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Counter-Memorial, Greece INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE ________________________________________________________ CASE CONCERNING THE APPLICATION OF ARTICLE 11(1) OF THE INTERIM ACCORD OF 13 SEPTEMBER 1995 (THE FORMER YUGOSLAV REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA v. GREECE) COUNTER-MEMORIAL VOLUME I ________________________________________________________ 19 JANUARY 2010 VOLUME I TABLE OF CONTENTS Page TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................................................. 4 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................ 7 I. THE AIM OF THE FYROM’S APPLICATION .......................................................................................................... 7 II. THE DISPUTE BETWEEN THE PARTIES ................................................................................................................. 8 III. STRUCTURE OF THIS COUNTER-MEMORIAL ..................................................................................................... 10 CHAPTER 2: THE “NAME ISSUE” ....................................................................................................... 11 I. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................................. 11 II. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND TO THE NAME ISSUE .............................................................................................. 11 A. A Chronology of Events Surrounding the Macedonian Question ................................................. 11 B. The Name as a Problem of Regional Security ............................................................................... 15 III. PAST MEDIATION EFFORTS TO RESOLVE THE NAME ISSUE ................................................................................ 16 A. Mediation Efforts by the European Union .................................................................................... 17 B. Mediation Efforts by the United Nations ....................................................................................... 17 C. The Interim Accord ....................................................................................................................... 19 D. Recent Greek and International Initiatives ................................................................................... 20 CHAPTER 3: THE INTERIM ACCORD AND ITS INTERPRETATION ................................ 21 I. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................................. 21 II. NEGOTIATING HISTORY .................................................................................................................................... 21 III. THE TEXT AND STRUCTURE OF THE INTERIM ACCORD ..................................................................................... 22 IV. THE OTHER AGREEMENTS OF 1995 ................................................................................................................. 27 V. THE LEGAL CLASSIFICATION OF THE INTERIM ACCORD ................................................................................... 28 CHAPTER 4: THE FYROM’S VIOLATIONS OF THE INTERIM ACCORD ......................... 33 I. RECENT EXAMPLES OF THE FYROM’S FAILURE TO CONDUCT GOOD FAITH NEGOTIATIONS ........................... 33 II. THE FYROM’S INTERVENTION IN GREECE’S INTERNAL AFFAIRS .................................................................... 37 III. THE FYROM’S HOSTILE ACTIVITIES AND PROPAGANDA AGAINST GREECE .................................................. 43 A. Hostile Propaganda against Greece by Public Authorities and State-controlled Agencies of the FYROM ........................................................................................................................................ 43 B. Activities by Private Entities and Persons Inciting Hostility against Greece Financed and/or Supported by the FYROM .................................................................................................................. 48 C. Persistent Harassment against the Premises of the Greek Liaison Office and its Personnel in Skopje ................................................................................................................................................ 52 IV. THE FYROM’S CONTINUED USE OF THE SUN OF VERGINA ............................................................................ 55 V. THE FYROM’S APPROPRIATION OF OTHER GREEK HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL SYMBOLS ........................... 58 VI. THE FYROM’S BEHAVIOUR BEFORE INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS ...................................................... 60 VII. GREECE’S REACTIONS TO THE FYROM’S BEHAVIOUR PRIOR TO THE BUCHAREST SUMMIT .................... 65 VIII. CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................................ 68 1 CHAPTER 5: NATO’S DECISION ON THE FYROM’S MEMBERSHIP ................................ 69 I. INTRODUCTION: NATO AS AN INTEGRATED INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION ................................................... 69 II. NATO’S ACTIVITIES AS AN ALLIANCE ............................................................................................................. 71 III. NATO’S CONSULTATION PROCESS ................................................................................................................. 72 IV. THE NATO ENLARGEMENT PROCESS ............................................................................................................. 75 V. THE FYROM’S PARTICIPATION IN MAP .......................................................................................................... 81 VI. THE BUCHAREST DECISION ............................................................................................................................. 85 VII. CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................................. 88 CHAPTER 6: THE COURT’S JURISDICTION .................................................................................. 89 I. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................................. 89 II. THE LAW WITH RESPECT TO JURISDICTION ....................................................................................................... 90 A. Jurisdiction in Consent-based Adjudication ................................................................................. 90 B. The Jurisdictional Regime in the Instant Case .............................................................................. 92 1. Resolution 817 ............................................................................................................................... 93 2. Article 11(1) .................................................................................................................................. 95 The Exception in Article 11(1) ....................................................................................................................... 96 The Exception in Article 22 ........................................................................................................................... 96 III. THE DISPUTE CONCERNS THE DIFFERENCE REFERRED TO IN ARTICLE 5(1) OF THE INTERIM ACCORD AND IS ACCORDINGLY OUTSIDE THE JURISDICTION OF THE COURT .............................................................................. 98 IV. THE DISPUTE IS EXCLUDED BY ARTICLE 22 OF THE INTERIM ACCORD ........................................................ 104 V. THE DISPUTE CONCERNS CONDUCT ATTRIBUTABLE TO NATO ..................................................................... 108 A. The Actions taken in Bucharest with Respect to the FYROM are Attributable to NATO ............ 109 1. The Decision on the Deferral of the Invitation to the FYROM is Attributable to NATO ............. 110 2. NATO Did not Breach any International Obligation .................................................................. 114 B. The Individual Member States of NATO Cannot be Held Responsible for the Alliance’s Decision .......................................................................................................................................... 116 1. The “Veil Effect” ......................................................................................................................... 117 2. The Monetary Gold Principle ...................................................................................................... 122 VI. CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................................................. 123 CHAPTER 7: THE INTERPRETATION AND APPLICATION OF ARTICLE 11(1) ......... 124 I. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................ 124 II. THE NON-OBJECTION CLAUSE (READ IN LIGHT OF ARTICLE 22) AND THE BUCHAREST SUMMIT .................... 126 A. The Meaning of the Non-Objection Clause in the Context of NATO Accession .......................... 126 1. The Language of the Non-Objection Clause ..............................................................................
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