DOCSLIB.ORG

Parliamentary Scrutiny of Royal Ministers and Courtiers in Fourteenth-Century England: the Disgrace of Sir John Atte Lee (1368)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Parliamentary Scrutiny of Royal Ministers and Courtiers in Fourteenth-Century England: the Disgrace of Sir John Atte Lee (1368) PARLIAMENTARY SCRUTINY OF ROYAL MINISTERS AND COURTIERS IN Fourteenth-CENTURY ENGLAND: THE DISGRACE OF SIR JOHN ATTE LEE (1368) W. Mark Ormrod For many generations historians have struggled with the nature and sig- nificance of the trial of Sir John atte Lee, the disgraced steward of Edward III’s household, in the Westminster parliament of 1368. The case failed to find a place in the post-medieval historiography of the English ‘state trial’, and, with the notable exception of the work of John Bellamy, has been given only passing reference in modern political analyses of the reign of Edward III.1 One reason for this neglect is the imperfect coverage of the 1360s both in medieval sources and in modern scholarship: notwithstand- ing G.L. Harriss’s meticulous study of fiscal politics, the nature both of English government and of parliamentary business during the nine years of peace following the treaties of Brétigny and Calais of 1360 has still to be fully explicated.2 In comparison with the great set pieces around the 1 The fact that Lee was not a peer and was not made subject to the law of treason largely account for the absence of his case from W. Cobbett, T.B. Howell and T.J. Howell, Cobbett’s Complete Collection of State Trials and Proceedings for High Treason and Other Crimes and Misdemeanours from the Earliest Period to the Present Time, 34 vols (London, 1809–1826). Twentieth-century scholarship focused on the theme of ‘state trials’ chiefly in relation to the reigns of Edward I and Edward II: State Trials of the Reign of Edward I, ed. T.F. Tout and H. Johnstone, Camden Society, 3rd series 9 (London, 1906); Records of the Trial of Walter Langeton, Bishop of Coventry and Lichfield, 1307–12, ed. A. Beardwood, Camden Society, 4th series 6 (London, 1969); P. Brand, ‘Edward I and the Judges: The “State Trials” of 1289–1293’, in P.R. Coss and S.D. Lloyd, eds, Thirteenth Century England I (Woodbridge, 1986), pp. 31–40. The present study owes a considerable debt to J.G. Bellamy, Robin Hood: An Historical Inquiry (London, 1985). For other considerations of Lee’s case in the context of the politics of the 1360s, see T.F. Tout, Chapters in the Administrative His- tory of Mediaeval England, 6 vols (Manchester, 1920–1933), 3: 259; 4: 161–162; W.M. Ormrod, The Reign of Edward III: Crown and Political Society in England, 1327–1377 (London, 1990), p. 30. 2 G.L. Harriss, King, Parliament and Public Finance in Medieval England to 1369 (Oxford, 1975), pp. 466–508. The official records of the parliaments of 1357, 1358 and 1360 and 1361 are all lost: The Parliament Rolls of Medieval England, ed. and trans. P. Brand, A. Curry, C. Given-Wilson, R.E. Horrox, G. Martin, W.M. Ormrod and J.R.S. Phillips, 16 vols (Wood- bridge, 2005), 5: 130–134 (hereafter PROME). Commenting on the dearth of chronicle writ- ing in this part of Edward III’s reign, John Taylor described the period c. 1362–c. 1376 as ‘almost a lacuna in our history’: J. Taylor, ‘The Development of the Polychronicon Continu- ation’, English Historical Review 76 (1961): 20–36 (p. 20). 162 w. mark ormrod king’s attempts to have Archbishop John Stratford answer for his conduct of the early French war in the parliament of 1341, and of the commons’ impeachment of the members of Edward’s court covine in the celebrated Good Parliament of 1376, the trial of Lee may seem a mere side-show.3 By neglecting the case, however, scholarship has also failed to observe that it arguably represents a pivotal moment in the change, over the course of the fourteenth century, away from a model of parliamentary trials initiated from above by royal fiat and towards those precipitated by formal process and/or political pressure brought from below. Deciding which way the evidence of Lee’s case falls in this respect is thus not simply a means of defining the trial’s place within legal history but also, more expansively, of measuring the nature of Edward III’s political authority at the moment when he re-embarked on the war with France in 1369. Before embarking on a detailed account and analysis of Lee’s case, it is necessary to understand some of the broader context in which it was set and some of the reason why at least a portion of the polity might have been inclined in 1368 to fixate on what was in many respects a relatively minor corruption scandal within the ranks of the royal household. The reasons lie in the very nature of peacetime politics and the lack of other opportunities through which the king’s subjects might actually challenge the course of royal policy. For quarter of a century before 1360, Edward III had made a veritable art-form of the politics of war. He negotiated skillfully with parliament to secure the enormous funds he needed for his military enterprises and, in return, offered carefully-judged but suitably generous statutory concessions.4 The politics of reciprocity certainly did not draw to a sudden or complete end in 1360. Edward was forced to undertake the delicate task of extending extraordinary indirect taxation, previously collected only during periods of active war, into peacetime conditions. This generated the extraordinary spectacle of the 1362 parliament where, in return for a renewal of the wool subsidy at half the wartime rate, the king celebrated his fiftieth birthday by graciously conceding four highly visible and far-reaching statutes: the guarantee of parliamentary control over the indirect taxation of wool; the Great Statute of Purveyance; the 3 R.M. Haines, Archbishop John Stratford: Political Revolutionary and Champion of the Liberties of the Church, ca. 1275/80–1348 (Toronto, 1986), pp. 278–327; G. Holmes, The Good Parliament (Oxford, 1975). 4 M. Powicke, Military Obligation in Medieval England (Oxford, 1962), pp. 182–212; Harriss, King, Parliament, pp. 356–465; R.C. Palmer, English Law in the Age of the Black Death, 1348–81: A Transformation of Governance and Law (London, 1993)..
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Immigration and the Common Profit: Native Cloth Workers, Flemish Exiles, and Royal Policy in Fourteenth-Century London
    Journal of British Studies 55 (October 2016): 633–657. doi:10.1017/jbr.2016.75 © The North American Conference on British Studies, 2016 This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Immigration and the Common Profit: Native Cloth Workers, Flemish Exiles, and Royal Policy in Fourteenth-Century London Bart Lambert and Milan Pajic Abstract This article reconstructs a crucial episode in the relationship between the English crown, its subjects and the kingdom’s immigrant population. It links the murder of about forty Flemings in London during the Peasants’ Revolt in June 1381 to the capital’s native cloth workers’ dissatisfaction with the government’s economic im- migration policy. We argue that, in the course of the fourteenth century, the crown de- veloped a new policy aimed at attracting skilled workers from abroad. Convinced that their activities benefited the common profit of the realm, the crown remained deaf to the concerns of London’s native weavers, who claimed that the work of exiled Flemish cloth workers in the city encroached on their privileges. Confronted for more than twenty-five years with political obstruction, the native weavers increasingly resorted to physical aggression against their Flemish counterparts, which came to a dra- matic conclusion in 1381. The dissatisfaction of London’s cloth workers and the mas- sacre of the Flemings thus had much in common with the frustrations over the royal government’s policy that had been fermenting for decades among many other groups in society: all came to the surface during the Peasants’ Revolt.
    [Show full text]
  • The Kingship of David II (1329-71)
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Stirling Online Research Repository 1 The Kingship of David II (1329-71) Although he was an infant, and English sources would jibe that he soiled the coronation altar, David Bruce was the first king of Scots to receive full coronation and anointment. As such, his installation at Scone abbey on 24 November 1331 was another triumph for his father.1 The terms of the 1328 peace had stipulated that Edward III’s regime should help secure from Avignon both the lifting of Robert I’s excommunication and this parity of rite with the monarchies of England and France. David’s coronation must, then, have blended newly-borrowed traditions with established Scottish inaugural forms: it probably merged the introduction of the boy-king and the carrying of orb, sceptre and sword by the incumbents of ancient lines of earls, then unction and the taking of oaths to common law and church followed by a sermon by the new bishop of St Andrews, the recitation of royal genealogy in Gaelic and general homage, fealty and knighting of subjects alongside the king.2 Yet this display must also have been designed to reinforce the territorial claims of authority of the Bruce house in the presence of its allies and in-laws from the north, west and south-west of Scotland as well as the established Lowland political community. Finally, it was in part an impressive riposte to Edward II’s failed attempts to persuade the papacy of his claim for England’s kings to be anointed with the holy oil of Becket.3 1 Chronica Monasterii de Melsa, ed.
    [Show full text]
  • Saint Bernard and Saint Catherine of Alexandria
    National Gallery of Art NATIONAL GALLERY OF ART ONLINE EDITIONS Italian Paintings of the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries Agnolo Gaddi Florentine, c. 1350 - 1396 Saint Bernard and Saint Catherine of Alexandria with the Virgin of the Annunciation [right panel] shortly before 1387 tempera on poplar panel overall: 194.6 × 80 cm (76 5/8 × 31 1/2 in.) Inscription: across the bottom under the saints: S. BERNARDUS DOCTOR; S. K[A]TERINA VIRGO Andrew W. Mellon Collection 1937.1.4.c ENTRY This panel is part of a triptych that consists of two laterals with paired saints (this panel and Saint Andrew and Saint Benedict with the Archangel Gabriel [left panel]) and a central panel with the Madonna and Child (Madonna and Child Enthroned with Twelve Angels, and with the Blessing Christ [middle panel]). All three panels are topped with similar triangular gables with a painted medallion in the center. The reduction of a five-part Altarpiece into a simplified format with the external profile of a triptych may have been suggested to Florentine masters as a consequence of trends that appeared towards the end of the fourteenth century: a greater simplification in composition and a revival of elements of painting from the first half of the Trecento. [1] Agnolo Gaddi followed this trend in several of his works. He demonstrates this in the three panels being discussed here by his deliberate revival of motifs that had been abandoned by most Florentine painters since the mid-fourteenth century. To present the Madonna seated on a throne of Saint Bernard and Saint Catherine of Alexandria with the Virgin of the 1 Annunciation [right panel] National Gallery of Art NATIONAL GALLERY OF ART ONLINE EDITIONS Italian Paintings of the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries Giottesque type, [2] instead of concealing the structure of the throne with a gold- embroidered cloth of honor as in most paintings realized by masters in the circle of Orcagna, was a sort of archaism at this time.
    [Show full text]
  • Medieval Population Dynamics to 1500
    Medieval Population Dynamics to 1500 Part C: the major population changes and demographic trends from 1250 to ca. 1520 European Population, 1000 - 1300 • (1) From the ‘Birth of Europe’ in the 10th century, Europe’s population more than doubled: from about 40 million to at least 80 million – and perhaps to as much as 100 million, by 1300 • (2) Since Europe was then very much underpopulated, such demographic growth was entirely positive: Law of Eventually Diminishing Returns • (3) Era of the ‘Commercial Revolution’, in which all sectors of the economy, led by commerce, expanded -- with significant urbanization and rising real incomes. Demographic Crises, 1300 – 1500 • From some time in the early 14th century, Europe’s population not only ceased to grow, but may have begun its long two-century downswing • Evidence of early 14th century decline • (i) Tuscany (Italy): best documented – 30% -40% population decline before the Black Death • (ii) Normandy (NW France) • (iii) Provence (SE France) • (iv) Essex, in East Anglia (eastern England) The Estimated Populations of Later Medieval and Early Modern Europe Estimates by J. C. Russell (red) and Jan de Vries (blue) Population of Florence (Tuscany) Date Estimated Urban Population 1300 120,000 1349 36,000? 1352 41, 600 1390 60,000 1427 37,144 1459 37,369 1469 40,332 1488 42,000 1526 (plague year) 70,000 Evidence of pre-Plague population decline in 14th century ESSEX Population Trends on Essex Manors The Great Famine: Malthusian Crisis? • (1) The ‘Great Famine’ of 1315-22 • (if we include the sheep
    [Show full text]
  • Mapmaking in England, Ca. 1470–1650
    54 • Mapmaking in England, ca. 1470 –1650 Peter Barber The English Heritage to vey, eds., Local Maps and Plans from Medieval England (Oxford: 1525 Clarendon Press, 1986); Mapmaker’s Art for Edward Lyman, The Map- world maps maker’s Art: Essays on the History of Maps (London: Batchworth Press, 1953); Monarchs, Ministers, and Maps for David Buisseret, ed., Mon- archs, Ministers, and Maps: The Emergence of Cartography as a Tool There is little evidence of a significant cartographic pres- of Government in Early Modern Europe (Chicago: University of Chi- ence in late fifteenth-century England in terms of most cago Press, 1992); Rural Images for David Buisseret, ed., Rural Images: modern indices, such as an extensive familiarity with and Estate Maps in the Old and New Worlds (Chicago: University of Chi- use of maps on the part of its citizenry, a widespread use cago Press, 1996); Tales from the Map Room for Peter Barber and of maps for administration and in the transaction of busi- Christopher Board, eds., Tales from the Map Room: Fact and Fiction about Maps and Their Makers (London: BBC Books, 1993); and TNA ness, the domestic production of printed maps, and an ac- for The National Archives of the UK, Kew (formerly the Public Record 1 tive market in them. Although the first map to be printed Office). in England, a T-O map illustrating William Caxton’s 1. This notion is challenged in Catherine Delano-Smith and R. J. P. Myrrour of the Worlde of 1481, appeared at a relatively Kain, English Maps: A History (London: British Library, 1999), 28–29, early date, no further map, other than one illustrating a who state that “certainly by the late fourteenth century, or at the latest by the early fifteenth century, the practical use of maps was diffusing 1489 reprint of Caxton’s text, was to be printed for sev- into society at large,” but the scarcity of surviving maps of any descrip- 2 eral decades.
    [Show full text]
  • March 2021 Consecratedlife.Archchicago.Org
    March 2021 consecratedlife.archchicago.org Note: Information about housing, employment and events pertinent to religious should be sent by the 23rd of each month to OFR Staff [email protected] for consideration for the OFR Joan McGlinchey, MSC Newsletter and/or website publication. Vicar for Religious [email protected] #LoveThyNeighbor | #IWillIDoIt4 312.534.8360 Kathy McNulty, OSF Associate Director [email protected] 312.534.8333 Lovina Pammit, OSF Coordinator of Religious Vocation Ministries 312-534-5240 [email protected] Mary Ann Penner, IHM Coordinator of Retirement Fund for Religious 312.534.8234 Since the Vatican deemed COVID-19 vaccines acceptable, the Archdiocese of Chicago encourages everyone to register [email protected] for a vaccination as soon as possible. Protect yourself, your loved ones and the most vulnerable among us. Please help spread the word. To learn more, visit: https://www.archchicago.org/coronavirus/covid-vaccine. Watch the video here: https://youtu.be/4PklKXyKqH8 Arquidiócesis lanza campaña de concientización para la vacunación contra COVID-19 https://www.catolicoperiodico.com/es/area-de-chicago/-/article/2021/02/08/arquidiocesis-lanza-campana-de- concientizacion-para-la-vacunacion-contra-covid-19 Archdiocese of Chicago Radio Programs – WNDZ Indiana AM 750 The Office for Radio and TV has a list of shows airing everyday live from 8:00 to 9:00 a.m. Go to: https://radiotv.archchicago.org/radio for the schedule. Radio/TV has also started videotaping the radio broadcasts. Check it
    [Show full text]
  • Celebrating War with the Mongols
    CHAPTER 7 Celebrating War with the Mongols David M. Robinson Introduction War with the Mongols was a formative experience for the Ming dynasty (1368– 1644).1 From the 1360s to the 1380s, Zhu Yuanzhang 朱元璋, the founding ruler who is commonly known as the Hongwu 洪武 emperor (r. 1368–98), ordered military campaigns against Mongol leaders first in north China, then on the steppe, in the forested hills and plains of Liaodong 遼東, and in the semi- tropical region of Yunnan 雲南 to the southwest. His son, Zhu Di 朱棣, the Yongle 永樂 emperor (r. 1403–24), personally led his armies into the steppe five times, a signature feature of his reign. Such campaigns were an enormous burden on the fledgling Ming dynasty, requiring massive commitments of manpower, administrative energy, financial resources, and political capital. The results were mixed. The Ming court expelled or coopted Mongol forces in north China, Liaodong, Yunnan, and the southern edge of the steppe. During the 1360s and again in the 1380s, Ming imperial armies inflicted serious de- feats on the remnants of the Yuan court deep in the steppe but failed to elimi- nate Mongol polities in either the eastern or western Mongolian steppe. The Yongle emperor and his court claimed victories but seldom achieved decisive triumphs. Given their significance, the Ming dynasty’s conflicts with the Mongols have been one of the most thoroughly studied facets of the Ming period, as scholars have analyzed their implications for foreign policy, trade, border defense, logis- tics, political legitimacy, and perceptions of the Other.2 Rather than replicate 1 I would like to acknowledge my gratitude to Joseph Lam who generously shared his exper- tise of Ming court music with me.
    [Show full text]
  • The Ming Dynasty Its Origins and Evolving Institutions
    THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN CENTER FOR CHINESE STUDIES MICHIGAN PAPERS IN CHINESE STUDIES NO. 34 THE MING DYNASTY ITS ORIGINS AND EVOLVING INSTITUTIONS by Charles O. Hucker Ann Arbor Center for Chinese Studies The University of Michigan 1978 Open access edition funded by the National Endowment for the Humanities/ Andrew W. Mellon Foundation Humanities Open Book Program. Copyright © 1978 by Charles O. Hucker Published by Center for Chinese Studies The University of Michigan Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Hucker, Charles O. The Ming dynasty, its origins and evolving institutions. (Michigan papers in Chinese studies; no. 34) Includes bibliographical references. 1. China—History—Ming dynasty, 1368-1644. I. Title. II. Series. DS753.H829 951f.O26 78-17354 ISBN 0-89264-034-0 Printed in the United States of America ISBN 978-0-89264-034-8 (hardcover) ISBN 978-0-472-03812-1 (paper) ISBN 978-0-472-12758-0 (ebook) ISBN 978-0-472-90153-1 (open access) The text of this book is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ CONTENTS Preface vii I. Introduction 1 n. The Transition from Yuan to Ming 3 Deterioration of Mongol Control 3 Rebellions of the 1350s and 1360s 8 The Rise of Chu Yuan-chang 15 Expulsion of the Mongols 23 III. Organizing the New Dynasty 26 Continuing Military Operations 28 Creation of the Ming Government 33 T!ai-tsufs Administrative Policies 44 Personnel 45 Domestic Administration 54 Foreign Relations and Defense 62 The Quality of Tfai-tsufs Reign 66 IV.
    [Show full text]
  • Callisto Fine Arts
    CALLISTO FINE ARTS 17 Georgian House 10 Bury Street London SW1Y 6AA +44 (0)207 8397037 [email protected] www.callistoart.com Master of the Magi of Fabriano (Fabriano, 1360s–1370s) Madonna and Child Polychromed wood 51 9/16 inches, 131 cm. c. 1360–1380 Provenance: Private collection, Florence. Bibliography: E. Neri Lusanna, Per l’Adorazione dei Magi di Palazzo Venezia a Roma, in Nobilis arte manus. Festschrift zum 70. Geburtstag von Antje Middeldorf Kosegarten, ed. by B. Klein and H. Wolter-von dem Knesebeck, Dresden-Kassel, 2002, pp. 218–227. G.Kreytenberg, in Italian Renaissance Sculpture, ed. by A. Butterfield (exh. cat., Salander- O’Reilly Galleries, New York, 3 November 2004-8 January 2005), New York, 2004, pp.6- 12. Sacri legni : sculture da Fabriano e dalla Marca Picena, ed. by Paola di Girolami ... [et al.], Florence, 2006, pp. 79-81, ill. Exhibited: Sacri legni : sculture da Fabriano e dalla Marca Picena, Montalto Marche, Museo Sistino Vescovile, 22 April – 17 September, 2006. CALLISTO FINE ARTS 17 Georgian House 10 Bury Street London SW1Y 6AA +44 (0)207 8397037 [email protected] www.callistoart.com Relevant Bibliography: R. Sassi, “Un monaco olivetano scultore,” Rivista storica benedettina, 24, 1955, pp. 1–4. E. Neri Lusanna, “Invenzione e replica nella scultura del Trecento: il ‘Maestro dei Magi di Fabriano,’” Studi di Storia dell’Arte, 3, 1992, pp. 45–66. ___, “Per la scultura marchigiana del ‘300. Il Maestro dei Magi di Fabriano e il Maestro della Madonna di Campodonico,” in I Legni Devoti, ed. by G. Donnini, Fabriano, 1994, pp. 26–38.
    [Show full text]
  • Responsive Transporter Genes Within the Murine Intestinal–Pancreatic Axis Form a Basis of Zinc Homeostasis
    Responsive transporter genes within the murine intestinal–pancreatic axis form a basis of zinc homeostasis Juan P. Liuzzi*, Jeffrey A. Bobo*, Louis A. Lichten*, Don A. Samuelson†, and Robert J. Cousins*‡ *Nutritional Genomics Laboratory, Center for Nutritional Sciences, and †Small Animal Clinical Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 Contributed by Robert J. Cousins, August 23, 2004 Zn homeostasis in animals is a consequence of avid uptake and lothionein (MT) gene expression, which is usually concurrent retention, except during conditions of limited dietary availability, with enhanced cellular Zn acquisition, has been integrated into and͞or factors such as parasites, which compete for this micronu- all of these aspects of cellular Zn trafficking. trient or compromise retention by the host. Membrane proteins Zn transporters are essential components of systems that that facilitate Zn transport constitute the SLC30A (ZnT) and SLC39A influence Zn trafficking in times of dietary depletion or excess, (Zip) gene families. Because dietary recommendations are based such as during acute and chronic physiologic stress (e.g., infec- on the balance between intestinal absorption and endogenous tion and inflammation) and during pregnancy and lactation. losses, we have studied Zn transporter expression of the murine Therefore, experiments with mice were designed to show the intestinal–pancreatic axis to identify transporters that are likely to differential expression of ZnT and Zip transporter genes asso- be involved in homeostatic control of Zn metabolism. Marked ciated with dietary Zn restriction and excess. The data presented tissue specificity of expression was observed in Zn-depleted vs. here identify the transporters critical for regulation of Zn Zn-adequate mice.
    [Show full text]
  • Journal of American Science, 2011; 7(11)
    Journal of American Science, 2011; 7(11) http://www.americanscience.org The Effects of Gender and Ideology in text selection Fatemeh Pashaei Department of Language, Science and Research branch, Islamic Azad University, East Azerbaijan, Tabriz, Iran. [email protected] Abstract: This research wants to classify all books translated by Iranian male and female translators after Islamic revolution and finds the answers to this question if gender awareness and ideology as cultural factors are effective in text selection trends by Iranian male and female translators after Islamic revolution. The main questions of this research are aroused to be answered .The answers of these questions will be discussed through the study: 1. Are gender and ideology effective in text selection trends by Iranian male /female translators after Islamic. Revolution? 2. Is gender awareness effective in text selection trends by Iranian female translators after Islamic Revolution? 3. What is the predominant scope in translation for female/male translators after Islamic Revolution? [Fatemeh Pashaei. The Effects of Gender and Ideology in text selection. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(11):392-399]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org Keyword: male, female, Iran, gender 1.1 Introduction question if gender awareness and ideology as cultural Every process of translation involves at least two factors are effective in text selection trends by languages and one message, which can be called Iranian male and female translators after Islamic form and meaning. In fact, the meaning is the revolution. message which is transferred by various features and it is the task of the translator to transfer the meaning 1.2.
    [Show full text]
  • December 2017
    December Saint 2017Sophia Greek Orthodox CathedralPage HERALD DECEMBER 2017 V. Rev. Fr. John S. Bakas Dean Fr. Christopher Kolentsas Assistant Priest 1324 S. Normandie Avenue Los Angeles, CA 90006 Tel. 323-737-2424 www.stsophia.org INSIDE THIS ISSUE Dean’s Message 2 President’s Message 3 Docents 3 Stewardship 4 Philoptochos VIP 4 Christmas Concert 4 Philoptochos News 5, 6 Bake Sale 7 Ministries List 8 Sacraments/ 9 Memorials AHEPA 10 Glendi 11 Epicurean Journey 12 Feast Day Article 13, 14 Nativity of Jesus, 1405, Andrei Rublev Orthodox Calendar 15 Cathedral of the Annunciation, Moscow Kremlin Saint Nicholas the Wonderworker - December 6 Saint Spyridon the Wonderworker - December 12 Nativity of Our Lord and Savior, Jesus Christ - December 25 Saint Stephen, Archdeacon and the First Martyr - December 27 Page 2 December 2017 THE DEAN’S MESSAGE A CHRISTMAS GIFT OF TIME A very successful and highly respected local businessman day and age, time is indeed more precious than gold, more tells about the greatest Christmas gift he ever received. He elusive than a dream. It is a gift everyone can give. Our Lord was a youngster when one Christmas, he discovered a box and Savior Jesus Christ gave us the gift of His time by under the Christmas tree with his name on it. The box was entering time as a baby in Bethlehem. The gift of His time from his dad. “It was so light” he said about the weight of the allows us to have our personal moments with Him in prayer box itself, and I couldn’t imagine what might be on the inside.
    [Show full text]