ya-wa-lw proceed - abroad - around; ya-wa-lw-la. yaualwla. gsncx ao-ya fl< go around, encircle; ya-wa-lw-ti-o. yaualtio. round. Note: yo-a hiddennea8 - void,blank (a "look-see"); yoa. darken, become night; oligoaynthet: Íoe.-1-tll. tla-yoa-1-tli, yoalli, night, tlayoalli. oligoaynthet: urkneaa. the two petli pepatina*» i yo-a-wa life - void - let go; 1-yo-o-a-wa. lyooaua. languish, maui. have tJ pine (a compound of lyotl. aoul, and oaua, but iyotl « £2. an* oaua - a-wa (q.v. aupra)) T] that cloaely aa-a-wa separate - avoid - depart; za-m-a-wa, redup. zazamaua, different in flee, take flight, hasten, hide, element such op. maul, aub a-wa. auilia. olau: gaaea-ma separate.cleave - into - extending along, with wa.oa verbal termination; ga-oa-ma-wa. aaoamoa. plough, plough through. aa-lo aeparation - reversed; or, aa turned from its oommon sense of eingleneaa, iso- lation to its other lesa common senae of oneneaa, union; aaloa. connect, attach, hold, retain, detain. ze-oo-mi together - contain - mobile; ae-oo-ml-tl. aeoomitl. jug, vaee, op. co-mi aupra.' aemanl. ae-ma-ni oontimraua - extend - aelf;A continue, laat, endure, peraiat, persevere, op. ma-nj aupra. 41. ae-ae.-Há
ge^oo-ml"• togethél*""-contaiii- mobile;ze-eo-mi-tlr. a*oomiti. 3m&. vaae, op. oo-ml aupra. * ae-me-lw agreeable - smooth,even - turn; ze-me-lw-ti-a. zemeltla. refresh, delight. ze-po unite.coaggulate - expand; zepoa. freeze; zeaapoa. swell up* zl-a-wa weak - void - let go; atKKKMxt^cMwxmmmjáxxttxmt; x±HXtK«KJtKxxfttáiiatE»xtB>dtB±lyxtKkgr; al-a-w-1, zlaui. be weary, tired; zl-zl-a-wa. aiaiaua. to toil, labor; alzlauillatli. fatigue* zi-a-wa gentle - water - aend; ai-a-wa. zlaua. moisten, irrigate, op. the third a-wa supra. zo-ne-wa flow - allkeness,confusion - aend; zoneua. be or put in confused commotion. zo-tla-wa weak - aettling - aend; aotlaua. fatigue, tire out. ao-ya flowingly - moving; zo-ya-tl. zoyatl. palm tree.
Note: It should be noted that the principle of oligosynthesia explains the different meanings of taxsxz homonyms in an oligoaynthetio language* She ability to do this is a test of oligosynthetio analysis. Thus, it explains why the two tlamaohlas. the two petlas. and the similar-sounding forms tlamaoh, tlamaohtla; papaaxasax pepetlaoa. petlanla. petlaua; zlaua and zlaul; maua and maui. have the very different meanings that they do hare. The principle of oligosynthesis also explains the fact that closely similar meanings are found associated with words vtry different in their whole sound but containing in that sound a common element such as aua or aui; thus it explains why we fiad words like auilia. olauitl. maua. ziaua. all with a meaning of pouring liquid. 42. APPENDIX C Bibliography. Arenas, Pedro de; Vocabulario de las Lenguas Castellana y Mexicana; Los Angeles, 1793. In Spanish. A manual of useful conversational phrases rather than of words. Avila, F. X. francisco de; Arte de la Lengua Mexicana; Mexico City, 1717. In Spanish. Biondelli, Bernardino; Evangeliarium, Epiatolarium, et Leotionarium Azteoum; Milan, 1868. In Latin. An edition by Biondelli of a set of Scriptural texts rendered from the Vulgate into Azteo of the period just after the Conquest by Father Bernardino de Sahagun, with sketch of grammar and an excellent Azteo-Latin vocabulary, not quite as extensive as Molina's but more ooncise and written from a different viewpoint, that of giving the broad, general meaning of the wordsJ so that the two dictionaries supplement each other. Brinton, D. §•; Ancient Náhuatl Poetry. In English, with A7.tec text and English prose translation of poems, and an astee vocabulary that is rather sketchy; nevertheless, the whole work is of the greatest value* Byrne, James; General Principles of the Structure of Language; London, 1885. In English. A set of short grammatical sketches of various languages, of which the one on utec is valuable for its concise- ness and because it is praotioally the only thing in English on A3tec grammar, though it contains a few errors, e.g. qua (kwa) to eat, is written ka, and celia (aella) to receive, is written kelia. Byrne's theories of structure would seem to have little or no bearing upon oligosynthesis. Chimalpopooa, Faustino; Epitome o Modo Fácil de Aprender el Idioma Náhuatl; Mexico City, 1869. In modern Spanish. A short beginner's textbook on the modern spoken language, with progressive exercises. Molina ; Vocabulario de la Lengua Mexicana. In old Spanish, about the time of the Conquest. Spanish-Azteo and Azteo-Spaniah, the standard and most complete Astee dictionary. Its definitions are copious and detailed, and attempt particularly to show the usage of the words in the spoken idiom. Müller, Friedrioh; Orundriss der Sprachwissenaohaft, artiole on the Nahua language from. In German. Pimentel, B. Francisco; Lenguas Indígenas de Mexioo, treatise on Azteo from; Mexico City, 1862. In modern Spanish, ^valuable treatment of the grammar. 43.
Sahagun, Bernardino de; evangellarium Azteoum, see Biondelli ubove. Historia Univeraal de Nueva Sapana, extracta from, aee Seler below.
Seler, B.; Abhandlungen sur Amerikanáíche ajarafe&OHie: Sprachicunde. /i aeriea of diaaertationa by Seler and othera, uoatly in German, eapecially valuable for oopioua Aatec quotationa dealing with mythology, the urta, etc. from the Asteo text of Sahagun'a Hiatory. Caraotére dea Inucriptiona Aztéquea et ¿layaa, In French. For information on the háeroglyphio writing. :enteno, 9. Carlos de Tapia; Arte líoviaaima de Lengua Mexicana; Mexico City, 1753. In Spuiiish. NUMBER 1*3 - WHORFj
THE PHENOMENON OF
NÁHUATL OR AZTEC. FAMIN LEE
SYNTHESIS IN
* INVESTIGATIONS IN AZTEC LINGUISTICS AND
TOLTEC HISTORY
PART II: THE PHENOMENON OF OLIGOSYNTHESIS IN NÁHUATL
OR AZTEC
*y Benjamin Lee Whorf
1928
MICROFILM COLLECTION OF MANUSCRIPTS ON MIDDLE AMERICAN
CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY
No. U3
UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO LIBRARY CHICAGO, ILLINOIS
1956 ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page 1-12 [Main t>ody of article]
13 Appendix - Notes. Principles of Aztec oligosynthetic analysis.
lh-16 [Table illustrating oligosynthetic analysis] 17-19 Expression of various ideas in an oligosynthetic system: Ideas relating to light and heat.
Note: These materials vere found among Whorf family-
papers by J. B. Carroll. Pages lU-19 vere not
originally attached to the Ms., but have been
added by the editor because they appear closely
associated with the material in the original Ms. \ INVESTIGATIONS IN AZTEC LINGUISTICS AND TOITEC HISTORY.
Part II. The Phenomenon of Oligosynthesis in Náhuatl or Azteo. Aztec on i "by Benjamin L. Whorf. existing w
The Aztec or Náhuatl language is one of the most grammar ar largely spoken Indian languages of Mexico, and "boasts a literature prepositic now four centuries old, written in our alphabet. It is essentially have one i the same tongue as was spoken by the ancient Tolteos, as is the North shown "by the personal names preserved in chronicle and legend and parts. Id the old Náhuatl place-names spread over southern Mexico "by these suffixes, people. Both from the evidence of these oldest preserved forms Sanskrit J decompose and fromtthat of its own internal stratification the language is possessed of an extremely rigid set, a tendency for primitive lity of & formations and their meanings to persist, even in the midst of a roots; th: notably P£ host of secondary developments from them, such as makes it amenable to structural analysis to an unusual degree. Yet the of a root structural side of the language had received "but little investigation philologii when the writer some years ago first "began to list and analyze structure groups of related words in the "Vocabulario de la lengua serviceab! mexicana" of Molina, with the result of gradually uncovering a the conce. a novel type of linguistic structure.
First, it may "be well to point out that Agteo is not simple te organs oa to be classed as a polysynthetic language like most of those of North America. It is typical of suoh languages that they"depend complex t largely on a stotok of stems that do not appear as individual word itse words but occur only in combination with other stems in the Indo-Euro long synthetized words expressing complex idea» that abound in expressiv gap betwe suoh tongues, the meaning of each stem being broad and vague, and requiring the help of other stems to be clearly brought out. meaningfu ^^t •£- JJ.,.^": :. €!,, 2. Aztec on the other hand is mainly a language of separately existing words, which are used in sentences governed "by a simple grammar and an analytic type of syntax making great use of prepositions, adverbs, and other connectives. And yet its words have one feature in common with the polysynthetio constructions of the North Amerioan languages; ready analyzaMlity into simpler parts. Like Sanskrit its words may he readily decomposed into suffixes, prefixes, and stems, hut with a notable difference from Sanskrit in the sort of roots or ultimate "bases to which this decomposing process at last leads. It was the similar analyzaM- lity of Sanskrit that made it the first language to he reduced to roots; this having "been done "by the ancient Hindu grammarians, notably Panini, in the fourth century B.C. The Paninian concept of a root passed with the study of Sanskrit to the comparative philologists of modern times, and reflecting as it does the structure of the Indo-European languages it proved to he most serviceable in their study, and came to he with hut little change the concept of a root prevalent to-day.
Now physical speech-behavior may be reduced to quite simple terms - to a rather small set of positions of the vocal organs called consonants and vowels - but the Paninian root is a complex thing in terms of this behavior, almost as muoh so as a word itself. It has usually two, often more consonants, and an Indo-European language will contain hundreds of such roots, expressive of hundreds of ideas. Hence there remains a considerable gap between the simple mechanistic behavior and the complicated meaningful words, which this Indo-European formation called a root does not bridge. 3. particleí Bat, had there been a Mexican Panini to hand down roots, tc a corresponding analysis of the Aztec language, we should have European received a quite different concept of the ultimate parts of this piece of speech, and one that would make much more of a rapprochement of relate between these constituents of the vocabulary and the constituents of physical speech behavior. Por the analysis of Aztec need not stop with verb-stems of the Indo-European type, since such their ph( verb-stems in Aztec appear to be themselves derived or compounded Group 1. formations quite like their own derivatives. The building of the derivative words from stems only follows patterns likewise Phon< shown in the make-up of the stems themselves. Analysis of the la. CHJ stems indicates that probably the whole body of them is of MA NA cognate origin from one very small set of monosyllabic and PA QUJ sub-syllabic particles expressive of broad ideas, whose various TA TLi aspects are brought out by combination with one another after YA the manner of a synthetic mode of speech. From varied arrangement and combination, together with semantic modulation and le. ME PE functional specialization of these as it were cardinal ideas and QU] TE behaviors everything in the language, both stems and morphological elements, appears to have taken shape. For such a structure I li. CH have suggested the name oligosynthetic. expressing its unusual LI MI feature of being built up from only a few elements. PI QU We have to do then with a phenomenon, which we may call oligosvnthesis. that probably underlies various other Footnote C always Mexican, Central American, and perhaps North American tongues, sibillan otherwis but whose outstanding representative so far is Aztec. Let us for the now-take a rapid review of the results of much and lengthy analysis involving hundreds of stems. What are the ultimate 4, 3. particles I have spoken of? I call them elements rather than down roots, to avoid suggesting too olose an analogy with the Indo- have European type of word-base. Each element is, first, a very simple of this piece of articulation-behavior, and second, a "broad idea or oomplez ent of related ideas that goes with this piece of "behavior. tituents
eed not The elements may "be grouped in classes according to h their phonetic form. mpounded Group 1. The element is a monosyllable consisting of a consonant followed "by a fairly fixed and characteristic vowel. g of The sub-group in which this vowel is a consists of: :ewise Phonetic form.* General Meaning. f the la. CHA fill space, take space, fill, occupy, displace, replace. f MA. extend, reach, overtake, stretch forth. BA go or "be olose,or connective - "between, across, through. .d PA pervade, go through, across, "beyond, and esp. over. QUA stand, rise, endure. arious TA "be original, basic, pure (uncommon). TLA. set, settle, sink, rest, fix, stop; definite. fter YA go, advance, lead. rangement The sub-group with vowel e: le. ME be even, regular, smooth, or straight. PE spring, begin, start, dash, sweep or drive. .eas and QUE agitate, surge up, shake forth. hologieal TE lay, lie; a barrier, limit, division, edge; row, line. ure I The sub-group with vowel i (sometimes dropping vowel): li. CHI.-CH form, shape, make, outline, appearance, completeness. casual LI move, agitate. (not common) MI,-N pass, go by, cease, end; terminus; evanescence. PI draw in or together, contract, converge, pull, hold. QUI,QU-(a,e) take, draw back, retract, back, backward. re may
IT Footnote: * In the system of spelling used throughout this paper, C always has the value of K, QU always that of KW, Z that of the tgues, sibillant usually rendered Z, g, C, or in phonetic systems S; otherwise the usual Spanish spelling of Aztec is followed, except (t us for the use of W and U in place of HJ. Ly tate 5. The sub -group with vowel o: Group 6, lc>. OHO run, flow, run through; swift motion. EO,LEÜ'-,IiIW~,LW-,-L go around, turn, curve, bend. ^ PO expand, "broaden, open, disperse, dissipate, lo3e. 6. C- (( TO project, throw out, stream, radiate. YO be inner, "be alive; inner life, heart, essence; hidden, dark. w O Group 2. In this small group the element consists of a single vowel. 2. A remove, eliminate; space, distance, room, void, absence. E lift, heave, raise, rouse, excite, kindle. these thir I enter, come, appear, within, take in. (this element, through a secondary stem IT, may- secondary ¡ he represented "fcy a letter -T from which the vowel has dropped) general mei There are probably no elements 0 or U except as variants meaning on of the element W to be mentioned. of togethe: Group 5. Group 3. contains two elements with characteristic consonant but flexible, variable vowel, which acgscxsxaat a however avoids becoming the vowel a. as u£¿£oj3B 3. N,HE,NI,HEU,HO self, same, equal, alike, likewise. YE,YUH,IW- be so, be a fact, be already accomplished. connect,, a Group 4. The consonant is a sibillant, the vowel comes after many other the sibillant and is entirely variable. is often a 4. TZ- a general meaning of closure, contraction, and supures- si on. which is somewhat differentiated according to auxiliary the vowel, giving three secondary forms of the element: are the oo TZA close, press, enclose. TZI,TZE subside, reduce, inhibit, restrain, depress. elements n TZO come together, contract; shrink, withdraw. Chinese mo X- (XA,XE,XI,XO) separate, divide, part, break, out, end. Z- be one - in the forms ZE,ZI,Z0 chiefly: unite, combine, agree, be continuous, uniform, simple, monotonous, unbroken. the elemei - in the form ZA chiefly: be alone, apart, element £j separated; first, prior - but also some- times: unite. Group 5. The same sibillant consonants as in Group 4., but with vowel before the sibillant and meaning entirely -tz, pro¿< different from that of same consonant in Group 4. Towel variable but usually £. project oí 5. *r~~ ~' ITZ,-TZ project, especially convergingly or sharply. IX,-X out, forth, exterior, face, front, manifest. IZ,-Z come, appear, arouse. 5. 6. Group 6. Two elements that are essentially simple consonants, the attendant rowel being freely variable and either "before or after; or it may disappear. Lose. 6. C- (CA,CE,CI,CO,-C) interior, in, at, "be contained, located; from within. 3e; hidden, dark. W (WA,WE,WI,0,UH) send, go, or extend away, off, forth, a. along; send, convey, let go* long, large. At present it would seem that there are no more than id, absence. these thirty-five elements. Around these bases are clustered numerous em IT, may secondary stems in which all sorts of changes are rung upon the hlch the general meanings of the elements; so that, for instance, the as variants meaning oneness of the element ZE,ZI,ZO appears.now in the guise of together, now in that of summation, totality, again as ristic h acgacxxxaat agree> consent. as agreeable, -pleasant, as congeal,, freeze. as uniform, smooth,, as simple, plain, flat, mild, soft, weak, as e. mplished. connect, as continuous. as uninterrupted, calm, still, and in s after many other such nuances. In such stems the significant element is often accompanied by another element specialized to a merely ,nd suppres- •ding to auxiliary and differentiative function. But very numerous also ;he element: are the compound stems, in which the meanings of two or more joined depress, elements modulate each other, muoh as in certain combinations of •• .thdraw. Chinese monosyllables, so as to produce a new meaning. ¡ut, end. ;e, combine, Thus the meaning to bind is formed by putting together )le, the element -lw. go around, in its secondary form -1. 11. and the ipart, element p_i, draw together, giving the verb llpi-a. to bind. some- The meaning to call consists of no. self, and ,, "but with rely -tz. project, giving the verb notz-a (preterite notz) - jup 4. project out of oneself, cry out, call. p sharply, manifest. The meaning to sleep consists of op., inner, and 7. Pili» a-p-pearanoe. vision, and doings, "behavior, giving eoohi. to be TZO-LO asleep.* WI-LO
The meaning to exchange consists of pji, aoross. and tla. set, put, giving patla. to exchange, also used to mean trade, transfer, convert, change, and substitute. XE-LO- ZA -LO - Numerous nouns are similarly formed; mouth is izta-L QUA-zt oa-ma - tl, inward extension; wool or hair is tzo-mi - tl, attenuated ends; up. is a-oo« space-within, or "in the air". following, of cessati I might now cite one of the numerous homologous C- MI series of combinations, in which we may observe how the general idea LO, turn, or around. is variously modulated "by the other XI-M - element placed before it.
CO-LO -a "inward-around" means "bend, fold, twist, TE-MI in the sense of "around an interior" it means circle around. ZE-MI CHO-LO -a "go-quick around"
MI-LO -a "pass-on turning" TZO-10 when reduplicated, mimlloa " 1. overturn. 2. roTT and with objective prefix oimiloa wrap, coil. HE-vüO -a "all-the-same turn" means mix,. differentiated "by changed vowel - TLA-M] NO-LO -a "self-turn" means curve. HE-MI QUI-LO -a "drawing-action around" " draw( pictures) trace, -paint, write with changed vowel QUE-LO -a contort. TO-M • TO-LO -a "a projection turning over"n "bow down. "but also TO-LO -a "project around-some thing" swallow. of stems ' TZI-LO -a "constrictingg turn"tun twist "tightening turn" different Footnote -* That the idea of dream images does play a part in the Azteo¡' noíion of sleep is shown in the typical Agtec trait of A - B of reinforcing a verb with a semi-synonymous verb, and in this case the final element of ooohi is sometimes reinforced by itta. to see up beside - cpohitta, to sleep. 7. 8 > i, to he TZO-LO -a "contracting around" means corn-press. WI-LO -a "golng-off turn" T; in reduplioated form, wiwiloa n flo home. , and Again, in many forms of this type tfce n LO, turn, has merely an inceptive or a oausa'tive sense. XE-LO-a, "turn apart" » separate. ZA-LO-a, "turn united" * attach. izta-LEU-a, turn white (izta-c) QUA-zta-LETJ-a, turn white on top. Apportion .of-ano the* homologous ^series; lalthe following, exhibiting final MI, *-IT, in its characteristic sense of cessation, end, term, limit. s C- MI "interior-limit" (shell, container) neral oemitl garment. oomitl pot, vessel. ¡her XI-M -a "cut limits" plane or trim wood, stone, etc. lo Id. twist. IE-MI ""limit-end" (he up to limit) he filled, full. around. ZE-MI "united to utmost" zem-, zen- all together, aggregate, total, complete* TZO-MI "converging end" TZO-H-tli summit, head, end* rn. "shortened end" soil. "attenuated ends" TZO-MI-tl wool, pile, hair, TZOKH-tli hair. TLA-MI "stop-end" cease, end. KE-MI "self-end"(end "by its own Lotures) weakness, fail) nen failing, futile, in vain •paint, write nen-oa. to idle, he idle. fe- TO-M -a "throwing-off pass" loose, release. rn. It would appear that in the course of such evolution tt. of stems the same material has often been worked up in two or more different ways simultaneously. While there grew up a compound rt in the It of A - B of two elements, each in a certain nuance, there might grow this case fcta, to see up heside it in other contexts a compound A'-B' of the same two 9. elements in two other nuances, the result of whose combination might "be a quite different meaning from A - B. In this wajry homonyms have "been produced. For example, there is a considerable list of words derived from stems having the forms paohi. paoh. and peoh. It can be shown that the sporadic peoh-form3 are merely variants of paoh. and that the original stem in all cases must have been paohi. The derived words with their great diversity of meanings - fill, satisfy; sink; foundation; cover; close; spread out; bed; cement; be bent; govern; compress clay; aoakxxx lie in wait - may be traced by ordinary methods to five homonymous stems pachi, with these meanings: 1. paohi fill, satisfy. 2. pachi extend or stretch over, across, cover, close up. s> paohi sink; under. 4. paohi curve, bend; and sometimes, compress clay. 5. paohi watch, spy. The problem is solved as soon as we know the various nuances developed by the elements PA and CHI. PA, pervade. has among other senses that of saturate (;ga, to dye, paltia. paltilla. soak, wet); of over, across, or covering; of over in the sense of around; and of through, beyond, penetration. CHI, form, shape, has among others the senses of complete whole, completeness; of contour, bounding curve, surface; and of appearance, vision, and sight. These nuances all exist quite independently of our pachi problem, as in CEI-wa, make, mo-CHI, whole, all, tla-CHI-a, look, and provide the solution of the problem. 1. PA pervading, saturating + CHI completeness * fill, satisfy. 2. PA over, across • CHI completeness * cover, close up. 3. PA through, beyond • CHI the contour * sink, under. 4. PA over, around • CHI contour,curve » curve, bend; also compress clay. 5. PA pervading, thorough *• CHI sight, vision * watch, spy.
A correct formulation of the meanings of the elements 10. should explain all homonyms in this way, and the ability so to explain them is to some extent a test of how well we hare the theoretically provisioned the actual structure of the language.
I might now suggest two ways of looking at this oligosynthetic structure from an evolutionary standpoint. First is the selective view; namely that the primitive ancestral speech did not contain these elements at all, hut that the prinoiple of analogy, by gathering together and mutually reinforcing such like sounds as played a part in similar meanings, brought about a survival of the like, and a disuse of the unlike, until a complex of similar meanings forming one general notion had been tied up to each characteristic sound, and that finally nothing survived the effects of natural selection except such reinforced, notion-bearing sounds, which I now call elements, and such combinations of sounds as confirmed the notions attached to the elements and were equivalent in idea to combinations thereof.
The second view is the synthetic view; namely that the primitive ancestral speech was a language of the isolating type in which these same elements were a kind- of primitive words; which sort of speech at first combined them loosely and freely, yet from the first began to fix and define more and more complex ideas by building up oompounds and attaching specialized functional words to form derivatives, and so synthetized the present language.
Of these two views I prefer the second; first because the elements even now have some power of being used as movable particles and as isolated words; seoondly because the syntax is analytic, which means to me that the isolating habit has lingered; thirdly because the successive strata of derivatives preserved 11. in the vocabulary* show a process of increasing specialization, not one of increasing generalization. However, I favor the principle of selection to this extent: that probably linguistic selection has either eliminated o£ changed various element-words that in addition to the present elements made up the primitive speech "but that proved unsuited to various analogical trends in the evolving language.
It should now be noted that this oligosynthetic phenomenon opens up certain new territories in the little-explored field of language-psychology. In it we see the whole ideational field of a language partitioned out among or shared between some thirty-five elementary notions, so as to give us for the first time a map or plan of an actual realm of ideas. Previously when ideas have been distributed among a set of categories, those categories have been the result of some philosopher's introspection, but not so this idea-map of a language - we come upon it as we do upon the facts of nature, and its as yet dimly-seen configuration challenges us to investigate it by experimental and inductive methods. To vary the figure, the relation of ideas to these elements seen in the Nahawt language is not unlike the relation of the myriad substances of nature to the few chemical elements, and such oligosynthetio languages seem almost like laboratories in which we might learn to analyze ideas almost in the manner of a chemist. Furthermore, the products of such analysis are not only ideas that perhaps may be of a fundamental nature, but are also bits of glottal behavior that accompany these ideas and with them ar* integrated into the means of sooial communion, into speech. Fvot'note. & E.%. ~beyie,~ye/e.coH¡-)tT.tli', ta¿*ufiZo¿&*--^'^'rnote~yeyecoltici 12. I might refer to one common proeess "by whioh the broad ideas of the few elements are developed, olarified, and specialized to the expression of such a wealth of meanings. The element TLA, for example, has a broad meaning, centering about the idea set, but reaching out to include such senses as place, fix, rest, stop. The element MI has a meaning centering about the idea pass, but including such senses as vanish, cease. end, stop. Just as blue glass and yellow glass hare in common a permeability to green rays, so these two elements have in common the sense of cessation and termination: and Just as light strained through both blue and yellow glass retains only a green color, so the meaning of the verb tlaml is cease, end. This process is very common - see for instance the similar verb temi and others cited in the homologous series of MI above.
Finally, we may raise the interesting question of whether there may not have existed not only oligosynthetic speech but oligosynthetic writing. With thirty-five signs for the elements and some auxiliary signs it would be possible to write the Aztec language ide o graph! oallv. and the writing would be phonetic at the same time. I do not think that any such system was used by the Aztecs; their writing was probably far cruder. Yet there is a possibility that something roughly akin to such a method may have been known in previous ages among some of the Mexican languages. The great original systems of writing, whether the Chinese, the Sumerian, the Egyptian, or the Semitic alphabet, were conditioned upon the structure of certain languages, and it seems possible that some American systems may have been conditioned upon an oligosynthetic structure - even the Mayan, for the Mayan language, though of widely different patterning from Azteo^may yet conceal a structure of this type. 13. APPENDIX - NOTES. To 4*~'f^¿&^ Principles of Aztec oligosynthetic analysis. The elements used in a word are of two kinds - 1. radical. denoted hereinafter by the symbol x and italic letters, and 2. morphological, denoted By n and Roman letters. Aztec words fall mainly into these types: 1. isolated elements, formula x. ya. "be gone ni wa, I send ix, face, qui. take ye. so,already i, drink. -pi. collect ze, one za. alione. 2. unlradical stems, formula x - n .ca-1 house iz-a awaken xa-xa-1 thin ne- -z-i appear ma-c-a give iz-ca" beholdl ie^b^a lay iz-ca-li-a revive. wl-o-a carry Tz-ca-lt-ia generate, TJe-t-ia lay eggs qui-t-ia take note of, recognize. e-ua lift pe-ua "begin mT-n-a shoot ya-oa-n-a lead Til-e-co ascend ya-ca-tl nose tla-ui-a shine o-li-ni-a move tla-oKi-a look at m-o-li-ni-a move tla-po-a open o-o-lT-ni-a move ye-c-T-ia rectify t-o-li-ni-t trouble 3. biradieal stems, root a couplet x - x, formula often S - 2 - n a-zi (gap-bridge) reach, arrive a-chi fun-formed) first, early a-ehi-c a little o-a-ua (avoid-off) leave off m-a-ui fear o-e-T$z-a (rise-pro jeotl) stand "" e--tz"^ii-oa be, reverential (he eminent) •pi—tz-a (compress-project) blw(horn,fire), sound out pi—tz-a-o (-tli,-tic) thinned out, dilated pi—Tz-a-ua attenuate ca-na-ua (interior - close,closed in) make thin oa-na-o (-tic) thin •a-xa-ni "Cfrom-within divide) some loose, relax. oa-xa-ua relax, disburden. pa-tzi-wiTexcess-subside) be reduced (a swelling) pe-tzi-wa (sweep-repress) petzoa. smooth off, polish petzi-wi, be smooth pepetz(i)oa, be lustrous que-po-ni (rousing-expand) burst forth, open (flower,egg) flash, gleam, bloom; que -que -p.q-ca bloom. que-tla-ni (rousing-settle) abate, subside que-tla-ui-a wither gui-tla-pan (back-seat; backward settle,drop)baok,shoul- ders , behind, baokward «lagging, qui-tla-tl, re 3 e eta, excrement, dro ss. ~TO*.mA r«t 4M»w •if»*» M
ELEIvZEITT 1. , ELEI.IGiTT 2. 3rd ELEMENT, stem affix, derived words. X- or verbalizer. (xa, xe, xi, xo - separation, division, disintegration. X- -1, nomen pat^entis, disintegrated!. - noun stems ----- xalli sand. xalla sandy place, xallotl sandiness v.den. xalloa make sandy I xal-pioilli fine sand. i (contraotedness) cut down, pared off - j xaxaltic thin; sheet, lamina"como manta,estera"¿ X- divide, j C- in, cut, "break ¡ enter wa/o - - xicoa (pierce, sting) verbalizer te, mock, deceive, betray xico-liztli envy, xico-tli bee.
X- 0- L0 the ends inv/ard curve - •I xacaloa, tla frnftirx bond ¡ (a bow). X- L0 (LIV/: apart .- - turn - - relou., tla separate, di- vide, cut, part, xeloloni separable, xeliwi be divided in two. xelo-tiuh get "between, (go to) intervene. xelwia, tetla share with, allow to. sound out xexeloa, tla divide in parts dilated te, separate or disperse people, xexelwia, tetla distribute, apportion. X- ISA ni (Itself")! break extendíedly) verbalizer I xamania, tla crack, break, j split,cleave X- Tr. | tla-xamanilli a chip. ten. j -TZ ; divide, etc. spread, - ; project, -; xaxamatza, te divide and scatter. | put forth disperse enemy by strata* I"] ELELLEITT 1. EIEÍ.-E1TT 2. 3rd. ELEIÍE1TT, stem affix, or derived words. verbalizer.
X- LIA. ca (In a state (xaxamaca, shatteringly, break spread, • of) suffix of noisily) scatter - manner, often xaxamacat i-mani equals Eng. lj (spread around) "break in surf (waves) xaxamaca-tioih of river, (go) dash and roar along. caxamacaliztli noise of breaking. MI/ -IT cut, shape, tía Sí along;away, xamitl brick (unbaked or trim sides. * line, edge; end. - sundried), adobe, xam-acaiii brick mold. (vessel.boat) xan-chiwa make bricks. (make"! tla-xan-teo-tli squared (cut) object, block. II- disintegrate sélf, a thing's xini be broken up, destro- break un. own nature yed, razed, go to pieces, fall (a wall or a nation) xixini be destroyed,ruined; be divided and scattered; be laid waste (city). xixinia, tla take apart, break up; destroy; lay waste; te destroy a political unity; mo be stripped, ruined, destr'd .A-T PO TLA break open, expand, put, xapotla,tla, make an open- an opening i establish ing, break through, rupture, perforate. n " OH forra, - -tla-xapochtli-t hole, pit, appearance excavation, ditch, wi tlaxapochwia, mo v.den. verbalizer fall into a hole. X- QU- LO off > take, around, xaqualoa, tla, strip grain sept irate seize. circumference off ears by friction; kne a d, e.g. dough; mo, be scoured, abraded, scraped, rubbed, etc. xaxaqualoa, tla wipe, wash, scour, clean. xaqua.ltilia, tla knead fruit,etc. to soften it. X- trim, tfo forth xaua, mo, go shaved and finish off painted Indian style; become ripe, of fruit X- VJ- sejjarate let self, content xauania, tla pour out, empty. ELEI.rEITT 1. SLEIIENT 2. 3rd EIEEIEUT, M stem affix, or derived words. verbalizer. CHA. YA -c-a hatteringly, fill space advance, verbalizer chachayaca swell, expand oisily) expand. project. mani wa (send) chayaua, tla, spread, strew, spread around) verbalizer scatter. surf (waves) uh of river, GILL chamaua, grow, enlarge, o7 dash and LIA. "" roar along. expand extend grow up. tli breaking. TS 1,11/ -N line, demar- - temi, be full, filled; be : (unbaked, or passing, cation, end, stretched to limit adobe. limit, last. tema(l) fill. 1 brick mold. border. tenci full, replete. l.boat) - tentia, tla, sharpen, mo, make bricks. (1)insert oneself, edge in tentli, edge, rim, lip, mouth, extremity a-tentli shore, coast, (walier) 'tén-tlalia promise. :en up, de3tro- (lip) (seiry ., go to pieces. ten-namici kiss. ,11 or a nation; (.loin) i stroyed,ruined; ten-cixt-ia declare,pronounce. . and scattered; (front) ,ste (city). ten-teqi cut off, amputate. , take apart, (extremity)'(cut) destroy; lay tentia, rno(S) speak. destroy a limit, end, V/A unity; mo be terra,goal last forth temoa, tla 3eek, search. ruined, destr'd go line,___ - Z tema (2) lay, put. make an open- horizon- end, : through, tal, r >crf orate. in¿ evanescence, pJ>onc,ló!fr decline, wa/o _-^_-terco, descend, go down, down, subsidence. verbalizer sink, fall. temoayan, downslope, declivity. i\£ line, C- in, demarcation, enter, teci.tla, cut, cut off, e dge . pierce. divide, teci-maca, te, divide among, (f¡iye) distribute. line,level, in, on, prone, location, teca, tla, lay, lay flat, lying site level, straight, in course, teteca, tla, compose, settle, put in order. tecitl piece of work shaved and teciti to labor. .ian style; teciyotl, labor, service. •, of fruit [•7] . Expressio: EXPRESSION OF VARIOUS IDEAS Hi All OLIGOSY1TTIIETIC SYSTEM. Ideas Rel; From V FE IDEAS RELATING TO LIGHT AED HEAT. pe drivin, From \\ E. The meaning of this eleraent includes "glow, heat, fire". with swee; actio: tl - e :: stein tie, fire, verbal prefix tletl fire. tle-co on fire, "burning. in tle-tlalia set fire, ignite. set tletia changes vowel' to tlatia, "burn. From QU tle-tla changes vowel to tlatia, "burn. V set que tle-calli - - fireplace. gush • container, house stream tie - cjui -lo :: tlequiloa, "bring a"bout a taking fire, (esp. wi take convert kindle, hum. agitati: tle-qui-lw-tli :: tlequilli, hearth-fire. movemen tle-pp-po - ca - lis - tli :: tlepopocaliztli, "boiling, fervor* expand - i - ness
From V I. gives stem it,, -t, having most of the Meanings of the (with stei ~" clement I, including appear, come Into view, whence que it-wi, see, and rise in tla - t - wi :: tlatwi, "become day. c omino t i vb. pref. (go forth) verbalizer From V IX (with V II, i.e. HE). From V TL. ne - x :: nextia show, manifest, reveal tla self show nextia, tla (tlanextia) shine, "be "bright, disti: manifest "brilliant, resplendent, defin tlanextli, light, splendor, glory, clear tlanextilia, give light, illuminate. tzo-tso tla-ne - x - ilw - yo :: tlanexillotl, luminosity, clarity, "beat, pul turn, -ness illumination. viorate. render (essence) From V TO From IE. (especially associated with reduplication of IE) V to pe tla - ca : : pepetlaca, shine, flash, "be radiate spring forth distinct, (ver- "brilliant, clear halizer) pe yo - ca :: pepeyoca, shimmer, or sparkle spring inner life, (like water in the sun), gush vivaciously tona
fia f«J [<7] Expression of Various Ideas in an Oligosynthetic System Ideas Relating to Light and Heat.
From V PE (Cont'd) (with V TZ-, TZI.) pe tzi stem petzi, Jets1, with meaning: heat, fire". drivingly, repress, smooth off, polish, "burnish, with sweeping level, or "be smooth, etc. whence: action. press down. petziwi, he smooth, lustrous, petztia, " " " petzoa (petzi-wa), tla, polish, smooth, scour, clean, brighten, pepetztio", lustrous, glossy, polished, pepetzca, show luster, gleam, shimmer (e.g. si lie, lustrous plumage).
From V QTJE. que - yo ni :': queyoni, flash, sparlcle. gush up, inner life cá quequeyoca, flash about, sparkle, i^ing f ire, stream out vivacity (v$b glitter, gleam (e.g. precious (esp. with lzr) stones, fish in water from their agitating motion, surface of watjer, etc.) movement). ni :: queponi, burst forth, bloom, "boiling, fervor* po also shine out, flash, shine. open up, disperse, lgs of the radiate. . whence (with stem tie., TE) pue tie - ni :: with vowel change as in tlatia, burn rise in fire commotion qüetlanl* -Maze, flare, produce much flame, quetlanei, loud-crackling flames. - ca :: quequetlaca, blaze with loud crackling.
From V Tiifa.. tla ca tlacatli, day, daytime. he bright, distinct, state; splendent. defined, glory. clear. Lminate. tzo-tzo - tla - ca :: tzotzotlaca, flash, sparkle, glitter. r, clarity, beat, pulse, .on. vibrate. From V TO. PE) to n :: tona, glow, be or become warm, hot, or sunny, flash, he radiate stem tona-yan sunlight, sun, in the sun. ,nt. former way, state, tona-tiuh the sun (proper name of sun-god) •, or sparkle he becomes • in the sun), tonalli (1) heat, fervor (2) day tonal-mi-tl, ray of sunlight, sunbeam, dart tona - me - yo • :: tonameyotl, radiance, glow, sparkle, smooth state tonameyotia, be radiant, brilliant, flow, flux glow, glitter, sparkle. Expression of Various Ideas m an Oligosynthetic System W Ideas Relating to Light and Heat. From V TO (Cont'd). to - • c - ya tocia, kindle, augment, or fan fire. radiate. 3tem caus- forraer. ative, From V 17. te- tla - wa,v/ - ya ' :: tlauia, give light -stem tlaui - v'"b prefix send caus- tlauilli, light, brightness, clearness forth, ative. tlauillo, luminous, "bright, abroad. tlauillotl, illumination. tlauilia, give light to, illuminate. tlaui - iz - ea - lo :: tlauizcaleua, grow light, ax^pear ish turn tlaui ca - lw - tli tlauizcalli, dawn, daybreak. From V IZ. iz ta c iztac, white, manifest, original adjec- iztacayotl, whiteness. olear. untouched, tival istacatilia, whiten. "blank. (in). lo :: iztaleua, turn white, grow pale, turn iztaleuac, pale. qua-ztaleua, turn white-headed, head ne - z :: nezi, appear. self appear tlanezi, "become day. NUMBER hk - WHORF NOTES ON THE OLIG
OF NÁHUATL AND P
REFERENCE TO TEPE JAMIN LEE
HETIC COMPARISON
WITH SPECIAL
1928 NOTES ON THE OLIGOSYNTHETIC COMPARISON
OF NÁHUATL AND PIMAN,
WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO TEPECANO
by Benjamin. Lee Whorf
1928
MICROFILM COLLECTION OF MANUSCRIPTS ON MIDDLE AMERICAN
CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY
No. kk
UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO LIBRARY CHICAGO, ILLINOIS
1956 ii TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction 1 Náhuatl Loan-Words in Topecano 3 Abbreviations and Signs Used Hereinafter k COMPARATIVE PHONOLOGY 1* Vowels h Fixed and Variable Vowels 5 Consonants 6 Shifting Sibilants in Náhuatl 9 Other Consonants 10 COMPARATIVE LEXICAL ANALYSIS 12 Noun Stems 12 Verb Stems 17 Note 2k APPENDIX: List of the Náhuatl Elements and their modulations. (8 pp.) [25]
Note: This Ms. was found among family papers by J. B. Carroll. , •^ *-''5>5-..V' ^;^
HOTKS OS THB OLIGOSYHSKEIIO COMPARISON OF F'OlOAfL AHD PIISAH, recently, i WITH SPECIAL ÍEEF^REÍICE TQ TEl'SCi'JÍO. their ele® Oligosyathesis is a name for that typo of language
strudture in which all or nearly all the vocabulary may "be reduced that tríese to a very email number of roots or signifleant elemento» irrespec- and anoest tive of whether these roots or elements are to be regarded as origin- they mi#it al» standing anterior to the language an we know it, or as never less and 1 having had independent existence, theirs Doing an implicit we have he existence as parts in words that may have always been undiseooiated between tfc wholes» glottal ac Suoh a structure was recognised by the iirriter in the great lln¿ Hahuatl or Aztec language of Mexico, in which he has nade numerous
studies, and he thereupon proposed for it the term oligosynthesis. at this pc She phenomenon has been treated by him in a paper to he published their tors in the jrooeedings of the International Congreso of Americanists, I could nc Iwenty-Ehird Session, She conclusions are, briefly, that nearly theory gli all and probably quite all the present-fcnown na tive vocabulary Language < of Hahuatl is derived from the varied combination and varied present p« semantic development of no more than thirty-five roots, for which effect th; the writer proposes the name of "elements", each of which element of the Ami best Snow stands for a certain ^neral idea, including something of the of which Bahuatlan surrounding field of related ideas into which this central idea Mexican o: of one gr in&mslbly shades off. The BO thirty-five elements < it now begins Uto-Aztefc te seem unlitoely that their number can be increased) have been
obtained by extensive stem-analysis and are listed with a brief Busohmann account of their genera", meanings in the above-mentioned paper, "may be o also in somewhat more detail and with their Tepeoano cognates in hypothesi the appendix of the present article, 2hey explain the meaning of to be cora thousands of Hahuatl words, including great numbers of words learned Southern B. reoently, which have had the meanings that would be expected from their elements» oguage furthermore it is becoming Increasingly evident to me be reduced that these elements are to be regarded as original roots anterior lrrespee- and anoestral to the present language* and my previous view that ec! as origin- they niig£it be the result of assimilative baolc-formatiaa is becoming as never less and less of a serious claimant for consideration. Obviously it we have here a structure, and an almost point-to-point correspondence dissociated between the path of ideation and the successions of lip, tongue, and glottal activities (i.e. consonants and vowels), that may be of r in the great linguistic, glottogonlo, and psychological significance. .e numerous One of the most natural questions that mi^ht be asked synthesis, at this point Is "What of the other Uto-Azte3can languages?" How do published their forms "staok upw with the above general thesis? At thii» point •ioanists, X could not do better than to quote the definition of the Uto-Aztetan it nearly theory given by J. Alden Mason in Ms work on "Tepeoano, a PI roan »abulary Language of Western Mexico0, a work which is the foundation of tas tried present paper. for whidh "Stater in the barest terms, the hypothesis is to the effect that three of Major Powell's linguistic stocks: the Shoshonean jh element of the American Great Plateau region, of which Uto is possibly the best known; the riman of the Mexican and Arizonan western mountains, >f the of which Tepooano may be considered a typical example; and the Bahuatla» of western and southern lioxioo. of which the classical cal idea Mexican or A^ted is the greatest exponent, are but three main branches of one greater linguistic family termed by general consent now begins Uto-Aztekan.» ire been She groundwork on this synthesis was done by J. 0. B. a brief Buschaann as early as 1859. Further studies by E. Sapir in 1913-15 d paper, "may be oonsid«3?ed as definitely establishing the validity of ths grates in hypothesis" U&son). Still, the number of stems that Sapir showed cleaning of to be common to Bahuatl, Fiman, and Shoshonean, more particularly words learned Southern Baiute of the üuast-named stock, though large enough to 3. prove relationship» may be said» in conjunction with the morphologi- cal differences, to have left the relationship a remote one* So far as concerns my own study at the present time this still remains trae as between Shoshonean and Náhuatl» hut as between Plraan and Eahuatl these studies make the relation oloser than is yet supposed» More particularly Tepeeano, studied "by Bison» shows remarkable lexical resemblance to Sahuatl, a resemblance that lias been masked by the constant phonetic shifts that intervene between the two languages» and by the fact that no one has really known how to isolate a Bahaatl stem or to understand its true significance as compounded or otherwise derived from simpler elements or its basic meaning according to its constitution» the meaning that may be most readily compared with that of its cognates in other languages, Hie principle of oligo synthesis, as already worked out for Bahu&tl alone, likewise furnishes the key to the relationship of ITahuatl and Stepeoano, which is seen to be likewise an oligosynthetic language employing largely the same stock of elements as Hahuatl, though perhaps along with them some others. Hahuatl Loan-Words in ge-oecano. There are but few of these, not nearly so tnany as the words borrowed from Spanish, but nevertheless there are some.and there are evidences of a Eahuatl influence on the language.
palewid aid, assist aid, assist tutci» rabbit tote(tli) rabbit (stem to toi) Mason recognizes the foreign oharaoter of the first word» but evidently does not know its source. The letters 1 and e are un-Tepecano, and initial p is rather exotic. The second word ooBtes too close to the náhuatl to be a native cognate, the j^To^^r form of which would be ¿uo. Very likely the Tepeoano imperative prefix el is also borrowed» from the K&huatl imperative prefix and hailing exclamation <&, especially as the cognate would be &£. Abbreviations and Algae freed Hereinaftoy. V oligosynthetie element or root V. to the element te. Ehe elements of the Haftoatl and the provable elements of the SipMutifr'' words or stems will be separated by slight sprees* She radleol elements (making up the root part of the word) are italicized; th© secondary elemente (haying only a morphological or an etymological fanetlonj are not. 2he system of spelling used li that of Mason's Tepecano, and Is in general the same as that in ouetomary use for American language». T/p v Interchangeable with p» K miZ-n element a¿, oonvertlble to a ending a syllable, Hahuatl tl reduced to l»i i Hahuatl To, ¿g reduced to ¿ , 'o» s, **K "fts 2fon-vocalic formfo: of elements Haftitatl m¿ induced to £t by losa of vowel
OOMPAmTITTE PHD50100T ypweAs. She following voi^lio correspondences have been established by Mason and were pointed out to me by him. My own movie, has confirmed them* I. a a (less often» 21. o and e, B.v;,) 8 (,less often, but regularly,- . U". . 1, ooeasionally *) 1 i,o (H« o often equals i-w-, B.W. > o o, e (2í. o also often equals e-w~, eu, and a-w-, an.
SmBSBSmmSS'* Sf. va t la bathe 2§ti melt, dissolve ; ja fc a bathe Kpa pervade, permeate, aoaJc, run, eto, rta mft & encounter na m¿ 3c 1 classical, Join; modern } also encounter Vrax ml together-boundary. be¡na M.tl rampart ft©, lay, stout 2 isa HI*1 eneloeure, ¿hlnajaja <—--- V toi, fonaatiotti whole. £2L great wj| great Vw, we, extension, etev Towels (continued) 5.
I. nuanolng e: jaa&i continually to mi continue to limit, be complete VXe lay,limit, Vml passing, ifcs border. the vowel : a d form, ore4te e¿ sj a out out, tria MB Kel mi out border hk ** urinate tía jtíi lc a drip, leak Va± separate, probably t. throw off, discard <& o. til excreta {reduplicated) the £ of 1 so n in strifes, hit tao too n a strike, beat as ke In t. ftco come together ssqpx or ma I have added to these the following additional vocalic oorre spondenees i T. u 1. H. i (most often; the converse ie not true) transforma 2. II. o (not guite so often, but regularly) etymologic lo o (usually) become oj ahoot with arrow tl arrow Kmi pass,dart,depart.n ant & die 3c 1 die f mi ' » * la and lft, t a ica s pass the nlggit (tla)t i loa "medio noche" V\ inside, Indoors, possibly f&a id. suggesting jjj j|it an blow with breath j&'is a blow hornj attenuate of transit Ppi its compress projeet; ypi its contract extend. contain /$ hio d (h¿£ Jj»?) to bloom £& M& *° Woom foo-t separate,open, prevent th Ktla, put ig¡qcft and; TfofiW* Towels, The Icey to variability of vowels and to the importance and liahuat or unimportance of strict vocalic oorrespondene© lies largely in the probable d Bahuatl ollgo synthetic elements, some of which have fixed and some Astefcan g& variable vowels. The ejaculation of the syllable is a single simple náhuatl"), piece of behavior associated with its characteristic idea* notion, distinotie or mental feeling; but in some eases the vowel-coloring is an Integral part not only of the act but of its significance, as the ton» Is of a Chinese monosyllable; while with other elements the nature of the consonantal occlusion is alone important, the vowel probably having been, origismlly a matter of Indifference or at most having only a :/^í:í<>?
nuanoing of foot» like the tone in English. For example, in the elemente |e. te. ye. vo. mi. aft. Hit, the rowel is an integral part of the element, while In the element» fc(ft.e.i.o). á(a.a.l.o). aL&JuSd ***« wwil timbre was originally probably fluid but has ainee become fixed in partieular words, e.g» the ¿ of interiority as £a in ¿aa, Í «11 house, as jgo. *& &GL ft* & 1"*»** as ¿g in the same basic root-couplet when it means covering, eap*# ssxs or mantle} ¿e mj, tl. In addition, it is possible to haire in Náhuatl oertain transformations of normally fixed Towels aoeording to definite etymological laws (e.g. cuwi. e-wi. 1-^. may all by apoeopation become oj ¿2 varies to lau and ¿ju, and may then become by apoeopation la and lft, usually before two oonsonants as in ¿g, aJL ¿e. 2c ti k fro» 3» mi ¿eu a) or definite morphological principles (e.g. the final X suggesting lntransitiveness may be clipped off and replaced by the e¿
of transitive verbs ( j¿a Si ¡^y beeoae Jfcg, JJ» a, which does net
/ "•'•••.-• contain /ma. Ihese changes, being according to fixed laws, need not» prevent the fixed vowels from being considered fixed*
•iffiftWYrlfíiHffjfe The following correspondences between Zepeoano and and Itahaatl have been pointed out by liason. They exemplify the probable development of the Ximan sonant stops £., ¿, ¿, from Uto- Asstelcan jjg» j,, g, as shown by S. 3apir ("Southern Poluto and náhuatl"), the conversion of TJ.A. p to i, y/p. and the loss of distinction between J and & as the latter becomes ¿« ?. Consonants (continued).
T. V. t ta j¡a & take out qy/;l take ^awi take; back Ola to fish(take) to n defécate qwi tla tl faeces, et al. Mí fcffrt re- j¿a -jeot, M * tail gm 1 tl head, end Vqpa. stand Hote: sometimes N. XES becomes 2, TQT or v£.
VW VtTO put, place(past) /jjwa stand SL Sk
S ES. JES uv equal» imitate eyre -pa return, recur Kgyri pa, back over a keep Ppi, draw, withdraw possess yf, known the wi water-f liquid ^a dye fpa, pernéate, soak, run 3£- over, flood, etc. past 3 jja a tl bath ointment (a tl, water) affric
lote: H. JD becomes in 3J* x rrtion initial, but when the f c internal it most often remains XL* s so ra f& 2Jft n glide like snake; te ja n a modern, run along Tts) measure ground j¿e, of plante, (pa n reduplicated) wl p¿| n a arrange, range, esp. in linear (w4) order» (Ppa, over, along)
fly (past tense) jra. go (past) ^ya, go so b make, do of. y& k£ ya oréate Pyo ko life into d £ n smolce tobacco y £ tl tobacco Ve rise; burn o oi di y probably a prefix Hote: I have found that sometimes T. & represents H. Sill j&, probably being a £ that hae become sonantized. á&» á& Ü& * ^e seated K3si&. set t¿a li a, net, sit Qi dU Sote: Ihe Hahuatl jy., which in Asteo is a variable, J&3/4» according to fixed laws, and stands for only one a&'i» element, tla. becomes t alone in Tepeoano and indis- s) tinguishabletinguisha from the radically distinct t of the sau we elements jgi, £&, j& ta n¿ t lend (this is tla nej¿ ia substitute, borrow, lend, su di perh. loan from raiotake |/ne, neu, alike. IT. Hote un-Tep. e_) '^^ 8. OonsorantB (oontlnued) 3?. H. ta t¡a m grasp a person tla ml stop, end (fix-cease) to 31 be hotj rise sun to n a glow, be sonny fto throw, radiate,etc. Ma south £& á til border, edge, lips» mouth ^ift S&» T« supra great we groat fwe, out .along, away, extension tremble stem, trembling hffL, go, redtttf yo k a tremble 'o lc a manifest trembling |£l£ 1 shake up, beat All the above consonantal correspondences have been Icnown in the past. Those following were recently determined by the writer. Possibly some of these also are mentioned in the past literature* Zhey mainly concern the aib i Hants and affricatives. She 21. affricatives te and to become in T. the HüSdí sibiuants s and oj while as for the"a. sibillants |aa&|, the former is unchanged and the & becomes Tepeoano &. 1 B so B, sew tac m a sew (connect, Ktso wi» Tie)' together bordeas) so ^ a t begin tsp n tli head ytso, converge» ~ culminate, fml, terminus. tap ¿ ana choose the first oif ~ best, oomp. w. a n a get, so b shield,protect tsa qyfia olose, shut in ftsajgrfej close, tafoe up ol di d spy, watch toi a loóle» watch, await Ktoi, form, appearance, looks 2i 2& 'a plume of• %o3r pft uW stem, beautiful Ktoi pa made throughout, finished, perfect. ¿i du hoard toa(n)yo tl abode (vowel anomalous) "~ Ktea, fill space a& i» &&y j^ ka tl hay, straw Ps- soft.fragir B) sau wa d to fast sa v;a to fast Ksa, separated, perh. loan - note g removed. su di water SS. flow, bleed Kso, soft» fluid ¿a 3d t ia to wet ,g& 3d tl mud, clay 9. gonsonants (Continued) h M& £i flower co toi tl flower l^oo break out, Ptol form hide oa wa trim, shave, peel fea s Kea, cut, separate
hi * cut op. Jz stem, oat, depreciate I'd, cut <£, 3c t ia depreciate ¡Ehere is on© strilclng exception to this last rule that T. h. sr 3« c. 2he prefisced imperative particle is ,g¿ in both tongues. It seems to be used in almost emotiy the same way in 3!. as in II., and may be borrowed from the latter. lEhere are a v&ry fevr other exceptions to these correspondences of the sibillantn. It would seen that occasionally Hahuatl o, when initial may become in Stepecano j> instead of &. tona d his foot co- legs, feet, only in oompounds, but very common *faa^ Vúo, divisions, branchesjg^ to blue oi W- vex*y common stem meaning vegetation, ^reen, blue, and turquoise /el, bréale out,sprout SChe principle of this, change may be that a prefixed t particle, answering to H, tla. ^*i jfc€>, £-; to, £-, has obscured the original normal £, thus: t'ho na dne«s foot = jjo. na li. to c„o- our legs, one's legs. Shifting 3ibll.1i3.nt0 in Hahuatl In Náhuatl various verb stems which are oligosynthetic
couplets or triplets ending in the elements .ax*, separate, and ¿gf »j| QomQf appear, manifest; usually in the causative and applicative forms where morphological elements of a palatal sound are suffixed
substitute for these SQ, and ¿g elements one of two having a different sound but susceptible of the same meanings, viz. jg,- separate, and lc. *£, out, outside, manifestation. She principle is, I feel, not so much one of phonetic change as of a different choice of equally applicable semantic elements conditioned by phonetic convenience. It amounts to a shift from one stem to another, as from our g£ to went, the two stems having different etymological affiliations, o»g. 10. M sa, separate from within, go out, is related to t^a sa. separate by a downward movement, drop, oast, throw; while 3c jlc t ia, e:ct»r»al~ ise, which may do duty as Its causative, is not, but is related oribe to and shades into ¿p. t ia, confront, face, expose, agí *£ t la, self-reveal, shine out, and ¿£ i wi, give birth, Shis palatalising change has beoorae general, though not universal, even where there is no semantic justification; e.g. a final tl/t or ts element may become j£g meaning not the element Jgfec to i but standing for the original element. Sometimes the final elements found in lepeoano correspond to such a second or alternativo títem, The IÍ. verb we tsl, fall, literally be released {vie) and subside (tsi) owes a ¡great deal of its meaning to its second element, the idea of descent and lowness being one of those most typical of toi. In certain derived forms the J¡jg is converted into jjp,. Ihe Tepeoano jg» c, fall, corresponds to this secondary form we to. She I. ¡kg, s, sleep, is probably not an ersc&ot cognate at 0 ^» Is , tei. sleep, literally have vision toirinwardly, for whiea we
should expect jgj, £» Probably the ¿J in it is an afformative, so that it would be related to ¿a £a a, be slOc, and other egressions in which Bahuatl develops senses of rcstricte&ness, infirmity, and inhibition from the idea "in". Other Consonan.^, Hahuatl J. becomes Sepeoano £. I feel that it can be shown that there were two i* s in If., differing not necessarily in sound but in the fact that one {V1&) was originally always followed by an i-vowel or he \ an ¿-timbre, while the other (^jk&, ¿w.) was associated v/ith a labial vowel or else liad a somewhat labial or u-llfce timbre, die, it is brought home to me, is an extremely 11. second cae literary way of telling what tafees place» this description la terms and the ve of a letter ¿ and a letter A <>* X °* ^^^ ^ really forms of behavior. (Ehe ejaculations or speech-actions that I denote a 3 such words Pjy. and v¿& «^ single unit» of speech-behavior that preserve a tj^me thing, guite separate existence in náhuatl» In $epecan© however both & wj. li a, á.# JMmjmltt these ¿*s become £, a*4 with loss or change of their Similar se original vowels thoy eease to be distinguishable. ia» ¿-J as If. adventltia common p,-. Z to* r vj. a rope te £ !& ni tier or "binder of 3ome one Plw pi around-con- tract, bind the prefix jf r believe, fe el £ Í stem, in coo®» "emotion, and their feeling", Vé breathe, urge. etc. ¿ í ti be solieltous, diligent may show u da da r be seated ftfo 11 a sot, sit. SOBfoc pref j Iforely the w-sound of the asyllaMe lw-foria of the element 2& is represented Ity 2tepeoano &, $he element then appearing as £g. £&£&£& bend ¿2. a> £2, 2& *• bead , Kno lo, self turn 35ie If• consonants m and 31 are tuiohangecl in 3?» However £ at the end of a word or syllable in classical Aztec often though not always represents original m, usually being the apocopation of fmi/-n. pass, end, etc,, which forms a whole class of biradioal stems denoting evanescence, termination, boundary, junetion, enclosure, etc» in which it is the final element, A final n, of this sort, which I shall designate as ¿, may often appear in Tepeoano as m, and perhaps sometimes conversely, The consonant ¿¡is almost always unchanged in ÍPepeoano. However there «*re numerous words "beginning with £ and ¿& in Hahuatl in which this Jc or J& cannot be considered as belonging to the radical part of the word, but are to be regarded as a verbal prefix that has become permanently associated with the word, having originally been similar to the cemmon separable verb prefix ¡ft. fci. Thus k a wa, leave it, is no differently constituted from 3c £ wa, lift it, except that the separability of the prefix in the 11. In terms second ease ha» been pre servo a (in phrases Ilk» 3c on £ wa, et$»)
of ^H. and the verb is everywhere recognised as beginning with £. A«oafi rag such words with lnse-parable prefix are ki £& ¿a a* pass around fve a Br*inething, wrapj k e. »£g a, lift and make project, raise, stand! >oth a, 22, 11 a, ki & w^ 11 a, send water (a)» irrigatej kl a. j¿ 1&» **i*» >ir Similar separable prefixes that may become inseparable are £&* J&~$ to, t-; 2a, a-; ne; while wholly inseparable thou#i llkewic* |risKNát|r adventitious are the prothotie vowels, the common ¿,- and Üm 1099 coman p.-. These rowels have probably boon simply picked up twom l^-.-.
the prefixes k¿, mj>, and the prefixed pronouns n¿» nj¡,f j&» &» et«*, and their interest in Top©cano lies In the fact that this langUa#r , imy sihow such a vowel prefix where 3Jab.ua tl shows Jg- or sea» other jaefac prefix, or no prefix. B. 1 a wa pour, fell, convey 3c a wa leave* let go» dVÉFr (here w is anomalously deeisi, stop shown"instead of JJ - Ka removal, negation peril* loan from unre- agwi gits, fear corded s. word?) (reflexive of &bov%3 1 kM s eheat, deceive k a ^ wa cheat, deceive* for iaaag? ensnare, mock, Jest (siake 3» aa ""o '*>*)•-:'....'••- be vile 3& ¿P. a turn,twist, and III sins derivatives* j^fifvijp* sion, sin, evil f2co lo, inward or backward tarn (MHPARAIIVS USSIOAIi ANALYSIS item Mmn Many of the 3?ei>eeano noun stems given by ISason may* tw best treated in connection with the verb stems- In JJahuatl find probably also in lepec&no the verb is the central and iwQ?ortaat part of speech» An overwhelming majority of H. nouns are derived directly from verbs. However a certain number of tepeeano nouns. 13. Houn Sterna (Continued) _wff ta In addition to those already given in illustrating the phonology» 1 E may well "bo examined at this point before talcing up stemi~i2r general, i,e, verb stems, MM i I. a net a reach, attain, oat oh ~~ Va, space ,$a.p V&- bridge 0YHP7 connect* 6 r within __e 1 sien, inner life, breath, emotion, á da d : 3 a r oiqod vital oi'gans, "breast» llvwfkefr», ve lift, strive, breathe,life ^zz AH r e. sttli blood VB a ka shadow oí, £ g ka,.e ka, breesy, windy /• (from "oool", e e ka tT, wind — du r from "breeze"?) "" ~* n 1 M coyote of. qwa ni, devourer, cpra
EM- AQWTI La ni, subside, abate, leseen wi a—wither V'aira exalte, rioe Ktla settle» dowa, *t0p Hit á& X lightning (ffffe t> iq.)%£v) stem ajioo. & redup. ^ggg» ££ »i «Dash, burst fo*th, bloomj miro ffi Sm m *» burafc forth, ilwwHwr ""=-— H^re^uo^ expand of OiWl £& WíT* agitation j)tt* j£ dad i health th# emotion, aa 2& golaff alon», p-poeee £yeftu«yitwtiye| &g r from líi ||H Vtll nature, eaaenoe
du r ant Xft JAw i k« aliira 2£ I Jca animal ^ inner Hie & fc (& 3c?) darJc,- a grow darfc a I »urli nlinight g aseend, lo tu tu is* m dar&neee 22 ft! »li darkneag ally, Chalis© Kyo, hidden, obaeeafr ^ tiuir ©teak (loan?) tea JES n fltoé ¿av«o«U dirijae» ~~ ~ ttaneertain, pedut^ Sgr -afcJi* miffix oX plae*, te ta k nerve J&a lw a tl nerves, sinews (frgjaelft disposed, or net, tensed? fjflft, set) Ikr /te, lay, layer, ground
** 23i £ owl pounds moan- ** &£l Afc *1 owl- probably so —*w , enclosing ©ailed because aseoojLateá fifi demons - ©ailed t* £e 1ft *1^ / peryerters or sin-BaEeSS KaDo 3¿ ía & »3» ¿mall ant
*.' s****»»» lisnten -off^ Jga a a loosen, unloose, untie Jte *a father :Cathea* Kta, otfuya%»ytev;—~? fw?4? . . ...
13. --iawa^ijteiaq (gontinuod) í^5$í--^S^^SͧlS^ -ta- white ^ta. original oon&itlon. fiipifcai oloai»» blank; this Bense of the element being called in A-/, ¿oo is-J& l£is+_appear) .-'l'V'.i is•• jgk F" white jLg Jfe tl salt mé¡2
to 1L OJg -«art: ,tftJLJLlJ?JA-.„flayt -llrfit, glow, ^líoiri heat> iraaraery from to n a-, •••-glow, etc «f to radiate n a ya n in the sun( light), n a tl uW mm.
y te^ ground,, rookt^'pe spring te te pe uW sources, from Bff, wa begin. /pe spring
=*t sssi .r.vi roJGOt, Of. laioi (long-pro¿eot "bend) s*en& a bow. £i5i Pa south• of; a i (for ffm^L or WJQ, wV long way, road^ artEone w,i *tq south
^ft^ two q ne(orig. wo fl ae^ ffl^ a a»)two /wa mi, prolong end, add on, aat^bfltdation-— ma,plural sign JB 2S g broom Ha J& * fli stick, board, beam ^H|wa "be or ¡grow rigid bridge aoro&s, brace, prop, xraae ,ca wa tria, shave, perfcu sweep «HjMjmi_ -foa» separate 3c £ V "forehead le e¿ utf pa stopping-place, 3c o. va v at the edge of terminus, from pa, locative ioT ta» at the edge of £ a wa, leave off «stop Ka. j^j^a «row fe jg Í *li crow, deriv, ob~ seure, stem ka $| la to penetrate with arrow, Vloa, peril, affeeted by onoaatopoca. £ £ Hik ffl ** ¿ear of, its mi ¿ tli "dofn but seemiagl refers to the^Tl±il^ainá^aÉkiíaal,, associated with the day-sign Itsseuintii (Soler,Kex. Day Sigas) represented as dog, also as tapir Prob. Kqwe, flash, ref. to lightning, ef. KqQRfe mi cleave a iurrowj Kits say also refer to lightning. M g sensonte oí,. j& n til aaise, deriv. obseure 13.
ti on, sense of ailed in appear) g& tl salt lifíht, glow, roa o.^to radiate sü»( light).
alna 3c,Kpe apring 0, from e spring t, of. ojeot bend) ffiH Hi) arcbxoue
^SSt Si Ei©) two end, add on, a,plural sign board, beam n rigid across « prop, frame perfi. sweep 3párate
-plaoe % &, looative bop Ka. leriv, oT>~ g| la to irrow, Vlaa, íomatopoea. but seeraingl a a GO aia to4 er,Mex. Efcy te tapir ting» of, r also refer v. obseure 17. ;ferb ^emjt íhe fepeoano verbal stems listed %y Hason appear to be directly related to the Sahuatl elements, and somewhat Ions directly and slosely related to the Sahuatl verbal stems or verbs» ÍEhe great common possession of these two oligoeynthetio languages is prloarily ths sajaé stock or eoaplex of elemente or roots, and only eeoondarily and to a less extent a common list of steins formed by synthesis from these elements* In probably the greater number of eases the two languages sorted up the stoek of roots Independently, with the same eort of divarication between them as occurred right in one meanings language « between the various ¿.established by composition and development from the same root* At the same time there are numerous eases in which the use of the elements shows the same or similar thought-prooosoes, and where we san speak of the same stems» or same patterns of elements, as occurring in both languages.
By ua. B be angry of* awa, 1 a ni be m^ry, disturbed, ereitedj a/iil, grow; attain, jjjgk 1» exelt0d, etc* Kjjwa,» raise, hja, i ripen i tl head Kowa» Stand, raise. drown i head, Km¿ vanish, disappear. a g take out, withdraw tek° y£%l> tato, withdraw, «to. m a» preterit) feel, have a senti-
w« P g« T be lightning SSL (sum Mr w, burst forth. tip i JQQ& £& Lain, burst forth, bloom» tt 2& J& UT espial, imitate ba*k m*") rotum, rectir, tarn plaoe, put proh, Kawa. stand (butffiÍge£here this appears ai ]&) BIO ywfi nod» hit with h qpj^ i ti, tara, head; no f verb prefix
appear, arise the following are from yga/ftajL *eaeh fife ft at dawn fork, attain form, ooirrey or give form, appearanoo. design, Bignifioanoet ' yo ti, oiga, figttre. illaetration toi a, illustrate, draw, apply designs, deoorat» t ia, announee, inform > advise . s t la, promulgate, deoree t la» teach, preach* r«CL learn ma hi a throw at» shoot of. M roach to, and c^ ai be ruined, SS5 3SA. 85 at, hit spoiled, fall, go to pToeeaj i.e. Kfti, disintegrate Knl» self» within itee tow I» ti, pret, fí&, know, fa*, reaeh» attain, ete* aa fc give m * a, give v¡Bfk* extend» extend to shoot with arrow Stl, arrow, dart, ray» flash Km¿,pasfi a a, ahoot; fli fi&, pioreo w. arrow al ni 11 a, modern, flash upon
201 3ct UÜ dio Je i, die, es, paea away mj^» oease, , le alee need for di¿ J&&a bend how J& 2& Q would he "send an arrow" mflafc mi && t ia, kill, tfjgg,. ml hum K¿ has sense rage, heat, giro, tim in 21, with j^-prefix. ti $ tl, fire* if? ran ffift ¡U» aireot motion n fl" -if* run about, searaper probably roduplloatlon of aft x a • 21.
M fly ¿a 00 (pret.), be gone K2&» «o pret, da 1' mu run perh, V^a j^, ,fgo-fleert. arrive j&, go tó (pret*) (to a certain place) & di k bo healthy, etc. Kaa» be going along, able to go Jump ^aa» go,,aove sqplyn, crawl, ^aS £i» #° shrinking, go in withdrawn, glide repressed manner, go by contractions; ^2Í» &?air *»» withdraw, shrink, contra £& 6 & n knead dougja "agitate compressing" - of. vl n, chew f£¿, bring together, jai compact, sol: Jg S» work work causative, "move, agitate* manipulate" cognate with K» ¿& uW, be going ¿as send» g*ve another causative, Ka&» go desert, leave , go (ef. |& k, jump), and , source i home giu n cleanse, bless, y& k t ia, rectify, cleanse, bless, It iun?) purify Purify. Si k, jfc k tli, rigit, pure, clean; Va» so, already, indeed, real, true, right. (rowel ie & where we should eaqpeot 6* - however, fixed vowel ¿(rarely) changes to a. in náhuatl) da g(d« k?) seise k a wi, came out all right, come Kie, be achieved, and its transitive JX& k oa, achieve, attain; %& k, K¿&» ttacata a& n smoke tobacco y e tl, tobacco K£ rise, burn, etc. «Kips (f£ sometimes picks up initial %) do* da da thus, do in t, so, thus; ¿a* 2£2£» *• (in a oer- a certain manner in manner, fye vowel of course is anomalous, Ms copulate perh, KjQt Si» **** interior pass make, do °** SSL ¡SO. ?*f «reate, invent* realise ^2tt Si»llfe(^a) i»to, life-lntroduotii arrive VSSL sX* "interior drawing~tort, enterjuóg. ••psIlF P - f ^ «EL 80 ¿la "be seated •Fito» ** settle, el*. eta* ,1'¿«-'J a r Li ft, set, sit; ¿redapt JQ& jftfc ** £ ^í I wa, ait down la raí wa
put in (pret«) • put, a* final element of TWA» 3» 11 a, jut i^la. set, put ta 21 hég tjla ni a, i Ü& ni a, tla $ia> »* •• ' J^ BkasOc, hag, KJ&&, pat to, set MKPt- ta ne t lend tla ggu ia» ©ira egul-yalent, lend, (STa!itia word?). borrow,-ml B take, sub at i tute line, next. nsu alike, «opal, saa»« ta ta ra grasp a person of. tla mi, end, cease, stop ^tlafo? fixation, ^ of evuneseetaa* termination. ta t feel tired, pained change from ?T& tla, tl £ t la, 6t tlaj t ia, ito7 (tl & **•* fiWK^%tÉfc£, 33ie next cases suggest that ccoacionalljr T*... dsac -Jt ^ .-^ i^ *'&4i may answer not to "S> A aer usual "but to a^W» ate », oí all of Popl sounds are closely related in If* >• |a this ooimcotion of* the o-oorrwpondenoo in the case of jfefit. Ihe oase of m.^ he different. It isay.tmm&r npt careotly tó tla k* * to te wji (unused or rare in v.) with the other of thelwo ni tivs prefixes hut the same meaning. t»» g£ e. fieJht. little Ptla wi or $!&, wjl, throw out* p**t^ hurl TFwJk, oend, KtJ&j put, piase»* One sétise is seen iñ^la wjfc s tu*1?. weapon, arBB, hostility . ' A w ,; t8 £ see, loo!c, find tla wl n tla^li a,, radiate,t&ftk <' 3 appear, illuminate, tla wl I '11» v« light, hrightnesfe, Ktla 3, see *&#$*• ('^ However, is not essential to these senses» and T. J& SSBÚt'' corretón o the parallel vert-prefix J$, w T. 3c call, name of. to ha 1 tl, nan», $o ka yo * *Jy> in<2uire, ask to name, call. «t. ax. Kjo, P*o$**i* &ive forth, utter, deolar*. 3&3l.4(±) ***» w a t j£ & a d climb, rise, dorr, to t © 'JJS, a* or ti: ¿ '£a * **• raise Asteo form however is k e, TJB a» rise» stand up r stand (whence guel w althou#i e tire ti, "eminently" 18 pla«e4 before to» tow* to make it reverential# Eahuatl ai V& i£g, rise project, i.e. rise projeot- ingly. a&a project risingly, upward* to the rua uphold (pret.) eorr. to a t i, seem heavy, £ ti k, presented (pres. t jB talt) heavy, /e, uplift, heave, whence I have hots "heft"» weight. i£a son's "2 JtK5CdK±8¿¡: Tho following ft again seem to connect M - Jft. 2hic raanueorlpt on the oliffOB¿xi.thetlo Qoarpariooii Of EaJiaatl and Plman (íepec&no) has to bo submitted unfinished, da» to the rule of the Social Seienee fiesoarch Council thai zoaterlal presented iü application for a fellowship wast be filed by '.ft**» i* I have however ¡ror&ed through th© entire li either'to morphological elesients, to uses of the JETS* radical element?, or to üeíinité words, in Kahuatl. I feel that the p«urt of thirrliS already finished will serve to shew, not only the relation* pointed out. but also that there la a definite and strict tcshniojM for the investigation of wxsdsxiajtgsisg^myTiK^a: genetic rnlationahlp» between such languages as are closely related to Jüahuatl (and alto any others in which the oligo synthetic type my obtain) which Is to he superimposed on the older technique if the latter Is not to he brought to an icroaapg before the phenomena of this Mexican group. She assistance of the Boseareh Council is desired that I may ooapleto this and other manuscripts dealing with these phenomena, especially that X may study the important faster of modern *po£en Hahn&tl» These papers will aa&o a beginning for this now technique such as X expect will be developed into a 'valuable working tool by more experienced scholar^. ] X bell ere that in this oligosyntheDie we are on the track of a definite psychological trait of the ancient Mexican or Kiddle American eulture. She y thought in terms of the endless permutations of a few elements. On tMa jrineiplo they formed the £60 deiignatiene of the toiAianatl, and it constitutes their mathematics, pervades their art, runs through the hieroglyph», and. we find it in langnajo. >;• :(Jl^H>'/^r7' Appendix to Ho tee on the 01igosynthetic Comparison of Hahuatl and iiman (Tepeoano) LIST OF THE BAHB&TI* KLBD5HTS AHD THEIR MOHJLATIOHS. ¿y /?. ¡^AVhc-rf (Including List of Common Verbal Stems) Group 1. Elementa consisting of a consonant with a fixed Towel W following it. Bote: In the examples given radical elements are underlined, those that are mofe distinctly morphological are not. The dividing line is not sharp, however,; Certain uses of certain elements show analogies with either sida. Sec. 1 - characteristic vowel a 1. qwa Tep. ha stand, rise, qwa wi. qwa uW, qwa mlj endure, he or make stable or firm, tla-qwa waj duration, while, qwa k, i qwa kj sustain, benefit, XV improve, ajga Í t iá; good, right, qwa Í; high, erect, top, fcp.-a, qwa; end, limit, close, qwa» qwa oo-toi. tsa qwa. £, pa (rarely converted to pj») Tep. va. vo. vd pervade, go over: go through, across, pa no.; "between, ne j¡a, pa tsa; over, pa ni, i k pa k, i 3c pja; "beyond, pa. ¿a a wi; away from -pa, Bkxx&aStk pa «tsj around pa toJL, ^rf e pa; ahkve pa ni, i k pa, ¿e p¿; fit on ¿I n; "by, past, along, sequence -pa, pa n a, wi ¿a; permeate, suffuse, dye pa, |a 1 ti¡ ha the pa ka; dip pj* lo.; anoint pa ki li; (reour, rub pa, iaft»; p¿ tal); transfer, exchange pa tig, pji-ti-yo wa; Ma'SSfcfc mediate, help pa leu; "bridge across (ends, qwa-s pa.- prop wa pa heal, pa ti; go over, cover ftá tol; spread pa-tla wa. kri- ma Tep. maj. fe extend, extension, arm ma; hand ma; (inlet, mouth ka ma), reach, k attain to, oatch, apprehend, feel, ma, ma ti, ma toi; extend to, !'.: *';#.'• mailnvj and w grant, let maj gire j»U¡ distribute ma toi: spread out $a¿ nil ; *•' .1'"' / '• •'•••'• km 9. i-Whorf 3S8BX stretch, lie ma n ft} expand, swell j& ma, to-ma waj ítórer, shield, toi ma; continue BB ma; go to the next ¿4 ma; convey, carry ma m&, ma 11; go forth, pour forth, empty ma wa, •» Jft«' L Towel \ipr*. aye rphologioal erigin, source, birth, to find; • father Ja; origination/ prc^fl^^f^ rvery >s with issuance, utterance j» lwi; declare, show, reveal i ¿a lwi; reprcsont tlft J^ Iwi; foretell i ta lwi, promise se-m i j& Vfrt V^oTi^-^é^i^;^ or new i te k a; original, unmarked,' blank XM, J&¡ untouched supply of provisions i jg. k a; go to source, investigate, delve ¿a Jfi, ^ stable or tu-ta ka: come upon, f ind JL Jay 4"* Ift» discover, deeory/ aew $mJ0;KJj Ln, benefit, ¿ JS» &-* JS» (not Tery common in Aztec) , top, 5. tía, ti lep. te, t, and somttimemjfe.^fl. »• • ^A&N£ (when a strlotly morphological element this one is reduoed in to £t ti, when internal to a wotfd-likt group and to ti, &i at end oía substantive-like group. Extremely common as anintei arthritic. In the so-callea t-lialeots of lahuatl the t-form only" appears, as also in Piman) .;•:-;;." ;f^vv-:'-• ie pja, ^a tsa; set, put, fix, üa li, ooo.jyg; determine, settle Üg. li, set ter*^ from -pa, fix forra, oast. mould tla tla li, harden ^la-awa wa; sit £L& L k p^a, ¿e pj^i settle, sink, down jy¿ ni, tla n, i tla n, great depth se-n ; permeate, drop tla sa. throw, hurl, place a shot mo tl,a, jfea £&, a Jla, ^ ja ^i li; dash npon mo tla, ¿e tla. make onset jte, tlft: subside* abate jg| g>a-ti-yo wa; repose, feel placid tla ma-toi. rest, stop, end tla m^: resort to^ ga, prop wa ga : beset, plead i j^ SJ¿, Jla tlft ni, pray ^a t¿a wi, aáj:,:., :w. request, propose ü» Ü» ni; definite/distinct, clear,'bright tla k a, oj£ t^a (flashing pJi-2* t¿a, tao-tso Jjla); definite fojwi^ ; , reach, body tla k, person tla k a, give birth to, tla Y. a; settlement, plate tend to, tlft n, inset, infix, tooth, set of teeth £¿a n; place, land, ground^^ earth £La i, j£a n; provided that jj¿a,, in-j£ft,. •\\'í^¿:^ 8. qwe ltjs; o" 6. xi» Tep. na q»we» qwe pj oloae, together; (contracted, thin ka na) near na wa, familiar, intelligible na wa, heed, attend id. make heed, command na¿»wa t ia; 10. pji spring, st< receive into intimacy na ka, hearing fig ia» ear na ka B; intimate substance, flesh na ka, one's body na ka yo, mother na n; next, ¿une* leap, dash tion, join, connect na mi, boundary te na-mj., tol na,-m£; 'between, sweep, swe Joe across na 1, a na Í; adjunct, auxiliary, aid na na m¿, na n ki, husk, flay response, correspondence, answer na ¿ki; withdraw, abstain na na. flash out, 11. me V £°¿ *•*•• oa* °0' oi be or go e fill or take space or room, expand tea ya. tea ma: fill, flood, me Í a, ru awe tea; occupy, inhabit, tea n, tea ne; take the place of, replaoe, sariHgxAy. tx renew tea li: displace, dleposses, filch, detract jfcea. li; line, line grow tight, press, push, interfere, oonfllct tea 1 a-n. smooth (or #* ya Tep. da go, more, ¿a, ja uW, go on (-ya«action was going on), proceed, 12. £e advance ¿a ka, protrude, point ya ka, lead, rule ya. ka, point, lie, lay t orientate, steer ya ka; conduce, induce (~ya,-ia, causative ); (of liguld further, next in order, new jg. n ow¿; go forth, go out ftfbooBx ya, wa,, term, obje t>e gone ¿a, be no more, be lost, destroyed, emptied, exhausted go for, ee divide i eu (& JS» 33 ¿2» mo 2S 2S» EJ£ 2&)» disperse tea ¿a, t£ ¿Si Pu* or De out, outside ki, ya-wa; run, flow me ya. gush me ya, stream to ya. term of ao descend te Sec. 2 - characteristic Towel e. rock, at or Te fl& 381 P- Mi vwft, ywit wg layout, oi burst forth, i.e. violently expand or radiate, surge or puff up, esp. unit of sc from within or below; stir, agitate, rouse awe tol. awe 'ts: become alive with motion, seethe, swarm owe yo; upheave, riser lift (take up, awe oa, £&££&); flaunt oneself «bold and arrogant £& aft, sm |0L» 8. aye 'tg; overflow, flood JJ^ ¿ga; radiate light, flare, flash ÜES» ÍES ££> sparkle jgwo £o; burst awe pa: olearé, line, furroww owe ¡^ liar» ¿w» t ia; 10. ££ fep. j£, JA spring, start, begin £e wa, first, ohoioe jja p^e a a, winning-jjg w»| ntimafa 1 next i june« leap, dash, drive, impel pe. ja tla. to, pje (g& j>ft, kick, go,* foot), etween, sweep, sweep away (pe tsi olean, polish, pe,-tla wa, strip, e¿ pj| strip 1 xja á Id, husk, flay); "burst out, break through, dig, drill yKfcxs £jlia¡ flash out, gleam pe p„e,. po-pe foa. 11. mft Tep, m£ be or go eren, smooth, straight, right me i, me Í a, direct, regular loo i, me Í a, run smoothly, glide, flow me ma. mft ¿a, jtft yo t ia, V gfoplaee, •atwgKty swing rythmioally, rowCboat) ucckx flft ¿ft? be linear aft k a, 11; line, lineage m£ 3c a, cord, strand, fiber me k a, liane, Tine me. k a, smooth (or fiber-yielding) agave mo t3£* 12. ¿ft tep. |2, eed, lie, lay ¿ft, ¿e k a (lay eggs ¿ft t ia), lie or lay flat úr lefel in*,* (of liquids, pour ¿ft 3c a); full length or extent ¿ft si, resting-plaoe, e ); term, objective ¿eigi, ¿ft ¿, ¿ft-si wa, ¿ft ¿ft, as far as «to ¿ft ¿ft. BOOEX 29> go for, seek te-mi wa, te-m oa, laid barrier, limit, edge ¿e mj,, ¿ft ¿; sted divide* out, lay open te k¿; lay on, strike, beat yj, tftj application, :t OP "be term of aotion (of persons, as ¿la of things); lie down, sink, go down ^Í2 ¿2- desoend te-ml wa, te mo; what lies, or rests hearily, ground, rook, stone ¿ft (¿ft 2ft up springing of ground or rook, mountain, oiag); layout, order, oourse, row, series te pa. ¿ft lepa, suooession j» tft-jja iff up, esp. unit of such te, oounter te, lineage te k o, rank te k o. te: "become ft (take up, M Seo. 3 > characteristic rowel i (¡this rowel however, though ranking as fixed, is especially liable to drop, to vary to ¿, or ocz to be replaced by morhological a. As the termination of a verbal complex, the vowel i usually connotes intransitiveness, and in transitive verbs a final root-rowel ¿ is very liable to bo replaced by the transitive a. Confusion with roots or elements that really end in a is largely prevented by the fact that these so frequently suffix |j|., ni, or wi for intransitive and k a,, n g. or wa for transitive verbs. "She suffix wa la often applied to verbs ending in radical i, and i wa regularly becomes oa. which apocopates to o) 13. ctwi ooo. ¿gr e and jjw/ lep. bi, bu, vwi. vui take, taking, intaking, retracting action, re-, back, setting back qwi. gui tla. behind id..reserve, take under care qui-tla wij reject gwi tla. return 14. pJL Tep. yAt.yji, rarely (?) ¡QL centripetal, inward, or adduotive action; come or draw together, gather pJL, draw in, attract, pull £¿ (hoist by noose, hang PJL lo): contract pJL, little, thin, slender pJL 1, pj. tsa, slight, insignificant tla j¡± k; withdraw (from within kg £i), retain, keep, hold pj., tla pj^j bind ]dbcx Pí, i £ pj., mo ¿ pjL; shrink, shy pj. ni; converge, come to a point tsa pi, culminate tso pi; compact» compress pi k,(blow out *•• al 'iaO. 15. mjL, -m-, -ú Tep. mu, mi, mr-, -m, -n £* Pass, go by, go away (mod. Aztec ml k a) (ne m^ be self-moved, lire, go, ije ne m¿ walk); fly, dart mj., mi t ia, shoot mi n a, nji ja, dart rays mi yo t ia; evanesoenoe, pass away, die m¿ k i, cease,' end tla m£, terminus, tla ml. te mi; limit. border ¿e mil, na, mi; completion, fullness te mi, se jg, se á, totality se m. se n (mi terminal is characteristic of m¿. as final element, often appearing as -¿); disappearance, obscurity, cloud mj $&: be passing, fugitive, 3 í °< superfluous, Idle, rain no ml. ne ¿. 16. ii lep, ;££, *£ (when Initial takes a prothetio rowel) more, stir, agitate o li n, tremble, vibrate, hum, ring Ju£, ¿i» disturb, trouble, affÉtet, sting te J& J¿ ni; impulse, causation, affecting, action toward or upon something, applicative sign for most verbs, sign of the nomen aotionls 11 s. Uncommon except in special uses, 17 • Í2i» ÍS» sometimes ito tep. jj^, o. ie form, shap*. make toi. tol wa; have or show form, configuration^ outline, completeness, *x appearanoe, looks; look, envision, see tei a, tla toi a, figure, illustration ma tgl, design me, Je^j complete, total mo toj^, oover, fill, satisfy pa j^oJL; well formed, beautiful toi pa. apparent throughput, olear, pure jpx tojj jai dress, "get up" toj. tdl, ne tol-tol; outline, contour, boundary tci na-mi, covering toi ma. pa toi. termino» Qft tci. jjva oo. Í4Í1 accomplish, do, perform tej. wa (do or see inwardly, sleep kj£ tfii)» work, operate toi toi wa, be effeotiye, strong tol, k a, suecoed, prosper t£l Jo.. Sec 4 - characteristic vowel p. 18, pjs» Sep. ua, 33 .dilate, stretch, expand pj», swell £©.; widen; open tl,a JJO,, 8& 21* ^spread, - burst forth, radiate qwe go.; scatter, disperse, waste, dissipate m £ft» £álo, fia k, let go, !••#*- alt I©* relinquish, forgive J& Iwi, vanish, perish, destroy pa lo, liw, jjo go lo; augment, add on and fil on, count pj> a, number, recount* recite, read IOK pj> a (in general an exooentric and extensional notion, with implications of dissipation and evanescence)* [3,] tt 19. to Sep. to, tu, and also regularly $£ IE spite of vowel anomaly project, throw, throw forth; utter, say ¿o., i to,, tla to, oall, name Sftx ¿g, ka; fling, scatter, sow to ka; radiate, shine, hlaze tona, jfco, k ia; release^ let go to. si, t£ jn a (lighten, light, little to. Bi» ift. ¿)S; project, swells expand £0. ma, tg-ina wa, increase, áfcound, he rich, magnificent awi-»í to. toi to: proáeot, drive, push to. $$.+ to £S, urge, hasten ¿a í&# *£ toi, to-to toJL, pursue, follow j^ka, ohase, persecute jjó J>© ka, dash, leap i?o. toi. dance 1 i¿ ti; streamf flow, pour Jo, jjs», S *£L 2S (when oomhined with ideas of interiority* throw open, split, rip, out Jgg, -fco; project or stick into, "bury, plant ¿2 £S; throw around, engulf to lo): projeot curving, bend over to. Ag* (As compared with its/which ia also to fee rendered ^projectn, jfco. is more active and vivid\ with more sense of propulsion) so* it» m* 3&*M» }&< Í *w- ú* SrJ&.xl» is. ^5. sa«» -^ :£pp>Jbtig^^ modulable and fugitive, hut its oharacterlsH io of a latial or a lahio-relar sound always persists, except at the end of words or syllables (Í) or in a few other oases where removed by apooopation. In Tepeoano this .labio-velar has almost entirdly disappeared, but it remains here and there as g. In both languages this element seems unable to stand at the beginning of a word-complex without the help of a prothetio vowel. It is one of the most fre- quently used elements.) turn, curre, go around 1 lo, i ¿o. to; he round i lg, olo.» o ¿o ¿p., mi ml lo; turn inward, hither, back ko lo; bend, twisty orook, deflect ko lo. oa 3ca-lo. wi-to lo; revolve, spin, twirl, twine tta Iw. ma íi roll mjl lo, mjL mi lo, undulate along wj-l a,, row hoat me ¿o, wave,? SufcS flap ¿a jga lp., leap tgo. ¿£; hend over, bow ¿o. 2Á» distort owe lo; fold, double no lo. awe lo. wrinkle oj> lg to; divert,' de- J3*f&. viate, err, go wrong, pervert k¿ lo, tla Jgo. lo., te leg ¿p., tla lea lwi. sin tla tla-korlo (2?eu. ko rag,, etc.); hecome diverse, *£ different, separate 1 lwj., i lwi ee, ¿e¿oj wind, coil ki ml ¿p., w£ ko. lo, wrap, envelope, clothe ki m¿ ¿o, cover, darken black ti i-¿a L*j 8; "• •'•T;i.: ' lo < continued) r .'•'.,• ti i leu, ti i ¿, paint over, obliterate tl i-i a, deep abyss >all, name ti l~i a, deep root jumJam fie Iw a yo, hollow a ka lo, engulf» i jjg Jl A, enclose to lo, immerse j>a ¿p.; "be inverted, below ne ¿a, nj> Jj|, ;tie ia |£» Bi Si 12» overturned, overthrown mi nj| ¿a, reversed i ¿a» £2 ¿2» ) 01121a, interchanged, mixed ne lo.(reversed form, passive voice -lo, l * ia la» nomen patient!s -Í ) Instrument -lo ni); "be around, surround, >w to loa, enoompass, encircle i lwi (encircling spheres, heavens i lwi lea), L; strwupf i Í J^J gird, "bind, tie, i £ JJ¿, mo ¿ j¿, hounded área a¿ Í priority» (mi terminal): draw around, trace, outline, draw qwi le (write rary, plant hieropglyphs id., decorate tla qwl lo); hoist "by noose, loop up, >V©r ta ¿g. hang %i ¿a; bend down, be flexuous, pendulous, hang w¿ J& la» ¡P***» droop drag, hang behind, tail owl-tla £&-£; return i ¿¿, i ¿a ¿g* fca jft, go back, home jri wi lo, tac ooming back, hither wa J.» come wa-i vat • sag» •* circuit ko, ¿a, recurrence, cycle, periodicity i lwi. re our rent day, laraoteristi, spt at the festival i lwi, 4ate,' day i ¿w¿; a return, reward, merit, desert 9 ramo red itirely i ljsri Í (deserve, i lwi í ti), respond, reply ±XXKX i ¿I ia, * i Jj| la Unguages jrd-oomplox oonverse, talk, say to teta* i lw ia, k i ¿w ia, re-oonneet, jet fre- remember i Í na-mi. tla 1 na-mi. o la la* 30k» deflect Appendix unfinished for lack of time - see briefer root-list in IS "Phenomenon of Oligosynthesis" for the remaining elements. It ware,! listort Lvertv de- fco lo> í diyérse, fc* iá la» Lack ,tli-J| NUMBER h$ - WHORF STEM SERIES IN MA' MAYA HIEROGLYPHS. NJAMIN LEE m CERTAIN 30 STEM SERIES IK MAYA AND CERTAIN MAYA HIEROGLYPHS by Benjamin Lee Whorf 1930 MICROFILM COLLECTION OF MANUSCRIPTS ON MIDDLE AMERICAN CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY No. U5 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO LIBRARY CHICAGO, ILLINOIS 1956 ii TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Introducti on 1 II. Grammatical Setting 2 III. The Stem-Series Situation 3 IV. Comparative Linguistics of Stem Series in Maya and Quiche 3 V. Series with Final Consonants 9 VI. Analysis of Hieroglyphic Texts ... 10 VII. The Series MA- in Maya and Quiche, l^ VIII. Phonetic Clues from Aztec 17 IX. Characters for M and MA in Maya Writing 20 + 10 figures in text Note: This Ms. vas found among Whorf family papers by J. B. Carroll. It is a revision of a paper read before the Linguistic Society of America, Cleveland meeting, December 1929. It was further revised and published as The Phonetic Value of Certain Characters in Maya Writing (1933). iii sn Notes by Edward Sapir on Me. of "Stem Series In Maya and Certain Maya Hieroglyphs." Page 1: This looks like a very suggestive paper and seems, so far as I, Linguistic 1989. Siso not a Maya scholar, can see, to open up tangible leads for Maya ideology ap phonetie si glyph decipherment. I am glad Tozzer offers to publish it in the Cambridge Peabody Museum series, a good place. I think you ought by all means to get in closer t'ouch vith Andrade and Morley and their work. playing so Page 1: Re ters, tres: These would not be considered different roots not forced but simply 2 different ablaut forms of one root: ter- + "deter- another lin minative" -s-. "Base" *teres- ^> *ters- or *tre's-. rarious ser Page 2: Even squash and swash really rhyme historically. The vowel was common simi [darkened (?)] because of -w- element preceding; cf. wash : ash. Indo-loropé [ ? ] with old a (A.B. es) vowel. tret, trem. Does "fluttering or quavering" of the vowel mean broken vowel, so common a )e i.e. vowel cut off by + echo vowel: e.g., le m ? part of COB Page 3: Some of these bi- examples seem farfetched. I think you'd make English, ha a better impression if you left out "how" and inter, particle. peculiarity Page 5*. I am sorry, but I cannot honestly say I feel the cohesiveness of the of suoh typ sa- set as clearly as you do. "Sand,""white," "weave cloth," to mention "much" and "dislocate," for instance, on the basis of a fundamental "dispersal" seems to me a purely subjective construction. gleam, glis glisten. gl ("glance oí element gl- the a sao oil Then there bursting: STEM SERIES II H1YJL AIS CERIalH HAX4 HIEROGLYPHS grtain Benjamín L. Whorf (Paper read in outline at the «eating of the as I, Linguistic Society of America at Cl ere land, Ohio, December 30, 1989. Discussion of the parallelism between phonetic!a» and Maya ideology apparent in large numbers of Haya stems and of clues to phonetie signe in the Haya hieroglyphs obtainable therefrom.) in the I Introduotion It Is a truism that various linguistic phenomena playing so small a part in Indo-European that the IE scholar is >ots not foroed to give them study may yet be of great importance in 'deter- another linguistic stock. Thus the known body of IB roots oontains various series of roots having a common phonetic element and a »1 was common similarity of meaning* (Footnote: Heillet, Les Langues i : ash, Indo-Europeennes p. 144 at sea.., e.g. roots ter. ters, tres, trep. trek, trem, treme, all "tremble11.) yet such root-series are not wel, so common and typical as to make study of their structure a necessary part of eomplete IE method. Similarly various IE languages, notably •d make English, hare series of words, usually verbs, that present the same Lele. peculiarity, yet are in such a minority compared with the words not less of the of such type that even very full accounts of the language may fail oth," to mention them. undamental For Instance the series glow, glare, glint, granee. gleam, glim ("douse the glim"), glimpse, glimmer, glitter, glister. glisten, gloss, glaze, glass, glare 8 ("glare lee"), glance 2 ("glance off"), glide, glib, is characterized by the common phonetie element gl- and an idea of brightness, luster, reflectiveness, with the associated ideas of polish, smoothness, and of slipping. Then there is the series in -ash with the Idea of violence and bursting: flash, dash, bash (one's head against), plash, splash. 2. lash, al*ah. gash, gnash, hash, mash, smash —Ifrsh. rash, and without the rhyme, squash, awaah. In IX suoh phenomena may not he of fundamental importance, hut in the Maya language of Yucatan we hare the different situation that suoh words are in a majority instead of a snail minority. She greater part of the simple stems or "roots" belong to suoh series, so that the whole vooabulary is pervaded with relations between phonetic form and ldeational oontent so extensive that they have to be reckoned with. II Qrammatiwal Setting Maya belongs to the Maya-Quiche stock, a closely-knit stook whose tongues all show near resemblanoe. Maya ( and what is here said of it applies in a general way to the other tongues) is a language based on a stook of monosyllabic stems or roots. These stems are subJeot to reduplication of opening syllable (lem to leiem), to a reduplication, fluttering, or quavering of the vowel (lem to leem. al to aal), in Quiche to reduplioation of closing syllable (leer to kerer)f to attachment of a few prefixes, and to attachment of a large number of suffixes mostly of derivational and oonjugatlonal use. Most suffixes have invariable vowels, yet one of the most oommon is -1 connected by the vowel of the stem (nak - nakal. lub - lubul. em - emel). while certain derivational suffixes -a. -s. -t. -m. -b. now show suoh a vowel and now drop it (wasaq.. wasa; wayas. wais: oaot. oat; awat. aut: olom. olm; aqab. aqb). At present there is no published list of the simple stems. The "Diccionario de la lengua Maya" by Juan Pió Perez (1866-77), the largest dictionary at present in print, gives in alphabetic order tense and voioe forms suoh as qalal. qalah. qalnah. qaltah. qaltal. .qalsah, qalbesah, oaltsahal, eto. These are grammar forms of the 3. secondary stems gal, gait, gala, galbos, oaltiah. to whioh may bo added gallaah. gallaant. galkun. galkun». galkunt. gaita, qalbil. qalan. galankil. from whioh the primary or simple stem gal, "close", is readily isolated, for suoh suffixes have little effect on the meaning of the stem. I hare been for some time engaged in building up a dictionary of suoh simple monosyllable stems. Ill The Stem-Series Situation She nature of the groups into whioh these simple stems are found to fall oan best be shown by some examples. If we oolleot all the simple stems in the Perez dictionary beginning with b¿- we find that the great majority of them exemplify the idea "more, agitate, work". consonant BI-SERIES: bin go, bit1 *(footnote: • JtiUQt followed by (») denotes a consonant «lot tal i zed or "fortis" liajf) pinch or work with thumb and fingers, bik be yielding, pliant, bio, vibrate, undulate, go like snake, twist, zigzag, wave, brandish, bis piek up, oarry, bis traoe, trail, bits' throttle, strangle, work into shape, mould, bil slue around, drag, trail, turn, bil hem(along edge), bind over edge, Ml trail, traek, Ml wear out, age. After this list we oome to a few monosyllable semantemes baok of whioh a verbal meaning akin to the list may be surmised but is not positively known; e.g. bi "bunoh of ootton about to be spun" and bil "bone ashes for roughening spinners1 hands" seem to indicate a meaning "spin" and if so oould be inoluded in the series. So also the stems bik, Ml, both "how", and bi- interrogative partióle, oould be from "going, way". This leaves only big perforate, as by insects, and Ml "hairless dog" as simple M-words less clearly in the series. The series ta- is imbued with a sense of "Join, merge, be in with or amid, be connected, continuous", as follows: 4. pite kind of II.-SERIES: ta bring, come, tah to, unto, whither, tah swim, float; slightly, £ii stew, boil, tah knook; partióle in oomp. denoting foroe, tajp. adorn, tap' knock toother, ta* unite, tie, bind; delude, tab. roete, rays, not rery lonj relationship; put out roots, tan while, meanwhile, tag sink, sound, the list of i go or be deep, deepen, tan midst, middle, breast, width, tan presence, element in gt tan present-time partióle, tan toward, tat fine, forming smooth mass, fewer and of of powders, tak put down in, under, between; stake down, wedge, mix, special termi hide, guard, tak until, tag bring together, join, unite, adhere to, be verb stem* add to; touoh, inoite, provoke, tas stratify, rank, order; layers, oorers, ranks, tats1 straighten, righten, tai level, smooth, derire. Eaol tal touoh, feel of, tal succeed one another, tal oome; bring. lost in the i Outside this series Perez reoords under ta- only appearance. ta olear out, evacuate, defeoate, exonerate, and tat father (but of. tab). in the sense Brinton mentions a tak "bend". simply one sv The series pi» is filled with the idea of a sort of expansion: throw out, fling off, unloose, widen, spread orer, wrap around* sa- brings or PI-SERIES: pip plumpness (of birds).pim be thlok, thioken, disappear, si pit slip off, strip, olear, olean, slip, slide, loose, lighten, SA-SUI18: pit blow (nose), pik push, throw down, hurl, totter, tumble, fall, sab- powder; plk to fan, winnow, pik- out new teeth, pik much, many, pik skirt, subside, be e pig throw, dash, break, scatter, shake, brandish; be wounded; fall far; cost, earn die fall baek or retire to a distance, pig- partióle of riolenoe and foroe, sat' lose, si pits play ball, pits' oard, oomb, pits pour or draw liquid from sak- weave ol narrow aperture; draw blood, pli to wind (around), pis o orer orer, be diligent; close, stop, olothe, hide, pJLl- partióle of motion away, nil wind, wrap, enlarge, sau reel, twist; (>) thread, (>) work olothing, guilt, pi- in pihe throw neot, sal pee wide open, from he open. sal be light; Outside the series the pi-semantemes recorded by Perez are pib oven in ground, to use one, plk kind of inseot, pik 8000, giTes only sa 5tf pits kind of tree, pltS' kind of bird, jiti' bit of meat, ults sweetea slightly, pie- only, pjLs plebeian, pJLs numerioal eounter. For the abore examples I hare seleoted series that are not rery long, yet they are typical in that eaoh substantially oorers the list of important semantemes haying the eharaoteristlo phonetic element in question. She semantemes outside the series are both fewer and of lesser indiridual importance. They incline to be special terms of limited uses, while those in the series incline to be verb stems active as semantic centers from which hosts of words derire. Eaoh series is not, like the English word-groups abore cited, lost in the midst of a muoh larger vocabulary of heterogeneous appearance. Hearly the whole maya vocabulary, as regards its "roots" in the sense of its monosyllabic semantic centers, would appear to bt simply one such series after another* Citation of a few other series is in order. She series sa- brings out all sorts of ideas of dispersal: be dispersed, disappear, spread, radiate, shine. S&-3IBI18: sah ( klnaesthesia) weh eat tortillas (of. wets. wets and breaking-up ideas WJJ- in Haya), wep urge, spur on, we-p stiok, like wax (of. wek A wal). wen watch, be like a sentinel, wek add, wek clean, wek plough, wej be hoarse (of. next), wets oraokle like toasted tortillas, wets crumble, wel unload, unburden. 9. Outside this series in Quiche, beside the three "tarn" stems giren abore, my rooabulary lists only wak turkey, wag soak up, was here, we yes, wei loinoloth. It would sees that we cannot pursue the study of oomparatire linguistics very far in this family except in conjunction with the stem series; that in many oases it is the oonstant element of the series rather that the individual stem that is the essential cognate base shared by the compared tongues, and that while sometimes the same idea results from the same treatment of this element (If wal fan, Q wal fan), more often the same treatment pro duo es diTergent ideas (M wats1 loose, unfasten, Q wats face, & in gen» exposure, both L the text8 .' ta-, ¿1-; L the i or stems lolnts, lipherments F¡Q . 1 •tl section preat « little tt. thout >: Hahuatl . modem now what d of 11. 260 days, are stated by successions of bar-dot numerals, in connection with columns of day-signs at their left. Eaoh división has a picture and a text, usually of four glyph-blocks. It is essentially a pioture-book about the tonalamatl. In my drawing I have exaggerated the size of the text in proportion to the pictures. These pictures occur in sets in which a number of different gods are shown all performing the same action, as here they are all holding out the radiating sign that is known to mean sun and day. In order to designate any desired glyph-block in a text I shall number the glyph-blocks in eaoh horizontal line from left to right, and call the top line A, the one below it B. Left to right and from top down hare long been known to be the directions of Haya writing. The order of reading the text has been determined to be Al, A2, Bl, B2; A3, A4, B3, B4; etc. - all four glyph-blocks above a picture are read before proceeding to the blooks above the next picture. It seems to me probable that the principle of the writing is that of a oomplloated syllabary with numerous polyphones and homophones (like the Sumerian syllabary in this respect) and with certain approximations to alphabetlolsm. This view is also, I believe, the one held more or less tentatively by most scholars in the field, including Mor ley, Spin den, Teeple, and Blom. It has long since been determined by Sohellhas. that certain hieroglyphs occur regularly with the pictures of certain gods, and so may be considered to be their names in the text. Thus the glyphs B1-B2 together denote the "Homan-ñosed god" who appears in the picture below them. Similarly B3-B4 denote the next deity and B6 the third one, though B5 on the other hand is not a part of his name but rather some common linguistic element. 12. How I find that the parallelism between the text and the pietures is not confined to the name-glyphs of the different go dm, hut that similarly there are certain signs that oorrespond to certain actions which the gods are shown performing and others that answer to certain objects that they are shown handling. The parallel is complete enough for one to say that the text of usually four glyph-blocks above each picture is essentially a descriptive title of the picture. I next find that linguistic analysis of the text may often be made to this extent: e.g. in the case of Fig. 1; Al - verb. A2 - object. B1,B2 - subject: A3 - verb. A4 - object. B3,B4 - subject: A5 - verb. A6 - object. B5 - frequenttpartioleC?). B6 - subject. «X The object glyphs A2,4,6, are the same, and essentially the same as the object the three deities are holding, the sun sign. Assuming that each title probably contains a verb, understanding the term in its broadest sense as whatever names an aetion, there is only one sign left in each to be the verb, namely Al,3,5. These three glyphs are f the same, and the action in the three pictures is the same. It is on the nature of this sign and related signs that I wish to focus attention. On the assumption that it answers to the common act depicted of the three deities it might mean holding, holding out, or passing with the hand. Actually, comparison of other texts shows that the essential part of this sign, that is the main ellipse above the snail-like foot or base, is usually associated with pictured actions of reaching out the hand or arm either with or without an object in the hand. Fig. 2 shows Dresden Oodex 15B except that I have not drawn the complicated pictures of the gods, but only the action or IZi L gesture depio A2 - unknown (the "long-Eo B3 - unknown. B5 - subject. the sign in w shows us that depicting a h gesture. In metamorpho sed a head, with appearance of hand, as a ha the prominent peculiarly ty usually one o shows seven p this in Dread actions oonsl some further "hold out" or metamorpho sed more nearly t glyph-block i only a oompon of the stem s 13. gesture depicted of each. The textual analysis is Al - verb. A2 - unknown constant element. probably -part of verb. Bl - subject (the "Iong-]fosed God"), B2 - demons t rat i ve( ?); A3 - rerb. A4 - constant. B3 - unknown. B4 - subject (the "Death God"); A5 - verb, A6 - oonstant. B5 - subject. B6 - object (held out in hand of subject). The lower part of the verb glyph here will he noted as the sign in whioh we are interested. Comparison with other glyphs shows us that this sign is only a form of a very common Maya character depicting a human hand, usually in a sort of pinohing or grasping gesture. In the present case the hand is very conventionalized, and metamorphosed after a characteristic manner of Haya art style into a head, with the space under the grasping fingers assuming the ' appearance of a closed and lash-fringed eye. The position of the hand, as a hand, has become anatomically impossible, yet there remains the prominent and unmistakable thumb, and a sort of wrist-ornament peculiarly typical of this hand-sign, a circle with a central dot and usually one or two marginal tabs. Codex Zro-Corteslanus Plate Via;! * shows seven pictures and in the text seven verbs of the same form as this in Dresden 15B except that the thumb is indistinguishable; the actions consist of holding out various objects. Later will appear some further texts showing this sign and its out reaching gesture* Is the simple hand-sign itself then a word meaning "hold out" or the like? Ho, I think not, for this sign in all its metamorphosed forms has too great a frequency to be a word; it has more nearly the order of frequency of a letter than of a word. A glyph-block is, I think, usually a word, but the hand-sign is usually only a oomponent of the block. At this point I draw on the oonoept of the stem series for aid. The sign may be the common phonetic 14. element of a great many different words or stems forming a stem series, many of whose members have, because they are stem-series members, a similar meaning of reaching out or the like that accounts for the association of the sign with such an action. This viewpoint enables us to throw aside at this early stage of investigation the question of what words are represented in the language of the text, a question as yet insoluble in our ignorance of the text's dialect, and to concentrate simply on the question of what stem-elements may be represented, a question that comes much nearer to being answerable, for as we have seen the dialect might be anything between Haya and Quiohe without much changing the general character of certain stem-elements. VII The Series MA- in Maya and Quiche There is one stem series, and only one, that corresponde closely both to the hand aotion in question and to various other uses of the hand hieroglyph. This series is ma-, with the idea "pass", covering about all the meanings assumable by the notion of "passing" in English. Because of its importance to this study I shall give all its meanings in some detail and classified under the various subdivisions of the "pass" idea which they represent. Homonyms will be given distinguishing numbers. KA-SERIES, MATA: 1. Passing in general: Mai pass, passing, chiefly as (a) pass; (b) advance; improve; before; (o) go by, miss, err; (d) times, repeti- tions; man 1 pass, chiefly as (a) pass (the usual word for pass, in all senses; (b) cease; (o) exceed. 2. Passing in time: -ma 3 tense suffix denoting remote past time; man 2 recur, continue (of days and time); mab 3 continue, not stop. 15. 3. Pass, surpass, exceed: mak 2 superior; -ma 2 suffix of strong affirmation (exceedingly). 4. Passing as evanescent and negational; pass, cease, diminish, reduce: ma 1 not, no; as veri», cease, also reduce, diminish; mab 1 deny, revoke, annul; to slight; mats1 (a) flatten, level; dent; (b) calm, quiet; weaken; mag 1 wear, dissolve, eat away; mas 1 crush, flatten; mai 1 reduoe to fineness, pulverize, sift, filter, refine; mas wear out, wear thin, especially ropes, by friction; cricket (from sound?). 5. Pass over, cover, extend: mab 2 review, inspect, make visits to animal traps; mak 1 cover, close, stop, restrain, control; oovering, lid, case, shell; pitfall; span of distance; maq 2 (crust) (a) scalp- crust; (b) oork; maq 3 tendrils. 6. Pass with hand, transfer, hand out, handle, make passes, hand-motions, wield: mah 1 lend; rent; man 3 trade; buy; mate receive a favor, a free gift; mats 1 handle, hold in hand, wield, grasp, seize, touch; maq 4 handle, manipulate, adjust, arrange. This finishes the ma-stems in the Perez dictionary that clearly form a series; the remaining ones being rak 3 who? mal 3 who? mah 2 groin; mah 3 soreness; mam relationship term; mau maguey; mats' 1 suck; mats* 2 bran; mal 3 monkey; mats 2 a crow; mai 2 hoof. We have now reviewed all the ma-stems in Perez, a total of 44 of reasonably distinct meanings, of which 23 or 6896, including all the common verbs, form the "pass" series, leaving 11 or 32£, mostly terms of limited use, outside the series. It will be noted that group 6 of the series consists of stems with meanings of great similarity to the hand gestures depicted in the above-mentioned pages of the Dresden Codex. But at present it would be very premature to identify the verb of these texts with for 16. instance mats 1, in spite of its striking likeness to the pictured mah 1 grab, i aotlon, or with any one of these modern Maya stems. Bat if we find or grit teetl contributory evldenoe of a phonetio value ma attached to the hand-sign, mats 1 (a) si we may then tentatively write the verb of these texts as ma-( ), "set on edge" meaning that it belongs to the ma-series and either may or may not have another phonetic element attached. 3his postulates as to the and outside \ meaning of the verb only that it is some nuanoe readily derivable coyol palm, a from "pass"; it might not be any of the verb meanings in Perez; it oomprises 19 might be "deal out", "hand over", "give", "extend", or it might be question; die simply "pass". Before looking at the contributory evidence for the value ma, let us oompare the cognate tongue Quiche. She result of Aztec languaj an examination of the old Quiche-Spanish vocabulary published by essential unc" Brasseur is as follows: writing, thai Qulohe contains a ma-series bearing the general idea kinds oonveri "pass over, by, away; extend, reach, seize11. are studying MA.-SERIES, QUICHE: systems of wz 1. pass over, extend, cover: mar lay or extend on ground, stretch out; used almost e be extended, be broad, flat; mal 1 anoint, ma^ adorn, deck (a room), system where (mas 1)> majan large leaf for wrapping salt. system with 1 2. err, trespass, transgress: maq to sin; sin, blame, guilt; piotorial, ye mat 2 disobey. of them, and 3. pass away, cease, be not, suffer loss, deteriorate, pass in time, age: xtgn marks c ma 1 grow old, age, ma 2 loose, destroy, fray, unravel, forget, transliteratj ma 3 no, not, ma- general negative prefix; mal 2 become invisible,' van- surprising, 1 ish, mal 3 decayed, mouldy, man soften, mai period, oyole of time, maltl (In Ma5 especially of ## about 20 years (probably the Maya qatun). (also arm), I 4. make a pass to capture, strike at, reach, grab, seize, grip: as the root o 16. 17. otured mah 1 grab, anateh, seize, mah 2 gather eaeao or maize, mat 1 olenoh we find or grit teeth; be desperate, despair, mas grope, feel about, i hand-sign, •ata 1 (a) strike, (b) work on (various things), Mat i 8 hare teeth "set on edge" (of. mat 1), mak pick, plnok. •( ), lay not The remaining Quiche ma-stems oited by this vocabulary to the and outside the series are: mam uncle-nephew relationship, man { rabie ooyol palm, maS 2 hard, harsh, rough, mas 3, small monkey. She series ez; it comprises 19 meanings, the remainder 4. We me y now take up the ght be question; did the hand-sign have a phonetio value, If so, what? VIII Phonetic Clues from Azteo I 'or the We must now turn our attention to the unrelated nilt of Azteo language, and it might be said in passing that it is the d by essential underlying unity of Middle Amerioan culture, including writing, that allows us to make such a leap. Evidence of various al idea kinds converges toward the view that the system of writing whioh we are studying was the basis of all other Middle Amerioan pre-Conquest systems of writing. The Aztee system, obviously much cruder and stretch out; used almost entirely for recording proper names, is the only sueh a room), system where we have post-Conquest records of words written in the system with transliterations. These Azteo hieroglyphs, orude and t; piotorial, yet seem like an imitation of the Maya system, while some of them, and some of the Aztee tlauiztli or heraldic devices, shew in tine, age: z±gxx marks of kinship with particular Maya glyphs. In the Aztee etf transliterations a hand has the phonetic value mm. Xhis is not sible; van» surprising, for hand in Astee is, in stem-form ma, in full-form ' time, maltl (in Maya hand Is oab). In Aztee ma does not only mean hand (also arm), but as verb oateh, grab (ni-k-ma. I catch it), and ami ip: as the root of this and a considerable number of other verbs, —[ ma means exte 17A systems of hi ooincidence8 over bodily i value and on] to make this language? from three d< Tlotzin, pos* transliterati mani and man Aztec "er"bs i pat out torti at ove-men t i oí (Sen Mani) t< a numeral an second part < individual ni for in Azteo the usual lia; for which is in which we i begins with i Azteo way of oalled deer But besides i 18. ma means extend, reach. Here is a ooinoidenee between the two systems of hieroglyphs that gires food for thought. Were suoh ooincidence8 points of contact whereby * sign could easily be taken over bodily from one system to the other with the same phonetic value and only a slight shift in the previous linguistic explanation to make this explanation equally obvious to the users of the seoond language? Figure three presents evidence bearing on this point from three documents; Codex Huexotzinoo, Mapa Qalnatzin, and Mapa Tlotzin, post-Conquest records containing personal-name hieroglyphs transliterated in Roman letters. Here the hand has the values mani and man, and not simply ma. She referenoe is partly to the Aztec "erbs mani extend, and mana, preterite man, lay, extend; pat out tortillas between hands; offer (glyph manauatzlnl. from above-mentioned root ma; but the glyph and name matlac mani (Sen Mani) tell of Maya origin too. Personal names beginning with a numeral are always names of days in the tonalamatl, and the seoond part of the name must be one of the twenty day-signs. She individual named 10 Mani had a name borrowed from some Haya dialect,1 for in Aztec there is no day-sign name resembling Mani. But there is in Maya. She top drawing in Fig. 4 is the usual Maya hieroglyph of the seventh day-sign, the Haya name for which is manic, (usually spelled Hanik). It is the hand-sign in which we are interested. She Aztec name of this day-sign also begins with ma, being masa(-tl). This word means deer, and the Aztec way of writing the sign isa deer's head. She sign is also oalled deer in most other Middle American languages except Haya. Bat besides meaning deer the stem masa is very mxmm similar to a verb-stem masa- iB lir out, hold ou with the wor Doctrina Cri Palma, 1886, 0AYSIGN MANIK (ran. re».». Pilato; cruz Regimen del orno-tlayohui \[7 15o-mamazehual I hare found the hierogly m LWMM at Tepoztlan A n A Central U to appear in A body of ev Manik, the o: phonetic Tali UNIIIWL NMMociTPM rm MOHTH CUMHU ftRotpco er uwa* for the mont] Maya J*j"ntyi of a phoneti< Quiche means name maniq ol closest resei S55» pass, bj something, fs Also possibli stem n±\ nia from the Quic mentioned lat 19. a verb-stem maso- (of which there is a variant masow-. while a variant masa- is linguistically possible if not probable), whioh means stretch out, hold out, especially the arm or hand, and also, usually combined with the word cruz, oruoify.* (Footnote: E.g. from ^Catecismo de la Doctrina Cristiano, traducida al idioma Mejicano por Miguel Trinidad Palma, 1886, from the Credo: omo-tlaihiyohuilti itencopa Fonoio Pilato; oruztiteoh o-mamazoaltlloo. etc From Breve Practica, y Regimen del Confessionario de Indios, Velasquez de Cardenas, 1761, omo-tlayohuilti itlatooayopan Ponoio Pilatos; oruztiteoh o-mamazehualtlloo. etc..) X-l»ve-feift*a-an-¿nsianee-»f-a-k*ad->f¿gave- 2 •• I have found an instance of a hand-figure similar to Hanik used as the Hieroglyph of the month Mazatl in an Aztec day-sign inscription at Tepoztlan, Morolos, Mexioo.# (Footnote: Described in a paper; "A Central Mexican Inscription Combining llexioan and Maya Day Signs", to appear in American Anthropologist.) A body of evidence indicates that the peculiar wrist-ornament of lianlk, the circle with central dot and projecting tabs, oan have the phonetic value sa. Maya students are familiar with its use as sign for the month Zao (sale) and as sign for the color white (sale). Zhe Maya tKywtgg glyph for the seventh day-sign may then be susceptible of a phonetic reading ma-sa. It may be noted that the stem mas in Quiche means grope or feel about. She origin and meaning of the name mania obtained from post-Conquest sources are unknown. Zhe closest resemblances to it in Perez are two stems derived from man, pass, by a suffixed -o,: maní- pass quickly, and mana a evanescent something, faint shadow, glimmer, ray, distant almost imperceptible eoho. Also possible is a compound of the element ma- pass, handle, with the stem jtxg nlq shake, wave, brandish, whioh could give a meaning not far from the Quiche mas: and a third possible source of the name will be mentioned later. 20. II Characters for M and Mi in Maya Writing The right middle sign in Fig. 4 is giren by Bishop Landa as equivalent to m, in the "alphabet" that resulted from his a sting the Mayas what characters they would use to represent the sounds of the European letters. I regard it as a corrupted reproduction of a oursire Manik. Landa pictures it turned on its side, which has caused some confusion. She essential earmarks, viz. the hole enclosed by pinching fingers and vevtiges of the wrist-ornament seem to be preserved in their proper relative positions. She difference from the classical Manik is still not so great as in the late form of Manik from the book of Chilan Balam of Kaua, shown in Fig. 4, in which all that remains is the finger-space conventionalized into a keyhole form. In Landa* s drawings of the month hieroglyphs he does not give for the month Cumhu the classical glyph, but instead the composite glyph-block shown at the bottom of Fig. 4, which is apparently a phonetio recording of the name Cumhu. The upper left component (glyph of month Cauao) is the one cited by Landa in his "alphabet" as having the value "ou" (phon. ku), and the right half of the block is a form of the day-sign Ahau (from a stem hau or ho) which would seem to represent the syllable hu. This leaves the lower left component as the only one that could represent the element m. I would consider it a conventionalized Manik, with the wrist-ornament clear but the fingers reduced to two curving bands approaching at the top. The block may be read ka-m-hu. I find that there are two main hieroglyphic treatments of the hand, one being the outholding or passing gesture Manik, the other the outspread palms as in the Azteo glyph mana-ua-tzln (Fig. 3). Ho. 1 top row of Fig. 5 shows the common glyph of the month Mao (phon. mak), the upper element of which appears to be based on a pair 20. i shop om his the sounds otion of h has e enclosed, to he e from m of lianik hioh all hole form, e for the lyph-blooi: o recording Cauao) is "ou" day-sign tie syllable it oould Lzed Manik, ourring ceatments Lie, the (Fig. 3). [ao >n a pair 21. of outstretched hands or paws. In this form the finger lines are merely a sketchy filling-in treatment and so may he of any number. Ho. 3 top row is a form from the codices with only one hand, in the outspread position and bearing a wrist ornament. Ho. 4 top row 1P a sign recorded in Landa's "alphabet" as "ma", and as comparison of the oodioes shows us, is simply the upper part of Ifao. The lower part of Ifao Ho. 1 is the death's head of the day-sign Ciml (phon. klmi). whioh I hare shown separately in Ho. 1 of the bottom row. It is this sign in our sire form (Ho. 2 bottom row) that Landa records for the sound k. Ho. 1 top row may then be read ma-lc. She bottom of Mac Ho. 3 top row is a comb-like sign whioh Landa records (Ho. 3 bottom row) as oa (phon. ka); so that this glyph may be read ma-ka. Ho. 2 top row is a less common form of Ifao. At the top is the ma component, but with both hands turned the same way, and at the bottom a form of the oomb sign for ka or k. Between the two is what I take to be an ideographic determinative for mak. By refering to the ma-series above it will be seen that the stem mak means cover, close, restrain, control, and as a noun, covering, cover, lid. The middle component looks to me like a basket or pot with a lid having its top crossed by a strap-like handle. If so, the MAK glyph may be read ma -ka. Fig. 6 shows at the top Dresden Codex page 15o., one of some texts in whioh the two forms of ma-sign, Manik and Mao, are are united as though to confirm their common sound, much like the {Joining of the determinative IfAK to ma in Fig. 5. The Ifao is sometimes below and sometimes above the Ifanik, whioh is in head-variant form. The linguistio analysis is Al verb, A2 object, Bl,2 subject; A3 verb, A4 object, B3,4 subject. The action shown tJRrsncN CODEX PACK 15 C ya u u DRriDI-N rOD/x PP I3B I4B XAMAN EK SICN RICORDCD BY LMtPA TOR X(5 J . a * .. •»• 22. in the pictures is "passing" the object, which is the "sun" sign. The left lower part of Fig. 6 shows a verb and object from an extended passage of the Dresden Codex, 13b.-14b. In each of six pictures the verb is the same, being the Mao-Hanik compound shown, with different objects and subjects. The six pictures all show the action of "passing" the objects. The lower right shows a common name-glyph of a deity who frequently figures as subject, which glyph is another kind of head-variant of Manik. The treatment of thumb, thumbnail, and fingers may be seen in the top part of the head, the demilune enclosed by the fingers is there, and the wrist ornament. The front of the glyph has been rendered into the face of the god in question, with the thick lips and blobby nose characteristic of his pictures. The Manik treatment will lead us to expect a god with "ma" in his name. As it happens, this god has long since been identified by Sohellhas as the god of the North and the North Star, called by the Maya "North Star", "Xaman Bk" (phon. saman eg). The lowermost ¡V v sign *4 Fig. 6 shows that the Maya used the face of this god saman ("north") to denote a sound like old Spanish x (so Landa), that is .§. The lips and nose on this sign are quite peculiar to him. His name-glyph is then a fusion of his own S-sign with ma, with the added feature that it is piotographioally determinative of him, and so may be read s-ma . Here we lose sight of the"passing" ideas of the ma-series that I take to have been the ideographic origin of the xxgs ma-sign. and the sign becomes a purely phonetic character. The same thing is still more strikingly shown in Fig. 7, reproducing Codex Tro-Cortesianus p. 113d. This is one of two similar pictures, comparison of whioh 22. sign, a. ad object a each of rand os all a deity ind of uid 10 Ihe front question, Lo tures. Ln his 3d by i by vermost 1 saman that is 3,. lis 7 the iin, and the ma-series ma-sign, thing i8 >-Cortesianus r which 23. shows the analysis of the text to be Al verb, A2 object, Bl,2 subject. The action in the pictures is that of weaving on the primitive lap loom, as the Aztec Indian housewives to-day weave girdles. The verbs for both pictures are alike and their second components are "ma". The first component is a sign for which I have a considerable body of evidence to show that it has a phonetic value "ya". Maya students will recall that it is the superf±x of the glyphs of the months Yax (yaS) and Yaxlcin (yasain) in the oodices. The verb then reads ya-ma. Yama or yamah would be a preterite or possibly an aorist of the transitive conjugation of a verb with stem yam. The most common stem yam in Perez means between, interstice, and as verb interpose, insert, force between, get caught between. This is the action shown - the subject is inserting the shuttle and its thread into the warp or running it between the warp threads. The first part of the object glyph is the sign related to the ManiS: wrist-ornament that would seem to have the phonetic value sa. It appears in the exact form it has as sign of the month Zao (sale), and so might have here the value sax. The after part of the glyph is a form of the day-sign Ahau. My evidence is that Ahau is a polyphonic character and that one of its valuesits that of 1. Maya students will recall its use as superfix of the sign for east, li-aln. So it is possible to read this object-glyph as «**-!« But saxal is the Maya word for woven cloth (v. series sa- "disperse, spread, etc." supra). Hence I translate this text: "He did the inserting into the cloth, did X (name of subject deity)." Turning back now to Fig. 2; glyph Bl, subject, is the name-glyph of the "Long-Hosed God", one of the chief Haya codex gods, who is now generally regarded as the same as the late Maya god 24. Kukuloan (phon. ququlkan). who is the same as the Aztec Quetzalooatl. The glyph is the head-variant of Manik with a suffix and with the chink under the fingers converted into a figure like the letter T. This T-lilce mark is well known to every student of things Maya as the second day-sign, Ik (phon. i¿). The word io, means wind, and in nearly all the other Middle American tongues, including Aztec, this day-sign is also named Wind. How Quetzalooatl was the god of the wind, his head with a trumpet-mouth being the Aztec glyph for the second day-sign. It is natural then that we should find the iq-sign used to help denote Kukuloan. My evidence is that Ik is polyphonous, but that in this case its phonetic value may well he ¿g.. neglecting the unknown value of the suffix, we oan then read ma—ia- in the name. Sow we know that a certain kind of priest among the Maya was called Ah Ma oik (phon. h-mak-iq) and that his business was to conjure the winds*. (Footnote: Morley, Introduction to the Study of the Maya Hieroglyphs, p. 20.) The word means he who covers or controls the wind, from mak cover, restrain, control. The god whom such a priest served would certainly be the wind god. It was quite general in Middle America for a priest to be called by the same name as the god he served. Thus in Mexico the priest of Quetzalooatl was himself oalled quetzalooatl as his title, and in the plural all such priests were quequetzalcoa. Conversely the priest called h-mak-la might well have been the priest of a god oalled h-mak-iq "he who controls the wind", or simply mak-iq. This then could have been another name for Kukuloan (as Bheoatl. wind, was another name for Quetzalooatl); and I take it that it is this name or some very similar one, and not "Kukuloan" that is written in the hieroglyphs commonly associated with this god. It is possible that the hand-sign plus its suffix equals male. It is a "pass", and t he who passes of the name II in the date i substitution stating numbe zeros; thus t óyeles, six Is and second dz "zero days", other a late found that tt words out of and the genei not, the prei In the number and the glypl compare sueh "no clothes" head-rariant right middle head-Tariant inscriptions announces th the end of t 25. male. It is also possible thai the hand-sign here equals nal or man "pass", and that one form of the deity's name was mal-id or man-iq. he who passes out or deals out the winds, whieh oould he the source of the name Manik attached to this sign. Next in consideration come the uses of the hand-sign in the date inscriptions. First, it is used as a sign for zero in substitution for the more usual rosette-like sign for zero, in stating numbers. A Vaya number had its unused terms filled out with zeros; thus the period nine cycles six katuns would he stated "nine cycles, six katuns, zero tuns, zero uinals, zero days". The first and second drawings of Fig. 8 show the hand for zero in stating "zero days", one from an early date on Zoomorph P at Qairigua, the other a late date from Quen Santo* On analyzing the ma-series we found that the dominant idea "pass" developed a notable group of words out of the "passing away" nuance, plain ma being a verb cease. and the general negative partióle - the interjection nol. the adverb not, the preposition without. and the adjective no. not a. not any. In the numbers then the hand-sign ma is simply phonetic for ma "no", and the glyph-blocks cited are to be read ma ain "no days". Ve may compare such common Maya expressions as ma ciaba "no name", ma buk "no clothes", etc. More common than the plain hand for zero is a head-variant in whieh a hand replaces the lower jaw - as shown in right middle of Fig. 8. This form follows the analogy of the head-variant numerals. Declarations of the end of a time period in the inscriptions have long been deciphered. The "ending sign" that announces the fact is often the hand-sign, as in the dedlaration of the end of the seventeenth katun from Stela S, Quirigua, shown at the bottom of Fij CL or "has oease p _V other verbs i man pass, mat will be naces phonetio, and hand-sign was and therein a Out of a oone in that langu ma or the wox Yet the Codes a hand in the AYAC IXOCHIUH ayac. Ayao o TWO NAMr-Mlf ROM I HI COft » Hill of a ealyx o*[ -J- lJ soribe has ta On the right addition of a xoohipoloa. v "he perishes laok, fail, ] a rase, prey< hieroglyphs < The katun, a period that i a eyole of 2< 26. bottom of Fig. 8. This is very likely ma used as a verb; "ceases" or "has ceased", but at the same time it might be any one of several other verbs in the ma-series, such as mal "passes" or "has passed", man pass, mat annul, mas wear out. To determine the exact form it will he necessary to find out whether the lower part of the glyph is phonetio, and if so what its value is. This negational and terminational value of the hand-sign was evidently taken over into the cruder Asteo sign-system, , and therein acquired new phonetio values based on the Hahuatl tongue* Out of a considerable familiarity with Aztec I can see no connection in that language between negational ideas and either the syllable ma or the word for hand. The negative particle in Aztec is a^. » Yet the Codex Huexotzinoo (Fig. 9 left) shows a hieroglyph in which a hand in the pinching position of Uanik has the phonetio value a yac. Aya o means (a) nobody, none, (b) to be no longer. The indication of a calyx over the hand is the sign for xoohitl flower, and the scribe has transliterated ayao ixoohiuh "nobody1 s flower". On the On the right we have essentially the same hieroglyph with the addition of an ideographic determinative used to express the name xoohipoloa, which could mean either "he destroys the flowers" or "he perishes like a flower". The hand here has the value DOloa lose, lack, fail, perish, destroy; the determinative is a out flower in a vase, preyed on by an insect. We also should consider the hand as a component of hieroglyphs of time periods longer than the katun (phon. qatun). The katun, a little less than twenty years, was the longest Maya period that a man could live through. The next higher period was a cycle of 20 katuns, and its glyph like all time-period glyphs had two forms marked by a b u shows this he without-head forms of the head form of immense perio necessarily o of the next t only from the Baoh shows pi those too loz mathematical in the head j hypothesis tl might he oai: "began with mi and from the jaw stands f< linguistic fi (8) mafc 2 me< to denote re continue, of Fíq.l recur daily, and especial any of these it is highly 27. had two forms» head form and without-head form. She head form is marked by a hand for the lower jaw. Fig. 10 bottom of left oolumn shows this head form, while beside it in the long oolumn is the without-head form. Next above these are the head and without-head forms of the next higher period or "great oyóle" of 20 oyóles. The head form of this period also hears the hand. She glyphs of these immense periods, too long to he used in aotual ohronology, were necessarily of theoretioal use only and are very rare. The glyphs of the next two vigesimal places, 8000 and 160,000 lea tuns, are known only from the Tikal inscription shown in the long oolumn of Fig. 10.' Baoh shows prominently the hand-sign. So all the higher periods, those too long to be lived through and as it were obtained by mathematical extrapolation, are distinguished by the hand-sign either in the head form or in the only form known. In terms of a phonetic hypothesis this amounts to saying that these periods all had or might be called by names that contained "ma", and that probably began with ma- judging from the Tikal glyphs where the hand is on top and from the analogy of the head form fur zero where the hand for a jaw stands for initial ma. With this may be compared the following linguistic facts: (1) the verb man pass, also means surpass, exoeed; (2) mak 2 means "superior"; (3) ma acts as a yerbal partióle (suffixed.) to denote remote past, long elapsed time; (4) man 2 means recur, continue, of days and time, and forms compounds like manain(• t-ah) recur daily, continue day after day; (5) in Quiche mal means time-period and especially the lea tun. While present evidence does not permit us to say that any of these forms is present as such in the higher period-glyphs, it is highly probable that the phase of the ma "pass" idea that means * 9 • * passing "by, es words represor The siga knowi sun (¿in,)» an< down, and ain First, it is .' the Sumerian tsi as well a Secondly, it : form, meaning "no suntt, is in later time this paper to By studying t the sign may the content i words and oon oome to oompf instance I f: oommon am-a. lem 1(a) -a ts: She diseussi he deferred - these other (380 Woloott 28. in the • problem, of the it lie resent. íes, as in the -value Looted. similar en simply oh solete uoed in signs, parently : which jinguish rhen we »s. For 3ide more b lem shine), st however some of 930) NUMBER 1*6 - WHORF. THE PROBLEM OF AME BEFORE COLUMBUS. NJAMIN LEE N HISTORY THE PROBLEM OF AMERICAN HISTORY BEFORE COLUMBUS *y Benjamin Lee Whorf 1931 MICROFILM COLLECTION OF MANUSCRIPTS ON MIDDLE AMERICAN CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY No. k6 j *\ UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO LIBRARY CHICAGO, ILLINOIS 1956 ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Pages 1-55 The Problem of American History Before Columbus 56-60 [Outline of the preceding, and notes] Separately paged-: 1-7 The Toltecs Note: These Mss. were found among Whorf family papers by J. B. Carroll. Y" t \ í /t^* J-iS¿t«t*J c —J¡H*1-»< K-C^-^C^í *a-^*-«^r S3 J €Cs\*'zfz ufiL- 9 iW^^^ JP****to(fiP* s_/o^d- ¿¥ • **e "ttf *t*( Zt if •«- ? - J< W \ UB^y «¡*-c~c~- l^a^ —->*^g fÍLtltmj/> at** -*£-*? ¿#»H/^<^W £*t- c*CUo €U* m ¿L-*~**t-<.éL^ ¿^ ¿éL&~* ¿*~ g^—Cf &8UQ- G&SL- CJb*** T£C-«- *{ €¿j£jf f&\*++*^£~ G~«2~* -*fc^^e^*/ ^ú^t^Cc^i ¿<*<- ñ•«- «**.« ZZL^ vf~^áZZ^íL* -tÁxj!^uc^^j^c <=*T7 C^-^%^U%^c^*^t^. 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