New Animal Products

RIRDC Completed Projects in 2002 - 2003 and Research in Progress as at June 2003

Sub Program 1.2

NEW ANIMAL PRODUCTS

July 2003

RIRDC Publication No 03/59

ISBN 0 642 5862 8 ISSN 1440 6845

"RIRDC Completed Projects in 2002 - 2003 and Research in Progress as at June 2003 - 1.2 New Animal Products" Publication No 03/059

The views expressed and the conclusions reached in this publication are those of the author and not necessarily those of persons consulted. RIRDC shall not be responsible in any way whatsoever to any person who relies in whole or in part on the contents of this report.

This publication is copyright. However, RIRDC encourages wide dissemination of its research, providing the Corporation is clearly acknowledged. For any other enquires concerning reproduction, contact the Publications Manager on phone 02 6272 3186.

RIRDC New Animal Products Research Manager Dr Peter McInnes RIRDC Level 1, AMA House 42 Macquarie Street BARTON ACT 2600 PO Box 4776 KINGSTON ACT 2604

Phone: 08 8556 7331 Fax: 08 8556 7289 Email: [email protected]

RIRDC Publications Manager Cecile Ferguson Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation Level 1, AMA House 42 Macquarie Street BARTON ACT 2600 PO Box 4776 KINGSTON ACT 2604

Phone: 02 6272 3186 Fax: 02 6272 5877 Email: [email protected] Website: http://www.rirdc.gov.au

Published in July 2003 Printed on environmentally friendly paper by Canprint

Foreword

The following report contains all entries from continuing and completed New Animal Products research projects funded by RIRDC. This program aims to accelerate the development of viable new animal industries

The complete report on RIRDC’s programs is available in electronic format on our website at http://www.rirdc.gov.au

This report is an addition to our extensive catalogue of over 900 research projects supported by RIRDC.

Please contact us for the latest publications catalogue or view it on our website:

• downloads at www.rirdc.gov.au/reports/Index.htm • purchases at www.rirdc.gov.au/eshop

Simon Hearn Managing Director Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation

Contents

1.2 New Animal Products Completed Projects Project Page No. Project Title Researcher Phone Organisation No. AAI-1A The development of artificial insemination Dr Jane Vaughan (03) 5254 3365 Alpaca Artificial Insemination 1 technology in alpacas (Lama pacos) Dr David Hopkins Group Prof David Galloway AM-7A Kangaroo Specification and Selected Meat cuts Peter Evans (07) 3247 7200 AUS-MEAT Limited 3 AM-9A Buffalo Specification and Selected Meat cuts Peter Evans (07) 3247 7200 AUS-MEAT Limited 4 CSA-19A A report on the potential for establishment of an Dr Tony Schlink (08) 9333 6628 CSIRO Livestock Industries 5 Angora rabbit industry in Australia CSU-1A Farmed rabbits for growth in Australian Dr Sandra Eady (02) 6776 1394 CSIRO Livestock Industries 7 agriculture DAQ-258A Markets for Skins/Leather – Emerging Animal Bronwyn Warfield (07) 4688 1251 Department of Primary Industries 9 Industries: Goat, Emu, Ostrich, Crocodile & – Qld Camel DAQ-272A Identification and development of export Alison Leech (07) 4688 1251 Department of Primary Industries 10 opportunities for game birds – Qld DAQ-278A Distribution of meat products for prospective Jacquie Bodger (07) 3239 3307 Department of Primary Industries 13 Australian animal industries Brendan Goulding – Qld DAV-182A New value added products of selected new and Joanne Bobbitt (03) 9217 4334 Department of Primary Industries 15 emerging meats destined for various domestic (Vic) and export markets DRL-1A Improved breeding in dairy goats and milking Dr David Lindsay (08) 9381 3423 David R Lindsay 17 sheep Dr James Skerritt KDO-1A Buffalo Industry Development Specialist Kevin Doyle (02) 6681 5377 Kevin Doyle 18 LEC-1A Increasing markets for kangaroo products by John Kelly (03) 6326 8639 Lenah Consultancy 19 improving kangaroo industry image PAC-2A Kangaroo Pet Meat Survey Trevor Cook (02) 9943 6226 PacALLIANCE (Australia) Pty 20 Ltd PTP-11A Dairy Goat Farming Practices – for Specialty Arthur Stubbs (03) 9844 1135 Primary Tasks Pty Ltd 21 cheese & Other Products Gaille Abud SAR-27A Husbandry and genetic strategies to improve hide Dr Phil Glatz (08) 8303 7786 South Australian Research and 22 quality of ostriches Development Insttitute WHP-2A Performance Benchmarks for Selected New David Michael (02) 9369 2735 Wondu Holdings Pty Ltd 23 Animal Products UMO-24A Increase autumn and winter production of goat Dr Alexander Cameron (03) 5286 1211 Monash University 25 milk UQ-95A Commercial safari hunting of Australian game - a Dr Gordon Dryden (07) 5460 1255 The University of Queensland 26 feasibility study

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1.2 New Animal Products Research in Progress Project Page No. Project Title Researcher Phone Organisation No. ABA-17A The value of Australia’s emerging agricultural Perry Smith (02) 6272 2024 Australian Bureau of Agricultural 27 industries & Resource Economics (ABARE) CSA-17A Developing a genetically improved yabby to Dr Dean Jerry (02) 6776 1322 CSIRO Livestock Industries 28 facilitate farm enterprise diversification CSA-23A Crusader – a production system for Australian Dr Sandra Eady (02) 6776 1394 CSIRO Livestock Industries 29 farmed rabbits CWT-3A Improved preservation and early stage Dr Stephen Hawkins (03) 9545 2397 CSIRO Textile and Fibre 30 processing of Australian crocodile skins Technology DAQ-287A Crocodile farming research: hatching to harvest Steve Peucker (07) 4722 2649 Department of Primary Industries 31 – Qld DAQ-300A On-farm research and pelleted feed for crocodiles Steve Peucker (07) 4722 2608 Department of Primary Industries 33 – Qld LEC-2A Assisting ongoing kangaroo market growth by John Kelly (03) 6326 8639 Lenah Consultancy 34 facilitating public industry acceptance SAR-37A On farm nutritional strategies to improve the Dr Phil Glatz (08) 8303 7786 South Australian Research and 35 profitability of ostrich farming Development Institute UF-9A Investigation of the effects of different tannages Dr Christine Lunam (08) 8204 4704 Flinders University of South 36 on tissue structure and physical correlates in Australia ostrich skin UQ-96A Sericulture: Development of a new Community- Dr John Dingle (07) 5460 1250 The University of Queensland 37 based Industry in Australia US-94A Factors that influence meat quality from Dr Peter Wynn (02) 9351 1632 The University of Sydney 38 kangaroos US-109A A genetic improvement program for farmed A/Prof Chris Moran (02) 9351 3553 The University of Sydney 39 saltwater crocodiles UWA-66A Dairy products and farming techniques for the Dr Roberta Bencini (08) 9380 2521 University of Western Australia 40 sheep milking industry UWA-71A Development of reproductive technology and A/Prof Graeme Martin (08) 9380 2528 University of Western Australia 41 fertility assessment for the emu and ostrich farming (Continuing project UWA-52A) WHP-6A Adding value along the new animal products David Michael (02) 9369 2735 Wondu Holdings Pty Limited 42 supply chain WMI-2A Production implications of trace element Prof Grahame Webb (08) 8922 4500 Wildlife Management 43 concentrations in crocodile eggs and tissues International Pty Ltd WMI-3A Captive breeding and marketing of turtles Prof Grahame Webb (08) 8922 4500 Wildlife Management 44 International Pty Ltd

1.2 New Animal Products Completed Projects

Project Title: The development of artificial insemination technology in alpacas (Lama pacos)

RIRDC Project No.: AAI-1A Researchers: Dr Jane Vaughan, Dr David Hopkins and Prof David Galloway Organisation: Alpaca Artificial Insemination Group PO Box 406 OCEAN GROVE VIC 3226 Phone: (03) 5254 3365 Fax: (03) 5254 3365 Email: [email protected]

Objectives The primary aim of the studies in this report was to develop the technology for artificial insemination in alpacas in association with acceptable pregnancy rates following AI.

Background The reproductive physiology of alpacas differs to that of other domestic animals and remains poorly understood. Males mate in sternal recumbency for approximately 20 minutes and ejaculate many times during this period. Each ejaculate consists of low volume, high viscosity semen containing a low sperm concentration. The fertility of alpaca males declines with increasing numbers of consecutive matings. Gestation length is about 11.5 months, twins are rare and males reach puberty from 1 to 3 years of age. Generation intervals are relatively long because males are slow to sexually mature and females exhibit an extended gestation, so conventional breeding results in slower genetic gain in comparison to other fibre-producing domestic species such as sheep and goats. Research The project was broken down into 5 steps: Consistent and reliable collection of semen, characterisation of semen to allow selection of suitable ejaculates for preservation, chilling of alpaca semen, freezing of alpaca semen and artificial insemination of females.

Outcomes Consistent and reliable collection of alpaca semen was possible using a wooden mannequin covered with a tanned alpaca hide and fitted with an artificial vagina. It was possible to train both virgin and experienced alpaca males to mate with the mannequin. Components of mating behaviour were defined during the training of males and during semen collection and characteristics of semen that define an ejaculate were established. One of the most important observations made during the study was that semen quality varied considerably within and between males. Numerous diluents were mixed with semen in an attempt to prolong the life and maintain the health of sperm following collection in the artificial vagina. Extenders containing egg yolk and glycerol, and in particular Triladyl® (Minitub, Germany), proved the most effective extenders for chilled semen up to 48 hours. Immediate post-thaw activity of sperm was approximately 20 to 40 % when either the Green/Clear camel buffer (IMV International Corporation, USA) or Biladyl A/B (Minitub, Germany) was used as extender for freezing semen. Transcervical deposition of semen into the tip of the uterine horn ipsilateral to the ovary bearing the dominant follicle proved to be a simple and efficient technique for artificial insemination. No pregnancies were achieved using transcervical, intrauterine AI of chilled or frozen-thawed semen.

Implications Data collected during the project will assist breeders and veterinarians in the Australian alpaca industry to select sound sires through evaluation of breeding behaviour and semen characteristics. It is anticipated that this same information will assist with the selection of males with semen that is suitable for chilling and/or freezing. Semen characteristics need to be further defined in relation to age, season and nutritional status and testicular size. The knowledge gained about collection, characterisation, preservation and insemination of alpaca semen will hasten the availability of artificial insemination services in alpacas. This will benefit the Australian alpaca industry with more efficient utilisation of genetically superior males and faster dissemination of improved genotypes throughout the national herd.

Publications Vaughan JL, Hopkins DA, Galloway DB. RIRDC alpaca artificial insemination project. Proceedings of the Australian Camelid Veterinary Association Conference 2002; 55-61. Vaughan JL, Galloway DB, Hopkins DA. RIRDC alpaca artificial insemination project – the story so far. Proceedings of the Australian Alpaca Industry National Conference 2002; 9-16

Project Title: Kangaroo Specification and Selected Meat Cuts

RIRDC Project No.: AM-7A Researcher: Peter Evans Organisation: AUS-MEAT Limited PO Box 3175 SOUTH BRISBANE DC QLD 4101 Phone: (07) 3247 7200 Fax: (07) 3247 7222 Email: [email protected]

Objectives To review, research and communicate with the Kangaroo Industry operators to revise and develop the next edition of the Kangaroo Specification for a selected Meat Cuts publication.

Background The first edition of Kangaroo – Specifications and Selected Meat Cuts was produced by AUS-MEAT for the Kangaroo industry and RIRDC in 1998. This publication was produced to further increase marketing opportunities. The use of the manual, nationally and internationally, has been extensive and trading negotiations and sales have been improved.

The industry recognised the need to update the first edition to further increase marketing opportunities.

Outcomes In collaboration with industry a manual has been produced containing updated information on meat cuts specifications, nutritional composition and cooking guides.

The interest, support and input of the Kangaroo Association of Australia is acknowledged in a manual well produced and presented by AUS-MEAT.

Implications Industry now has an improved manual that will further assist in marketing of kangaroo meat for human consumption in Australia and other countries.

Publications Kangaroo Specification and Selected Meat Cuts – published by AUS-MEAT Limited (Aug. 2002).

Project Title: Buffalo Specification and Selected Meat Cuts

RIRDC Project No.: AM-9A Researcher: Peter Evans Organisation: AUS-MEAT Limited PO Box 3175 SOUTH BRISBANE DC QLD 4101 Phone: (07) 3247 7200 Fax: (07) 3247 7222 Email: [email protected]

Objectives Review, Research and communicate with the Australian Buffalo Industry Council to develop a Buffalo publication for selected meat cuts and information.

Background The Buffalo Industry recognised the need to develop a manual of meat specifications to further increase trading and marketing opportunities. Over recent years RIRDC has funded manuals for a range of new animal industries – kangaroo, crocodile, ostrich and camel. Most of these have been produced in a very professional manner by AUS- MEAT.

Outcomes A manual has been produced containing information on tenderbuff buffalo primal cuts, further processed products, fancy meat and packaging. Nutritional composition of the meat, cooking recommendations and comments on the future of buffalo meat are included in the publication.

Implications The manual will become the basis of much of the future negotiations and trading of buffalo meat consumed in Australia and for exported buffalo that are processed overseas (eg Brunei – average of 2,500 exported live over last 3 years).

Publications Australian Water Buffalo: Selected Meat Cuts and Information – published by AUS- MEAT Limited (Aug. 2002)

Project Title: A report on the potential for establishment of an Angora rabbit industry in Australia

RIRDC Project No.: CSA-19A Researcher: Dr Anthony (Tony) Charles Schlink Organisation: CSIRO Livestock Industries Phone: (08) 9333 6628 Fax: (08) 9387 8991 Email: [email protected]

Objectives The objective of this project is to report on the potential for production of Angora rabbit fibre in Australia. This report will identify the limitations to production, any potential advantages for an Australian based industry and quantify current demand and prices both locally and internationally.

Background Declining terms of trade for rural commodities in Australia generates a requirement for increased productivity and risk spreading strategies such as diversification of incomes streams in mixed farming enterprises.

The opportunity exists to diversity animal fibre production into Angora fibre production. Given recent changes to State government regulations governing rabbit farming in Australia there is an opportunity to draw on Australia’s expertise in animal fibre production to enter the Angora fibre industry.

Research The information on which this report is based was gathered from study of French and Chinese Angora industries, as well as, from past and present operator’s in the embryo Australian Angora industry.

Published literature was reviewed to support the information gained from the Angora industry.

Outcomes In the last two decades Australia attempted a number of times to start an Angora fibre industry. The current attempt is in the animal building phase of the industry. This most recent attempt is based on French Angora rabbits.

There are no animal production impediments to starting an Angora rabbit farming industry in Australia accept the ability to rapidly source livestock. There is sufficient Australian livestock expertise from fibre production and intensive animal industries to provide the skills base for Angora rabbit farming. Australia has a long established reputation as a quality animal fibre producer from other animal species.

The current international price, however, would prevent the development of an Angora fibre industry that is aimed at producing fibre for the international market. Australia has too a high labour cost structure to compete against the Chinese in the current fibre market. There is industry models in Europe based on the processing of fibre to yarn or garments by grower cooperatives. The marketing of yarn or garments maximises the return to Angora rabbit growers. The success of this value adding will depend upon the type of yarn and garments produced.

Implications Angora rabbit farming for sole operators has reasonably small building requirements and allows for the possibility of recycling existing farm building. This would allow mixed farmers to diversify into Angora fibre production with minimal capital costs. In the first instances, livestock cost are likely to be high due to limited numbers currently available in Australia.

There is likely to be a small domestic market for any products from an Angora industry and the industry must look to overseas markets to become a viable industry. Currents prices for raw fibre means that any Australian industry must look to value adding of the raw fibre to become a viable industry.

R&D funding will need to be made available in association with commercially operators to ensure the development of a commercial viable animal industry in Australia. R&D will also need to be directed towards the development of ‘novel’ products from Angora fibre to maximise the returns to any new Australian Angora industry.

Project Title: Farmed Rabbits for Growth in Australian Agriculture

RIRDC Project No.: CSU-1A Researcher: Dr Sandra Eady Organisation: CSIRO Livestock Industries Locked Bag 1 Armidale NSW 2350 Phone: (02) 6776 1394 Fax: (02) 6776 1371 Email: [email protected]

Objectives • Maximise economic returns for meat rabbit farmers by delivering a breeding program with a clearly defined goal that balances selection for traits contributing most to farm income. • Improve efficiency of rabbit breeding and management by delivering appropriate software for recording pedigree and production data, and by providing technical updates to farmers through publications and workshops. • Deliver superior breeding stock to industry by providing rabbit farmers with access to rabbits from the research project.

Background Since bans on farming rabbits were lifted in the majority of states, the industry has grown rapidly and its estimated size in 2002 is 200 farms producing 160 tonne of meat with a farm gate value of $1 million. Domestic market demand for farmed rabbit meat is strong and projections are for the industry to grow to 700 tonnes by 2005.

Research The prime activity of the project was to develop a breeding program for meat rabbits using advanced genetic technologies with a strong emphasis on improving traits related to enterprise profitability. This involved developing a breeding objective for the meat rabbit industry, evaluating the currently available breeds and some of their crosses, designing the structure of a breeding program, implementing the program and providing performance tested improved breeding stock for use in the industry.

Outcomes The Crusader breeding objective is for maximised profit. Animals are ranked on a selection indeed to identify superior individuals for breeding. The index is a combination of estimated breeding values (EBVs) for number of kittens weaned per litter and average daily liveweight gain.

Index ($/doe/year) = (Number Weaned EBV x $33.71) + (Average Daily Gain EBV x $10.61)

The breed evaluation showed that New Zealand White rabbits were the best purebred but some crosses were also good. Therefore, the decision was made to include all rabbits in the base population, regardless of breed, so that genetic variation was maximised and the very best rabbits chosen. Response to selection has been encouraging with about a 10% increase in average daily growth rate and a 5% increase in number of kittens weaned. There also has been an accompanying improvement in individual liveweight of rabbits at 10 weeks of age and in number of kittens born alive per litter. The trend in estimated breeding values indicates that improvements can be attributed in part to genetic gain but there has also been a corresponding improvement in rabbit management and husbandry. Results from

Crusader have been transferred to the industry though a wide range of avenues. Sales of breeding stock to industry commenced in September 2001 and to date in excess of 200 high index performance-tested animals have been purchased by rabbit farmers. The project has hosted two field days at the FD McMaster Laboratory and held a series of workshops across a number of states. The Crusader web page (www.csiro.au/crusader) is heavily used by both farmers and the general public, recording more than 400 hits per month. Media and general public interest in the project has been very strong with project staff contributing to over 75 radio, television and print items over the three years and handling in excess of 500 general enquiries.

Implications The meat rabbit industry in Australia has grown considerably over the life of the Crusader project, from production of 106 tonnes of meat in 1999 to an estimated 159 tonnes in 2001. The industry is now a national one with farmers in most states, and there is strong product demand from urban centres in general. There is a clear need for ongoing support for both research and industry development. It is vital that the breeding program continue at this stage given the investment in establishing the facilities, setting up selection procedures and establishing the Crusader brand name. Future research should move to a production system focus with emphasis on improving key profit drivers for meat rabbit production. The meat rabbit industry has identified individual areas of work within this framework that are of high priority. These include management of disease, improved survival of kittens and growers, providing optimum nutrition, and benchmarking performance. New research and development activities should aim to deliver information systems, feed formulations and improved genotypes to optimise productivity and profit.

Publications Eady, S.J. and Prayaga, K.C. (2000). Rabbit farming for meat production in Australia: Profitability in the industry and economic values for production traits. Proceedings of the 7th World Rabbit Congress 7: A361-367. Prayaga, K.C. and Eady, S.J. (2000). Rabbit farming for meat production in Australia: Preliminary estimates of economic values for production traits. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 13 : Suppl., p357-359 , 8 ref. Prayaga, K.C. and Eady, S.J. (2001). Factors affecting litter size and birth weight in rabbits. Proceedings of the Association for the Advancement of Animal Breeding and Genetics 14: 59-62. Prayaga, K.C. and Eady, S.J. (2002). Performance of purebred and crossbred rabbits in Australia: Doe reproductive and pre-weaning litter traits. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 53: 993-1001. Prayaga, K.C. and Eady, S.J. (2002). Performance of purebred and crossbred rabbits in Australia: Individual growth and slaughter traits. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 54: 159-166.

Markets for Skins/Leather- Emerging Animal Industries: Goat, Project Title: Emu, Ostrich, Crocodile & Camel

RIRDC Project No.: DAQ-258A Researcher: Bronwyn Warfield Organisation: Rural Market Development Department of Primary Industries Queensland PO Box 102 Toowoomba 4350 Phone: (07) 4688 1251 Fax: (07) 4688 1808 Email: [email protected]

Objectives To provide Australian industry with a clear understanding of the market requirements and export opportunities in skin products of goat, emu, ostrich, crocodile and camel.

Background In 1999, many of the skins and leathers from these emerging animal industries were being dumped or sold at very low prices. A need was identified to better understand the markets for them and determine how to improve the competitiveness of these industries. The project was undertaken in partnership with industry and guided by a committee that included representatives from each of the five industries.

Research The report includes an overview of the characteristics and supply capabilities for each of the skins, and of the world market in which these industries operate. Detailed in-market research was conducted in Italy, France, Japan, China and the United States to determine market requirements and gain feedback on Australian skins and leather.

Outcomes The report includes a list of recommendations for each skin outlining the future research and market development directions that need to be taken to capitalise on the market findings. Case studies are presented which document feedback from along the supply chain and provide insight into what producers and tanneries need to do to improve their quality and therefore market success.

Implications The report provides insight into the market drivers, market characteristics, and the issues that need to be addressed to increase industry viability. This market knowledge will enable businesses in these industries to better meet customer needs and identify the factors critical to successful market development.

Publications MacNamara, K., Nicholas, P., Murphy, D., Riedel, E., Goulding, B., Horsburgh, C., Whiting, T. & Warfield, B. 2001, Markets for Skins/Leather - Emerging Animal Industries: Goat, Emu, Ostrich, Crocodile & Camel, Rural Industries Research & Development Corporation, Canberra.

Project Title: Identification & development of opportunities for exporting game birds

RIRDC Project No.: DAQ-272A Researcher: Alison Leech, Prue Shannon, Paul Kent, Geof Runge, and Bronwyn Warfield Organisation: Queensland Department of Primary Industries Phone: (07) 4688 1251 Fax: (07) 4688 1808 Email: [email protected]

Objectives • To understand and document the export market opportunities for game birds • To identify the Australian industry’s supply capabilities in terms of production and processing for export markets • To support commercial industry partners to develop export market opportunities and develop overseas supply chains

Background The game bird industry is presently valued at approximately $57.5 million dollars with production of around 12.2 million birds per year. Victoria, New South Wales and Tasmania are the largest game bird producing states in Australia. Eight game bird industries have been investigated through this project including quail, squab, geese, guinea fowl, pheasant, partridge, duck and turkey. The industry is domestic focused with only small quantities currently exported. Beneficiaries of this research are producers, processors, distributors and exporters. Limited or no exports are occurring for the eight game bird industries under investigation. This project has not only investigated market opportunities but also identified barriers to the game bird industry becoming an export industry and identified strategies to assist the industry to become export orientated. According to a squab processor in Victoria ‘exports are needed to put a floor in the market’. Given the domestic orientation of the industry it is opportune to identify and develop export opportunities for the industry and provide direct linkages with wholesalers and retailer in overseas markets.

Research This project combines the analysis of detailed marketing information with direct involvement by producers, processors, distributors and exporters to provide direction to and enable commercial action on the research findings. The methodology followed the stages below: Stage 1 Formation of industry advisory group Stage 2 Analysis of supply capabilities & characteristics of the Australian game bird industry Stage 3 Desktop analysis of international markets for game birds Stage 4 In-market research of potential or existing export market for game birds Stage 5 Communication activities Stage 6 Support to industry reference group to act on market information

Outcomes Australian game bird products were positively recognised by a small number of overseas users and importers (Hong Kong and Singapore) who have used these products and consider them appropriate for premium foodservice segments.

There was a strong perception in researched markets that Australian game birds are able to compete against most premium imported products in high-end segments, if similar pricing and quality can be maintained.

In international terms, Australia’s history of avian related exotic disease outbreaks

has been low. Australia’s natural isolation means that repercussions of disease outbreaks are limited geographically.

Australian producers/exporters have only been willing to commit 10–15% of their total production to export markets, owing to unpredictable outbreaks of exotic disease and potential effects on cash flow.

Australian supply capabilities have been comparatively small, restricting our ability to capture immediate large-volume export opportunities compared with bigger overseas competitors such as USA and France.

Factors such as the high cost of export-accredited facilities have been a disincentive to potential exporters, so the Australian game bird industry is primarily domestic focused.

Except for the major game bird users in high-end food-service markets in Hong Kong and Singapore, there was limited overseas awareness of Australia as a producer of game birds.

As part of this project a trade booth was organized to profile Australian game birds in Singapore at Food and Hotel Asia. This activity assisted with the commercial export of a range of game birds to this market.

Implications The major issues that impact on Australia’s game bird industry have been highlighted and four key areas have been identified in relation to future development within this industry.

Export development activities Australia is not widely acknowledged within the countries investigated as a supplier of game bird products. A key reason identified was a lack of aggressive promotion on behalf of Australian exporters to profile the capabilities of the industry. Participating in regional food trade shows, as well as working with in-market users to promote Australian game bird products, was frequently suggested through interviews as a way of overcoming this passive marketing approach. For instance by targeting non- European chefs, combining with other Australian products (e.g. wine) for marketing purposes, and holding cooking promotions during peak times such as Christmas, awareness of Australian game birds can be improved.

Trade shows not only present the platform to profile industry capabilities but also enable Australian exporters to network with key international and local food-service market representatives (i.e. importers, distributors, chefs, catering providers). In April 2002, representatives from Australian industry and the Queensland Department of Primary Industries participated in the trade show ‘Food and Hotel Asia’ in Singapore. The Australian Game Bird trade booth gave these representatives the opportunity to display and discuss the attributes of commercially available products and convey industry capabilities, as well as gauge acceptance levels, and acquire an understanding of preferences and opportunities within each market sector.

Competitor assessment This research has highlighted the need to understand the capabilities of our competitors, such as Europe and the USA, within the researched target markets. This is necessary if industry is to understand and identify market strategies with a view to building competitive advantage. This is also important to confirm in-market feedback, which suggests that there are clear differences between farmed Australian and traditional European products. Study tours to these competitor countries are recommended. Ideally, such industry visits would focus on game bird production, traditional farming practices and marketing and exporting systems.

Industry network development Project findings have identified a real need for vertical integration within the Australian game bird industry. Collaboration promotes increased consistency of supply, information sharing (production, marketing, exporting knowledge) and access to common export facilities. More importantly, it demonstrates to government agencies a commitment to long-term industry development.

Forums such as annual industry conferences present ideal opportunities for industry to engage in networking and information-sharing activities. Presentations from international representatives further increase information transfer to industry, particularly to members unable to undertake visits overseas. It also presents a platform for industry members to identify strategies and develop ownership of future research activities and outcomes. A strong presence will be beneficial in developing a close relationship with government representatives, and can influence industry stance in future policy making.

Exotic disease outbreak management Explore the applicability of establishing permanent zoning (states) and regionalisation within a State as an effective way to manage exotic disease outbreaks with minimum disruption to the export of poultry or game bird products. Industry feedback also suggests that a compulsory vaccination program for Newcastle Disease should be further explored to reduce the occurrence of an outbreak.

Publications Final Report – “Identification & development of opportunities for exporting game birds

Project Title: Distribution of meat products for prospective Australian animal industries (PAAI)

RIRDC Project No.: DAQ-278A Researcher: Jacquie Bodger and Brendan Goulding Organisation: Department of Primary Industries Phone: (07) 3239 3307 Fax: (07) 3221 3896 Email: [email protected]

Objectives • To analyse, present, and recommend strategies for the future distribution of meat products from prospective Australian animal industries (PAAI), specifically crocodiles, emus, game birds, rabbits, hares, and snails within the Australian domestic market. Specific project objectives include: • Description of current methods of distributing PAAI meats from processing works to the customer • To analyse the methods by a SWOT or similar technique • To identify and assess present R&D that is aimed at producing innovative methods for the future • To determine the key strategic implications from the project • To recommend to RIRDC future R&D

Background The RIRDC’s charter of R&D activities covers production, processing, storage, transport and marketing. There had been a relatively small proportion of funding invested in distribution of products from processing and storage to purchase by customers. The objective was to research these areas for the crocodile, emu, game birds, rabbits, hares, and snail industries

Research The background to each industry was researched and supply chains identified. Two contrasting case studies, in different regions of Australia, representing each link in the chain were identified for crocodiles and emus; rabbits and hares. Five case studies were completed for game birds, including duck, quail, pheasant, squab and wild pigeon. Only one producer of snails could be identified. These case studies were analysed by means of a SWOT analysis and recommendations made as to future research and opportunities for these industries.

Outcomes The research not only provided insights into current distribution practices, but also identified issues that could impede the function of the distribution of meat products through the supply chain from the producer and processor through to consumers.

The research also identified industry wide issues, which had an impact upon the development of the industries for each species.

In an attempt to address some of the issues identified, recommendations were proposed to assist the distribution of meat products and the development of the industries for each species.

Implications Scientific research is required to confirm the opportunities for by-products from some of the animal industries in the study to take advantage of new and emerging nutriceutical markets.

In addition, there is an opportunity for supply chain work to be instigated to encourage better sharing of information between members of the chain and improve cohesiveness in these small industries.

Project Title New value added products of selected new and emerging meats destined for various domestic and export markets

RIRDC Project No.: DAV-182A Researcher: Joanne Bobbitt Organisation: Department of Primary Industries (Vic) 475 Mickleham Road ATTWOOD VIC 3049 Phone: (03) 9217 4334 Fax: (03) 9217 4111 Email: [email protected]

Objectives • Develop one new product for each of buffalo, kangaroo, emu, ostrich, crocodile, camel, and rabbit. • Investigate the most appropriate packaging systems for the new and emerging meat industries, eg. Vacuum packaging, modified atmosphere packaging, frozen or fresh aerobic storage • Identify most appropriate cuts for value added products • Validate safety and shelf life of those products. Assess acceptance of such products into the market place • Send at least one trial consignment of each product to a potential market for evaluation

Background People’s lifestyles have changed dramatically in recent times. From spending many hours in the kitchen preparing meals, they now expect meals to be presented at the table within 30 minutes. There is a huge opportunity for any industry to tap into the pre-prepared food market, in the form of supermarket retail ready packs complete with garnishes and condiments. These niche markets exist not only in Australia but also in Asian countries where ex-patriots frequent exclusive supermarket chains. Value added retail-ready products have proven successful with lamb and chicken products and so paves the way for new and emerging meats. It is critical that the development of products like these includes the maintenance of food safety and a reliably defined shelf life.

Research One new value added product was developed for each of buffalo, kangaroo, emu, ostrich, crocodile, camel, and rabbit meat. As part of the development of these products the microbiological safety and shelf-life was validated, and the acceptance of the products was assessed by consumer tasting and accessing the market place.

Outcomes The prototypes developed and evaluated, both by an untrained consumer taste panel and by microbiological analysis, were • Crocodile with Tandoori Masala • Kangaroo with Madras Curry • Rabbit with Lemon Myrtle and Chilli • Ostrich with Smokey Mountain BBQ Pepper • Buffalo with Smokey Mountain BBQ Pepper • Emu with Native Mint and Mustard • Camel with Winzersteak. All products achieved at least a one week storage life at 4°C under either vacuum or 100% carbon dioxide gas flushed packaging.

Implications There are opportunities for industry to explore the Singapore food service sector as a potential marketplace for the products developed in this project. Importation issues into Singapore require further investigation, though there is the opportunity for industry to introduce these products into Singapore by way of an official launch, as has been done for Australian pork. There is also the opportunity to expand this product range to give a selection of flavours for each of the meat species exists, except for ostrich, as at least one other flavour/meat combination is available for industry to assess. These, as yet unexplored, products are • Buffalo coated with Bush tomato salsa glaze • Buffalo coated with Buffalo encapsulated coating • Camel coated with Native mint and mustard coating • Camel with Native pepper leaf seasoning • Crocodile coated with Native mint and mango glaze • Crocodile coated with Wild lime, honey ginger and chilli glaze • Crocodile coated with Lemon myrtle and chilli glaze • Emu coated with Wild lime, honey ginger and chilli glaze • Emu with Cajun seasoning • Kangaroo coated with Wattleseed and garlic glaze • Kangaroo with Native pepper leaf seasoning • Rabbit coated with Bush tomato salsa glaze.

Publications Bobbitt, J., Hasse, D., Isaac, J., Kondekas, N., Golubovic, S. (2002) Shelf life of vacuum packaged Australian ostrich meat. Proceedings of the 11th Australian Food Microbiology Conference (poster and abstract)Noosaville, Qld. Hasse, D., Gordon, G., Kondekas, N., Isaac, J., Golubovic, S. (2002) The microbiological assessment of commercially forumulated coatings for alternate meats. Proceedings of the 11th Australian Food Microbiology Conference (poster and abstract) Noosaville, Qld.

Project Title: Improved breeding in dairy goats and milking sheep

RIRDC Project No.: DRL-1A Researcher: David Lindsay, James Skerritt Organisation: David Lindsay 8 Cross St., Shenton Park WA 6008 Phone: (08) 9381 3423 Fax: (08) 6380 1893 Email: [email protected]

Objectives To develop a national breeding plan for the Australian dairy goat and milking sheep industries

Background Both the dairy got and milking sheep industries identified the lack of systematic breeding plans as major impediments to the commercial development of the milking sheep and goat industries. This project was to develop such a plan

Research The project was developed in three stages with progress reports after each stage The first reported on the perceptions and requirements of the industries in Australia (October 2001). The second dealt with the ways in which breeders in other countries organise their genetic programs (April, 2002). Based to a large extent on these first two reports , the third (July 2002) set out a framework for a national breeding scheme. It was not prescriptive, as many of the options required careful deliberation by those members of the industry who would be implementing the program or affected by its decisions. RIRDC convened two national workshops, one for each industry in September 2002, with as many industry members as possible to work through the issues and get breeding plans under way for both industries.

Outcomes The dairy goat and milking sheep industries have formed steering committees preparatory to electing Boards and appointing a coordinator to supervise their respective national schemes. The breeding objectives and selection criteria have been decided and genetic service providers and a milk analysis laboratory are being sought.

Implications Present indications are that national plans including herd/flock recording of milk production and pedigrees will be in operation within 12 months

Publications No scientific publications. Three interim reports to RIRDC.

Project Title: Buffalo Industry Development Specialist

RIRDC Project No.: KDO-1A Researcher: Kevin Doyle Phone: (02) 6681 5377 Fax: (02) 6681 5388 Email: [email protected]

Objectives • Liaise with Australian Buffalo Industry Board Members. • Facilitate Market Development of Buffalo meat. • Identify value added opportunities. • Set up national database on wholesale and retail buffalo meat outlets. • Collate national statistics on the industry. • Arrange and conduct two teleconferences and the AGM each year.

Background The Buffalo Industry has been operating for some time and now have introduced Riverine genetics to the swamp buffalo. This crossbreeding has shown an increase in growth rates of 40% in first cross animals. This allows animals to be slaughtered at an early age so cuts of meat are tenderer. The Industry have a registered product name of Tender Buff and Quality Assurance Program. The numbers of animals have increased for small producers with limited market outlets

Research To locate markets in the southern states for Tender Buff Specifications for high profile restaurants so as to increase the profile of Buffalo and promote it’s nutritional values. Also to identify smallgoods manufacturing for trim product. Drought conditions made statistics on herd numbers difficult.

Outcomes In the past and presently the supply of good buffalo following the Tender buff specifications have proven to be successful in the Northern Territory at large hotels and butcher shops. High profile restaurants have been targeted in Melbourne through a wholesale outlet for game meat. This development is only early days and we do not have feedback as to date. Trim product has been very successful as mince, sausage, pies, and a number of value added products such as kabana, salami, and smoked product. Teleconferencing has proven a good source of information gathering from each state.

Implications If the specification for Tender Buff is followed with high profile advertising the demand for buffalo will increase.(eg. Internet, Television)

Project Title: Increasing markets for kangaroo products by improving kangaroo industry image

RIRDC Project No.: LEC-1A Researcher: John Kelly Organisation: Lenah Consultancy Phone: (03) 6326 8639 Fax: (03) 6326 2790 Email: [email protected]

Objectives To improve consumer acceptance of kangaroo products by further improving the public image of the kangaroo industry.

Background The kangaroo industry is one of the few industries in the country which spends the bulk of its promotional budget on simply defending what it does, rather than promoting product. The industry comes under regular and heated attack from radical vegetarians preying on the fact that it utilises iconic wildlife. Thus the industry has an ongoing and strong need to improve its image in the general public and defend itself against such attacks.

Research This project focused on: 1) Generating positive media coverage on the kangaroo industry 2) Informing the Australian government and environmental academic community of the responsible and ethical nature of the kangaroo industry. 3) Facilitating incorporation of kangaroo industry information into environmental management curricula in Australian tertiary training.

Outcomes The project generated in excess of one piece of positive mainstream media coverage on the kangaroo industry for every week of the projects duration. Considerable efforts were also devoted towards defending the industry in several campaigns mounted by radical anti kangaroo industry groups during the projects duration.

It also produced 12 industry newsletters giving extensive information on the sustainable and responsible nature of the industry to the government and academic community. In addition the resources the project generated have assisted considerable use of the kangaroo industry as a model of sustainable wildlife utilisation in tertiary training.

Implications It appears that during the course of the project public and government support for the kangaroo industry within Australia has improved considerably. Evidence is available that this has assisted domestic kangaroo meat market development. The kangaroo industry should ensure that there are ongoing resources to promote the industry as environmentally sustainable, responsible and wise.

Project Title: Kangaroo Pet Meat Survey

RIRDC Project No.: PAC-2A Researcher: Trevor Cook Organisation: PacALLIANCE (Australia) Pty Ltd. Phone: (02) 9943 6226 Fax: (02) 9440 2257 Email: [email protected]

Objectives To understand the attitudes of Vets and Breeders around Australia to the value of fresh kangaroo meat in a pet’s (dog and cat) diet. To obtain an indication of their willingness to recommend fresh kangaroo meat to pet owners. To get an indication of the type of support material they see as necessary or beneficial for them to make such recommendations

Background An earlier RIRDC project PAC-1A(Report of the Scoping Exercise into the Impediments Facing the Kangaroo Pet Meat Sector) identified the value of the accepted experts (Vets and Breeders) in informing public opinion regarding the benefits of fresh meat in a pet’s diet, particularly given the weight of publicity from the major pet food manufacturers for dry or canned product.

Research A representative sample of 100 vets and 20 breeders (10 dog and 10 cat) was drawn from all mainland States and interviewed. In addition members of the industry, vet dermatologists and retailers were interviewed. Secondary data from previous research and reports was sought on both the market size, consumer attitudes and opinions regarding pet diet.

Outcomes Vets and breeders largely support the claims of the pet food manufacturers that processed products, particularly dry food, provide the necessary dietary requirements. This attitude is further endorsed by the fact that the majority also sell those products. Also a recent Australian Consumers Association report supports that opinion.

There is general agreement that pets benefit from fresh product - in the form of bones (as compared to lean meat).

There is a quite high level of interest in kangaroo meat as a product for animals with dietary intolerance and for those requiring a lower fat diet. There is also quite a high level of interest in obtaining more information on the facts surrounding the value of kangaroo meat in a pet’s diet and on the operation of the industry as a whole.

Implications It is unlikely that vets or breeders will actively endorse fresh kangaroo meat as an alternative (even on an occasional basis) to dry or canned pet food in a regular diet.

However given the widely acknowledged special dietary application for kangaroo meat, the opportunity appears to exist to develop a Public Relations campaign to promote that unique, special value of kangaroo meat, thereby lifting the overall public image of the product from it’s current low level.

Any improvement in the public image of the product must be advantageous particularly in the face of the strong anti-kangaroo management program lobby and the heavy promotion by the pet food manufacturers.

Project Title: Dairy Goat Farming Practices – for Specialty Cheese & Other Products

RIRDC Project No.: PTP-11A Researcher: Arthur Stubbs Gaille Abud Organisation: Primary Tasks Pty Ltd Unit 58, Level 2, 247-255 Drummond Street 395 Flat Rock Road CARLTON, VIC. 3053 HURSTBRIDGE VIC. 3099 Phone: (03) 9844 1135 (03) 9718 2041 Fax: (03) 9844 4554 (03) 9718 2041 Email: [email protected] [email protected]

Objectives Definition and demonstration of best practice procedures on-farm in feeding, health and mating management to achieve consistent quantity and quality of supply of goat milk at minimum cost for specialty cheese making. Background Phase 1 of this project (PTP-8A) revealed that there was a dearth of information on the effects on dairy goat productivity of various approaches to feeding, goat health, and mating. Also revealed was a lack of reliable market data for the specialty goat cheese sector. There was a need to provide on-farm demonstration and measurement of the effects of management practices. This had to be complemented by extension of the information gained, provision of benchmarks to farmers through the survey technique, and more specific market information to ensure stable and sound growth of the industry.

Research Components of the project included: Establishment of focus farms to monitor and demonstrate farm management practices; Development of a computerised farm recording system for ease of data collection and analysis; Sourcing and updating technical information; Farm performance surveys to provide industry benchmarks; Market surveys to gather data on production, sales, imports and user opinions; Industry development and co-ordination through liaison and meetings; and an Overseas study tour to examine a mature dairy goat industry.

Outcomes Focus farms and farm surveys have identified effective farm management practices and benchmarks. A pilot version of a specific dairy goat farm computer program has been produced. A technical manual of “Dairy Goat Notes” has been compiled for reference. Market information has provided a picture of the trade and of user preferences. An industry representative organisation has been formed. The overseas study tour has yielded valuable lessons for Australia. Implications The results of the project give dairy goat farmers guidelines for efficient production and will potentially benefit the industry through economical and consistent supply of milk for cheese and other products. Other benefits will include: improved milk, cheese and other product quality ensuring satisfaction of market demands for uniformity and reliability of product; improved export and import competitiveness; and co-ordination of stakeholders to assist development of an autonomous and sustainable dairy goat industry.

Project Title: Husbandry and genetic strategies to improve hide quality of ostriches

RIRDC Project No.: SAR-27A Researcher: Dr Phil Glatz Organisation: South Australian Research and Development Institute Phone: (08) 8303 7786 Fax: (08) 8303 7689 Email: [email protected]

Objectives • Evaluate genetic selection as a tool for improving hide quality through reducing the prevalence of filoplumes and associated pinhole defects. • Assess declawing of ostriches as a husbandry strategy to improve hide quality and examine the effects of declawing on walking ability and general behaviour of ostriches. • Establish if declawing can be justified as a husbandry practice to prevent its potential abuse. • To improve the welfare of farmed ostriches, worker safety and economic returns by declawing ostriches.

Background Currently in Australia only 10% of ostrich hides are achieving a good standard, because of the high incidence of skin damage. The main reason for the poor quality of hides is the presence of pinholes caused by filoplumes. Pinholes in hides decrease the value of ostrich skins, which is one of the main products from ostrich farming. Downgrading of hides also results from the presence of small scars. These are caused by ostrich claws and from skin abrasions caused by objects in the environment. In other bird species declawing can reduce skin lesions caused by claws. However there is a welfare concern with declawing. It may cause persistent pain and result in a change to normal behavioural patterns.

Research This project examined the effect of declawing on ostrich behaviour. Declawing reduced some of the chick ostrich behaviours that cause skin damage. In 12-month- old ostriches there were no major differences in behaviour detected between declawed and control birds. There was, however, an increase in the incidence of slipping observed in declawed birds. Despite this, the behavioural evidence suggests that declawing does not compromise the welfare of yearling ostriches. Farm have reported a 25% improvement in quality of skins from declawed birds.

Outcomes It is recommended that declawing of ostriches be included in the Ostrich Code of Practice. Using the practice will reduce the injuries inflicted by ostriches on each other and improve hide quality.

Implications Declawing of ostriches can improve skin quality by 25%

Publications Glatz, P.C. (2001). Effect of declawing on behaviour of ostrich chicks. Proceedings of the 6th European Symposium on Poultry Welfare, Zollikofen, pp 302-304

Project Title: Performance Benchmarks for Selected New Animal Products

RIRDC Project No.: WHP-2A Researcher: David Michael Organisation: Wondu Holdings Pty Limited Phone: (02) 9369 2735 Fax: (02) 9369 2737 Email: [email protected] Objectives To improve business management and growth in productivity from new animal product enterprises through the derivation of relevant data and application of information through effective decision making aids and extension networks. Background There is growing demand from agricultural enterprises for improved information about economic and technical performance of comparable enterprises and decision- making frameworks for using the information. Access to improved information about management practices associated with higher performance is expected to improve understanding about enterprise productivity, profitability and viability. The new animal industries are typically small and this leads to a lack of servicing in terms of farm management information and advice, hence a case for support for benchmarking. Research At the start of the study an Inception Report was produced to help the design of an effective benchmarking program. Data on management practices were then collected from the following industries: emu production; ostrich production; ostrich processing; alpaca production; buffalo production; rabbit production; duck processing; crocodile production and processing; yabby production; and squab production. The data were collected over three financial years from 1999 to 2001 and was organised into four main sections: marketing, innovation, technical detail on operations, and financial outcomes. Comprehensive tables of the management practices were produced for each industry. A decision-making framework was prepared to facilitate understanding of benchmarking data and application to individual farm and processing situations.

Outcomes There is significant variation between the practices and performance of respondents. This reflects variation in a number of variables. In some industries (e.g. crocodile production, ostrich processing and duck processing) there was a high level of specialisation, while in others (e.g. squab, emu, yabby and buffalo production) the enterprise accounted for a small share of total business income. But it was relevant to note that in all industries there were a few good operators making competitive returns to their investments. There were three recurring problems observed: weak information systems; inadequate knowledge and control of feeding management; and poor labour productivity. Profitable operators tended to have good practices in these three areas. In addition, they tended to score highly on innovation and marketing.

Implications Effective management information systems are a basic requirement for the new animal industries, especially those that rely on intensive feeding practices, which in turn often means relatively high labour input. Further research could be undertaken to encourage the adoption of effective information management systems, improve feeding practices and take on better labour management practices. In addition, the presence of a few good operators in all industries suggests there might be gains in gathering a selection of firms from these industries to act as demonstration enterprises.

Publications Inception Report for the Study of Performance Benchmarks for Selected New Animal Products Emu and Ostrich Production Benchmarks – RIRDC Report No 00/136 Ostrich Processing Benchmarks Alpaca, Buffalo and Rabbit Production and Duck Processing – RIRDC Report No 01/113 Crocodile, Squab and Yabby Production - RIRDC Report No 02/113

Project Title: Increase autumn and winter production of goat milk

RIRDC Project No.: UMO-24A Researcher: Dr Alexander Cameron Organisation: Monash University Phone: (03) 5286 1211 Fax: (03) 5286 1552 Email: [email protected]

Objectives To increase the production of goat milk in autumn and winter by increasing the proportion of the herd that commence lactation in autumn

Background Goat milk manufactures with the highest profit margin have short shelf lives necessitating a relatively constant supply of milk. Unfortunately, goat milk production is seasonal, being greatest in spring and summer, then declining to a nadir in winter. Given adequate nutrition, this seasonal pattern of milk production is a direct reflection of the seasonal pattern of reproduction in goats, as they normally commence regular oestrous cycles in autumn, and thus kid in late winter and early spring.

The objective of this project was to develop management options for advancing the breeding season of goats.

Research The duration of the breeding season in late winter and early spring was defined. Artificial insemination was used in attempt to overcome the relative infertility of bucks in spring. Melatonin implants were used to advance the breeding season of bucks and does.

Outcomes Does were found to continue cycling into early September, when oestrus abruptly ceased. Pregnancy rates in September were low, because the bucks were relatively infertile. Artificial insemination generally gave low pregnancy rates, but was of similar effectiveness in autumn and spring, indicating that low pregnancy rates when ovulation is induced in spring is a consequence of relatively infertile males. Stimulating bucks by exposing them to lighting for 2 months in winter, and the administering 2 sequential melatonin implants increased the pregnancy rates of does that were joined to in December. Melatonin advanced the onset of the breeding season when administered as 2 sequential implants before joining in December or January. The resultant pregnancy rate was 50% for those joined in December and 92% for those joined in January.

Implications This research indicates that satisfactory pregnancy rates can be obtained in August and January, as well as in autumn. The use of these 3 joining periods should spread kidding dates sufficiently to permit relatively uniform year round milk production.

Project Title: Commercial safari hunting of Australian game - a feasibility study – Part 1

RIRDC Project No.: UQ-95A Researcher: Gordon Dryden and Stephen Craig-Smith Organisation: University of Queensland Phone: (07) 5460 1255 Fax: (07) 5460 1444 Email: [email protected]

Objectives To improve the viability of the Australian tourism industry by investigating the feasibility of further commercially exploiting Australian feral game animals for ecotourism and commercial recreational hunting, and by supplying case studies, and developing principles and guidelines for effective exploitation.

Background Safari hunting, with camera or gun, is well established in many parts of the world. Trophy fees, licenses, and expenditure on ancillary services earn the industry and governments millions of dollars annually. Revenue is used for wildlife restoration and management, law enforcement, research and education. Trophy hunting is an additional revenue stream for graziers. Australia’s feral animals (deer, buffalo, pigs, etc.) are often considered pests, and are not classified in any CITES Appendix. They constitute a pool of animals on which to base an Australian commercial safari hunting industry.

Research The project encompassed (1) a consideration of the fit of consumptive and non- consumptive safari hunting within existing rural tourism in Australia, (2) descriptions of safari and recreational hunting in South Africa, New Zealand, Canada and the United States of America, (3) a summary of the law about hunting in Australia, (4) a discussion of the nature of the debate in the community about the consumptive use of animals for recreation, (5) a description of recreational hunting, commercial safari hunting and the management of wild exotic animals for hunting in Australia.

Outcomes A model for the management of safari hunting has been devised, and seventeen recommendations have been made for the further development of the commercial safari hunting industry in Australia.

Implications Further development of the industry in Australia, provided that this is done ethically and responsibly, should provide a valuable income stream for graziers and those who are involved in outdoor tourism, and help to further develop rural tourism in country regions.

Publications Report submitted to RIRDC New Animal Products program.

1.2 New Animal Products Research in Progress

Project Title The value of Australia's emerging agricultural industries

RIRDC Project No.: ABA-17A Start Date: 8-Jan-02 Finish Date: 8-Jan-05 Researcher: Perry Smith Organisation: Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics (ABARE) GPO Box 1563 CANBERRA ACT 2601 Phone: (02) 6272 2024 Fax: (02) 6272 2342 Email: [email protected]

Objectives • The objective of this project is to generate a consistent set of statistics about the production, utilisation and value of those agricultural industries in Australia that are defined as 'emerging' by RIRDC (excluding the organic industry). • The deliverable will be a compendium of statistics that meets a need for basic information about emerging agricultural industries in Australia, an area that is not currently serviced by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS).

Current Progress A draft report covering production, utilisation and trade is currently in preparation and will provide a robust base for discussions with industry to finalise the statistics.

The report covers a range of plant and animal industries. The animal industries include alpacas, crocodiles, emu, deer, goats, kangaroo, ostrich and farmed rabbit. The plant industries covered include various Asian vegetables, native foods essential oils, olives, sesame and exotic tropical fruits.

The report will be finalised on completion of the industry contact phase whereby key industry personnel will be contacted in relation to production and farm gate value.

The report will be updated and expanded to cover other industries following discussions with RIRDC on completion of the first report.

Project Title Developing a genetically improved yabby to facilitate farm enterprise diversification

RIRDC Project No.: CSA-17A Start Date: 9-Jan-01 Finish Date: 9-Jan-04 Researcher: Dr Dean Jerry Organisation: CSIRO Livestock Industries Locked Bag 1 Delivery Centre ARMIDALE NSW 2350 Phone: (02) 6776 1322 Fax: (02) 6776 1333 Email: [email protected]

Objectives The outcome of this research will be a genetically improved strain of yabby which can be used to improve productivity, product quality and sustainability in commercial yabby production enterprises.

Current Progress The yabby genetic improvement program is now in its third generation of selection. Superior performing broodstock animals from populations identified by a strain comparison trial were combined to create a new “commercial” strain with growth rate being the primary selection objective. The program was initiated from the evaluation of 100 full-sibs from each of 30 families. However, poor survival of three families has reduced the total family number in the program to 27. A control line consisting of randomly bred individuals from the 30 families has also been maintained to allow assessment of genetic gain.

Following two generations of selection, significant differences in mean live weight at harvest were observed between the select and control lines (Males – Selected line 83.9 g ± 9.1, Control line 61.3 g ± 4.9; Females – Selected line 61.2 g ± 4.8, Control line 50.7 g ± 2.5). These differences represent an average response to selection in both sexes of an impressive 12% per generation and a realized heritability for growth rate of 30%. An industry advisory panel continues to have strong input into the conduct of the program and a business plan for the commercialisation of the strain is currently being undertaken.

Project Title Crusader - a production system for Australian farmed rabbits

RIRDC Project No.: CSA-23A Start Date: 8-Jan-02 Finish Date: 30-Jul-07 Researcher: Dr Sandra Eady Organisation: CSIRO Livestock Industries Private Mail Bag 1 ARMIDALE NSW 2350 Phone: (02) 6776 1394 Fax: (02) 6776 1371 Email: [email protected]

Objectives Provide R&D operations that will support profitable and sustainable Australian meat rabbit production. The focus of the project will be on identifying and implementing methods to improve key profit drivers. Individual areas of work that have been identified by industry as high priority are management of disease, improved survival of kittens and growers, providing optimum nutrition and benchmarking performance. The project will deliver information systems, feed formulations and improved genotypes to optimise productivity and profit.

Current Progress The Crusader selection program has made significant progress over the last 12 months with the average genetic merit of rabbits rising by $30 (per doe per annum) through selection for improvement in number of kittens weaned and average daily growth rate. Level of disease incidence and mortality rate have also been identified as contributing to significantly to profit. A disease trait for grower rabbits has been defined and included in the selection objective. The heritability of this trait (incidence of infection with Pasteurella/Staphylococcus) is estimated to be approximately 0.10, a low but useful level of genetic variation. A relative economic value has been estimated for this trait and it was incorporated into the Crusader Index in April 2003. The traits is favourably correlated with other traits in the index which will aid in accelerating over all productivity improvements with selection. Industry is continuing to access advances made in the Crusader rabbits with 25% of breeders in the industry now purchasing stock. An Enterprise Model to estimate gross margin has been developed and will be available for industry use in the next 3 months. It has been used to investigate the most important factors determining profit and to refine the research areas currently under investigation (kitten survival, doe productivity, grower performance). The Crusader web page (www.csiro.au/crusader) has been updated with project outcomes and continues to attract a high number of users (400/month). A number of workshops and activity days have been held with farmers and educational groups presenting results in the area of housing, nutrition, disease control, data management, breed evaluation and design of breeding programs.

Project Title Improved preservation and early stage processing of Australian crocodile skins

RIRDC Project No.: CWT-3A Start Date: 9-Jan-02 Finish Date: 9-Jan-04 Researcher: Dr Stephen Hawkins Organisation: CSIRO Textile and Fibre Technology Leather Research Centre Locked Bag 10 CLAYTON SOUTH MDC VIC 3169 Phone: (03) 9545 2397 Fax: (03) 9545 2363 Email: [email protected]

Objectives This project aims to improve the quality and reduce the processing costs of Australian Saltwater Crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) skins by developing and implementing processes for fleshing and preservation.

Current Progress The initial project focus was on gathering data, clarifying issues and making interim recommendations. A visit was made to the industry partner (October 2002) and produced a number of recommendations eg:

• Abattoir operations be optimised to minimise butcher damage to skins.

• The short term preservative, sodium chlorite, be replaced because of the propensity for causing scale damage and slippage.

• A new interim long-term preservation procedure be implemented using salt with sodium fluoride and boric acid additives. The usage rates, purging times and handling were described.

• The fleshing operation be reviewed to clearly quantify benefits and costs.

Laboratory studies of long term preservation and packing methods have been conducted and were field tested in May 2003. Additional recommendations on these and pre- and post-slaughter skin preparation will be made in the May visit report. A visit will be made to Japan in July when the skins from the May trial, and fresh skins, will be assessed with a tanner and our industry partner. This is expected to provide an invaluable insight into the perceptions of and problems faced by tanners receiving Australian crocodile skins. It will inform the final recommendation and implementation of preparation (skin handling, packing, husbandry etc) and preservation techniques.

Project Title Crocodile farming research: hatching to harvest

RIRDC Project No.: DAQ-287A Start Date: 11-Nov-01 Finish Date: 11-Nov-05 Researcher: Steve Peucker Organisation: Department of Primary Industries (Qld) PO Box 1085 TOWNSVILLE QLD 4810 Phone: (07) 4722 2608 Fax: (07) 4778 2970 Email: [email protected]

Objectives • To further develop a nutritionally balanced pelleted feed which enhances growth rates and is cost/benefit efficient • To conduct environmental research which produces outcomes which meet DPI's crocodile environmental obligations and is beneficial to industry • To develop housing standards which are commercially beneficial to industry • To implement the genetic program BLUP to improve the breeding performance of captured crocodiles • To continue using the recording scheme CROCTEL to collate industry production and identify problem areas for research • To implement on-farm grower performance recording through CROCTEL • To communicate effectively with industry through industry seminars, workshops, farm visits and written communications (Crocodile Capers and Crocodile Research Bulletin) • To enhance our working relationship with industry and fellow researchers

Current Progress Nutrition – Work continues on the development of manufactured feed for crocodiles. Crocodiles at the research facility have been on pelleted feed for seventeen months and continue to achieve acceptable growth rates. Recent trials show that better growth rates were obtained by crocodiles from diets containing 5% fat than those at 10 & 15% fat levels. Other trial work carried out looked at the effects of Kaolin and Sodium Bentonite on nutrient utilisation. No positive effect was evident from the results obtained.

Housing and Environmental Management – Project Services Qld were commissioned to examine options for the treatment of wastewater and disposal/reuse of effluent from research facilities. Report outlines theories and design principles, which can be utilised by existing and future crocodile farms.

CROCTEL – The nesting data recording scheme continues to be used by industry. A review of other sections of the program is to commence in the near future. BLUP - genetic program is unlikely to commence at this stage due to the transfer of the business group’s geneticist and the commencement of another RIRDC funded project (US109A) looking at genetic improvement of farmed saltwater crocodiles.

Communication – Issue No 8th of the industry newsletter Crocodile Capers is in print and due for release in late May. The work relationship between producers,

other crocodile researchers and DPI has improved substantially over the past 12 months. A workshop was held at Cairns in May, specifically for the Bynoe Indigenous Community Co-op Group. The community is looking at establishing a breeder operation along with some small-scale tourism.

Project Title On-farm research of pelleted feed for crocodiles

RIRDC Project No.: DAQ-300A Start Date: 1-Dec-02 Finish Date: 1-Nov-05 Researcher: Steve Peucker Organisation: Department of Primary Industries (Qld) PO Box 1085 TOWNSVILLE QLD 4810 Phone: (07) 4722 2608 Fax: (07) 4778 2970 Email: [email protected]

Objectives • Initiate on-farm feeding trials using the most successful pellet diets from the research program. • Implement use of an environmentally friendly and consumer acceptable crocodile feed on farms. • Establish the feeding and growth response for farmed crocodiles on trial (pelleted) diets - the trials will cover hatchlings, juveniles and growers >2 years old. • Purchase of a Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA) machine or similar equipment so that growth response measurements will be standardised across farms. • Promote growth of lean crocodiles to meet market demand. • Compare on-farm pellet feed costs with traditional diets of chicken heads and kangaroo meat.

Current Progress On farm Feeding Trials Pellets have been distributed to the following five crocodile farms; Melaleuca Crocodile Farm, Mareeba, north Queensland; Crocodylus Park, CrocFarms NT and Lagoon Crocodile Farm in the Northern Territory. Koorana Crocodile Farm based at Rockhampton is also manufacturing its own pellets. Farms have reported mixed results to date. Three of the five farms say results are encouraging with animals eating the pellets. Two farms, Crocfarms NT and Lagoon Crocodile Farm have reported no success with feeding pellets; animals would pick up the pellets but then discard them. Trials are continuing.

Calibration of Bioimpedience Analyser This trial was conducted at Peter Fisher’s Melaleuca Crocodile Farm in March. Carcass and blood samples are currently being analysed at the DPI’s animal research facility at Yeerongpilly. Once this has been done a formula will be developed from the measurements taken and the equipment will be returned to the manufacturer for reprogramming.

Feed Costs Some of the ingredients have increased in price recently probably due to the drought. Manufacturing costs range between $1-1.10 per kg. Raw meat has also increased, with kangaroo meat costing $1.84 per kg and chicken heads at $1.55 per kg due to rain and the increase demand in kangaroo meat for human consumption. On a dry matter basis 1kg of pellets equals 2.3 kg of chicken heads. Considerable savings are still being made with manufactured feed despite recent increases in price of some ingredients.

Project Title Assisting ongoing kangaroo market growth by facilitating public industry acceptance

RIRDC Project No.: LEC-2A Start Date: 30-Apr-02 Finish Date: 8-Jan-03 Researcher: John Kelly Organisation: Lenah Consultancy PO Box 294 MOWBRAY TAS 7248 Phone: (03) 6326 8639 Fax: (03) 6326 2790 Email: [email protected]

Objectives An improved public perception of the environmental wisdom, sustainability and responsible controls of the kangaroo harvest, leading to improved kangaroo product sales. A professional 10 min video on the industry as well as suitable footage for use in TV programs broadly.

Current Progress Three editions of the kangaroo industry newsletter NEWR have been produced and distributed widely both in hard copy and electronically.

The project has been active in responding to press inquiry, largely internationally, concerning the campaign targeting Adidas for the use of kangaroo leather. In addition the project has fielded considerable media inquiry concerning the drought and its effects on the kangaroo industry.

The industry video is well progress with a production house appointed, a rough script settled and initial filming done. Dr. Tim Flannery, the Director of the South Australian Museum, has agreed to host the video with the bulk of footage to be obtained during February.

Project Title On farm nutritional strategies to improve the profitability of ostrich farming

RIRDC Project No.: SAR-37A Start Date: 1-Jan-02 Finish Date: 1-Jan-05 Researcher: Dr Phil Glatz Organisation: South Australian Research and Development Institute Davies Building Roseworthy Campus ROSEWORTHY SA 5371 Phone: (08) 8303 7786 Fax: (08) 8303 7689 Email: [email protected]

Objectives • Reduce feed costs for ostriches in the finisher stage by utilising least cost high fibre diets • Establish the use of an innovative pasture, crop and ostrich rotation system to reduce cost of feeding ostriches • Establish suitable dryland pastures as alternative to lucerne for ostrich grazing • Improve feeding management techniques to improve skin quality and meat quality of ostriches • Improve the feed conversion ratio of ostriches by demonstrating value of supplementing diets with fibre digesting enzymes • Establish a sustainable farming system for grazing ostriches

Current Progress Most ostrich farmers are still growing birds to processing age under feedlot conditions in Australia. Feed costs using this system are high and do not utilize the capacity of birds to utilise high fibre feeds such as pastures and hay sources. To investigate the role of high fibre sources as a feed in an extensive ostrich grazing system, an experiment compared growth of ostriches (6 months-of-age) fed pea straw diets (24% and 40% inclusion rates) with a lucerne diet and a commercial grower diet. Birds consuming the pea straw diets did not grow as well adapted to consuming the volume of pea straw required for growth. To develop an ostrich production system, which makes optimal use of cropping land, work is in progress in establishing the fencing of four paddocks on a commercial property. Ostriches will be able to forage on paddocks sown with the balansia clover and rye grass in the spring and in the following season on grain stubble. To assist the Industry develop diets using high fibre sources a spread sheet of the nutritional value of rice hulls, lucerne, wheat, barley, oaten and pea hays including grass, corn, corn and barley silage has been developed. A review conducted on nutrient requirements and foraging behaviour of ostriches was published in the literature.

Project Title Investigation of the effects of different tannages on tissue structure and physical correlates in ostrich skin

RIRDC Project No.: UF-9A Start Date: 1-Jan-02 Finish Date: 1-Jan-04 Researcher: Dr Christine Lunam Organisation: Flinders University of South Australia Dept of Anatomy and Histology GPO Box 2100 ADELAIDE SA 5001 Phone: (08) 8204 4704 Fax: (08) 8277 0085 Email: [email protected]

Objectives • To promote the sustainability of the Ostrich Industry and improve economic returns to ostrich farmers • To optimise storage conditions for ostrich skins • To improve tanning techniques for ostrich skins • To identify the structure of filoplumes • To disseminate information arising from this study to the Ostrich Industry

Current Progress To assess the effects of temperature and bactericide treatment during four weeks of storage on salted green ostrich skins, thickness measurements were made on histological sections of the skins before and after storage. Skins not treated with bactericide prior to storage at 22°C were significantly thicker compared to those with bactericide treatment (P=0.027). Bactericide had no effect on skins stored at 4°C (P=0.073). The data indicate that bactericide treatment is essential to prevent the alteration in the thickness of the ostrich skins stored for 4 weeks at room temperature. Denaturation of the collagen fibres would likely result in a thicker connective tissue layer comprised of a decreased density of collagen bundles. As this change is prevented with bactericide treatment it is suggested that denaturation of the collagen is likely to be caused by bacterial infection rather than lysosomal autolysis. Tear strength data of the tanned skins has recently been received from the industry partner and is being analysed to determine whether the increased thickness after storage is associated with decreased skin strength. Filoplumes have been identified in some ostrich skins and their macroscopic and microscopic features recorded.

Project Title Sericulture: Development of a new Community-based Industry in Australia

RIRDC Project No.: UQ-96A Start Date: 2-Jan-01 Finish Date: 31-Aug-04 Researcher: Dr John Dingle Organisation: The University of Queensland School of Animal Studies GATTON QLD 4345 Phone: (07) 5460 1250 Fax: (07) 5460 1444 Email: [email protected]

Objectives • The proposal outcomes will be commercially and economically viable for: • Establishing rural-based sericulture industry in Australia for producing raw silk for the Australian textile market with the potential for future exports. • Possible future export opportunities in raw silk and other silk products to Asian, European and American markets. • Providing an avenue for the Australian rural community for a home-based remunerative employment program.

Current Progress Moriculture: Quantitative (plant height, number of branches, stem diameter, growth rate, leaf moisture content, fresh and dry leaf yields) as well as qualitative data (protein and carbohydrate) has been collected and analysed for local mulberry varieties. Imported mulberry varieties from Indonesia have been established in the field. Work on the design of a mulberry leaf harvester is in progress.

Sericulture: Two populations of silkworms are being kept; one susceptible and the other resistant to Bacillus thuringiensis. A DNA extraction technique has been developed and a PCR protocol is under development to establish a method of differentiating between the disease-susceptible and the disease-resistant populations at the molecular level. Artificial diets are being trialled for rearing silkworms. In Victoria, a silkworm rearing facility has been established and trials on silkworms and local mulberry varieties from a number of sources in Australia are being conducted. A number of practical problems relevant to new farmers have been documented.

Extension: The cooperation of farmers with the project has commenced and will be expanded in the coming year. The school silkworm rearing project is continuing. Negotiations for the importation of a silk reeling machine are proceeding.

Project Title Factors that influence meat quality from kangaroos

RIRDC Project No.: US-94A Start Date: 7-Jan-00 Finish Date: 30-Sep-03 Researcher: Dr Peter Wynn Organisation: The University of Sydney Department of Animal Science PMB 3 PO CAMDEN NSW 2570 Phone: (02) 9351 1632 Fax: (02) 4655 6657 Email: [email protected]

Objectives • Conduct of an industry survey of the extent of variability in tenderness, flavour and juiciness by sensory evaluation in commercial meat cuts from the major commercial kangaroo species. • Establishment of the relationship between species, sex and age of the animal at slaughter with the key meat quality parameters of tenderness, flavour and juiciness. • Determination of the effects of post-slaughter carcass handling on meat characteristics such as muscle pH and temperature change and their impact on muscle shortening, drip loss and cooking loss. • Determination of the effect of dietary lipids in vegetation on the glycogen composition in muscle and their impact on flavour, cooking odours and taints. • Establish the difference in meat quality in response to seasonal variables such as changes in ambient temperature, rainfall and vegetation. • Exploration of the commercial use of electrical stimulation and quick chilling as a means of maximising tenderness, while at the same

Current Progress Our major sensory evaluation study of variation in kangaroo meat quality highlighted the importance of overall acceptability of product for the consumer. One conclusion from this study showed that tenderness was negatively correlated with size (age) of animals. This relationship was more apparent in leg muscles which were tougher than back muscles and that this most likely is related to the unique bi/tri-pedal locomotory process of kangaroos (i.e. ‘hopping’). We are currently determining the role of collagen cross linking and content on the variation in muscle toughness. Variation in muscle quality also relates closely to the ultimate pH, which is in turn related to the glycogen content of muscles at the point of slaughter. The variation in ultimate pH between muscles and between animals is related to the quantity of glycogen present at slaughter and the mechanisms of glycolysis post-slaughter. For example in some muscles a significant proportion of total glycogen may remain protected from glycolytic enzymes, thus preventing the potential ultimate pH being achieved during meat storage. Total glycogen is related to liveweight of animals, suggesting that larger animals store energy substrate more successfully than smaller growing animals.

These studies are being finalised and will provide the industry with information on the relative quality of different commercial cuts of kangaroo meat and the reasons for any variation.

Project Title A genetic improvement program for farmed saltwater crocodiles

RIRDC Project No.: US-109A Start Date: 7-Jan-01 Finish Date: 30-Apr-04 Researcher: A/Prof Chris Moran Organisation: The University of Sydney Centre for Advanced Technologies in Animal Genetics and Reproduction (Reprogen) Faculty of Veterinary Science SYDNEY NSW 2006 Phone: (02) 9351 3553 Fax: (02) 9351 2114 Email: [email protected]

Objectives The major objective is to create a practical genetic improvement program at a commercial crocodile farm (Janamba Croc Farm), thereby establishing the kernel of an industry-wide genetic improvement program to be called CROCPLAN

Current Progress Modelling juvenile saltwater crocodile growth using accumulated degree-days has shown that accumulated temperature exposure above 23oC accounted for greater variation than chronological age. A second year’s data awaits analysis. Thus degree days may be better than chronological age for adjusting growth records when estimating breeding values in improvement programs. A parentage determination kit has now been assembled, consisting of eleven markers with an exclusion probability (chance of recognising an incorrect parentage record) of greater than 99.80%. Evaluation of this kit on real family data detected 5.6% errors. Although a pedigree error rate of 10% is considered the norm in livestock, molecular detection of pedigree errors will result in increased genetic improvement due to more accurate estimation of breeding values. This kit will provide the key to assuring more accurate selection of future breeders. An industry questionnaire asked participants to rank proposed breeding objectives and comment on whether adoption of such a program would be beneficial. Participants welcomed such an initiative and provided useful data for designing a breeding program. A report is currently under review. Estimation of economic weightings for the identified breeding objectives is currently underway in conjunction with economists from the Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources.

Project Title Dairy products and farming techniques for the sheep milking industry

RIRDC Project No.: UWA-66A Start Date: 1-Jan-02 Finish Date: 30-Jul-04 Researcher: Dr Roberta Bencini Organisation: University of Western Australia Animal Science Faculty of Agriculture NEDLANDS WA 6009 Phone: (08) 9380 2521 Fax: (08) 9380 1040 Email: [email protected]

Objectives • This project will aid the development of an Australian sheep milking industry by: • Increasing the productivity of dairy sheep by investigating new genotypes (GH transgenic sheep and crosses with local and imported breeds) and nutrition strategies (use of industry by-products and bypass starch) • Developing new sheep milk products suitable for the local and export markets • Developing alliances with industry partners that are currently entering the industry to increase market access and export volume.

Current Progress We have continued to collect data on the lactation performance of East Friesian sheep crossed with either Awassi or local sheep. The East Friesian x Awassi cross has the greatest dairy potential has it has long lactations and high yields of milk.

In collaboration with Dr Norm Adams from CSIRO we milked 5 transgenic GH ewes and 6 control ewes. The GH ewes produced twice as much as the control ewes, 2.0±0.14 kg/day versus 1.1±0.07 kg/day. Clearly, the GH transgenic sheep have a tremendous potential as dairy animals and are also an extraordinary model to study the physiology of lactation. However CSIRO had to dispose of their transgenic sheep but has now agreed to sell us semen from the rams. Work on these sheep will resume once we get the funds to support the transgenic sheep. Two honours students, Mr D Peake and Mr P Hutton, have been working on the content of CLA (Conjugated Linoleic Acid) of our sheep and methods to increase it by using oil enriched diets. Our industry partners (YYH Holdings) have established a sheep milking venture with our help. The milk has been transformed into cheeses and exported monthly to the Middle East.

Project Title Development of reproductive technology and fertility assessment for emu and ostrich farming (Continuing project UWA-52A)

RIRDC Project No.: UWA-71A Start Date: 7-Jan-02 Finish Date: 31-Mar-05 Researcher: Prof Graeme Martin Organisation: University of Western Australia Faculty of Agriculture (Animal Science) NEDLANDS WA 6907 Phone: (08) 9380 2528 Fax: (08) 9380 1040 Email: [email protected]

Objectives • Development of a sperm-egg interaction assay for assessment of sperm quality in emu and ostrich • Development of an objective method for diagnosis of reproductive wastage in emu and ostrich flocks • Development of methods for semen collection from male ostriches • Optimisation of in vitro sperm storage and sperm cryopreservation protocols for emu and ostrich • Determine the requirements of the ostrich blastoderm for successful embro development

Current Progress For the emu, we have developed techniques to assess in vivo the ability of sperm to reach the site of fertilization and to penetrate the ovum membrane. Our in vitro assay to assess sperm quality now has a range of tests with which we can determine the effect of short and indefinite storage on sperm viability, membrane integrity and fertilizing ability. These tests can be transferred to the ostrich. We determined that the optimum time for inseminating emu females is the first day of the egg cycle as it gives the longest duration of the fertile period. We have advanced our work on development of semen collection from the ostrich and have males responding to a dummy which they mount, while other males are mating with their females when allowed access. Duration of the fertile period in the ostrich was studied in collaboration with South Africa. We found that female ostriches appear to lose sperm at a faster rate than female emus so their fertile period would last for only about 12 days; however, since ostriches lay eggs every second day we are likely to produce the same number of fertilized eggs from one insemination as from the emu.

Project Title Adding value along the new animal product supply chain

RIRDC Project No.: WHP-6A Start Date: 1-Jan-03 Finish Date: 9-Jan-04 Researcher: David Michael Organisation: Wondu Holdings Pty Limited PO Box 1217 BONDI JUNCTION NSW 1355 Phone: (02) 9369 2735 Fax: (02) 9369 2737 Email: [email protected]

Objectives • Increased knowledge by industry stakeholders of how value is added by collaboration and various levels and combinations of labour and capital along the supply chains • Improved awareness of relative strengths and weaknesses along the supply chains as well as the overall supply chain. • Improved information for quality management systems. • Outcomes that would eventuate from the study would be greater attention to dealing with the underlying sources of cost weaknesses such as small size and utilization of available capacity for small processors and lack of access to raw materials. In addition, raw material suppliers, including livestock producers, would have a better understanding of how and why prices change and value is added along their various supply chains. The output should also enhance R&D decision making by identifying those areas along the chain where most value is created and, in some cases, destroyed.

Current Progress The project commenced in January 2003. A review of supply chain literature is taking place. Main finding of this review to date is that supply chain management is being transformed rapidly into network development and management, enabled by the Internet and growing access to high-speed cables, wireless and satellite. A major implication of this development is that members of Internet enabled supply chain networks are likely to emerge with a major source of competitive advantage, especially where quality and reliability are key attributes. The converse applies to enterprises that are not members of these networks are likely to face new barriers and reduced market access.

To improve understanding about current trends the author attended on 22 February in Brisbane the Value Chain Management program of the Supply Chain Consultants Group within the Institute of Management Consultants. A range of supply chain methodologies and systems were presented. Mincom is a major supply chain system provider in Australia, but mainly for the resource industries. Other supply chain system providers are being examined, ranging from the basic (Excel), to the intermediate (Integrated Strategies) to the elaborate (e.g. SAS). In anticipation of severe data constraints we are examining simplified models.

Current plans are to hold a supply chain workshop in 2003-04 with selected businesses covering the estimated 7 new animal product industries being examined. These are ostrich, crocodile, yabby, duck, buffalo, camel and squab.

Project Title Production implications of trace element concentrations in crocodile eggs and tissues

RIRDC Project No.: WMI-2A Start Date: 3-Jan-02 Finish Date: 30-Apr-05 Researcher: Prof Grahame Webb Organisation: Wildlife Management International Pty Ltd PO Box 530 SANDERSON NT 0812 Phone: (08) 8922 4500 Fax: (08) 8947 0678 Email: [email protected]

Objectives The quantification of trace element concentration in captive crocodiles will lead to improved understanding of the factors affecting hatchability of captive-laid eggs and hatchling raising on farms, and improved capacity to provide crocodile meat to satisfy relevant health standards with regard to trace elements (including heavy metals).

Current Progress Preliminary data on trace element concentrations in captive and wild Saltwater Crocodile eggs indicate some differences between wild and captive-laid eggs. Relatively high lead levels have been recorded in some clutches, presumably caused by ingestion of prey containing lead shot, by females. No significant relationships between egg hatchability and trace element concentrations were identified in the 2001/2002 nesting season, and additional data from other farms in the 2002/2003 season are now being analysed. Rearing of hatchlings from wild and captive parentage has been initiated. Mineral supplements are being prepared for feeding to a selected group of captive female Saltwater Crocodiles held in unitised breeding pens at Crocodylus Park. Meat samples from two farms indicated significant differences in nine elements, including calcium, selenium, iron and magnesium. Samples of meat from other crocodile farms are now being analysed.

Project Title Captive breeding and marketing of turtles

RIRDC Project No.: WMI-3A Start Date: 10-Jan-02 Finish Date: 3-Jan-05 Researcher: Prof Grahame Webb Organisation: Wildlife Management International Pty Ltd PO Box 530 SANDERSON NT 0812 Phone: (08) 8922 4500 Fax: (08) 8947 0678 Email: [email protected]

Objectives To investigate the captive breeding of Hawksbill Turtles and their successful production as a source of stock for commercial raising, and to quantify international market opportunities for freshwater and marine turtle products. Current Progress The project to date has been limited to the design and construction of a breeding enclosure, with conditions conducive for breeding. Hawksbill Turtles introduced into the pen were produced from wild eggs collected in 1996. The mean size of turtle at 7 years of age is 66.6 cm straight carapace length for females (range 58.9-74.6 cm), and 65.5 cm SCL for males (range 60.5-68.7 cm). Growth rates attained in captivity have been considerably higher than those recorded in the wild (eg southern Queensland, US Virgin Islands, Cuba, Puerto Rico, Bahamas, Chagos Islands, Dominican Republic). Hawksbill Turtles clearly have the potential for fast growth rates if given optimal conditions, particularly water temperature, which has a profound effect on growth rate. Some of the captive-bred males attained maturity by two years of age, and all are now considered to be mature (secondary sexual characteristics). Participation by WMI researchers at the 23rd International Sea Turtle Symposium, held in Kuala Lumpur in March 2003, allowed some gathering of information on trade in freshwater turtles.