Safety Analysis of Leu Target Plate Irradiation at Parr-1 for Fission Molybdenum-99 Production
SAFETY ANALYSIS OF LEU TARGET PLATE IRRADIATION AT PARR-1 FOR FISSION MOLYBDENUM-99 PRODUCTION
T. Mahmood, I. H. Bokhari, A. Muhammad and M. Iqbal
Nuclear Engineering Division, Directorate of Systems and Services, PINSTECH, Nilore, Islamabad
Keeping in view the reservations of international community on utilization of high enriched uranium (HEU) fuel in civil nuclear reactors, it has been planned to design and irradiate low enriched uranium (LEU) fuel plates for Molybdenum-99 production at Pakistan Research Reactor-1 (PARR-1). Safety analysis for the proposed LEU target fuel plate, its irradiation in the core and transportation to the processing plant was performed. Neutronic analyses of the target holder bearing three fuel plates at equal distance from each other, was performed. The activity of the target plates was calculated. Effect of irradiation was studied by placing this holder at different axial positions [1-3].
It was concluded that the criteria of avoiding Onset of Nucleate Boiling (ONB) is fulfilled for irradiation of the target plates at any vertical position in the water box positioned at C-4. With such arrangement, the results showed that target holder irradiation had safe Departure from Nucleate Boiling Ratio (DNBR) which was greater than 2. The maximum temperature achieved was 104.7 ºC, which is about 21 ºC below the clad surface temperature that can initiate nucleate boiling. Fig. 1 shows the maximum activities of waste and 99Mo after irradiation.
Fig. 1 Maximum activities of waste and 99Mo after irradiation
References
1. T. Hamid, Reactor Kinetics Parameters as a Function of Fuel Burnup, PIEAS-445 (1999). 2. M. Iqba and T. Mahmood, Fission Moly Production at PARR-1, PINSTECH-192 (2005). 3. I. H. Bokhari, M. Israr and S. Pervez, “Analysis of reactivity induced accidents at Pakistan Research Reactor-1’, Ann. Nucl. Energy 29 (2002) 2225.
1 STEADY STATE ANALYSIS FOR IRRADIATION OF LOCALLY FABRICATED NATURAL URANIUM ELEMENT AT PARR-1
T. Mahmood, I. H. Bokhari and M. Israr Nuclear Engineering Division, Directorate of Systems and Services, PINSTECH, Nilore, Islamabad
Efforts are underway at PINSTECH to fabricate the fuel elements locally, to be used in future cores of PARR-1. Neutronic and thermal hydraulic analyses were carried out for a proposed core comprising of the existing 34 imported LEU fuel elements and a locally fabricated natural uranium fuel element. Calculated neutronic parameters included excess reactivity, shut down margin, control rod worth, peak power density location, peaking factors, neutron flux in the fuel elements and neutron flux at irradiation sites in the core [1-3]. Calculated thermal hydraulic parameters included steady-state temperatures, peak temperatures for fuel centerline, clad surface & water coolant, and safety margins to Onset of Nucleate Boiling (ONB), Onset of Flow Instability (OFI) and Departure from Nucleate Boiling (DNB). Fig. 1 shows the axial thermal neutron flux profile with and without natural uranium element.
From the analysis, it was concluded that present core can be operated safely at steady state power level of 10 MW along with the newly fabricated natural uranium standard fuel element placed at grid position E-3 or D-3. Core will have sufficient safety margins against onset of nucleate boiling, onset of flow instability and departure from nucleate boiling.
Fig. 1 Axial thermal neutron flux profile with and without natural uranium element
References
1 International Atomic Energy Agency, Research Reactor Core Conversion from the Use of Highly Enriched Uranium to the Use of Low Enriched Uranium Fuels, IAEA- TECDOC-233 (1980). 2 T. Hayat et al, Final Safety Analysis Report (FSAR) of PARR-1, (2001). 3 M.M. El-Wakil, Nuclear Heat Transport, International Textbook Company (1971).
2 OPTIMIZATION STUDY OF LEU FUELLED HOMOGENEOUS AQUEOUS SOLUTION NUCLEAR REACTORS FOR SHORT LIVED ISOTOPES PRODUCTION
T. Mahmood and M. Iqbal Nuclear Engineering Division, Directorate of Systems and Services, PINSTECH, Nilore, Islamabad
Low enriched uranium (LEU) based solution reactors possess the potential to meet increasing demand of 99Mo and other short lived fission product radioisotopes being used in medical field. In the current study, optimization and neutronic design calculations were carried out for LEU homogenous aqueous solution reactor with uranyl nitrate as a solution fuel. Lattice calculations and core modeling were performed employing available standard nuclear reactor codes WIMSD and CITATION. Calculation procedure was verified using experimental published data and simulated criticality results were compared with the published data [1-3]. After verification of the calculation methodology, optimization and design calculations were performed for four different uranium enrichments (5%, 10%, 15%, and 19.99%) of the uranyl nitrate solution. Keeping in view the restraints on peak power density of solution reactors, annular geometry is suited as compared to the cylindrical geometry. Among the four considered enrichments in the analysis, 19.99% enriched uranyl nitrate solution with annular geometry presents optimum design parameters for the homogeneous aqueous solution reactor. Critical fissile mass profile as a function of uranium concentration for annular geometry is shown in Fig. 1.
Fig. 1 Critical fissile mass profile as a function of uranium concentration for annular geometry
References
1 International Atomic Energy Agency, Homogeneous Aqueous Solution Nuclear Reactors for the Production of Mo-99 and other Short Lived Radioisotopes, IAEA- TECDOC-1601, Vienna (2008). 2 S. Sakurai, M. Miyauchi and S. Tachimori, J. Nucl. Sci. Tech. 24 (1987) 415 3 Y. Yamane, Y. Miyoshi, S. Watanabe and T. Yamamoto, Nucl. Tech. 141 (2003) 221.
3 ANALYSIS FOR CORE CONVERSION (HEU-LEU) OF PARR-2
T. Mahmood, I. H. Bokhari and M. Iqbal Nuclear Engineering Division, Directorate of Systems and Services, PINSTECH, Nilore, Islamabad
Calculational methodology for conversion of Miniature Neutron Source Reactor (MNSR) from HEU to LEU was validated by doing analysis of HEU fuel (90.2% enriched). On the basis of HEU based reactor model, analysis of LEU (UO2 fuel) core gives results, which qualify the UO2 fuel for future LEU core of MNSR. However for LEU fuel, neutron flux at irradiation sites is slightly lower for the reactor operating at 30 kW power. Therefore reactor power will have to be increased to a level of 33 kW to get the same thermal flux values as obtained for HEU core. Use of the same control rod as being used in the current HEU core gives lower values of shut down margin and control rod worth. But the slightly increased diameter of control rod improves shut down margin to a value that is comparable to the corresponding value for HEU core. LEU (UO2 fuelled) core with following characteristics provides replica of the currently operating HEU core:
Enrichment: 12.46% Guide tube and grid plate material: Zr-4 Reactor power: 3.3kW Cladding material of fuel pin: Zr-4 Control rod absorber (cadmium) thickness: 4.5mm
All other materials and structures have been assumed to be same as are being used in the presently operating HEU core.
There is no significant difference between the dose values for HEU and prospected LEU fuel. Therefore existing HEU core and prospected LEU core of MNSR are considered to be safe for the public even in case of an accident releasing radioactive gases from the fuel [1-3]. Core characteristics are shown in Table 1.
Table 1: Core characteristics
Amount Criticality Control Thermal Flux Excess Shut Down Fuel Material / of 235U Position Rod at Inner Sites U- Density Reactivity Margin Enrichment (g) in (Rod cm Worth at 30 kW (mk) (mk) Core out) (mk) (#/cm2-sec) U-Al alloy / 0.92g/cm3 995 9.0 4.046 -2.344 -6.39 1.02E+12 90.2% enriched UO fuel / 2 9.35g/cm3 1353 7.0 4.007 -1.43 -5.437 9.36E+11 12.6% enriched UO fuel / 2 9.35g/cm3 1264 7.0 4.160 -1.498 -5.658 9.41E+11 12.3% enriched UO fuel / 2 9.35g/cm3 1339 8.5 4.012 -2.375 -6.387 9.16E+11 12.46% enriched
References
1. M. K. Qazi, M. Israr and A. Karim, Revised Final Safety Analysis Report (FSAR) on Pakistan Research Reactor-2 (1994). 2. J. S. A. Jonah, J. R. Liaw, A. Olson and J. E. Matos, “Criticality calculations and transient analysis of the Nigeria MNSR (NIRR-1) for conversion to LEU”, (2006). 3. S. S. Raza and M. Iqbal, Ann. Nucl. Energy 32 (2005) 1157.
4 BENCHMARK NEUTRONIC ANALYSIS OF SYRIAN MNSR
T. Mahmood and M. Iqbal Nuclear Engineering Division, Directorate of Systems and Services, PINSTECH, Nilore, Islamabad
Benchmark neutronic calculations were carried out for the Syrian Miniature Neutron Source Reactor (MNSR). Ten energy group lattice constant calculations were performed employing WIMSD code while entire core with beryllium reflector and irradiation sites was modeled in CITAION. Calculated neutronic parameters included core excess reactivity, control rod worth, thermal neutron flux at irradiation sites, peaking factors, feed back moderator temperature coefficient of reactivity, and axial & radial profiles for power densities [1-3]. Calculated values of these parameters were compared with the quoted/published data. Values of calculated excess reactivity, control rod worth and neutron flux at irradiation sites match reasonably well with the published data. However there is some difference between calculated and quoted values of peak power density and moderator temperature coefficient of reactivity. Axial power distribution for different control rod positions is shown in Fig. 1.
Fig. 1 Axial power distribution for different control rod positions
References
1. M. J. Halsall, “A Summary of WIMSD4 Input Options”, AEEW-M 1327 (1980). 2. T. B. Fowler, D. R. Vondy and G. W. Cunningham, “Nuclear Reactor Core Analyses Code CITATION”, ORNL – TM – 2496, Rev. 2. (1971). 3. E. Alhassan, E. H. K. Akaho, B. J. B. Nyarko, N. A. Adoo, V. Y. Agbodemegbe, C. Y. Bansah and R. Della, “Analysis of reactivity temperature coefficient for light water moderated HEU-UAl4 and LEU-UO2 lattices of MNSR”, J. Appl. Sci. Res. 6 (2010) 1431.
5 A STUDY OF CHARGE-PICKUP INTERACTIONS BY (158A GeV) Pb NUCLEI
G. Sher and M. I. Shahzad Physics Division, Directorate of Science, PINSTECH, Nilore, Islamabad
Study of the relativistic heavy-ion collision is important to focus on probing phase transitions between hadrons and quark–gluon phases in the extreme conditions of temperature and density of nuclear matter formed in the collisions. These states of nuclear matter are expected to be created in relativistic nuclear collisions with large overlap of interacting nuclei, the Lorentz-boosted Coulomb potential Vc ~Z/b of a partner with charge Z is very strong, where b is impact parameter and is the fine structure constant. Either one or both nuclei may be disintegrated by the electromagnetic forces in ultra- peripheral collisions at b ≥ R1 + R2, where R1 and R2 are the nuclear radii. This distinct feature of electromagnetic dissociation [1, 2] makes it possible to study the behavior of nuclear matter under electromagnetic fields. The nuclear charge-pickup (Z = +1) by Pb projectiles at energy 158A GeV interacting with targets Bi, Pb, Cu and Al was investigated using CR39 nuclear track detectors. The target-detector stacks were exposed at CERN SPS beam facility. The projectile and fragments charge states have been identified using the etch- cone lengths for charge-pickup at Z = 83 of residual nuclei. Our measured charge-pickup cross sections (Z = +1) are shown in Fig. 1. It was observed that for the heavy targets the increase in the cross section is anticipated by substantial contribution of electromagnetic dissociation process of production by virtual photons [3] which is almost negligible at 10.6A GeV. In the light target region, our measured cross sections and charge-pickup cross sections reported at energy 10.6A GeV show dominant nuclear contribution and very small contribution of electromagnetic dissociation term. A strong dependence of charge-pickup cross sections on the target mass number was observed particularly in the heavy targets [4].
. Fig. 1 The plot of experimental charge-pickup cross sections (Z=+1) by the Pb projectiles as a function of targets mass number (AT)
References
1. F. Krauss, M. Greiner and G. Soff, Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. A 39 (1997) 503. 2. C. A. Bertulani and G. Baur, Phys. Rep. 163 (1988) 299. 3. C. Scheidenberger et al., Phys. Rev. C 70 (2004) 014902. 4. B. S. Nilsen et al., Phys. Rev. C 50 (1994) 1065.
6 STUDY OF ADVANCED NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLES IN CANDU TYPE POWER REACTORS
Z. Yasin and M. I. Shahzad Physics Division, Directorate of Science, PINSTECH, Nilore, Islamabad
It was shown in our previous study that the fuel burn up can be increased to a large extent, up to 14, 0000 MWD/te, by using the slightly enriched uranium or Pu mixed fuel in CANDU type power reactors [1]. In the present study, the previous work was extended to compare the isotopic inventories and corresponding activities of important nuclides for different fuel cycles of a CANDU 600 type power reactor. The fuel channel of the reactor is shown in Fig.1. The detail can be found in our studies [1, 2]. The calculations were performed using the computer code WIMSD4. The isotopic inventories and corresponding activities were calculated versus the fuel burn-up for the natural UO2 fuel, 1.2 % enriched UO2 fuel and 0.45 % PuO2-UO2 fuel. It was found that 1.2 % enriched uranium fuel has the lowest activity as compared to other two fuel cycles [2], as shown in Fig. 2. It means that improvement in the fuel cycle technology of CANDU type power reactors can lead to high burn up which results in the reduction of actinide content in the spent fuel, and hence has a good environmental impact.
0 5000 10000 15000 1.8x105 180000
1.6x105 160000 Nat. UO 2 5 0.45% PuO +UO 140000 1.4x10 2 2 1.2% UO 2 1.2x105 120000
1.0x105 100000
8.0x104 80000
Activity (Ci) Activity 6.0x104 60000
4.0x104 40000
2.0x104 20000
0.0 0 0 5000 10000 15000 Burn up (MWD/Te)
Fig. 1 Cross sectional view of Fig. 2 Total activities of important isotopes as a the fuel channel function of burn up for natural UO2 fuel, 0.45 % PuO2-UO2 fuel & 1.2 % enriched UO2 fuel
References
1. Z. Yasin, Nucl.ear Engineering and Design 240 (2010) 2862. 2. Z. Yasin, J. Iqbal, M. I. Shahzad, World Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology 1 (2011) 31.
7 LANGMUIR PROBE MEASUREMENTS OF ND-YAG LASER PRODUCED COPPER PLASMAS
A. H. Dogar, B. Ilyas, Shakirullah, A. Nadeem and A. Qayyum Physics Division, Directorate of Science, PINSTECH, Nilore, Islamabad
The plasma was produced by focusing Nd-YAG laser pulses of 1064 nm wavelength and 10 ns duration on to a copper target. A time-resolving plane Langmuir probe was used to record the electron and ion currents during the plasma expansion in vacuum (Fig. 1). Langmuir probe theory was used to determine the temporal variation of the plasma potential, electron temperature and ion density. At the time of maximum ion current the estimated plasma potential, electron temperature and ion density were 2.42 V, 3.28 eV and 2.30×1012 cm-3 respectively. In addition, time-of-flight signal was used to determine the ion density and velocity of the various ion components as a function of laser irradiance and probe angle w.r.t. target surface normal. For the range of laser irradiance, 4-13×108 W/cm2, we found ion density in the range of 6.88×1010-2.64×1012 cm-3 and ion velocity in the range of 2.2-4.6×106 cm s-1 at the time of maximum ion current. In particular, velocity of the fastest plume component was most affected by the irradiance. The estimated threshold irradiance for the onset of plasma was 3.95×108 W/cm2. The experimental scaling laws for the variation of ion velocity and ion charge with laser irradiance and probe angle were proposed [1].
1
0
-1 Probe Voltage
-10
-2 -4.25
-0.5 Current (A) Current 0.52 -3 1.01 5.15 -4 10
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 Time (s) Fig. 1 Ion and electron currents to the probe as a function of time after the laser shot hits the target
Reference
1. C. L. S. Lewis, P. F. Cunningham, L. Pina, A. K. Roy and J. M. Ward, J. Phys. D, Appl. Phys. 15 (1982) 69.
8 ANGULAR DISTRIBUTIONS OF FLUX AND ENERGY OF THE IONS EMITTED DURING PULSED LASER ABLATION OF COPPER
A. H. Dogar, B. Ilyas, H. Qayyum, Shakirullah and A. Qayyum Physics Division, Directorate of Science, PINSTECH, Nilore, Islamabad
An experimental study on the pulsed laser ablation of copper by using Nd-YAG laser radiation of 1064 nm wavelength at a fluence of 13 J/cm2 was undertaken. A time-resolving plane Langmuir probe, placed at various angles with respect to the target surface normal, was used to record temporal variation of ion currents during the plasma expansion in vacuum. The measured angular distributions of integrated ion yields (Fig. 1) are strongly peaked in forward direction. The experimentally determined plume expansion coefficient
Zinf X inf 2.1 0.2 is in good agreement with the previous studies [1]. Time-of-flight measurements indicated that the energy of various ion components is highest along target surface normal and decreases with increase of the angle, however the effect of angle is more pronounced on the faster ions. The energy spread of the ions decreases approximately from ±670 eV to ±19 eV as the probe angle increases from 0˚ to 60˚. The measured angular dependence of ion yield and most probable ion energy nicely follow the trends predicted by Anisimov’s plume expansion model.
1.0 Exp.(this work) Theoratical model [1] 0.8
0.6
)/F(0)
0.4 F(
0.2
0.0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Angle (degrees) Fig. 1 The angular distribution of normalized ion yield (dotted line is theoretical model)
Reference
1. T.N. Hansen, J. Schou, J.G. Lunney, Appl. Phys. A 69 (1999) S601
9 NONLINEAR ELECTROSTSTIC STRUCTURES IN HOMOGENEOUS AND INHOMOGENEOUS PAIR-ION PLASMAS
S. Mahmood, H. Ur-Rehman, A. Shah and Q. Haque Theoretical Plasma Physics Division, Directorate of Science, PINSTECH, Nilore Islamabad
The nonlinear electrostatic structures such as solitons, shocks were studied in homogeneous, unmagnetized pair-ion plasma. The dissipation in the system was taken through kinematic viscosities of both pair-ion species. The one dimensional (Korteweg-de Vries-Burgers) KdVB equation was derived using reductive perturbation method. The analytical solution of KdVB equation was obtained using tanh method. It was found that solitons and monotonic shocks structures were formed in such type of plasmas depending on the value of dissipation in the system (Fig. 1). Both compressive and rarefactive structures of solitons and monotonic shocks were obtained depending on the temperatures of negative and positive ions. The oscillatory shock structures in pair-ion plasmas were also obtained and its necessary conditions of formation were discussed. The acoustic solitons were also investigated in inhomogeneous unmagnetized pair-ion plasmas. The Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) like equation with an additional term due to density gradients was obtained by employing the reductive perturbation technique. It was found that amplitude of both compressive and rarefactive solitons was found to be enhanced as the density gradient parameter was increased. The Landau damping rates of electrostatic ion waves were studied for non-Maxwellian or Lorentzian pair-ion plasmas. The Valsov equation was solved analytically for weak damping effects in pair-ion plasma. It was found that Landau damping rate of ion plasma wave was increased in Lorentzian case in comparison with Maxwellian pair-ion plasmas. The numerical results were obtained by taking into account the parameters of pair-ion plasmas produced in laboratory experiments, Japan [1, 2].
Fig. 1 The oscillatory shock structures in pair-ion plasmas, when +ve ion temperature is greater (solid curve) and smaller (dotted curve) than negative ion temperature, where Ф is normalized potential and ξ is normalized space coordinate
References
1. W. Oohara and R. Hatakeyama, Phys. Rev. Lett. 91 (2003) 205005. 2. W. Oohara, Y. Kuwabara and R. Hatakeyama, Phys. Rev. E 75 (2007) 056403.
10 KORTEWEG-DE VRIES BURGERS EQUATION FOR MAGNETOSONIC WAVE
S. Hussain and S. Mahmood Theoretical Plasma Physics Division, Directorate of Science, PINSTECH, Nilore, Islamabad
The Korteweg-de Vries Burgers (KdVB) equation for magnetosonic wave propagating in the perpendicular direction of the magnetic field was derived for homogeneous electron-ion magneto-plasmas. The dissipation in the system was taken into account through the kinematic viscosity of the ions. The effects of kinematic viscosity of ions, plasma density and magnetic field strength on the formation of magnetosonic shocks were investigated. It was found that shock strength was enhanced with the increase in the plasma density of the system. However, the amplitude of magnetosonic shock was found to be decreased with the increase in magnetic field strength. The critical value of the dissipative coefficient to form oscillatory profile and monotonic shock was also discussed.
The magnetosonic wave plays an important role of energy transport phenomenon in the laboratory and space plasmas. We had investigated monotonic as well as oscillatory shock in the electron ion plasma system by taking into account the plasma parameters from laboratory experiments [1, 2]. The strength of the non linear magneto sonic shocks in electron ion dissipative plasma diminishes with the enhancement of magnetic field intensity as shown in Fig. 1. These results have direct relevance with space and laboratory plasmas.
100 Gauss
50 Gauss
Fig. 1 Variation of velocity (V1) at different space coordinates ()
References
1. D. G. Swanson, R. W. Gould and R. H. Hertel, Phys. Fluids 7 (1964) 2. 2. B. Sahu, Phys. Scr. 82 (2010) 065504.
11 DISPERSION IN THERMAL PLASMA INCLUDING ARBITRARY DEGENERACY AND QUANTUM RECOIL
A. Mushtaq1,2 and D. B. Melrose2 1 Theoretical Plasma Physics Division, Directorate of Science, INSTECH, Nilore, Islamabad 2School of Physics, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
The longitudinal response function for a thermal electron gas was calculated including two quantum effects exactly, degeneracy and the quantum recoil. The Fermi-Dirac distribution was expanded in powers of a parameter that is small in the non-degenerate limit and the response function was evaluated in terms of the conventional plasma dispersion function [1, 2] to arbitrary order in this parameter. The infinite sum was performed in terms of polylogarithms in the long-wavelength and quasi-static limits, giving results that apply for arbitrary degeneracy [3, 4]. The results were applied to the dispersion relations for Langmuir waves and to screening, reproducing known results in the non-degenerate and completely degenerate limits [5], and generalizing them to arbitrary degeneracy. The occupation number for the completely degenerate limit is shown in the Fig. 1. The importance of the results regarding to semiconductor plasmas were highlighted [4].
Fig. 1 Plot of the occupation number for Fermi-Dirac distribution for different values of temperature ratio
References
1. B. D. Fried and S. D. Conte, The Plasma Dispersion Function, Academic Press, New York (1961). 2. D. J. Lindhard, Mat. Fys. Medd. Dan. vid. Selsk. 28 (1954) 8. 3. D. B. Melrose and L. M. Hayes, Aust. J. Phys. 37 (1984) 369. 4. D. B. Melrose, Quantum Plasmadynamics: Unmagnetized Plasmas, Lect. Notes Phys. 735, Springer, New York (2008). 5. N. Maafa, Phys. Scripta 48 (1993) 351.
12 BOUNDARY LAYER FLOW OF AN OLDROYD-B FLUID IN THE REGION OF STAGNATION POINT OVER A STRETCHING SHEET
M. Sajid Theoretical Plasma Physics Division, Directorate of science, PINSTECH, Nilore, Islamabad
The mathematical modeling for the two-dimensional boundary layer flow of an Oldroyd-B fluid is presented. The developed equations are used to discuss the problem of two-dimensional flow in the region of a stagnation point over a stretching sheet [1-5]. The obtained partial differential equations are reduced to an ordinary differential equation by a suitable transformation. The obtained equation is then solved using a finite difference method. The influence of the pertinent fluid parameters on the velocity is discussed through graphs. The behavior of f′′(0) is also investigated for the change in parameter values.
Our main focus is to discuss the effects of relaxation and retardation time parameters on the velocity components in the x and y directions. In addition to it the skin friction coefficient is evaluated which is a measure of frictional drag at the surface. Fig. 1 illustrates that the boundary layer thickness decreases due to an increase in the relaxation time constant. The reason is that a higher relaxation time constant give rise to a slower recovery process and as a result the boundary layer thickness grows at a slower rate for a higher value of the relaxation time constant when compared with its lower value
/ Fig. 1 The velocity profile (f ()) vs. space coordinate () for different values of relaxation time parameters
References
1. B.C. Sakiadis, AIChE J. 7 (1961) 26. 2. L.J. Crane, J. Appl. Math. Phys. (ZAMP) 21 (1970) 645. 3. T. Hayat and M. Sajid, Int. J Heat Mass Transf. 50 (2007) 75. 4. T. Hayat, T. Javed and Z. Abbas, Int. J. Heat Mass Transf. 51 (2008) 4528. 5. K. Sadeghy, A. H. Najafi and M. Saffaripour, Int. J. Non-Linear Mech. 40(2005)1220.
13 THERMAL AND NON-THERMAL LATTICE GAS MODELS FOR A DIMER- TRIMER SURFACE CATALYTIC REACTION: A MONTE-CARLO SIMULATION STUDY
K. Iqbal and P. A. Khand Theoretical Plasma Physics Division, Directorate of Science, PINSTECH, Nilore, Islamabad
We have studied the kinetics of an irreversible dimer-trimer reaction of the type 2 A3 +3B2 → 6 AB by considering the precursor motion of the dimer (B2) on a square, as well as on a hexagonal surface, by using a Monte Carlo simulation. When the movement of precursors is limited to the first nearest neighborhood, the model gives reactive window widths of the order of 0.22 and 0.29 for the square and the hexagonal lattices, respectively, which are quite large compared to those predicted by the LH model. In our model, the reactive window width for a square lattice increases significantly as compared to that for the LH models of the same system on square and hexagonal lattices [1, 2]. The width of the reactive region increases when the precursor motion is extended to the second and the third nearest neighborhood. The continuous transition disappears when the precursor motion is extended to the third nearest neighborhood [3]. The diffusion of B atoms does not change the situation qualitatively for both the precursor and the LH models (Fig. 1). However, desorption of the dimer changes the situation significantly; i.e., the width of the reactive window shows an exponential growth with respect to the desorption probability of the dimer for both the precursor and the LH models (Fig. 1). In our opinion, the inclusion of precursors in the LH model of the dimer-trimer reactions leads to a better and more realistic description of the heterogeneous catalytic reactions. Consequently, further numerical and theoretical activity in this field will be very useful for understanding complex heterogeneous reactions.
Fig. 1 Production range and coverages with desorption (above) and without desorption (below)
References
1. R. M. Ziff, E. Gulari and Y. Barshad, Phys. Rev. Lett. 56 (1986) 1553 2. E. V. Albano, Phys. Rev. Lett. 69 (1992) 5020 3. K. M. Khan, E. V. Albano and R. A. Monetti, Surf. Sci. 481 (2001) 78
14 DENSITY INHOMOGENEITY DRIVEN ELECTROSTATIC SHOCK WAVES IN PLANETARY RINGS
W. Masood Theoretical Plasma Physics Division, Directorate of Science, PINSTECH, Nilore, Islamabad
Dust inertia and background density driven dust drift shock waves were theoretically studied in a rotating planetary environment [1-3] and subsequently applied to the planetary rings where the collisional effects are pronounced. It was found that the system under consideration admits significant shock formation if the collision frequency is of the order of or less than the rotational frequency of the Saturn's rings. It is observed that the increasing dust concentration decreases (Fig.1) whereas the increasing collisional frequency enhances the shock strength (Fig.2).
Fig. 1 Variation of the electrostatic drift potential (Φ) against the space coordinate () with increasing dust concentration
Fig. 2 Variation of the electrostatic drift potential Φ against the space coordinate () with increasing dust neutral collision frequency
References
1. B. A. Smith, et al., Science 212 (1981) 163. 2. B. A. Smith, et al., Science 215 (1982) 504. 3. U. de Angelis, V. Formisano and M. Giordano, J. Plasma Phys. 40 (1988) 399.
15 Ab INITIO ENERGETICS OF LANTHANUM SUBSTITUTION IN FERROELECTRIC BISMUTH TITANATE
S. H. Shah Theoretical Plasma Physics Division, Directorate of Science, PINSTECH, Nilore, Islamabad
Density functional theory based electronic structure calculations play a vital role in understanding, controlling and optimizing physical properties of materials at microscopic level. In present study system of interest is bismuth titanate (Bi4Ti3O12)/(BIT) which has wide range of applications such as a high temperture piezoelectric and one of the best material for memory devices. However, it also suffers from serious issues such as oxygen vacancies which degrade its performace as a memory elelment and piezoelectric material. In this context, the bulk and defect properties of orthorhombic bismuth titanate (Bi4Ti3O12) and bismuth lanthanum titanate (Bi3.25La0.75Ti3O12)/(BLT, x=0.75) were investigated by using first principles calculations and atomistic thermodynamics [1]. Heats of formation, valid chemical conditions for synthesis, lanthanum substitution energies and oxygen and bismuth vacancy formation energies were computed. The study improves understanding of how native point defects and substitutional impurities influence the ferroelectric properties of these layered perovskite materials. It was found that lanthanum incorporation could occur on either of the two distinct bismuth sites in the structure (Fig. 1) and that the effect of substitution is to increase the formation energy of nearby native oxygen vacancies. The results provide direct atomistic evidence over a range of chemical conditions for the suggestion that lanthanum incorporation reduces the oxygen vacancy concentration. Oxygen vacancies contribute to ferroelectric fatigue by interacting strongly with domain walls and therefore a decrease in their concentration is beneficial.
Fig. 1 Calculated oxygen vacancy formation energies at the six distinct sites O(1) to O(6) in BIT and BLT (x=0.75) under (a) oxygen rich and (b) oxygen poor conditions
Reference
1. S. H. Shah and P. D. Bristowe, “Ab initio energetics of lanthanum substitution in ferroelectric bismuth titanate”, J. Phys. Condens. Matter 23 (2011) 155902.
16 MONTE CARLO STUDY OF THE ION-INDUCED ELECTRON CURRENT TUNNELING THROUGH A METAL-INSULATOR-METAL JUNCTION
Shakirullah, A. H. Dogar, S. Hussain and A. Qayyum Physics Division, Directorate of Science, PINSTECH, Nilore, Islamabad
A Monte Carlo program was developed to investigate the kinetically excited electrons + passing through a realistic Ag-Al2O3-Al junction when Ar ions impact on the top Ag layer (Fig. 1). The program includes excitation of the target electrons (by projectile ions, recoiling target atoms and fast primary electrons) and subsequent transport of these excited electrons from Ag to bottom Al layer of the metal-insulator-metal (MIM) junction. The simulation, however, enables the calculation of partial tunneling electron yields of the electrons excited by the projectile ions, recoil atoms and cascade electrons, the depth distribution of the electron excitation points in the MIM junction and energy distribution of the tunneling electrons. Calculations showed that the electrons excited by fast cascade electrons are the major contributor to the tunneling electron yield while the direct contribution of projectile ions to tunneling electron yield is evident only at the projectile energies greater than 10 keV. The tunneling electrons have their origin close to bottom end of the Ag layer and bulk of the tunneling electrons has energies around 2 eV.
+ 3.0 Ar
E =0 eV
JP m
2.5 n
Ag
0
(el./ion)
2
m
n Al23 O
5
.
2.0 m 2 n
Al
0 0.6 2
1.5 1.2
1.8 1.0
2.4 Tunneling electron yield yield electron Tunneling 0.5
0.0 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 + Ar energy (keV)
Fig. 1 The calculated total tunneling electron yields as a function of ion energy for various values of the junction barrier potential (Experimental data (open triangles) is taken from [1]. Inset shows schematic of the Ag-Al2O3-Al MIM junction.)
Reference
1. S. Meyer , D. Diesing and A. Wucher, Phys. Rev. Lett. 93 (2004) 137601.
17 ASSESSMENT OF SCATTERED DOSE CONTRIBUTION TO HEALTHY TISSUE IN RADIATION THERAPY
W. Arshed, I. U. Qazi, Asadullah, K. Mahmood, I. Hussain, Z. U. Rehman, P. Akhter and M. Akhtar Health Physics Division, Directorate of Systems and Services, PINSTECH, Nilore, Islamabad
In cancer therapy by gamma radiation one of the limiting factor in dose delivery is the safety of the healthy tissues and organs around the cancerous mass. Better collimation and dose fractionation are employed to achieve this. In the present study, results of scattered dose to healthy tissues around the incident beam cross-section or beam boundaries were estimated using IAEA standard water phantom and 60Co incident radiation. It was observed that scattered dose to healthy tissues increases linearly from 4% to 7% of the incident dose of 185 cGy to 200 cGy at the centre of the beam, at 5 cm depth in water, as we increase the incident beam field size from 5 cm x 5 cm to 10 cm x 10 cm. Also the maximum unwanted scattered dose for any field size remains closer to the incident beam boundaries [1-3]. The scattered dose as percentage of dose at the centre of beam at 5 cm depth from wall of phantom for three field sizes and at various distances from the beam edges is shown in Table 1. Results have been published in Nuclear Technology & Radiation Protection”, Vol. 25, No. 3, pp. 212-216, December 2010.
Table 1: Scattered dose as percentage of dose at the centre of beam at 5 cm depth from wall of phantom for three field sizes and at various distances from the beam edges
Field size at the entrance surface of phantom Chamber 5 cm × 5 cm 7 cm × 7 cm 10 cm ×10 cm position percent from Mean Percent Mean percent Mean of beam dose of central dose of central dose central edge (cGy) dose (cGy) dose (cGy) dose Centre of 186.36 100 185.71 100 201.13 100 beam 2.5 cm 7.46 4 9.06 4.88 14.35 7.13 5.0 cm 4.84 2.6 6.58 3.54 9.43 4.69 7.5 cm 2.65 1.42 4.58 2.46 6.49 3.22 10.0 cm 2.01 1.08 2.52 1.36 4.32 2.15
References
1. M. Hitti, M. D. Web, Cancer Health Centre, http://www/webmd. com/ cancer/news/20071217/2007 world-cancer-deaths-top-7-million. 2. M. Garcia, A. Jemal and E. M. Ward, Global Cancer Facts & Figures, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, USA (2007). 3. United Nation Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiations (UNSCEAR), Sources, effects and risks of ionizing radiation, UNSCEAR, New York, Report to General Assembly (2000).
18 RADIATION LEVELS AND RADIONUCLIDES OVER THE PARR-I POOL WATER SURFACE DURING FULL POWER OPERATION
A. Rashid, J. Zeb, W. Ahmed, Z. U. Rahman and P. Akhter Health Physics Division, Directorate of Systems and Services, PINSTECH, Nilore, Islamabad
Radiation levels were measured at regular time intervals at different locations over the pool water surface of PARR-I. Radiation levels were measured at the minimum possible distance above the pool water surface and as far away as possible from the pool wall surfaces. Radiation levels above the core of PARR-I were measured at the position of installed detector at bridge. All measurements were made using the portable radiation survey meter. The radiation level over the pool surface varies from 12 Sv/hr to 250 Sv/hr during full power operation of PARR-I. The gamma dose rate in ( Sv/hr) at Pool Surface of PARR-I is given in Table 1. Pool water samples were collected during all reactor operations for subsequent radiometric analysis to check release of fission fragments and presence of irradiated structural corrosive and water impurity radionuclides. The radionuclide levels were within normal permissible range and no release of fission fragments was detected and hence reactor core was found radiologically intact [1-5].
Table 1: Gamma Dose Rate at Pool Surface of PARR-I (
A B C D Max 130 142 121 250 Min 12 15 13 44
A = Sample Tray B = Mid. Point of Open End C = South Side D = Above the Core
References
1. A. Rashid, J. Zeb, W. Arshed, P. Akhter and S. S. Ahmed, Code of Practice for the safe use of Radiation at PINSTECH, Rev-2 (2006). 2. UNSCEAR., Sources and Effects of Ionizing Radiation, New York (2000). 3. International Atomic Energy Agency, Measurement of Radionuclides in Food and the Environment, Technical Report Series No. 295, IAEA, Vienne (1989). 4. R. Tykva and J. Sabol, “Low Level Environmental Radioactivity, Sources and Evaluation”, Technomic Publishing Company Inc., Lancaster, USA (1995). 5. United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR), Sources, Effects and Risks of Ionizing Radiation, New York, Report to General Assembly (1988).
19 DETERMINATION OF OVERALL STABILITY CONSTANTS OF URANYL ACETATE COMPLEXES BY pH MEASUREMENTS
A. S. A. Khan Chemistry Division, Directorate of Science, PINSTECH, Nilore, Islamabad
The complexation study provides stability constant data of metal complexes. The knowledge of stability constants of metal complexes is important in view of finding the best complexing agent for extraction and separation of metal ions. In the present study, the data of hydrogen ions activity obtained from pH analysis was utilized in finding overall stability constants of uranyl acetate complexes on the basis of plot of function “F” vs. the equilibrium concentration of acetate ions “[A]” as shown in Fig. 1. The magnitude of function “F” was evaluated on the basis of Eq.1, where “n” is the number of moles of ligand complexed per mole of uranyl ions and [A] is the equilibrium concentration of acetate ions [1]. The overall stability constants were calculated on the basis of Eq. 2. The values of logβ1, logβ2 and logβ3 were found to be 2.75, 4.75 and 6.81 respectively which are close to the reported data in literature [2]. It was concluded that pH meter may be satisfactorily utilized in the evaluation of overall stability constants of metal complexes with anions of weak acids.
30 3 2 y = 6604651x + 56512x + 563x + 1
F
0
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 [A] mole L-1 Fig. 1 Plot of function “F” vs. free acetate ions concentration “[A]”.
[A] n lnF d[A] (1) [A]0 [A]
2 3 F 1 1[A] 2[A] 3[A] (2)
References
1. F. J. G. Rossotii, H. Rossotti, The determination of stability constants and other equilibrium constants in solutions, McGraw-Hill, Book Company, Inc, New York (1961). 2. L. G. Sillen, A. E. Martell, Stability constant of metal-ion complexes, Special publication No.17, London, the Chemical Society, Burlington House, W.I. (1964).
20 GAMMA RADIOLYTIC DEGRADATION OF HEPTACHLOR PESTICIDE IN METHANOL AND MONITORING OF DEGRADATION PRODUCTS BY HPLC AND GC-MS
M. Riaz Chemistry Division, Directorate of Science, PINSTECH, Nilore, Islamabad
Removal of persistent organic pollutant heptachlor in methanol by gamma irradiation under varied experimental conditions has been optimized. Air saturated solution of heptachlor was irradiated at gamma dose of 1 to 10 kGys. The extent of radiolytic degradation along with numbers of degradation products formed in methanol were monitored by reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with UV detector. At dose of 10 kGy ≥ 98 % of heptachlor was degraded. It is proposed that utilization of ionization radiations can be an effective and efficient tool for the removal of persistent toxic halogenated pesticides such as heptachlor. The extent of degradation of heptachlor against the gamma dose from 1 to 10 kGy is shown in Fig. 1.
Fig. 1 Degradation of 50 mg L-1 heptachlor in methanol from 1 to 10 kGy gamma irradiation dose, A=1, B=5, C=7, D=10 kGy, respectively
Radiolytic generation of highly selective radicals by solvent molecules has the potential to decompose halogenated toxic and persistent compounds via fast kinetic [1, 2]. The identification by GC-MS proved that the generated products concentration is low and these are probably further biodegradable under ambient environmental conditions and are also been less toxic and persistent.
References
1. S. Yamada, Y. Naito, M. Funakawa, S. Nakai and M. Hosomi, Photodegradation fates of cis-chloredane trans-chlordane and heptachlor in ethanol, Chemosphere 70 (2008) 1669. 2. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Regisistry, Toxicological Profile for Heptachlor / Heptachlor Epoxide, ATSDR/TP-88/16. Atlanta (1989).
21 SYNTHESIS OF BIODIESEL FROM ROCKET SEED OIL AND ITS CHARACTERIZATION BY FT-IR, NMR (1H AND 13C) AND GC-MS
N. Khalid Chemistry Division, Directorate of Science, PINSTECH, Nilore, Islamabad
The limited resources of fossil fuel, increasing prices of crude oils and environmental concerns have motivated the researcher for alternate fuels, such as biodiesel that is obtained from vegetable oils. Therefore, biodiesel was synthesized from Rocket seed oil by base catalyzed transesterification with methanol. The physical parameters like dynamic viscosity (3.88 cp), specific gravity (0.893 g cm3), kinematic viscosity (5.85 mm2 s 1)), density (0.877g cm3), cloud point (3 oC), flash point (110 oC) and acid number (0.07 mg KOH g1) of the synthesized rocket seed oil biodiesel (RSOB) were determined and were found to be comparable with ASTM recommended values for diesels. Chemical composition of the biodiesels formed was determined by various techniques like Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy (1H, 13C) & gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS). The 1H NMR spectrum of RSOB is shown in Fig. 1.
Fig. 1 1H NMR spectrum of rocket seed oil biodiesel
The identified FAMEs by GC-MS were; methyl 9-hexadecenoate (C16:1), 14-methyl pentadecanoate (C16:0), methyl 9,12-octadecadienoate (C18:2), methyl 9-octadecenoate (C18:1), methyl octadecanoate (C18:0), methyl 11-eicosenoate (C20:1), methyl eicosanoate (C20:0), methyl 13-docosenoate (C22:1), methyl docosanoate (C22:0), methyl 15- tetracosenoate (24:1) and methyl tetracosanoate (C24:0). Percentage conversion of triglycerides to corresponding methyl esters was determined by 1H-NMR which was 88.5 % [1, 2].
References
1. V. M. Mello et al., Magn. Reson. Chem. 46 (2008) 1051. 2. D. Samios et al., Fuel Process. Technol. 90 (2009) 599.
22 CORRELATION STUDY OF TRACE METALS IN MALIGNANT AND NORMAL BREAST TISSUES BY AAS TECHNIQU
S. Rahman Chemistry Division, Directorate of Science, PINSTECH, Nilore, Islamabad
The study reports the application of atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) for quantification of Fe, Cu and Zn in forty one formalin-fixed biopsy breast carcinoma tissue and adjoining fifteen normal tissue samples. These tissues samples were of category two breast carcinoma patients and of normal subjects. The qualitative comparison between the elements levels measured in the two types of specimens suggests significant elevation of these metals in the histopathological samples of carcinoma tissue. The samples were collected from women aged 19-51 years. Most of the patients belong to urban areas of Pakistan and middle to high socioeconomic status with the exception of few. Findings of study depicts that these elements have an important role in the initiation and development of carcinoma as consistent pattern of elevation for Fe, Cu and Zn was observed. The results showed the excessive accumulation of Fe (166.9 mg/L) in tissue samples of breast carcinoma patients (p < 0.01) than that in normal tissues samples (23.5 mg/L). In order to validate our method of analysis certified reference material Muscle Tissue Lyophilised (IAEA) MA-M- 2/TM was analyzed for Fe, Cu and Zn. Determined concentrations were in good agreement with certified levels.
The concentration distribution of trace elements Cu, Zn and Fe measured in the malignant tissues were found to be higher when compared to benign tissues, as depicted in Table 1, indicating the involvement of these metals in the breast malignancy [1, 2]. Results also indicate that excess iron may play a role in breast carcinogenesis.
Table 1: Concentration (ppm) of Fe, Cu and Zn in healthy, adjacent to malignant and malignant tissues
Element Healthy normal tissue Adjacent to malignant tissue Malignant tissue (n = 6) (n = 15) (n = 20) Mean Median Range Mean Median Range Mean Median Range Fe 49.1 48.1 23.5- 52.2 60.8 24.6-90.6 129 137 106-166.9 ±11.4 77.8 ±19.4 ±22.7 Cu 1.64 2.3 0.4–3.6 2.1 2.3 0.5–3.9 2.9 3.1 1.8-5.6 ±0.8 ±1.03 ±1.3 Zn 9.9 8.6 3.2-29.4 14.9 12.5 3.6-38.9 27.6 29.2 13.6-33.9 ±2.9 ±10.9 ±12.4
References
1. A. Kubala-Kukus, D. Banas, J. Braziewicz, S. Gozdz, U. Majewska and M. Pajek, “Analysis of elemental concentration censored distributions in breast malignant and breast benign neoplasm tissues”, Spectrochimica Acta B 62 (2007) 695. 2. J. G. Lonescu, J. Novotny, V. D. Stejskal, A. Latsch, E. Blaurock-Busch and M. Eisenmann-Klein, “Increased levels of transition metals in breast cancer tissue”, Neuroendocrinology Letter 27 (2006) 36.
23 FAAS & k0-INAA ANALYSIS PROTOCOLS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF ESSENTIAL AND TOXIC METALS IN FRESH AND PACKED MILK SAMPLES
M. Wasim and S. Rahman Chemistry Division, Directorate of Science, PINSTECH, Nilore, Islamabad
This study assesses the intake adequacy of elements determined in fresh, ultra high temperature (UHT) treated and powder milk samples [1]. The samples were analyzed for fourteen elements (Br, Ca, Cl, Cs, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Na, P, Rb, Sn, Sr and Zn) by semi-absolute k0 instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA), epithermal neutron activation analysis (ENAA) and flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) with proper method validation. NAA and AAS methodologies were validated by analyzing three reference materials. The results of 10 elements (Br, Co, Cr, Cs, Fe, K, Na, Rb, Sc and Zn) determined in IAEA-336 by k0-INAA, iodine in NIST-SRM-1572 (citrus leaves) by ENAA and 4 elements (Cd, Cu, Ni and Pb) by AAS are presented in Fig. 1 with 95% confidence intervals. The daily intakes were compared with the dietary reference intakes (DRIs) defined for male of age group 31-50 years. This comparison reveals that fresh milk is best in providing most of the essential elements (Ca, I, P, Zn, Mg). UHT treated and powder samples are slightly better in Cu and Fe. It can be said that fresh milk is good source of Ca, I, P and Zn but poor source of Fe. The daily intake of lead, identified in only two samples, was compared with the provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) defined by Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and World Health Organization (WHO), which is 25 µg/(kg body weight) [2]. Lead was evaluated for a person drinking 250 ml of milk/day and weighing 70 kg. It produced weekly intake of 3.1 µg, a value well below the PTWI.
2.0
1.5
1.0 Concentration
0.5 (determind/reference)
0.0 Br Co Cr Cs Fe K Na Rb Sc Zn I Cd Cu Ni Pb Element
Fig. 1 Concentration (determined/reference) in different reference materials by k0-INAA (Br, Br, Co, Cr, Cs, Fe, K, Na, Rb, Sc, Zn), ENAA (I) and AAS (Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb)
References
1. R.M. Tripathi, R. Raghunath and T.M. Krishnamoorthy, Sci. Total Envir. 208 (1997) 149. 2. FAO/WHO, Evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants, WHO Technical Report Series 837, Geneva (1993).
24 METALS AND COCOA PRODUCTS: A STUDY ON CHARACTERIZATION OF TOXIC AND ESSENTIAL METALS IN CHOCOLATES
S. Rahman and S. M. Husnain Chemistry Division, Directorate of Science, PINSTECH, Nilore, Islamabad
Metals (Pb, Cd, Ni, Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn) were assessed in 32 commonly consumed cocoa products (chocolates) prepared by different national and multinational companies. Significant differences were observed between the microelement contents of these varieties (P < 0.01). Frequent consumption of chocolates can enhance the intake of toxic metals in children. The concentration of Pb and Cd in cocoa powder is found to be highest 492 and 197 μg/L followed by cocoa based chocolates 306 and 46.8 μg/L, sugar based chocolates 209.8 and 40.3 μg/L whereas it is least in milk based chocolates samples 88.3 and 33 μg/L respectively. Weekly intake of toxic metals Pb, Cd and Ni was also calculated. Mean concentration of Pb and Cd was found below the provisional tolerable weekly intake defined by FAO/WHO. All essential elements were assessed for their weekly intake with the dietary reference intakes (DRI). Results were validated through the analysis of certified reference materials and determined metals concentrations were quite in good agreement with certified levels. Data was interpreted through cluster analysis and pattern recognition as depicted in Fig. 1. The concentrations of Pb, Cd, Ni and Fe were found to be highest in the cocoa-based followed by milk-based and sugar-based chocolates. The daily intake of cocoa-based chocolates must be reduced as lead and cadmium intake can otherwise cross the limits set by Codex Alimentarius (FAO/WHO 2006) [1]. Raw materials should be checked before use for metal contents in order to decrease the concentrations of these metals in final chocolate products.
13.15
e
c
n
a
t s
i 8.77
d
n
a
e
d
i
l
c u
E 4.38
0.00 1 8 4 3 9 2 4 0 7 5 1 2 1 7 0 2 6 5 9 3 2 9 8 3 5 6 1 8 4 6 7 0 - 1 2 1 - 2 - 1 - 2 2 - 3 1 2 3 - 1 2 - 1 1 - 2 - 1 1 2 1 2 2 3 C - - - C - C - C - - C - - - - C - - C - - C - C ------C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C Chocolate samples Fig. 1 Cluster analysis using Euclidean distance as a measure of similarity with ward linkage
Reference
1. FAO/WHO, Draft Standards for Chocolates and Chocolate Products, Joint FAO/WHO Standards Programme, CODEX Committee on Cocoa Products and Cocoa Chocolates, 19th Session, 3–5 October 2001, Fribourg, Switzerland, CX/CPC 01/3, Microchem. J. 82 (2006)159.
25 DETERMINATION OF TRACE LEVELS OF IODINE IN TABLE SALT BY ICP-TOF MS
F. Waqar, B. Muhammad, M. Hakim and S. Jan Central Analytical Facility Division, Directorate of Systems and Services, PINSTECH, Nilore, Islamabad
An ion exchange method was established for the effective removal of sodium matrix for iodine determination by ICP-TOF-MS technique. Since the direct determination of trace level analytes in the presence of heavy matrix is not recommended by this technique. Therefore, the removal of matrix is essentially required to achieve better detection limits and to avoid memory effects [1]. The extraction system was designed for the removal of matrix prior to the analysis by ICP-MS, various parameters were optimized to achieve efficient removal of matrix. The accuracy of the method was evaluated by spiking salt samples with known amount of iodine (50 µg/g) and % recoveries were calculated. The recoveries obtained were > 98% with relatice standard deviation (RSD) < 5%. The established method was applied for the analysis of commercially available iodized table salt samples. The results and % recoveries are given in Table 1.
The most commonly used iodometric titration method is not satisfactory as it has 5-10 % quantitative error. Our method is reliable and could be conveniently applied for the determination of iodine in table salt samples.
Table 1: Concentration (µg/g) of iodine in commercially available table salt samples and % recoveries in spkied salt samples
Sample name Iodized samples Spiked non-iodized samples % recovery National salt 29.67 49.81 99.6 Dalda salt 24.31 50.11 100.2 Utilty stroes 32.51 49.91 99.8 Phool brand 16.24 49.21 98.4 Khaora Rock salt Not detected 50.3 100.6
References
1. E. M. Curdy and Don Potter, Spectroscopy Europe 13 (2001) 245. 2. P. Chand, and B. Narayana, Acta. Chem. Slov. 53 (2006) 77. 3. B. Narayana and T. Cherian, South African J. Chem. 60 (2005) 8. 4. T. Cherian and B. Narayana, J. Braz. Chem. Soc. 16 (2005) 197.
26 COMPOSITION OF PHOSPHORITE REFERENCE MATERIALS (BCR-RM-032, PRH & IAEA-434)
N. Siddique, S. Javied*, S. Waheed and M. Tufail* Chemistry Division, Directorate of Science, PINSTECH, Nilore, Islamabad *Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Nilore, Islamabad
Analysis of geological materials requires the use of matrix specific reference materials (RMs). Phosphate rocks (PR), the basic ingredient of phosphate fertilizers, are very important in agriculture. A project was undertaken to study the PRs of the Hazara Deposits of Pakistan. Due to the unavailability of phosphate rock reference materials (PR-RMs) with a large number of certified elements, validation of the results was problematic when carrying out elemental analysis of PR samples and their derived products [1]. Therefore a parallel study was performed to determine the composition of three phosphate based RMs; BCR-RM- 032 (Natural Moroccan Phosphorite), IAEA-434 (Phosphogypsum) and PRH (a local PR-RM from the Hazara Deposits of Pakistan). Instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) was used for this purpose and more than 30 elements including rare earth elements (REEs) were determined in the three PR samples [2, 3], as shown in Table 1. The accuracy and precision of these results was checked using IAEA reference materials IAEA-SL1 (lake sediment) and IAEA-S7 (soil).
Table 1: Major elements in PR-RMs PRH (Hazara Deposits, Pakistan), IAEA-434 and BCR-RM-032 (Natural Moroccan Phosphorite) (concentrations in g/g at 95% confidence interval) [1]
Element PRH IAEA-434 BCR-RM-032 Al 1098300 525171 2750710 Ba 63183 186115 1300170 Ca 28345053750 - 37300052900 Fe 2480570 427162 1570220 K 380120 12558 721274 Mg 612156 - 2450635 Na 1960620 522171 62331184 Sr 1003880 292170 1014590 – not detected
References
1. N. Siddique, S. Javied, S. Waheed and M. Tufail, “Trace element content of phosphorite reference materials (BCR-RM-032, PRH and IAEA-434)”, J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 292(1) (2012) 445. 2. S. Javied, S. Waheed, N. Siddique, M. Tufail and M. M. Chaudhry, “Elemental analysis of phosphate rocks for sustainable agriculture in Pakistan”, J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 278(1) (2008) 17. 3. S. Javied, S. Waheed, N. Siddique, R. Shakoor and M. Tufail, “Measurement of rare earths elements in Kakul phosphorite deposits of Pakistan using instrumental neutron activation analysis”, J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 284(2) (2010) 397.
27 HAZARDOUS AND OTHER ELEMENT CHARACTERIZATION OF NEW AND USED DOMESTIC PLASTIC FOOD CONTAINERS USING INAA AND AAS
S. Waheed, S. Rahman, S. M. Husnain and N. Siddique Chemistry Division, Directorate of Science, PINSTECH, Nilore, Islamabad
Instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) and flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (FAAS) methodology was developed to characterize the inorganic trace element constituents in new and used domestic plastic food containers. INAA was employed through the variation of irradiation, cooling and counting protocols for the determination of Al, Ba, Br, Co, Cr, Eu, Fe, Hg, K, Mn, Na, Nd, Sb, Sc, Th, Ti, V and Zn while FAAS was used to quantify toxic inorganic elements such as Cd, Pb and Cu. These elements are thought to originate from the polymer manufacturing processes. It was found that there was gradual increase in the concentration of most of these elements from new to used plastic samples [1]. Moreover it was also observed that these inorganic elements are present in higher concentrations in the lower grade containers as compared to the high quality containers. It was also observed that the good quality containers even with the long usage do not degrade to such an extent as the low quality containers.
Table 1: Summarized results obtained by FAAS
Container Element Cd (µg/g) Cu (µg/g) Pb (µg/g)
PL-1 1.73 ± 0.16 10.4 ± 0.31 ND PL-2 1.14 ± 0.09 10.3 ± 0.39 ND NEW PL-3 1.74± 0.11 9.97 ± 0.47 ND Containers PL-4 5.10 ± 0.62 11.3 ± 0.62 9.92 ± 0.41 PL-5 3.5 ± 0.28 9.6 ± 0.28 ND PL-6 1.92 ± 0.07 10.3 ± 0.31 ND Used PL-7 1.94 ± 0.11 6.4 ± 0.19 ND Containers (3-10 years) PL-8 2.16 ± 0.21 5.8 ± 0.27 224 ± 8 PL-9 4.04 ± 0.19 32.1 ± 1.58 46.6 ± 0.98 ND = Not detected
Reference
1. S. Waheed, S. Rahman, S. M. Husnain and N. Siddique, “Hazardous and other element characterization of new and used domestic plastic food containers using INAA and AAS”, J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. (in press) DOI: 10.1007/s10967-011- 1036-8, 4 March 2011.
28 THE IMPACT OF ALUMINUM TRIBROMIDE ON THE THERMAL DEGRADATION OF POLY (STYRENE-CO-METHYL METHACRYLATE)
M. Arshad Chemistry Division, Directorate of Science, PINSTECH, Nilore, Islamabad
Pyrolysis of copolymer, [P(S-co-MMA)], in the presence of AlBr3 was inspected in inert atmosphere. Five different proportions (copolymer to additive) with the additive percentage 2.5 to 12.5 were chosen. Film of the blend was cast from common solvent, i.e., acetone. Thermoanalytical result revealed that copolymer showed more stability on the basis of T0 (the temperature at which first weight-loss is detected), however, regions of stability for blends were also observed (Fig. 1). Degradation products were collected and identified employing Py-GC-MS technique. Intermediates (solid) at different temperatures were examined through FTIR spectroscopy for monitoring the progress of degradation process. New products such as bromobenzene, -methyl styrene, phenyl methacrylate, anhydride rings, brominated anhydride rings, ethyl isobutyrate, etc. arose which was attributed to the interaction between the constituents of blends. The amount of residue increased as the concentration of additive augmented in the blends. The composition of residues also changed in case of blends when compared with that of neat copolymer. In the light of gathered data, degradation mechanism was proposed [1-3].
o Fig. 1 Thermogravimetric traces (nitrogen, heating rate 10 C/min) for P(S-co-MMA)-AlBr blends: neat polymer (I), 2.5%(II),5%(III), 7.5%(IV), 10%(V) and 12.5(VI)
References
1. M. Arshad and K. Masud, “A comparative study of roles played by aluminum tribromide and aluminum acetylacetonate on the thermal degradation of PMMA by simultaneous thermoanalytical techniques”, The Nucleus 45 (2008) 63. 2. M. Arshad, K. Masud and M. Arif, “The effect of AlBr3 additive on the thermal degradation of PMMA: A study using TG-DTA-DTG, IR and Py-GC-MS techniques”, J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 96 (2009) 873. 3. M. Arshad and K. Masud, “The thermoanalytical, infrared and pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometric sifting of poly (methyl methacrylate) in the presence of phosphorus tribromide”, Nat. Science 2 (2010) 307.
29 ELEMENTAL PROFILE OF BLACK SHALE
K. Naeem, W. Yawar, T. M. Bhatti*, B. Mohammad Central Analytical Facility Division, Directorate of Systems and Services, PINSTECH, Nilore, Islamabad *Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nilore, Islamabad
Black shale sample collected from Chimiari site (Tarbela) was analyzed for elemental contents. Inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) was used to determine major and trace elements in the digests. The precision was assessed from the triplicate analyses and relative standard deviation (RSD) was found to be less than 2 %. Result showed that the shale was very rich in Ca, Fe, Ti, Al and K.
Table 1: Elemental profile of black shale
Element Concentration (mg g-1) Al 5.99 0.06 Ca 25.44 0.25 Cr 0.04 0.00 Cu 0.05 0.00 Fe 13.93 0.14 K 2.73 0.04 Mg 1.15 0.02 Mn 0.29 0.01 Na 0.21 0.02 Nb 0.05 0.00 Ni 0.06 0.00 Si 0.15 0.01 Ti 6.93 0.14 W 0.86 0.03 Zn 0.19 0.01
Black shale samples are often enriched not only in organic matter but also contain significant amount of trace and heavy metals [1]. The black shale deposits could be major resources of base metals (notably Cu, Zn), strategic metals (Re, Ge, etc.) and precious metals (Au, Pd, Pt, etc.) for future. These metals represent the main source of profit and cash flow for the classical mineral processing and metallurgical procedures. The elemental profile of the acid digested black shale sample is presented in Table 1.
Reference
I. A. Nijenhuis, H. J. Bosch, J. S. Damste, H. J. Brumsack and G. J. M. De Lange, “Organic matter and trace element rich sapropels and black shales: a geochemical comparison”, Earth and Planetary Science Letters 169 (1999) 277.
30 EXAFS STUDIES OF RUTHENIUM BASED DOUBLE PEROVSKITE ALaMnRuO6 (A= Ca, Sr, Ba)
R. Shaheen, J. Bashir and M. N. Khan Physics Division, Directorate of Science, PINSTECH, Nilore, Islamabad
Room and liquid nitrogen temperatures Mn K – edge extended X-ray fine structure (EXAFS) studies were carried out on powder samples of ALaMnRuO6 (A= Ca, Sr, Ba) perovskites. The EXAFS analysis of Mn K-edge spectra showed that MnO6 octahedra were distorted. Among the three perovskites, the polyhedral distortion was highest for -3 -3 SrLaMnRuO6 (=1.410 ). For CaLaMnRuO6 ( = 0.5 10 ) and BaLaMnRuO6, ( = -3 0.7 10 ), the smaller values of distortion parameters indicated that the MnO6 octahedra were relatively regular and undistorted in the latter two systems. In SrLaMnRuO6, MnO6 distortion appeared to be of orthorhombic (Q2) type whereas for CaLaMnRuO6 and BaLaMnRuO6, the distortion was of tetragonal or Q3 type. The Mn – O distances as determined from the EXAFS measurements, increased with the increase in the size of the divalent cation (Fig. 1) . No structural changes occured in the local envoirnment around Mn atom when the temperature was lowered from room to liquid nitrogen temperature.
a b
Fig.1 EXAFS fitting results of three systems at room temperature (a) and liquid nitrogen temperature (b)
References
1. A. J. Millis, Nature 392 (1998) 147. 2. P. M. Woodward, T. Vogt, D. E. Cox, A. Arulraj, C. N. R. Rao, P. Karen and A. K. Cheetham, Chem. Mater. 10 (1998) 3652.
31 SMALL ANGLE NEUTRON SCATTERING AND X-RAY DIFFRACTION STUDIES OF NANOCRYSTALLINE TITANIUM DIOXIDE
M. N. Khan and J. Bashir Physics Division, Directorate of Science, PINSTECH, Nilore, Islamabad
Nanocrystalline titanium dioxide powder was characterized for phase analysis as well as particle size and its distribution by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and small angle neutron scattering (SANS) measurements. Analysis of the SANS data in the momentum transfer range q = 0.1 - 1.8 nm–1 revealed an average particle size of 24.8 nm in good agreement with the particle size determined earlier by transmission electron microscopy (Fig. 1). XRD measurement proved co-existence of rutile and anatase phases in this commercial TiO2 nanocrystalline powder.
Fig. 1 (Right) 1-D SANS Pattern averaged from the 2-D pattern for the nanocrystalline TiO2 powder sample (solid line shows spherical model fitting to the observed data), (Left) Particle size distribution for the nanocrystalline TiO2 powder sample
References
1. J. Blasing, P. Kohlert, M. Zacharias and P. Veit, J. Appl. Cryst. 31 (1998) 589. 2. M. N. Khan, K. Shahzad and J. Bashir, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 41 (2008) 085409.
32 STRUCTURAL AND COMPLEX AC IMPEDANCE SPECTROSCOPIC STUDIES OF A2CoNbO6 (A= Sr, Ba) ORDERED DOUBLE PEROVSKITES
J. Bashir and R. Shaheen Physics Division, Directorate of Science, PINSTECH, Nilore, Islamabad
Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) was employed to study the crystal structures of Sr2CoNbO6 (SCNO) and Ba2CoNbO6 (BCNO) double perovskites. Rietveld fit to the X-ray diffraction data showed that Ba2CoNbO6 perovskites was monoclinic with space group P21/n whereas Sr2CoNbO6 was found to be tetragonal with space group I4/m (Fig1 left). Like other cobalt based perovskites, both materials exhibit high values of dielectric constant at room temperature and low frequencies. Room temperature impedance and modulus spectra, measured over the 1Hz to 1MHz, revealed two relaxation processes with different relaxation times which were attributed to the grain and grain boundaries (Fig 1). Frequency dependence of real part of impedance is shown in Fig. 2.
Fig.1 Observed and calculated X-ray diffraction patterns of SCNO, the arrows in inset shows reflections indicative of MM’ rock salt cation ordering
Fig. 2 Frequency dependence of real part of impedance BCNO ( ) and SCNO ()
References
1. C.J. Howard, B.J. Kennedy and P.M. Woodward, Acta Cryst. B59 (2003) 463. 2. F. Galasso and W. Darby, J. Phys. Chem. 66 (1962) 131. 3. C.A. Randall, A.S. Bhalla, T.T. Shrout and L.E. Cross, J. Mater. Res. 5 (1990) 829.
33 STRUCTURAL AND TRANSPORT PROPERTIES OF NANOCRYSTALLINE MnFe2O4 SYNTHESIZED BY CO-PRECIPITATION METHOD
M. J. Akhtar and M. Younas Physics Division, Directorate of Science, PINSTECH, Nilore, Islamabad
The nanocrystalline ferrites with spinel structures have been the focus of scientific investigation and received continuous interest in recent decades. The structural and electrical properties of these materials have become an important area of research and are attracting considerable interest due to broad range of applications. Spinel ferrites have been shown to exhibit interesting dielectric properties in the nanocrystalline form in comparison to the corresponding bulk materials [1,2].
Structural and electrical properties of nanocrystalline MnFe2O4 were investigated. X- ray diffraction and X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy results showed that nanocrystalline MnFe2O4 had cubic symmetry with 80% inversion. Fig. 1 shows the X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectra of MnFe2O4 and Zn1-xNixFe2O4, used as model compounds. The electrical transport properties were investigated by employing impedance spectroscopy. It was observed that the dielectric constant decreased with the increase in frequency. The effects of frequency on dielectric properties were more prominent in the low frequency region, where dielectric constant increased as temperature was increased.
Fig. 1 XANES spectra of Fe K-edge in nanocrystalline MnFe2O4, compared with Zn1-xNixFe2O4 used as model compounds
References
1. A. Dias and R. L. Moreira, Mater. Lett. 39 (1999) 69. 2. N. Ponpandian and A. Narayanasamy, J. Appl. Phys. 92 (2002) 2770.
34 METAL-SEMICONDUCTOR TRANSITION IN NiFe2O4 NANOPARTICLES DUE TO REVERSE CATIONIC DISTRIBUTION
M. Younas and M. Nadeem Physics Division, Directorate of Science, PINSTECH, Nilore, Islamabad
2+ NiFe2O4 is a well known inverse spinel structure, with Ni ions occupying only the B 2+ sites. Nanocrystalline NiFe2O4 exhibits mixed spinel structure with Ni ions occupying both (A) and [B] sites. NiFe2O4 nanoparticles with mixed spinel structure have been shown to exhibit interesting electrical, magnetic, gas and humidity sensing properties [1, 2].
Magnetic and electrical responses of the sol-gel synthesized NiFe2O4 nanoparticles were investigated. Changes in the impedance plane plots with temperature (Fig. 1) were correlated to the microstructure of the material. We have established semiconductor to metallic transition (SMT) around 358K in term of localized and delocalized eg electrons along with transition from less conductive [Fe3+–O2––Fe3+] and [Ni2+–O2––Ni2+] linkage to more conductive [Fe3+–Fe2+] and [Ni2+–Ni3+] linkage at octahedral B site. Anomalies in tangent loss and conductivity data around 358K were understood in the view of SMT.
5 -9x104 -2.2x10 -8x104 373K 5 4 -2.0x10 b -7x10 -6x104 5 -1.8x10 -5x104
(Ohm) 4
5 // -4x10 Z Z -1.6x10 4 -3x10 5 -2x104 -1.4x10 4 -1x10 363K 5 0 -1.2x10 0.0 5.0x104 1.0x105 1.5x105 /
-1.0x105 Z (Ohm) (Ohm) // -8.0x104 Z -6.0x104 328K 4 -4.0x10 338K 4 -2.0x10 358K 0.0 4 5 5 5 5 0.0 5.0x10 1.0x10 1.5x10 2.0x10 2.5x10 Z/ (Ohm)
Fig. 1 (a) Impedance plane plot of NiFe2O4 sample at room temperature. Inset shows equivalent circuit model. Arrow shows direction of increase in frequency and (b) Impedance plane plots at different temperatures and inset shows plots from 363- 373K
References
1. C.N. Chinnasamy, A. Narayanasamy, N. Ponpandian, K. Chattopadhyay, K. Shinoda, B. Jeyadevan, K. Tohji, K. Nakatsuka, T. Furubyashi and I. Nakatani, Phys. Rev. B. 63 (2001) 184108. 2. J. Jacob and M. A. Khadar, J. Appl. Phys. 107 (2010) 114310.
35 COLOSSAL RESISTIVITY WITH DIMINISHED TANGENT LOSS IN Zn-Ni FERRITE NANOPARTICLES
M. Younas, M. Nadeem, M. Siddique and M. Idrees* 1Physics Division, Directorate of Science, PINSTECH, Nilore, Islamabad *Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, PIEAS, Islamabad.
Magnetic nanoparticles have acquired a considerable stance both from research and engineering point of view. Ferrites used in power conversion transformers demand low eddy current, low dielectric losses and high resistivity [1]. These systems in nanocrystalline forms 2+ 3+ 2+ 3+ 2 have mixed spinel structure with chemical formula(M1δ Feδ )[M δ Fe2δ ]O4 . The inversion parameter ‘δ’ is characterized as the fraction of the (A) sites occupied by Fe3+ cations and its value depends on the methods of the preparation [2].
Electrical and magnetic response of the sol-gel synthesized ZnxNi1-xFe2O4 (x = 0.0, 0.5 & 1) nanoparticles were probed. Using Mossbauer parameters the ratio of A-site sextet intensity to that of B-site sextet was featured in terms of divergence in coordination of Fe3+ ions from four fold (A-site) to the six fold (B-site). Canted spin structure and weakening of Fe3+(A)-Fe3+(B) interactions at the surface of the nanoparticles assign the reduced value of room temperature magnetization in these nanoparticles. Colossal resistivity and reduced dielectric constant were confirmed on the basis of dangling bond, superparamagnetic character, canted spin structure and polarizability of the cations. Diminished tangent loss was stipulated in terms of decrease in magnetocrystalline anisotropy and collapse of long range magnetic order. We observed colossal resistivity (i.e. 3.15×109 Ωcm), reduced dielectric constant (3.97) and diminished tangent loss (0.07) for Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 nanoparticles (Table 1).
Table 1: Physical parameters for ZnxNi1-xFe2O4 samples
Samples Particle Size Lattice Magnetization 휌 ε/ Tanδ
(nm) ± 3 Parameters (Å) (emu/g) at 1T (Ωcm) x = 0.0 21 8.34 10 3.45×106 64.34 2.59 x = 0.5 16 8.36 22 3.15×109 3.97 0.07 x = 1.0 14 8.41 4 7.52×106 5.29 0.82
References
1. S. Deka and P. A. Joy, J. Am. Ceramic Soc. 90 (2007) 1499. 2. M. Atif, S. K. Hasanian and M. Nadeem, Solid State Commun. 138 (2006) 416.
36 STRUCTURAL STUDIES OF SrFeO3 AND SrFe0.5Nb0.5O3
M. J. Akhtar and R. T. A. Khan Physics Division, Directorate of Science, PINSTECH, Nilore, Islamabad
Complex iron based pervoskite type materials having general A(Fe0.5B0.5)O3 where A = Ca, Ba, Sr; B = Nb, Ta, Sb, have attracted considerable attention due to the high dielectric permittivity over wide temperature ranges. The complex pervoskites have many important applications in various fields such as gas sensors, catalysts, electrical conductors, magnetoresistance, solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), memory devices, multilayer capacitors and ferroelectric relaxers. In these materials, the crystal structure and concentrations of oxygen defects are critical parameters which have pronounced effects on electrical, transport and mechanical properties of these materials [1-3].
The structural properties of SrFeO3 and SrFe0.5Nb0.5O3 were investigated using a combination of X-ray diffraction and X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopic techniques. Rietveld refinement of the X-ray diffraction data revealed that SrFeO3 has a simple cubic perovskite structure, space group Pm-3m; whereas SrFe0.5Nb0.5O3 shows a tetragonal structure within P4mm space group. X-ray absorption results demonstrate that the 5+ valence state of Fe in SrFeO3 is (IV); however, it changes to (III) when 50% Nb is substituted at the Fe sites.
Fig. 1 X-ray diffraction pattern of SrFe0.5Nb0.5O3 (Crosses are observed intensities, red line represents calculated pattern, lower line is the difference between observed & calculated, vertical lines show the reflection positions and the inset highlights RD pattern for 65 2 100.)
References
1. Wang Z, Chen XM, J Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 42 (2009) 175005. 2. M. J. Akhtar, N. Z. Akhtar, J. P. Dragun and C. R. A. Catlow, Solid State Ionics. 104 (1997) 147. 3. Y. Wang, J. Chen, X. Wu, Mater. Lett. 49 (2001) 361.
37 JAHN-TELLER ASSISTED POLARONIC HOLE HOPPING AS A POSSIBLE ORIGIN OF HUGE DIELECTRIC CONSTANT IN CuO NANOPARTICLES
M. Younas, M. Nadeem, M. Idrees* and M. J. Akhtar Physics Division, Directorate of Science, PINSTECH, Nilore, Islamabad *Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, PIEAS, Nilore, Islamabad
CuO is fascinating the scientific community from the last few decades as a multiferrioc, p-type semiconducting material with antiferromagnetic transition temperature (TN = 230K) [1]. It is an impressive material due to high dielectric constant, large scale commercial availability and possible substitute for the stacked layer capacitors [2]. The dynamics and stability of the intrinsic and extrinsic defects such as cation/anion vacancies, particle size, Jahn-Teller distortions are of crucial importance in nanocrystalline CuO [3].
Sol gel synthesized CuO nanoparticles have been probed by impedance spectroscopy. Semiconducting features have been endorsed to the thermal activation of the localized charge carriers. A transition from Jahn-Teller stimulated adiabatic small polaronic hole hopping to the Mott’s variable range hopping around 303K has been observed on cooling (Fig.1). This has been explained in terms of prevailing unsystematic potential fluctuations between localized sites with manifold activation energies. Activation energies for conduction and relaxation processes at grain boundaries provide strong signatures for the involvement of adiabatic small polarons. Huge value of dielectric constant has been attributed to originate from Jahn-Teller polarons.
Fig. 1 Variation of the resistances as a function of inverse temperatures (a) Solid lines are best fit to the adiabatic SPH model at higher temperatures (b) MVRH model at lower temperatures.
References
1. M. Mostovoy, Nat. Mat. 7 (2008) 269. 2. S. Sarkar, P. K. Jana, and B. K. Chaudhuri, Appl. Phys. Lett. 92 (2008) 022905. 3. G. N. Rao, Y. D. Yao, and J. W. Chen, J. Appl. Phys. 105 (2009) 093901.
38 ORIGIN OF COLOSSAL DIELECTRIC RESPONSE IN LaFeO3
M. Nadeem, M. Siddique, M. Idrees*, M. Mehmood * and M. M. Hassan* Physics Division, Directorate of Science, PINSTECH, Nilore, Islamabad *Department of Chemical and Material Engineering, PIEAS, Nilore, Islamabad
LaFeO3 has been prepared by the conventional solid state reactions route and the phase purity has been checked using X-ray diffraction. Fe57 Mossbauer spectrum collected at room temperature showed magnetic ordering in the system. Dependence of the magnetization on the applied field (up to 9T) is characteristics of weak ferromagnetism, induced by canted anti-ferromagnetically coupled spins. ac electrical properties when explored in a wide temperature (221-300K) and frequency (1Hz-10MHz) range revealed three relaxations. An equivalent circuit model with three RC loops in series was used to extract the electrical parameters associated with these relaxations. The electrical conduction and dipolar relaxation were dominated by the polaronic hole hopping between Fe+4 and Fe+3. Analysis of the ac electrical data was carried out to show the presence of Maxewell Wagner polarization in the system. Colossal dielectric response in LaFeO3 is extrinsic and its origin lies in the extended defects at grain-grain interfaces and sample-electrode contacts, as shown in Fig 1(a&b). Whereas, the intrinsic static dielectric constant is weakly temperature dependant and lies below 75 in the whole temperature range.
1000 1000 a b
800 232K 247K 263K 600 272K 283K
20
/
// 238K 294K 400 247K 10
// 100 256K
200 0
40 50 60 70 80 / 0 0 200 400 600 800 1000 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 / Frequency (Hz) Fig. 1 (a) Dielectric plane plots and (b) Variation of ‘ε/’ at different temperatures.
Reference 1. M. Idrees, M. Nadeem, M. Atif, M. Siddique, M. Mazhar & M. M. Hassan, Acta Materialia 59 (2011) 1338.
39 EFFECT OF PARTICLE SIZE ON DEGREE OF INVERSION IN FERRITES
M. Siddique and N. M. Butt Physics Division, Directorate of Science, PINSTECH, Nilore, Islamabad
Ferrites with the spinel structure are important materials because of their structural, magnetic and electrical properties. The suitability of these materials depends on both the intrinsic behavior of the material and the effects of the grain size. Mössbauer spectroscopy was employed to investigate the cation distribution and degree of inversion in bulk and nanosized particles of CuFe2O4, MnFe2O4 and NiFe2O4 ferrites. The Mössbauer spectra of all bulk ferrites showed complete magnetic behavior, whereas nanoparticle ferrites showed combination of ferromagnetic and superparamagnetic components. Moreover, the cation distribution in nanoparticle materials was also found to be different to that of their bulk counterparts indicating the particle size dependency. The inversion of Cu and Ni ions in bulk sample was greater than that of nanoparticles; whereas the inversion of Mn ions was less in bulk material as compared to the nanoparticles. Hence the degree of inversion decreased in CuFe2O4 and NiFe2O4 samples whereas, it increased in MnFe2O4 as the particle size decreased and thus showed the anomalous behavior in this case. The nanoparticle samples also showed paramagnetic behaviour due to superparamagnetism and this effect is more prominent in MnFe2O4. Mössbauer spectra of bulk and nanoparticles CuFe2O4 is shown in Fig.1.
Fig.1 Mössbauer spectra of CuFe2O4
References
1. M. Siddique, Rao Tahir Ali Khan, M. Shafi, J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 277 (2008) 531. 2. B. Parvatheeswara Rao, O. F. Caltun, J. Optoelectron. Adv. Mater. 8 (2006) 991.
40 MAGNETIC BEHAVIOR OF ARRAYS OF NICKEL NANOWIRES
S. Karim, K. Maaz, M. Ahmed and A. Nisar Physics Division, Directorate of Science, PINSTECH, Nilore, Islamabad
Recently, there is an increasing interest in magnetic nanowires because of their unusual properties compared to the bulk materials [1]. To understand the complexity of nanowire arrays and to improve their potential in various applications more studies are still needed, for example, to understand completely the effect of geometrical factors, i.e. aspect ratio, areal density etc., on magnetic properties of these arrays.
In this work, arrays of nickel nanowires with aspect ratio ~1200 and diameter ranging between 25-100 nm were fabricated by electrodeposition in etched ion track templates. Samples with areal density from 1×106 cm-2 to 1×108 cm-2 were prepared. Measurements of magnetic hysteresis loops were performed at room temperature with SQUID magnetometer and magnetic properties of arrays of different diameters and aspect ratios were compared. Coercivity of the wires showed strong dependence on aspect ratio, diameter and microstructure. Room temperature coercivity of the wires (Fig.1) showed a maximum at ~ 40 nm diameter and arrays with high density of nanowires showed lower coercivity. The results were discussed by taking into account anisotropies originating from the shape, crystalline structure and magnetostatic interactions among the wires and by previous experimental observations in literature [2, 3].
600
450
(Oe)
c
H 300
150
20 40 60 80 100 Diameter (nm)
Fig. 1 Coercivity, Hc (Oe), as a function of diameter inder the field applied parallel and perpendicular to the wire long axis
References
1. D. H. Reich, M. Tanase, A. Hultgren, and G. J. Meyer, J. Appl. Phys. 93 (2003) 7275. 2. K. M. Razeeb, F. M. F. Rhen and S. Roy, J. Appl. Phys. 105 (2009) 083922 3. E. Ferain and R. Legras, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. B 174 (2001) 116.
41 EFFECT OF ANNEALING ON STRUCTURAL AND OPTOELECTRONIC PROPERTIES OF NANOSTRUCTURED ZnSe THIN FILMS
M. Ashraf, M. J. Akhtar, A. F. Khan, Z. Ali and A. Qayyum Physics Division, Directorate of Science, PINSTECH, Nilore, Islamabad
Thin films of ZnSe were deposited on soda lime glass substrates by thermal evaporation and annealed in vacuum at various temperatures in the range of 100–300 oC. Structural and optoelectronic properties of these films were investigated and compared with the available data. XRD studies revealed that as-deposited films were polycrystalline in nature with cubic structure. It was further observed that the grain size and crystallinity increased, whereas dislocations and strains decreased with the increase of annealing temperature. The optical energy band gap estimated from the transmittance data was in the range of 2.60 to 2.67 eV (see Table 1). The observed increase in band gap energy with annealing temperature may be due to the quantum confinement effects [1,2]. Similarly, refractive index of the films was found to increase with the annealing temperature. The AFM images revealed that films were uniform and pinhole free. The RMS roughness of the films increased from 1.5 nm to 2.5 nm with the increase of annealing temperature. Resistivity of the films decreased linearly with the increase of temperature.
Table 1: Optical parameters of ZnSe films annealed at various temperatures
Annealing Refractive index Energy Band gap Thickness of temperature n = a + b/λ2 (eV) films determined (C) a b (nm)2 by fitting (nm) 25 2.4801 8.5618 x 104 2.60 540 (As deposited) 100 2.4883 8.5812 x 104 2.62 530
200 2.49363 8.8249 x 104 2.63 520
300 2.5046 8.7331 x 104 2.67 495
References
1. A.F. Khan, M. Mehmood, A.M. Rana, T. Muhammad, Appl. Surf. Sci. 256 (2010) 2031. 2. A.F. Khan, M. Mehmood, M. Aslam, M. Ashraf, Appl. Surf. Sci. 256 (2010) 2252.
42 IN-SITU PROCESSING AND AGING BEHAVIOUR OF AN ALUMINIUM/Al2O3 COMPOSITE
G. H. Zahid, T. Azhar, M. Musaddiq, S. S. Rizvi, M. Ashraf and N. Hussain Materials Division, Directorate of Technology, PINSTECH, Nilore, Islambad
Reactive sintering involving a displacement reaction between aluminium and CuO powders was applied to fabricate an aluminium based composite. The two powders were mixed in a ball mill and uniaxially pressed before sintering in nitrogen atmosphere at 900°C. During sintering a displacement reaction between CuO and aluminium occurred, which resulted in in-situ synthesis of alumina particles. Differential thermal analysis (DTA), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), optical and scanning electron microscopies were used to investigate the phase and microstructural changes taking place during processing of the composite. Results revealed that no chemical reaction occurred during ball milling and Al2O3 phase developed in two stages during sintering of the compact. Below 700°C, amorphous alumina formed which transformed to crystalline alumina at higher temperature. Aging response of the composite was examined as a function of time in temperature range of 180–220°C. Composite attained a peak hardness value of 133 Hv after 4 hours of aging at 200°C [1-3].
180 Base Alloy aged at 200°C 160 Composite aged at 180°C Composite aged at 200°C Composite aged at 220°C
140
) v 120
100 Hardness (H Hardness 80
60
0 5 10 15 20 25 Aging Time (Hours) Fig . 1 Microstructure of the composite Fig. 2 Hardness of the composite and base produced by in-situ processing alloy as a function of aging time
References
1. M. Aravind, P Yu, M. Y. Yau and H. L. Ng Dickon, “Formation of Al2Cu and AlCu intermetallics in Al(Cu) alloy matrix composites by reaction sintering”, Mater. Sci. Eng. A380 (2004) 384. 2. Q. D. Qin, Y. G. Zhao, C. Liu, W. Zhou and Q. C. Jiang, “Development of aluminium composites with in situ formed AlTiSi reinforcements through infiltration”, Mater. Sci. Eng. A460–461 (2007) 604. 3. K. Wieczorek-Ciurowa, D. Oleszak and K. Gamrat, “Cu–Al/Al2O3 cermet synthesized by reactive ball milling of CuO–Al system”, Rev. Adv. Mater. Sci. 18 (2008) 248.
43 SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF COMPLEX COMPOSITE OXIDES OF ALUMINIUM, TITANIUM AND YTTRIUM MATERIALS
S. K. Durrani, S. Z. Hussain, M. A. Hussain and K. Saeed Materials Division, Directorate of Technology, Nilore, PINSTECH, Islamabad
The aluminium, titanium and yttrium composite oxide materials such as tialite (Al2TiO5) and YAG (Yttrium aluminium garnet, Y3Al5O12) were synthesized by sol spray process and sintered at different temperatures (900-1650oC). YAG is important material for solid state laser which is widely used in luminescence systems, window materials for a variety of lamps and fiber-optics telecommunication systems [1, 2]. The aim of this study was to determine the feasibility of process for the growth of nanosized YAG and Nd-YAG powders. Phase and microstructural analysis of sintered materials were performed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). SEM images of scintered specimens of tialite are shown in Fig. 1. XRD and SEM results revealed that crystallization of YAG started around 920°C. The synthesized products had composition uniformity, lower residual oxide, cubic phase with a ratio of yttrium, aluminum and oxygen close to 3:5:12 (Y 2.97 Al 5.03 O 11.85). Scanning electron microscope results indicated that particle size of Nd- YAG was <150nm. The morphology of Nd-YAG nanosized powder was rounded in shape Fig. 2. Further work on this project is underway.
a b c
o Fig. 1 SEM images; (a) tialite (Al2TiO5) powder calcined at 900 C for 4 hours, (b) tialite pellet sintered at 1450oC for 2 hours at low magnification, (c) tialite pellet sintered at 1450oC for 2 hours at high magnification
Fig. 2 SEM images; (a) YAG powder calcined at 900oC for 4 hours, (b) YAG pellet sintered at 1100oC for 2 hours, (c) Nd-YAG pellet sintered at 1100oC for 2 hours
References
1. M. T-Ii, T.A. Parthasarthy and H.D. Lee , J. Ceram. Proc. Res. 5 (2004) 369. 2. V. Naglieri, P. Palmero and L. Montanaro, J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 97 (2009) 231.
44 LOW TEMPERATURE SINTERING STUDY OF NANOSIZED Mn–Zn FERRITES SYNTHESIZED BY SOL–GEL AUTO COMBUSTION PROCESS
H. Waqas and A. H. Qureshi Materials Division, Directorate of Technology, PINSTECH, Nilore, Islamabad
The objective of present research was to sinter nanosized Mn–Zn ferrites (MZF) at low temperature (1000ºC) by avoiding the formation of nonmagnetic phase (hematite). For this purpose, MZF powder was synthesized by sol–gel auto combustion process at 220ºC and further calcined at 450ºC. In calcined powder, single phase (spinel) was confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis (Fig. 1). Pellets were pressed, having 43% of the theoretical density and showing 47 emu gm-1 saturation magnetization (Ms), Fig. 2. Various combinations of heating rate, dwelling time and gaseous environment were employed to meet optimum sintering conditions at low temperature (1000ºC). It was observed that sintering under air or N2 alone had failed to prevent the formation of nonmagnetic (hematite) phase. However, hematite phase can be suppressed by retaining the green compacts at 1000ºC for 180 min in air then further kept for 120 min in nitrogen. Under these conditions, spinel phase (comprising of nano crystallites), 90% of theoretical density and 102 emu gm-1 of saturation magnetization has been achieved [1].
Fig. 1 XRD of gel, combustion & calcined Fig. 2 Saturation of magnetization as a Powder function of hematite phase
Reference
1. A. H. Qureshi, “The influence of hafnia and impurities (CaO/SiO2) on the microstructure and magnetic properties of Mn–Zn ferrites”, J. Cryst. Growth 286 (2006) 365.
45 INVESTIGATION OF PHASES DEVELOPED IN Bi4Ti3O12 SYSTEM BY THERMAL AND ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES
S. Naz, M. Shahzad, A. H. Qureshi, H. Waqas, N. Hussain, N. Ahmed, K. Saeed and L. Ali* Materials Division, Directorate of Technology, PINSTECH, Nilore, Islamabad *Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, UET, Lahore
Bismuth titanate (Bi4Ti3O12) powders were prepared by conventional mixed oxide method using oxide mixture i.e. bismuth oxide (Bi2O3) and titanium oxide (TiO3). The flow chart is shown in Fig. 1. The mixed powders were ball milled for different times (8, 16, and 24 hours). The phase formation was investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and the results revealed that milled powder mainly consisted of Bi2O3 & TiO2 phases and a small amount corresponded to Bi4Ti3O12 [1,2]. However, after calcination at 700ºC, Bi4Ti3O12 phase was mainly observed. Thermal decomposition (Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)- Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA)-Differential Thermometric Analysis (DTA)) and XRD results showed that the formation of desired phase (Bi4Ti3O12) was only possible above 600ºC [3]. Single phase Bi4Ti3O12 ceramic was obtained with the orthorhombic structure in three pellets by sintering at 800ºC. XRD patterns of sintered pellets are shown in Fig. 2. Maximum density (8.61g/cm3) was achieved in the sample milled for 24 hours due to reduction in particle size which ultimately enhanced the diffusion process during sintering.
4500 Bi Ti O 4000 4 3 12 3500 3000 2500 2000 (c) 1500
Intensity (a.u.) Intensity (b) 1000 (a) 500
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 degree/2
Fig. 1 Flow chart to synthesize Fig. 2 XRD patterns of sintered pellets; (a) BT8, Bi4Ti3O12 by conventional (b) BT16 & (c) BT24 mixed oxide method
References 1. J. W. Medernach and R.L. Snyder, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 61 (1978) 494. 2. Y. Kan, P. Wang, Y. Li, Y. Chen and D. Yan, Mater. Lett. 56 (2002) 910. 3. O. Yamaguchi, N. Maruyama and K. Hirota, Br. Ceram. Trans. J. 90 (1991) 111.
46 MANUFACTURING OF MN-ZN FERRITE TRANSFORMER CORES
H. Waqas, A. H. Qureshi, N. Hussain and N. Ahmed Materials Division, Directorate of Technology, PINSTECH, Nilore, Islamabad
The present work is related to the development of soft ferrite transformer cores, which are extensively used in electronic devices such as switch mode power supplies, electromagnetic devices, computers, amplifiers etc. Mn-Zn Ferrite (soft ferrite) powders were prepared by conventional mixed oxide and auto combustion routes [1-2]. These powders were calcined and then pressed in toroid shapes. Sintering was done at different temperatures to develop desired magnetic phase [3]. Impedance resistance of sintered toroid cores was measured at different frequencies. Results revealed that Mn-Zn Ferrite cores synthesized by auto combustion route worked more efficiently in a high frequency range i.e. > 2MHz than the cores developed by conventional mixed oxide method. It was noticed that compact size (Fig. 1), light weight and high impedance resistance are the prime advantages of auto combustion process which supported the performance of core in MHz frequency range [4]. Furthermore, these compact size cores were successfully tested in linear pulse amplifier circuit of Pakistan Atomic Research Reactor-I. The fabrication of soft ferrite (Mn- Zn Ferrite) cores by different processing routes is an encouraging step towards indigenization of ferrite technology.
Fig. 1 Comparison of Mn-Zn Ferrite cores Fig. 2 Mn-Zn Ferrite core inserted in linear synthesized by conventional oxide pulse amplifier circuit and auto combustion routes
References
1. S. T. Aruna, S. Alexander and Mukasyan, “Combustion synthesis and nanomateials”, Curr. Opin. Solid State Mater. 12 (2008) 44. 2. H. Waqas and A. H. Qureshi, “Influence of pH on nanosized Mn–Zn ferrite synthesized by sol–gel auto combustion process”, J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 98 (2009) 355. 3. H. Waqas and A. H. Qureshi, “Low temperature sintering study of nanosized Mn–Zn ferrites synthesized by sol–gel auto combustion process”, J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 100 (2010) 529. 4. O. Dezuari, S. E. Gilbert, E. Belloy and M. A. M. Gijs, “High inductance planar transformers”, Sens. Actuators 81 (2000) 355.
47 EFFECT OF MARTENSITE MORPHOLOGY ON TENSILE DEFORMATION OF DUAL-PHASE STEEL
E. Ahmad, T. Manzoor, M. M. A. Ziai and N. Hussain Materials Division, Directorate of Technology, PINSTECH, Nilore, Islamabad
Three morphologies of martensite (grain boundary growth, scattered laths and bulk form) in dual phase microstructure of 0.2% C steel were obtained by different heat treatment cycles. These morphologies have distinct patterns of distribution in the matrix (ferrite) as shown in Fig.1. The changes in martensite morphologies in dual phase microstructure were previously obtained by thermomechanical processing [1] or complex heat treatment cycles [2]. In tensile testing, martensite particles with these distributions behaved differently. A reasonable work hardening was gained initially during plastic deformation of the specimens. The control on ductility was found to depend on alignment of martensite particles along the tensile axes. The increased surface area contact of martensite particles with ferrite, in grain boundary growth and scattered lath morphologies, facilitated stress transfer from ductile to hard phase. The ductility in the later part of deformation was dependent on the density of microvoids in the necked region. The microvoids are formed mostly by de-cohesion of martensite particles at the interface. The fracture of martensite particles is less prominent in the process of microvoid formation which predicts their high strength.
(a) (b) (c) (a) (b) (c) Fig. 1 Different morphologies of martensite in dual-phase microstructure; (a) Fast cool / laths of martensite, (b) Air cool / grain boundary growth and (c) Slow cool / bulk growth
References
1. E. Ahmad, T. Mazoor and N. Hussain, “Thermomechanical processing in the intercritical region and tensile properties of dual phase-steel”, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 508 (2009) 259. 2. M. Sarwar, T. Manzoor, E. Ahmad and N. Hussain, “The role of connectivity of martensite on tensile properties of a low alloy steel”, Mater. Design. 28 (2007) 1928.
48 ELECTROCHEMICAL CORROSION BEHAVIOR OF A 516 STEEL USING CORROSIVE ENVIRONMENTS WITH VARYING CONCENTRATIONS OF SODIUM THIOSULPHATE
F. Karim, M. Arif, I. Reza, M. Akram, N. Hussain and L. Ali* Materials Division, Directorate of Technology, PINSTECH, Nilore, Islamabad *Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, UET, Lahore
The corrosion behavior of A 516 steel was studied by potentiodynamic polarization technique. Environment used for these tests was sodium chloride (5%), acetic acid (0.5%) and sodium thiosulphate with varying concentration from 0.001M to 1M. Surface study was also carried out using optical microscope. The potentiodynamic polarization results revealed the formation of large number of pits in the sample, which was tested in the solution containing NaCl. Pitting corrosion study of alloy A516 G-70 was also conducted to see the effect of different concentrations of thiosulfate with or without addition of NaCl and acetic acid at room temperature. It was observed that different thiosulfate concentrations did not produce any difference in the polarization behavior of the alloys, when added in 5% NaCl and 0.5% acetic acid solution. However, in the absence of NaCl and acetic acid, thiosulfate concentration 0.001 mol/l or higher did produce general corrosion and pitting in the alloy at room temperature a shown in Fig. 1 [1,2].
Fig. 1 Potentiodynamic polarization curves Fig. 2 Micrographs of specimen at different of A516 steel in different magnifications showing pitting effect environments and general corrosion
References
1. H. W. Huang, W. T. Tsai and J. T. Lee, Corrosion Science 36 (6) (1994) 1027. 2. S. Tsujikawa, A. Miyasaka A, M. Ueda, S. Ando, T. Shibata, T. Haruna, M. katahira, Y. Yamane, T. Aoki and T. Yamada, Corrosion 49 (1997) 228.
49 EVALUATIONS OF Al-5052 PIPE RECEIVED FROM KCP-II
E. Ahmad, T. Manzoor, M. Akram and N. Hussain Materials Division, Directorate of Technology, PINSTECH, Nilore, Islamabad
The irradiated Al-5052 pipe material provided by KCP-II was evaluated for: yield strength (YS), ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and % elongation with the help of chemical analysis, metallographic study, micro-hardness and tensile testing. The results of all the above mentioned tests on the provided samples were compared with the results of fresh pipe material (un-irradiated). The chemical compositions of irradiated and un-irradiated pipes are very close to standard composition of 5052 alloy. Metallographic observations of irradiated and un-irradiated pipe specimens in the longitudinal, cross sectional and outer surface sides showed clear difference in the grain morphologies. The microstructure of both pipes in the cross sectional sides is shown in Fig. 1.
(a) 50µm (b) 50µm
Fig. 1 Microstructure of; (a) Un-irradiated and (b) Irradiated pipe
The microstructural changes due to irradiation of the specimen are not visible except some grain coarsening in the cross sectional side. There is a little difference in the micro- hardness values of irradiated and un-irradiated samples, both in the cross sectional and plane surfaces of measurements. This indicates the minimal effect of irradiation in raising the hardness. An increase in embrittlement effect in the irradiated samples was observed due to some loss in ductility and increase in UTS [2]. The tensile properties of the un-irradiated pipe were close the Alloy 5052-H32 [2]. The “H32” designates the most common work hardening (by rolling) and temper treatment given to this alloy.
Reference
1. K. Farrell, “Microstructure and Tensile Properties of Heavily Irradiated 5052-0 Aluminum Alloy”, J. Nuclear Materials 97(1981) 33. 2. Data Sheet - Aluminium Alloy – Commercial Alloy-5052-H32, Wilsons Ltd. (www.wilsonsmetals.com/datasheets/Aluminium-Alloy_5052-H32-13).
50 PRODUCTION OF 99MTc GEL GENERATORS USING LOW SPECIFIC ACTIVITY OF 99Mo
M. Ahmad, N. Tahir*, T. Yasin* and M. Khalid Isotope Production Division, Directorate of Technology, PINSTECH Nilore, Islamabad, *Pakistan Institute of Engineering & Applied Sciences, Nilore, Islamabad
During irradiation of target, a number of radionuclides of different half lives and different energies can be produced along with isotopes of interest. [1,2]. Production of fission based 99Mo/99mTc generators was studied in 99Molybdenum loading facility of Isotope Production Division at PINSTECH. The targets of molybdenum trioxide and molybdenum metals encapsulated in quartz ampoules and finally sealed in aluminum capsules by cold welding. were irradiated at Pakistan Research Reactor-1 (PARR-1). After irradiation, the target was dissolved and small aliquot was taken for activity measurements. The theoretical and the practical yield of 99Mo were determined and compared. Activity calculations by neutron activation (n,γ) reaction were carried out at various positions at PARR-1. Finally, a 99mTc generator was prepared by gel formation of ammonium molybdate. Elution efficiency, radionuclide purity, radiochemical purity and chemical purity of 99mTc were determined. Elution profile for 2:1 ratio is shown in Fig. 1. The effect of the molar ratio on elution yield of 99mTc is shown in Fig.2.
Fig. 1 Elution profile for Mo:Al ratio Fig. 2 Effect of molar ratio on elution 2:1 Aluminum molybdate matrix yield of 99m Tc
References
1. F. Helus, Radionuclides Production, Volume 1, Boca Raton, Florida, United States (1983). 2. F. Helus, Radionuclides Production, Volume II, Boca Raton, Florida, United States, (1983.).
51 LABELLING AND BIODISTRIBUTION OF 99mTc-CEFTRIAXONE: A NEW IMAGING AGENT
Z. Khurshid, S. Roohi, R. Zahoor and S. Tariq Quality Control Group, Directorate of Technology, PINSTECH, Nilore, Islamabad
Most commonly used infection imaging agents are specific for inflammation. Some newer agents like labeled antimicrobials and peptides have shown infection seeking properties [1]. Research is underway for synthesis of newer imaging agents specific for infections. In this quest we have labeled and bioevaluated 99mTc-ceftriaxone. Ceftriaxone is a commonly used 3rd generation cephalosporin antibiotic having a broad anti-bacterial spectrum but has more specificity for gram-negative bacteria [2]. 99mTc-ceftriaxone was 99m prepared at pH 7 by adding 30 mg of ligand to Tc in the presence of 50 µg of Sncl2.2H2O. Boiling for ten minutes gave maximum labeling yield (96+1.76%). The stability at room temperature both with and without human serum was more than 90% till 24 hours. In-vitro binding revealed maximum binding of 68% and 47% with E.coli and S.aureus respectively after 4 hours incubation. Biodistribution studies in normal rats showed maximum uptake in hepatobiliary system followed by kidney (Fig. 1). In infection and inflammation models the maximum target to non- target ratios of 12.66+ 2.59, 2.36+ 0.30 and 1.44+ 0.53 were achieved with E. coli, S. aureus and oil inflammation respectively 4 hours post injection. Scintigraphic findings also correlated with biodistribution results.
35 30
25 20 1 hour 4 hours 15 24 hours 10
% of Injected Dose 5 0
Liver Heart Spleen Lungs Kidney Femur Stomach Intestine Carcass Organs
Fig. 1 Biodistribution of 99mTc-Ceftriaxone in normal rats
References
1. S. Das, H. Anne, D. Wareham and B. Keithe, Braz. Arch. Biol. Technol. 45 (2002) 25. 2. N. Simon, B. Cussol, E. Sampol et al, Clin. Pharmacokinet. 45 (2006) 493.
52 ASSESSMENT OF GROUNDWATER RECHARGE AND DISCHARGE IN SUB-CATCHMENTS OF INDUS BASIN
M. A. Tasneem, S. Butt, Z. Latif and M. Fazil Isotope Application Division, Directorate of Technology, PINSTECH, Nilore, Islamabad
Groundwater discharge and recharge investigation was carried out in a selected sub-catchment of Indus Basin (Chashma Area) under an IAEA CRP. [1]. Sixteen sampling points were selected in the study area including fourteen groundwater and two canal water samples. Seven groundwater sampling points were selected in discharging area and the same numbers of sampling points were selected in recharging area. The first sampling campaign from discharging area was conducted in February 2011 and the second sampling campaign was carried out in March 2011. The electrical conductivity, toital dissolved salts, pH and temperature were measured in the field. The coordinates of the sampling points were recorded using GPS. All the collected samples were analyzed for stable isotopes (18O, 2H).
Plot of 18O vs. 2H values of surface water and groundwater along with the Global Meteoric Water Line (GMWL) is shown in Fig. 1. 18O values of groundwater vary over a narrow range from -11.3 to -8.2‰ and 2H values vary from -76.3 to -53.8‰. All groundwater samples except two shallow ones have highly depleted isotopic composition (close to the river/canal water). It means that these locations are recharged by the surface water. Two shallow groundwater samples show mixing of rain water with canal/river water.
-10 Shallow -20 Groundwater Deep Groundwater -30 River/Canal water
-40 Rain Index GMWL
-50 Mix Recharged
H (‰H )
2 -60 River Recharged -70
-80
-90 -13 -12 -11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4
18O (‰)
Fig. 1 Plot of 18O vs. 2H of water samples
Reference
1. IAEA, Stable Isotope Hydrology – Deuterium and Oxygen-18 in the Water Cycle, Technical Report Series No. 210, Vienna, Austria (1981).
53 STUDY OF GROUBDWATER RECHARGE MECHANISM IN THAL DOAB
W. Akram, Z. Latif, T. Iqbal and M. A. Tasneem Isotope Application Division, Directorate of Technology, PINSTECH, Nilore, Islamabad
Groundwater recharge is a critical aspect in resource management. Isotope techniques can help determine the fresh recharge as well as its sources [1]. In the present study (PCRWR Project), groundwater recharge mechanism was investigated in Thal Doab (area between the river Indus and the river Jhelum/Chenab). Surface water and groundwater (shallow & deep) samples collected from 216 stations were analyzed for stable isotopes. 18O concentrations of shallow & deep groundwater ranged from -12.2 to -2.2‰ and -11.8 to -4.8‰ respectively while δ2H values ranged from -87.4 to -17.6‰ and -84.2 to -34.3‰ respectively. 18O values of shallow and deep groundwater show similar geographical distribution pattern proving that they are interconnected and have similar recharge mechanism. Spatial distribution of 18O in shallow groundwater is depicted in Fig. 1. Groundwater in the upper eastern part of the doab between Grot, Distt. Khushab and Mankera, Distt. Bhakar is mainly recharged by the rain (18O = -4.2‰, δ2H = -24.6‰). Sampling points surrounding the rain fed area show intermediate waters indicating the mixed recharge from rain and surface waters. As we move downwards from the rain-fed area, contribution of rain to groundwater recharge decreases while the rivers/canals contribution increases. At all remaining locations, groundwater is mainly recharged by the rivers either directly or through the canal system derived from them, which means that groundwater is a renewable resource and has good sustainable exploitation potential.
Fig. 1 Spatial distribution of 18O (‰) in shallow groundwater
Reference
1. IAEA, Technical Report Series No. 91 (1983).
54 SURFACE WATER AND GROUNDWATER INTERACTION IN MARALA-KHANKI AREA
W. Akram, J. A. Tariq, Z. Latif and M. Rafique Isotope Application Division, Directorate of Technology, PINSTECH, Nilore, Islamabad
Isotope hydrological investigations were carried out in a selected sub-catchment of Indus Basin (Marala-Khanki Area) for elucidating various aspects of surface water and groundwater interaction. Groundwater samples were collected on seasonal basis (low and high river discharge periods) while surface water (Chenab River) samples were collected more frequently (weekly or monthly basis). δ18O values of groundwater along the right bank are generally higher and vary over a narrow range of -3 to -6.5‰. These values are close to the rain index. The data points of these samples lie below the local meteoric water line (LMWL) in Fig. 1 which indicates the evaporation effect. This trend is not altered even in the monsoon season when the river has very high discharge proving that the area receives recharge mainly from the rain and there is no significant contribution of river water. Data points pertaining to groundwater samples collected from the stations along the left bank of the river show large variations in δ18O and the values range from -10.2 to -2.5‰. Some samples from this side indicate contribution of the river. Tritium and CFC dating suggest groundwater residence time ranging from >50 years to few years. The data further revealed that isotopic values of the river Chenab at Khanki (average δ18O and δ2H = -7.7‰ & -46‰) are higher than those at Marala (average δ18O and δ2H = -9.4‰ & -56‰). Enrichment of δ18O and δ2H in river water at Khanki during low flow period as compared to Marala indicates the contribution of isotopically enriched baseflow. Average baseflow contribution in this river section during low flow period calculated by isotope data was about 30%.
0 Shallow -10 Deep Rain (Hills) River (Marala) -20 River (Khanki) LMWL -30 Rain (Local)
-40
H (‰) H 2 -50
-60
-70
-80 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2
18O (‰)
Fig. 1 δ18O vs. δ2H plot of groundwater in Marala-Khanki Area
Reference
1. W. Akram, M. Ahmad, J. A. Tariq, Z. Latif and M. R. Malik, Surface Water and Groundwater Interaction in Marala-Khanki Area, Punjab, Report No. PINSTECH- 223 (2011).
55 QUANTIFICATION OF HYDROLOGICAL FLUXES IN IRRIGATED LANDS USING ISOTOPES FOR IMPROVED WATER USE EFFICIENCY
N. Iqbal, M. Rafiq, T. Iqbal and M. Fazil Isotope Application Division, Directorate of Technology, PINSTECH, Nilore, Islamabad
For the study of water percolation using stable and radioactive isotopes [1,2], two experimental plots each measuring 5m X 5m were prepared at NIAB Agriculture Farm, Faisalabad. One plot was given normal irrigation and the other was irrigated with almost double quantity of water than the first one. Study was carried out on wheat and maize crops during 2007-2010. Infiltration rates were calculated from the solute transport by advection [1]. The infiltration rates were also calculated by the water balance approach using moisture content data obtained by neutron moisture probe and flow simulation approach using software “HYDRUS 1D”.
The moisture in the field with normal irrigation percolated upto 90 cm depth. It percolated upto 160 cm in the field with excess irrigation. Infiltration rates determined by different techniques are given in the following table. The infiltration rates varied during whole of the experiment period. The rates were highest right after irrigation and then decreased with increase in time. The maximum and minimum infiltration rates determined by different techniques are given in the following Table 1, which shows that average infiltration rates calculated by the four methods in case of excess irrigation range between 0.4 and 0.51 cm/day and are in good agreement. Infiltration rates in case of normal irrigation were determined only by tritium and water balance approach and range between 0.21 and 0.34 cm/day.
Table 1: Infiltration rates determined by various techniques
Technique Infiltration Rates in Infiltration Rates in Normal Irrigation Block (cm/day) Excess Irrigation Block (cm/day) Max. Min. Average Max. Min. Average 3H 0.48 0.21 0.21 1.43 0.36 0.4 2H ------0.96 0.36 0.51 18O ------1.04 0.35 0.49 Water balance 0.57 0.11 0.3 0.97 0.11 0.34 Simulation 0.72 0.24 0.48
References
1. I. D. Clark and P. Fritz, Environmental Isotopes in Hydrogeology, Lewis Publishers (1997). 2. P. G. Cook, W. M. Edmunds and C. B. Gaye, “Estimating paleorecharge and paleoclimate from unsaturated zone profiles”, Water Resources Research 28 (1992) 2721.
56 ISOTOPIC TECHNIQUES FOR ASSESSMENT OF HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES IN UCHHALI COMPLEX WETLANDS
Z. Latif, M. A. Tasneem, M. Fazil, S. Butt and M. Ahmad Isotope Application Division, Directorate of Technology, PINSTECH, Nilore, Islamabad
Wetlands are ecologically and functionally substantial elements of the water environment. Pakistan has 19 sites designated as wetlands of international importance (Ramsar Sites) [1]. For assessment of ecological processes in Uchhali complex wetlands (Uchhali, Jhalar & Khabbeki Lakes), natural isotopic compositions of dissolved salts in lake 13 15 34 water ( C (Total dissolved inorganic carbon, TDIC), N (nitrate) & S (sulphate)) were investigated.
13C composition of the three lakes and groundwater in the surrounding areas is shown in Fig. 1. 13C values of Jhalar and Khabbeki Lakes are higher due to the dominance 13 of sediment carbonates. Uchhali Lake aqueous C (TDIC) is depleted due to the presence of 13 13 more vegetation ( C (TDIC) range of vegetation in Uchhali Lake is -21.9 to -17.2‰). C 13 (TDIC) values of few hand pump samples show depleted C values due to organic source mixing. 15N of Jhalar Lake nitrates is enriched due to organic matter degradation. Khabbeki & Uchhali Lakes’ 15N values show contribution of sediments and atmospheric nitrates. 34S data suggest that dissolved sulphates in the Uchhali complex wetlands water is derived from pyrite basin.
12 10 1st Sampling (May 2009) 8 2nd Sampling (April 2010) 6 Jhalar------Uchhali------Khabbeki Lakes 4 2
0 C C (‰)
13 -2 -4 -6 -8 -10 ------Groundw ater------
-12
UC W-1 (JhL) W-1 UC (JhL) W-2 UC (UcL) W-3 UC (UcL) W-4 UC W-13(TW) UC (HP) W-15 UC (HP) W-16 UC (HP) W-18 UC
UC W-6 (KhL) W-6 UC (KhL) W-7 UC (KhL) W-8 UC W-11(OW) UC
UC W-17 (MP) W-17 UC (TW) W-19 UC
UC W-5, 5A (TW) 5A W-5, UC
UC W-14, 14A (HP) 14A W-14, UC UC W-12, 12A (OW) 12A W-12, UC Sampling Points
Fig. 1 Temporal variations of 13C in lake water and groundwater at Uchhali Wetland Complex
Reference
1. (http://ramsar.org/key_sitelist.htm). The List of Wetlands of International Importance, 4 October 2006.
57 STUDY OF GROUNDWATER RECHARGE AND STREAM FLOW IN RELATION TO SNOW/GLACIERS MELT UNDER CHANGING CLIMATIC CONDITIONS
S. Butt, M. A. Tasneem, Z. Latif and M. Fazil Isotope Application Division, Directorate of Technology, PINSTECH, Nilore, Islamabad
The objective of this project is to use environmental isotopes to study groundwater recharge & stream flow in relation to snow/glaciers melt in the upper Indus Basin, and impact of global warming on the Himalayan glaciers.
Water samples were collected from river Hunza, river Gilgit, river Indus and from various snowmelt streams joining these rivers at different altitudes. Electrical conductivity (EC), dissolved oxygen (DO) and PH values ranged from 22.7 to 1200 μS/cm, 0.5 to 11.5 mg/l and 7.2 to 8.2 respectively. The tritium values had a range from 10.7 to 20.1 TU. The values of 18O and 2H varied from -14.5 to -8.2‰ and -103.5‰ to -48.9‰ respectively and are plotted in Fig. 1 along with the Global Meteoric Water Line (GMWL). The most depleted value was observed for Hunza River water and the most enriched value was observed for snow melt stream water at an altitude of 3115 meters above sea level. Isotopic data suggested that Hunza River is getting inflow from high altitude snow melt that’s why its water is most depleted in comparison with rest of the samples.
Samples were also collected from Passu glacier’s glacial lake, stream generated from glacier melt and snow at low & high altitudes at this glacier. 18O and 2H values of these samples varied from -17.2 to -15‰ and -119.7 to -108.6‰ respectively with average d-excess of 18.3‰. High d-excess value suggested that Mediterranean moisture is the main source of precipitation at Passu glacier [1]. Long term analysis of data of stable isotopes of water, snow and ice will help decide the impact of global warming on glacier melt.
Fig .1 Plot of 18O vs. 2H of water samples (July 2010)
Reference
1. IRCC, Assessment of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 12-17 Nov. (2007).
58 ISOTOPIC STUDY OF WATER EXCHANGE BETWEEN ATMOSPHERE AND BIOSPHERE AT CHANGA MANGA SITE IN PAKISTAN
M. Fazil, M. Ali, Z. Latif and S. Butt Isotope Application Division, Directorate of Technology, PINSTECH, Nilore, Islamabad
Study of water exchange between atmosphere and biosphere was initiated to understand the ties between these two spheres. Samples of leaves and stems of 23 woody plants along with soil from the surface and from the depth of 7 cm were collected from Changa Manga forest. Moisture content from these samples was extracted using the vacuum distillation method and analyzed for stable isotopes (18O and 2H). Air moisture was also collected in the field. Isotopic data plotted in Fig. 1 along with the Local Meteoric Water Line (LMWL) indicates that 18O and 2H contents of moisture in the leaves of woody plants are higher than their respective stems. This behavior is due to the evaporative enrichment trend originating from the soil moisture in active root zone and also from the leaf surface.
200 Leaves 160 Stem 120 Soil H.P 80 Canal T.W 40 Air Moisture LMWL
0
H (‰) H 2 -40 -80 -120 -160 -200 -20 -16 -12 -8 -4 0 4 8 12 16 20
18O (‰)
Fig. 1 Plot of isotopic data of plants and source water from Changa Manga forest
The stem samples did not show any significant variation in δ18O suggesting no significant evaporation from stems of big trees [1]. Degree of enrichment of leave samples of woody plants indicated the species-specific effects in isotopes during transpiration. Pine and Eucalyptus leaves showed more variation in the isotopic contents as compared to other species. Temporal variations of 18O and 2H in the leaves indicated enriched isotopic values during hot and dry periods as compared to those during wet period (monsoon and winter rains) mainly due to higher transpiration rates at high temperature and low humidity.
Reference
1. J. R. Ehleringer and T. Dawson, Plant, Cell and Environment, Blackwell Synergy (1992).
59 MEASUREMENT OF EQUILIBRIUM DISTRIBUTION COEFFICIENT OF SELECTED RADIONUCLIDES AT KANUPP-II SITE
I. H. Khan, G. U. Din and S. Gul Isotope Application Division, Directorate of Technology, PINSTECH, Nilore, Islamabad
Equilibrium distribution coefficient (Kd) of a particular specie in soil-water environment is an important factor to evaluate its mobility in surface water/groundwater system as it provides means of quantifying geo-chemical retardation processes. In relevance to nuclear power plant/waste disposal sites, it is very important to study this effect for relatively long half-life radionuclides for their safe disposal and management. The retention of radionuclides via ion-exchange is quantitatively expressed in terms of Kd values.
137 60 Kd values of Cs and Co radionuclides for 67 soil and sediment samples collected from Karachi Nuclear Power Plant-II (KANUPP-II) site and sea-bed around the proposed effluent release point were determined. The objective of this work was to establish a database of Kd values of various radionuclides for assessment of reactor site and proposed outfall channel release point in the sea. Standard batch procedure [1] was adopted and measurements were made with a 2" x 2" NaI(Tl) scintillation detector placed in a fixed 137 60 geometry (Fig. 1). It was observed that Kd values of Cs and Co of bore hole samples from K-II site vary from 1072 to 10558 ml/g and 357 to 2350 ml/g respectively. While Kd values of 137Cs and 60Co of sea-bed sediment samples vary from 1 to 111 ml/g and 2 to 247 ml/g respectively.
Fig. 1 Sample measurement arrangement for Kd values
Reference
1. J. F. Relyea, R. J. Serne and D. Rai, Methods for Determining Radionuclide Retardation Factors: Status Report, Pacific Northwest Laboratory, Richland, Washington, PNL-3349, UC-70 (1980).
60 INVESTIGATION OF LIQUID PHASE AXIAL DISPERSION IN TAYLOR BUBBLE FLOW BY RADIOTRACER RESIDENCE TIME DISTRIBUTION ANALYSIS
G. U. Din, I. H. Khan, I. R. Chughtai* and W. Iqbal* Isotope Application Division, Directorate of Technology, PINSTECH, Nilore, Islamabad *Department of Chemical Engineering, PIEAS, Nilore, Islamabad
A gas-liquid Taylor bubble flow occurs in small diameter channels in which gas bubbles are separated by slugs of pure liquid. This type of flow regime is well suited for solid catalyzed gas-liquid reactors in which the reaction efficiency is a strong function of axial dispersion in the regions of pure liquid. Liquid phase axial dispersion in a Taylor bubble flow developed in a horizontal tube was studied using high speed photography and radiotracer residence time distribution (RTD) analysis. A parametric dependence of axial dispersion on average volume fraction of gas phase was also investigated by varying the relative volumetric flow rates of the two phases (Fig. 1). 137mBa produced from a 137Cs/137mBa radionuclide generator was used as radiotracer and measurements were made using the NaI(Tl) scintillation detectors. Validation of 137mBa in the form of barium chloride as aqueous phase radiotracer was also carried out. Axial Dispersion Model [1] was used to simulate the hydrodynamics of the system (Fig. 2). It was observed that the system is characterized by very high values of Peclet Number (Pe ~ 102) which reveals an approaching plug type flow. The experimental and model estimated values of mean residence times were in agreement with each other.
Fig. 1 Parametric dependence of axial Fig. 2 Normalized RTD function curves,E (t), Dispersion on average volume with input, output and model output fraction of gas phase
Reference
1. O. Levenspiel and W. K. Smith, “Notes on the diffusion type model for the longitudinal mixing of fluids in flow”, Chem. Eng. Sci. 6 (1957) 227.
61 STUDY OF THE HYDRODYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF CONTINUOUS PHASE IN PULSED SIEVE PLATE EXTRACTION COLUMN
G. U. Din, I. H. Khan, I. R. Chughtai*and M. H. Inayat* Isotope Application Division, Directorate of Technology, PINSTECH, Nilore, Islamabad *Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, PIEAS, Nilore, Islamabad
Hydrodynamic characteristics of continuous phase in a pulsed sieve plate extraction column were investigated using 68Ga in the form of gallium chloride obtained from an industrial radionuclide generator, 68Ge/68Ga [1]. Labeling of water with the subject radiotracer in water-kerosene environment was evaluated. Experiments for residence time distribution (RTD) analysis were carried out for a range of dispersed phase superficial velocities in a liquid-liquid extraction pulsed sieve plate column operating in the emulsion regime with water as continuous and kerosene as dispersed phase. Axial Dispersion Model (ADM) was used to simulate the hydrodynamic characteristics of continuous phase. It was observed that the axial mixing in the continuous phase decreases and slip velocity increases with increase in superficial velocity of dispersed phase while the holdup of continuous phase was found to decrease with increase in superficial velocity of dispersed phase (Fig. 3). ADM with open-open boundary condition was found to be a suitable model for the subject system. 350 0.95 340 Uc x 100 = 0.47 m/s Uc x 100 = 0.47 m/s -1 -1 330 f = 1.56 s 0.90 f = 1.56 s A x 100 = 1 m A x 100 = 1 m 320 0.85 310 300 0.80 290 280 0.75
Experimental MRT (s) 270 0.70 260 holdup phase Continuous 250 0.65 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 Dispersed phase superficial velocity x 100 (m/s) Dispersed phase superficial velovity x 100 (m/s)
4.0 15 14 3.5 13 3.0 12 11 2.5 10 9 2.0 Pecletnumber Uc x 100 = 0.47 m/s Uc x 100 = 0.47 m/s 8 -1 -1 f = 1.56 s
Slip velocity Slip (m/s) 100 x 1.5 f = 1.56 s 7 A x 100 = 1 m A x 100 = 1 m 6 1.0 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 Dispersed phase superficial velovity x 100 (m/s) Dispersed phase superficial velovity x 100 (m/s) Fig. 1 Effect of dispersed phase superficial velocity on; (a) MRT of continuous phase, (b) Holdup of continuous phase, (c) Slip velocity & (d) Pe No. of continuous phase
Reference
1. International Atomic Energy Agency, Evaluation and Validation of Radionuclide Generator-based Radiotracers For Industrial Applications, Report of the First Research Coordination Meeting of the Coordinated Research Project No. 14348 (2007).
62 MEASUREMENT OF GAMMA-RAY DOSE RATE IN SOIL AND TRANSFER OF RADIONUCLIDES FROM SOIL TO VEGETATION
K. Khan, P. Akhter, H. M. Khan* and M. Ismail* Health Physics Division, Directorate of Systems and Services, PINSTECH, Nilore, Islamabad *National Centre of Excellence in Physical Chemistry, University of Peshawar
Analysis of natural radionuclides in soil, vegetation and vegetable samples collected from some Northern areas of Pakistan was carried out by -ray spectrometry (HPGe detector). The activity concentrations in soil ranged from 24.7 to 78.5 Bqkg-1, 21.7 to 75.3 Bqkg-1 and 298.5 to 570.8 Bqkg-1 for 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K with the mean values of 42.1, 43.3 and 418.3 Bqkg-1, respectively. In the present analysis, 40K was the major radionuclide present in soil, vegetation, fruit and vegetable samples. The transfer factors of these radionuclides from soil to vegetation, fruit and vegetable were found in the order: 40K>232Th>226Ra [1-3]. The mean value of outdoor and indoor absorbed dose rate (D) in air was 64.61 and 77.54 nGyh-1, respectively as shown in Table 1. The activity concentrations of radionuclides found in all samples were nominal. Therefore, they are not associated with any potential source of health hazard to the general public.
Table 1: Total radioactivity, outdoor and indoor absorbed dose rates in air, and annual effective dose equivalents in soil samples
Sample No. Total activity Doutdoor Dindoor D(eff) outdoor D(eff) indoor (Bqkg-1) nGyh-1 nGyh-1 mSvy-1 mSvy-1 (226Ra+232Th+40K) S-1 457.87 45.13 54.16 0.08 0.23 S-2 405.8 42.86 51.44 0.08 0.22 S-3 431.78 52.32 62.79 0.10 0.27 S-4 701.22 105.95 127.14 0.20 0.55 S-5 463.15 59.55 71.46 0.11 0.31 S-6 711.01 101.94 122.33 0.19 0.52 S-7 431.51 47.20 56.64 0.09 0.24 S-8 396.87 50.72 60.87 0.09 0.26 S-9 345.66 38.27 45.93 0.07 0.20 S-10 691.62 102.20 122.64 0.19 0.53 Minimum 345.66 38.27 45.53 0.07 0.20 Maximum 711.01 105.95 127.14 0.20 0.55 Mean 503.65 64.61 77.54 0.12 0.33 World Average 485.6 61.9 74.3 0.1 0.3
References
1. S. A. Al-Kahtani and M. A. Farouk, “Radioactivity levels in soil of three selected sites at and around Riyadh city”, Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 250 (2001) 93. 2. M. S., Amin, Y. Hassan and M., Ibrahim, “External gamma-radiation dose to Syrian population based on the measurement of gamma-emitters in soils”, J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 267 (2006) 337.
63 3. International Atomic Energy Agency, Measurement of Radionuclides in Food and the Environment, Technical Report Series. No. 295, Vienna, Austria (1989). AIR-BORNE RADIOACTIVE POLLUTANTS IN TWIN CITIES OF RAWALPINDI AND ISLAMABAD
K. Khan, A. Jabbar and P. Akhter Health Physics Division, Directorate of Systems and Services, PINSTECH, Nilore, Islamabad
This study was initiated with collaboration of Pakistan Science Foundation (PSF) in oreder to ensure safe operation of PINSTECH nuclear facilities, protect the environment & general public from air-borne radioactive pollutants and establish base-line data for Rawalpindi & Islamabad areas.. A total of 30 sampling points were initially earmarked and samples were collected from these sites. Radiometric analyses were performed using various measuring techniques [1, 2]. The range of ambient gamma dose was found to be 0.12 to 0.36 Svhr-1 with an average value of 0.25±0.06 Svhr-1. The mean values of specific activity for 7Be and 40K were 3.7±1.3 and 1.14±0.6 mBq/m3 respectively. The activity of 7Be in air as a function of percent of samples is shown in Fig. 1. Analysis of 90Sr for all the samples showed very little activity. The specific activities of 7Be were lower tha the world average (12.5 mBq/m3) and comparable with other countries of the world [2]. 7Be activity in air as a function of percent of samples is shown in Fig 1. The average specific activity of 40K was significantly lower than the derived air concentration (6x106 mBq/m3) eported by IAEA. The data showed that the concentrations of radionuclides in the surveyed area were nominal. Hence, they do not pose any potential health hazard to the environment and general public.
Fig. 1 7Be activity (mBq/m3) in air as a function of percent of samples
References
1. K. Khan., A .Jabbar and P. Akhter, “Climatic variations of 7Be activity in the atmosphere of Peshawar Basin, Pakistan during 2001-2006”, Nuclear Technology & Radiation Protection Journal 24 (2009) 104.
64 2. M. Azahra and A. Garcia, “Seasonal 7Be concentration in near surface air of Granada (Spain) in the period 1993-2001”, Aplied Radiation and Isotopes 59 (2003) 59.
THE EFFECT OF AIR MASS ORIGIN ON THE AMBIENT CONCENTRATIONS OF 7Be AND 210Pb IN ISLAMABAD
N. Ali, M. U. Rajput and S. A. Mujahid Physics Division, Directorate of Science, PINSTECH, Nilore, Islamabad
The concentration of radionuclides 210Pb and 7Be, having half lives of 22.3 years and 53.29 days, respectively, in the surface air samples of Islamabad (33.38 N, 73.10 E and Altitude ~536 m asl.) were measured. The non-destructive technique of gamma- spectrometry, with a high purity germanium HPGe detector, was employed for the analysis of all samples. The annual average concentrations of 210Pb and 7Be in the surface air samples were determined as 0.284 0.15 and 3.171 1.14 mBq m-3, respectively. Our results have shown a seasonal variation of the concentration of 7Be in air samples with high values for the spring season. High concentrations for 210Pb were obtained when air masses originated from plain areas of Pothohar region, located in the South-West, West and North West of Islamabad. Statistics of 210Pb and 7Be-laden aerosols in the environment of Islamabad has been shown in Table. 1. Our values show a nice agreement with the relevant reported results [1, 2].
Table 1: Statistics of the 7Be and 210Pb concentrations in air at Islamabad
Radionuclide Quartiles Mean Uncertainty Min. 1st Median 3rd Max. (µ) (σ)
7Be 0.772 2.321 2.977 3.672 6.847 3.171 1.14
210Pb 0.056 0.172 0.246 0.390 0.761 0.284 0.15
References
1. R. Rangarajan and M. M. Sarin, Indian Journal of Marine Sciences 33 (2004) 56. 2. N. Ali, E. U. Khan, P. Akhter, N. U. Khattak, F. Khan and M. A. Rana., Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 102 (2011) 35.
65
MEASUREMENT OF INDOOR RADON AND NATURAL/FALL OUT RADIOACTIVITY
F. Malik, M. Akram and Matiullah Physics Division, Directorate of Science, PINSTECH, Nilore, Islamabad
Indoor radon and natural radioactivity measurement surveys were carried out in various parts of the Punjab, Khyber Pakhtoonkha, FATA, Azad Jammu & Kashmir and Gilgit Baltistan using CR-39 based radon detectors. The annual effective dose, mean effective dose and exhalation rate were calculated for the general public. Indoor radon activity concentrations in the surveyed houses ranged from 12 ± 5 to 169 ± 9 Bq m–3 with an overall average value of 57 ± 30 Bq m-3 which is more than the world average of 40 Bq m-3. The indoor radon levels were maximum in winter and minimum during summer season and were within the recommended limits [1, 2]. Besides indoor radon and natural radioactivity measurements, uranium contents were determined in samples of drinking water collected from natural springs of Hatian Bala using fission tracktTechnique. Except in a few cases, the measured uranium concentration was found within the safe limit of 30 gL-1.
Table 1: Gamma ray activity of 226Ra, 232Th & 40K and radium equivalent activity in Bq Kg−1, external & internal hazard indices and effective dose measured in the sand samples
226 232 40 Sr. Sampling Sights/ Ra Th K Raeq *H(ex) **H(in) Annual # Sample label (Bq kg-1) (Bq kg-1) (Bq kg-1) (Bq kg-1) effective dose (mSv) 1 Nowshera / N1 19.5+1.2 31.3+1.8 597.3+46.4 106.1 0.30 0.35 0.162 2 Sheedo / N2 17.6+1.1 28.7+1.7 569.6+44.3 98.5 0.28 0.32 0.151 3 Akora khattak / N3 15.7+1.0 26.3+1.5 423.1+33 82.9 0.23 0.27 0.125 4 Khairabad kund/N4 19.3+1.2 31.1+1.7 580+41.4 104.4 0.50 0.61 0.261 5 Ghazi / H1 40.9+2.5 72.9+4.1 536+41.7 182.7 0.42 0.48 0.218 6 Zalobai / H2 25.5+1.6 60.8+3.5 540.7+42 150.3 0.50 0.60 0.257 7 Hund / H3 37.2+2.3 75.3+4.2 510+39.8 180.6 0.45 0.56 0.236 8 Randeri / H4 30.9+1.1 70.9+2.6 515+39 168.3 0.55 0.70 0.284 9 Kia / H5 27.5+2.5 65.4+4.2 535+36.5 158.5 0.38 0.47 0.203 10 Hazratgebaba/H6 35.5+2.1 72.8+3.5 501+39.1 174.7 0.29 0.34 0.159 11 Attock kurd / N5 17.9+1.1 28.9+1.8 550.2+43.2 97.7 0.27 0.32 0.149 12 Darwazgai / N6 15.9+1.1 26.5+1.5 416+35 82.9 0.23 0.27 0.125 13 Mandori / M1 40.5+2.5 59.5+3.8 538.9+41.9 163.3 0.46 0.55 0.241 14 Jabbi / M2 55.1+4.6 75.5+8.8 518+40.3 199.3 0.44 0.51 0.228 15 Toha / M3 31.9+6.2 45.8+2.6 570+44.4 137.3 0.48 0.58 0.249 Range 15.7+1.0 26.3+1.5 416.1+35 82.9 0.23 0.27 0.125 to to to to to to to 55.1+4.6 75.5+8.8 597.3+46.4 199.3 0.55 0.70 0.284 Averag 30.5 ± 11.4 53.2 ± 19.5 531..3± 49 143.8± 0.40± 0.48± 0.20±.05 38.6 0.10 .013 *H(ex) = Hazard index (external) **H(in) = Hazard index (internal)
References
66 1. United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR), Report to the General Assembly. Annex B: Exposures from natural radiation sources, New York (2000). 2. Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection, ICRP Publication 60, Annals of the ICRP, Pergamon Press, Oxford, UK (1990). RADIOACTIVITY MEASUREMENT IN INDUS RIVER WATER AND SEDIMENT AT AND AROUND PROPOSED CHASNUPP-3/CHASNUPP-4 OUTFALL
N. Yaqoob, A. Mashiatullah, T. Javed, M.S. Khan and M.A. Tasneem Isotope Application Division, Directorate of Technology, PINSTECH. Nilore, Islamabad
Present study was aimed at measuring the activity concentration of 226Ra, 228Ra, 137Cs and 40K around proposed C-3/C-4 outfall to establish baseline data. Very low concentrations of the above mentioned four radionuclides in river water (Becquerel/Liter) were recorded (Table 1).
In case of sediments, concventrations of all the radionuclides were much higher as compared to the river water (Table 2). Maximum radioactivity concentration in the sediment sample was recorded for 40K at Station # 1 which was 845.4±31.2 Bq/Kg. Also, at the remaining stations, its value was higher than the other radionuclides. Its lowest value was observed at Station # 2 (654.95±25.41 Bq/Kg). Significant concentrations of 228Ra were found in all sediment samples. Its maximum value (79.81±4.78 Bq/Kg) was recorded at Station # 6. Lower concentrations of 137Cs and 226Ra were observed in all samples. Their values were either below detection limit of the gamma spectrometer or in very low range. Radionuclides were found in the sediments in the order; 40K > 228Ra > 226Ra > 137Cs. Concentrations of all radionuclides were in the permissible range [1].
Table 1: Radionuclide concentrations of Indus River water samples around C-3/C-4 outfall
Ra-226 Ra-228 Cs-137 K-40 Location (Bq/L) (Bq/L) (Bq/L) (Bq/L) Station # 5 < 0.03 < 0.04 <0.07 Station # 7 < 0.03 < 0.04 < 0.07 <2.55
Table 2: Radionuclide concentrations of sediment samples around C-3/C-4 outfall
Ra-226 Ra-228 Cs-137 K-40 Location (Bq/Kg) (Bq/Kg) (Bq/Kg) (Bq/Kg) Station # 1 6.26±0.24 52.41±4.11 6.48±0.30 845.40±31.20 Station # 2 5.50±0.20 53.94±3.15 < 2.32 654.95±25.41 Station # 3 5.68±0.20 56.85±3.12 5.11±0.28 680.15±24.01 Station # 4 3.44±0.19 45.63±3.74 708.49±25.93 Station # 5 6.08±0.23 58.24±4.10 4.95±0.28 714.13±31.99 Station # 6 6.19±0.27 79.81±4.78 < 3.01 765.40±34.32 Station # 7 5.98±0.31 61.56±5.90 3.32±0.27 815.31±42.85 Station # 8 6.30±0.27 60.07±4.90 4.95±0.30 831.33±38.10
67 Reference
1. United Nation Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR), Report on Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant Accident, Report to the UN General Assembly, New York (1990). CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL STUDIES AT AND AROUND PROPOSED CHASNUPP-3/CHASNUPP-4 OUTFALL
A. Mashiatullah, T. Javed, N. Yaqoob, A. Ghaffar, M.S. Khan and M.A. Tasneem Isotope Application Division, Directorate of Technology, PINSTECH, Nilore, Islamabad
Chemical and biological characteristics of Indus River at and around proposed CHASNUPP-2/CHASNUPP-4 outfall at Chashma were investigated for site characterization studies. In this connection, river water samples from eight locations stretching over an area of 3x3 km on both sides of proposed outfall were collected and analyzed to establish baseline data. Results of chemical and biological analysis are presented in Table 1.
Electrical conductivity (EC), pH and total dissolved solids (TDS) of samples varied from 290 to 709 S/cm, 7.9 to 8.4, and 166 to 406 mg/l respectively. Concentrations of - -2 - major HCO3 , SO4 and Cl were found in the range of 102 - 195 mg/l, 16 - 91 mg/l and 12 - 54 mg/l respectively. All the values were found in permissible range for aquatic life [1].
Results of biological analysis indicate that total Phytoplankton per liter ranged from 67000- 601000 while zooplankton concentration was 4000-63900 per liter. Total zooplankton in Chashma lake in both sampling was 60000 per liter. Fish fauna was categorized taxonomically [2]. Most common fish found in the area were Sole, Daula, Mori, Gulfaam, Rahu, Seenghara, Khagga, and Mullee. Majority of fish found in the area lay egg in April-June with the exception of Mullee and Khagga whose spawning period is May/August. During 1st sampling, Khagga was observed at all sampling stations except Station No. 6. Mullee was found at sampling stations 1, 2, 4, and 7, while Rahu was found at Station # 2, 3 and 6. Gulfaam was observed at Station # 1, 2, 5 and 7.
Table 1: Chemical & biological parameters of Indus River around proposed C-3/C-4 outfall
HCO - SO -2 Cl- Location 3 4 Phytoplankton Zooplankton (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) Station # 1 102 16 12 601000 43200 Station # 2 133 26 35 560000 35200 Station # 3 102 31 15 67000 4000 Station # 4 102 28 15 520000 39100 Station # 5 195 91 54 532000 48200 Station # 6 108 22 30 578000 39800 Station # 7 118 42 35 566000 40100 Station # 8 133 30 32 532000 39300 Chashma Lake 942000 63900
References
68 1. W. Back and B.B. Hanishaw, Chemical Geo-hydrology, Academic Press, New York (1965). 2. M. Khan, H. A. Shakir, M. N. khan, M. Abid and M. R. Mirza, “Ichthyofaunal survey of some fresh water reservoirs in Punjab”, J. Anim. Pl. Sci. 18 (2008) 151.
ORIGIN OF POLLUTANTS IN SOUTH ASIA
N. Siddique and S. Waheed Chemistry Division, Directorate of Science, PINSTECH, Nilore, Islamabad
Transboundary transport of air pollution in the South Asian region has been an issue of increasing importance over the past several decades. Long-range transport of pollution produced by natural processes such as dust storms or natural forest fires. Airborne particulate matter datasets covering the period from 2002 to 2007 from the neighbouring countries like Bangladesh, India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka were used to find the source areas that are primarily responsible for long range transported pollutants. All countries collected samples with the same type of sampler and used the same techniques for mass and BC measurements. It was found that high fine soil contributions were from dust storms. On the other hand smoke in this region mainly comes from Northern India where agricultural waste is often burned as shown in Fig. 1 [1].
Islamabad (Orange dots at 1000m and Brown dots at 500m)
Dhaka (Green dots at 1000m and Red dots at 500m) Mumbai (Yellow dots at 500m)
Colombo (Black dots at 1000m and Blue at 300m)
Fig. 1 Back trajectories showing the likely source areas for smoke in India, Bangladesh, Pakistan and Sri Lanka
Reference
1. B. A. Begum, S. K. Biswas, G. G. Pandit, I. V. Saradhi, S. Waheed, N. Siddique, M.C. S. Seneviratne, D. D. Cohen, A. Markwitz and P. K. Hopke, “Long–range transport of soil dust and smoke pollution in the South Asian region”, Atmos. Poll. Res. 2 (2011) 151.
69 AIR QUALITY STUDY OF THE ISLAMABAD/ RAWALPINDI REGION
N. Siddique, S. Waheed, M. Daud, N. Khalid, M. Arif, A. H. Khan* and S. Adnan* Chemistry Division, Directorate of Science, PINSTECH, Nilore, Islamabad *Pakistan Meteorological Department, Islamabad
Over 1100 pairs of coarse and fine filters were collected using Gent samplers and polycarbonate filters from 4 sites in Islamabad and Rawalpindi from the period 1998 to 2010. The Black carbon (BC) in these samples was determined by reflectance measurement while their elemental composition were determined using the techniques of instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA), ion beam analysis (IBA) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry. Islamabad is a well planned and relatively small city as compared to Rawalpindi, Lahore or Karachi therefore its air quality is better than the air quality of other major Pakistani cities. It was found that the new air quality standards (Table 1) to be implemented in Pakistan with effect from 1st January 2012 may not be attained even in Islamabad without the implementation of control and remedial measures. An overview of the elemental data obtained and calculation of enrichment factors (EF) and application of positive matrix factorization (PMF) showed that the particles in Islamabad originated from re-suspended soil, vehicular emissions and coal combustion.
Table 1: Twenty four hour average air particulate matter (PM) at sites in the Islamabad / Rawalpindi region [1, 2]
Site PM PM PM 2.5 2.5-10 10 (µg/m3) (µg/m3) (µg/m3) G-9, Islamabad 27.514.9 56.019.1 83.629.7
I-9, Islamabad 34.241.3 148.8128.1 183.0131.4 Nilore, Islamabad 11.59.8 42.337.3 53.840.7 Airport Housing Society, Rawalpindi 15.97.9 144.555.5 160.456.4 Pakistani Standards 35 - 150
References
1. S. Waheed, N. Siddique, M. Arif, M. Daud and A. Markwitz, “Size-fractionated airborne particulate matter characterization of a residential area near Islamabad Airport by IBA methods”, J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. DOI: 10.1007/s10967-012- 1649-6 Jan 2012. 2. N. Siddique, S. Waheed, M. Daud, A. Markwitz and P. K. Hopke, “Air quality study of Islamabad: preliminary results”, J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. (in press) DOI: 10.1007/s10967-012-1674-5 Jan 2012.
70 MORUS NIGRA PLANT LEAVES AS BIOMONITOR FOR ELEMENTAL AIR POLLUTION MONITORING
M. Daud, N. Khalid, S. Waheed, M. Wasim, M. Arif and J. H. Zaidi Chemistry Division, Directorate of Science, PINSTECH, Nilore, Islamabad
This study deals with the determination of 36 elements in 120 leaf samples of Morus nigra plant to assess their potential as biomonitor for elemental air pollution monitoring. The elemental quantification was made by employing instrumental neutron activation analysis and atomic absorption spectrometric techniques. The leaf samples were collected in spring, summer and winter seasons from various sites in Islamabad. The reliability of the adopted procedures was established by analyzing the certified reference materials. The calculated enrichment values for all the measured elements in the Morus nigra leave samples during the spring season were minimum as compared to the summer season which in turn were lower than those for the winter season. This gradual increase in enrichment values from spring to winter season can be explained on the basis of extended exposure of leaves to the atmosphere, thus accumulating more metals from the atmosphere leading to higher enrichment values.
The lower pollution load index (PLI) values in the spring season could be attributed to less exposure of newly born plant leaves. Higher PLI during summer could probably be due to a series of routine dust storms, resulting in higher concentration of suspended particulate matter. The maximum PLI obtained in the winter season could be related to dry stagnant climatic conditions, having significantly higher concentration of suspended particulate matter, leading to higher accumulation of metals in the plant leaves. The higher metal contents in the leaves of Morus nigra plant as compared to the stem indicate that the absorption of metals from the environment occurs through the leaves. Similar observations have been reported for lead absorption by specific parts of the plants [1, 2].
The results indicated that the adaptation of such reliable and inexpensive procedure using Morus nigra leaves as biomonitor will find a good substitute to the classical approach of collecting aerosol sample with air filter for monitoring of air pollution. It has potential to monitor the extent of air pollution in the vicinity of industrial as well as in high traffic areas.
Fig. 1 Seasonal variation of PLI from road and industrial sites
References
1. P. Parkpian, S. T. Leong, P. Laortanakul and N. Thunthaisong, Environ. Monit. Assess. 85 (2003) 157. 2. J. R. Bacon, I. J. Hewitt and P. Cooper, J. Environ. Monit. 7 (2005) 785.
71 ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS OF DUST TRAPPED IN AIR CONDITIONER FILTERS FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF LAHORE CITY’S AIR QUALITY
N. Siddique, A. Majid*, M. M. Chaudhry* and M. Tufail* Chemistry Division, Directorate of Science, PINSTECH, Nilore, Islamabad *PIEAS, Nilore, Islamabad
The elements Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn were determined in dust samples collected from air conditioner (AC) filters from 15 commercial sites of Lahore using flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (FAAS) while elements such as Al, As, Ba, Br, Ce, Co, Cr, Cs, Eu, Fe, Ga, Hf, Hg, K, La, Lu, Mg, Mn, Na, Nd, Rb, Sb, Sc, Se, Sm, Sr, Ta, Tb, Ti, Th, V, Yb and Zn were determined using instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) [1]. The results obtained showed that higher amounts of these metals were measured in these dust samples than normally found in soil. This was especially true for Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn. Generally the amounts of Cd, Cr and Mn did not vary throughout the city of Lahore but the amounts of the traffic related elements (Cu and Pb) had more variable ranges of 30-140 and 30-230 mg/kg, respectively, as shown in Table 1. The concentrations obtained for Cr, Mn and Zn by INAA were found to be higher than those obtained using FAAS. Analysis of the data showed the digestion procedure employed to be the possible cause for this occurrence. It was also found that Mn was being over-estimated by INAA due to the interference from the Mg peak.
Table 1: Cd, Cu, Ni and Pb concentration (mg/kg) in Lahore dust samples using FAAS
Sample No. Site Cd Cu Ni Pb S-1 Railway Station 11.0±0.8 50±2 50±6 120±8 S-2 Begum Pura 10.1±1.0 80±2 30±2 150±7 S-3 Kalma Chowk 10.5±1.1 40±1 20±2 160±10 S-4 Shama 10.0±0.4 110±5 30±6 220±27 S-5 Anar Kali 10.3±0.4 140±5 50±2 180±10 S-6 General Bus Stand 10.6±1.2 40±3 20±4 160±2 S-7 Chauburji 10.8±0.9 70±5 30±3 220±5 S-8 Kanchee Crossing 10.4±0.4 60±3 40±3 150±8 S-9 Lakshami Chowk 10.9±0.8 30±4 20±3 170±16 S-10 Lohari Gate 10.0±0.6 50±2 40±6 230±4 S-11 Moon Market Chowk 10.0±0.4 40±2 40±4 140±10 S-12 Muslim Town More 10.0±0.7 50±3 30±3 230±10 S-13 Chungi Amer Sidhu 10.2±1.6 140±2 40±2 30±2 S-14 Samanabad More 10.0±0.5 30±4 30±6 130±11 S-15 Yateem Khana Chowk 10.9±0.6 80±3 50±3 230±3 Acceptable limits 3 50 50 100
Reference
1. N. Siddique, A. Majid and M. Tufail, “Elemental analysis of dust trapped in air conditioner filters for the assessment of Lahore City’s air quality”, J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 290 (2011) 691.
72 POLLUTION LEVEL AND HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT OF ROAD DUST FROM ISLAMABAD EXPRESSWAY, PAKISTAN
Y. Faiz, N. Siddique and M. Tufail* Chemistry Division, Directorate of Science, PINSTECH, Nilore, Islamabad *PIEAS, Nilore Islamabad
Thirteen road dust and four soil samples were analyzed using instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) to determine the elemental composition of road dust collected from Islamabad Expressway [1]. The amounts of most of the elements determined were generally in the lower range of the global data with the exception of Ce, Nd, Sn and Zr which were measured at higher concentrations in Islamabad. Pollution parameters and indicators such as Enrichment Factors (EFs), Pollution Load Index (PLI), Geoaccumulation Index (Igeo), Pollution Index (PI) and Integrated Pollution Index (IPI) showed that the area around Islamabad Expressway is low to moderately polluted especially by elements such as Mg and Sb. The IPI of the elements was found to vary in the order; Mg>Sb>Cu>SrPb>Ga>Na >SnZn>Yb>Se>Hf [2]. Elemental health risk was assessed through dose calculations for carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic metals; and by the determination of LADD (lifetime average daily dose). The carcinogenic metals studied showed the following variation in their LADD values; Cr>Ni>Co>Cd>As. Dose calculations for non-cancerous and cancerous elements showed the data obtained to lie within the safe threshold of 103106 mg kg-1 day-1 for most elements. The soil based elements Al, Fe, K, Mg, Na and Ti were the exception and originated from the exposed soil around the highway. Moreover highest Hazard Index (HI) was found to be associated with the presence of Al, Cr, Pb and V in road dust showing soil, transport and industry to be the major sources of road dust.
Table 1: Data for carcinogen elemental cancer risk [2]
Elements Hazard Quotient (HQ) Slope Factor (SF) Risk
HQingestion HQinhalation HQdermal Oral SF Dermal SF Inhalation SF As 2.52E-06 7.09E-10 5.16E-07 1.50E+00 3.66E+00 1.51E+01 3.04E-06 Cd* 5.43E-10 6.30E+00 5.43E-10 Co 1.46E-09 9.80E+00 1.46E-09 Cr 8.30E-10 4.20E-01 8.30E-10 Ni* 3.05E-10 8.40E-01 3.05E-10 * From Faiz et al. [1], HQs and SF values from US EPA [3]
References
1. Y. Faiz, M. Tufail, M. T. Javed, M. M. Chaudhry and N. Siddique, “Road dust pollution of Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn along Islamabad Expressway, Pakistan”, Microchem. J. 92 (2009) 186. 2. Y. Faiz, N. Siddique and M. Tufail, “Pollution level and health risk assessment of road dust from an Expressway”, J. Eviron. Sci. Hlth. A 47 (2012) 818. 3. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Supplemental Guidance for Developing Soil Screening Levels for Superfund Sites, OSWER 9355.4-24,. Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, US Environmental Protection Agency (2002) (http://www.epa.gov/superfund/health/conmedia/soil/pdfs/ssg_main.pdf).
73 REMEDIATION OF ORGANIC CHLORIDE (2,4-DICHLOROPHENOL ) FROM WASTEWATER: KINETICS AND THERMODYNAMICS INVESTIGATIONS
A. Ghaffar, A. Mashiatullah and T. Javed Isotope Application Division, Directorate of Technology, PINSTECH, Nilore, Islamabad
Dichlorophenol compounds are persistent and highly water-soluble pollutants and their presence in marine, industrial and urban wastewater led to accumulation in the environment, and therefore, a serious pollution problem. The remediation of organic chloride (2,4-Dichlorophenol (DCP)) from wastewater by sorption technique was studied by applying different sorbents (Table 1). Higher removal of 2,4 dichlorophenol was achieved on silica under certain physico-chemical conditions. Maximum removal (92.7%) of 2,4 dichlorophenol (50 mg.dm-3) was achieved with contact time of 4 hours, at pH 8 and 42°C. The thermodynamic values for enthalpy (∆H), entropy (∆S), and free energy (∆G315K) were found (Table 2). The sorption data obtained at optimized conditions was subjected to Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms [1]. Pseudo first order and second order kinetic model were applied. Elovich kinetic model was best to describe the kinetics for DCP. Intra particle diffusion kinetic model graph was best fitted for DCP. The developed method was applied for industrial wastewater treatment and the results suggested a 97±0.1% removal of 2,4- dichlorophenol from industrial wastewater.
Table 1: Removal of DCP by different sorbents
Concentration Removal (%) by different sorbents of DCP Silica Soil Chitosan coated Chitosan coated Activated (mg.dm-3) silica (17) silica (B1) carbon 20 86.5 80 84 81.6 78
Table 2: Effect of different factors on removal of DCP
Sorbent Removal (%) at different contact times (Hrs) 0.5 1 2 3 4 5 6 70 76 78 86 88 88 88.4 Removal (%) at different concentrations (ppm) 20 30 40 50 60 88 89.4 89.8 90.0 90.0 Silica Conc. of DCP (mg.dm-3) Removal (%) at different pH 2 4 7 8 10 50 86.2 89.4 89.8 90.7 85 Thermodynamic quantities ∆ H (KJ/mole) ∆ S (J/mole.K) ∆ G (KJ/mole) 58.10±1.54 203.7±0.09 -6396.52 ±5.45 DCP Conc. Removal (%) at different temperatures (oC) (mg.dm-3) 25 30 34 38 42 44 48 50 75.6 76.5 80 84.8 92.7 77.2 71.8
References
1. H. M. F. Freundlich, Zeitschrift fur Physikalische Chemie 5 (1906) 385. 2. Langmuir, Am. J. Chem. Soc. 40 (1918) 1361.
74 INTERCOMPARISON EXERCISES; A REQUIREMENT FOR ACCURATE AND PRECISE ANALYTICAL DATA
N. Siddique, S. Waheed, Y. Faiz and J. H. Zaidi Chemistry Division, Directorate of Science, PINSTECH, Nilore, Islamabad
External evaluation of laboratory results and procedures can be carried out by participation in intercomparison exercises. For this purpose the Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA) Laboratory at PINSTECH participated in the International Atomic Energy Agency - Marine Environmental Laboratory (IAEA-MEL), Monaco intercomparsion exercise IAEA- 158, marine sediment, IAEA-CU-2006-06 Proficiency Test (PT) on “The determination of major, minor and trace elements in ancient Chinese ceramic” and IAEA intercomparison on “Trace elements and methyl mercury in fish scallop: IAEA-452” [1, 2]. After receiving the final reports of the PT and intercomparison exercises, a critical review of our data and final scoring of each element was made to check the suitability of our methodology and reliability of the acquired data as shown in Table 1. Most of the reported results passed different statistical evaluation criterion such as relative bias, z-scores and u-scores and ratio of our results and IAEA target values. It was concluded that the elements for which unacceptable results were obtained were for those which had higher uncertainties cited by the RM producers. To overcome these issue additional synthetic standards for these elements along with the usual RMs with lower uncertainties may be used.
Table 1: IAEA-158 intercomparison results for lab. performance evaluation (mg/kg) [1]
Element This Study IAEA Value Rel z-score Score Mean Unc RSD % SD LOD Mean SD Bias Al 44300 4440 7.4 3270 1220 51800 6475 -14.41 -1.15 A As 8.24 1.26 10.7 0.88 0.25 11.50 1.44 -28.39 -2.27 A Ce 63.02 15.96 6.0 3.81 1.30 61.10 7.64 3.14 0.25 A Co 8.87 2.14 6.7 0.59 0.30 9.20 1.15 -3.55 -0.28 A Cr 74.0 16.1 5.3 3.9 3.3 74.4 9.3 -0.53 -0.04 A Cs 3.65 0.54 4.9 0.18 0.45 3.73 0.47 -2.25 -0.18 A Eu 0.97 0.30 9.3 0.09 0.06 1.08 0.13 -10.17 -0.81 A Fe 26080 1390 4.2 1100 360 26300 3290 -0.83 -0.07 A K 19060 5990 11.5 2200 3450 20000 2500 -4.71 -0.38 A La 28.6 5.8 8.7 2.5 2.0 30.2 3.8 -5.45 -0.44 A Mn 332 46 12.9 43 2 356 45 -6.87 -0.55 A Na 23760 1890 3.7 890 190 23800 2980 -0.18 -0.01 A Rb 73.6 10.4 9.5 7.0 24.4 82.0 10.25 -10.21 -0.82 A Sb 1.34 0.21 10.4 0.14 0.30 1.34 0.17 -0.06 0.00 A Sm 4.6 0.4 6.5 0.3 0.1 4.9 0.6 -6.54 -0.52 A V 63.92 10.43 6.6 4.20 16.82 73.00 9.13 -12.44 -1.00 A Zn 151.6 17.0 9.0 13.5 3.6 140.6 17.6 7.13 0.57 A
References
1. N. Siddique and S. Waheed, “Intercomparison exercises; a requirement for accurate and precise analytical data”, J. Chem. Soc. Pak. 33 (2011) 839. 2. N. Siddique and S. Waheed, “Evaluation of laboratory performance using proficiency test exercise results”, J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 291 (2012) 817.
75 ESTABLISHMENT OF ANALYTICAL METHODS FOR ANALYSIS OF PESTICIDES AND ORGANIC CHLORIDES BY HPLC
A. Ghaffar, A. Mashiatullah and T. Javed Isotope Application Division, Directorate of Technology, PINSTECH, Nilore, Islamabad
Methods for the analysis of organic chlorides and pesticides like dichlorophenol (DCP), DDT, Chlorpyrifos, Cypermethrin, Melathion, Diazinon and Pendimathalin by HPLC equipped with UV detector were established. The methods were optimized by applying different wavelengths and by changing the composition of mobile phase and flow rates (Table 1). A series of analysis were performed to optimize the solvent composition, flow rate and wave length for analysis. The standard solutions with different concentration were prepared and run on HPLC. The calibration curves constructed from the peak area versus concentrations were linear (r = 0. 99). Efficiency of the developed methods was tested by taking known quantities of compounds in sample media by spiking separate portions of samples and repeating the analysis [1]. The accuracy of the established methods was checked by interference and spiking the samples with the standard solution. The sample was analyzed and spiked with equal volume of standard solution. The calculated and actual analyzed concentrations were compared for the accuracy of method. The recoveries of samples ranged between 96-98 %, which prove the accuracy of the established methods.
Table 1: composition of mobile phase and their flow rates
Compositi Flow rate Retention Column Pesticides/OCs Mobile Phase on (%) (cm3/min) time (min.) type
DDT Acetonitrile:water 90:10 0.5 7.5 C-18 Chlorpyrifos Acetonitrile:water 70:30 1 12.9 C-18 Cypermethrin Acetonitrile:water 70:30 1.7 9.8 C-18 Melathion Acetonitrile:water 70:30 1 5.7 C-18 Diazinon Acetonitrile:water 70:30 1 8.1 C-18 Pendimethalin Acetonitrile:water 80:20 1 6.3 C-18
2,4 DCP Methanol:KH2PO4 50:50 1 3.2 C-18
Reference
1. S. Angelino and M. C. Gennaro, “An ion-interaction RP-HPLC method for the determination of the eleven EPA priority pollutant phenols”, Anal. Chem. Acta 346 (1997) 61.
76 ESTABLISHMENT OF PROCESSING FACILITIES FOR SURFACE MODIFICATION OF POWDERS
M. Nawaz, M. D. Pirzada, M. Ansar and N. Hussain Materials Division, Directorate of Technology, PINSTECH, Nilore, Islamabad
Facilities were established for surface modifications of powder materials. In this connection, various fluidized bed reactors capable of operating at different temperatures were fabricated indigenously and different powders were successfully coated with carbon and different metals. Cobalt acetylacetonate was used as precursor material for coating of tungsten carbide (WC) and Al2O3 powders with cobalt (Co) in a temperature range of 475- 500 C. Argon was used as a carrier gas at a flow rate of 3 L min-1. Cobalt films of varying thickness were deposited (5 to 20 μ on WC and 1 to 5 μ on Al2O3) by varying the run time from 45 to 60 minutes. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM0 images and energy dispersive (ED) spectra of coated powders are shown in Fig. 1 to 4. Using methyl trichloro silane (MTS), graphite powder was coated with SiC at 1150 C, with a gas flow rate of 0.25-0.5 L min-1. For achieving coatings of different thickness, runs from 20-25 minutes were carried out. SiC powder was collected as a byproduct of the reaction [1].
Fig. 1 SEM image of Co coated Fig. 2 ED spectrum of Co coated on Al2O3 on Al2O3 (Film thickness 5 μ)
Fig. 3 SEM image of Co coated Fig. 4 ED spectrum of Co coated on WC on WC (Film thickness 20 μ)
Reference
1. H.D. Wu and D. W. Ready, “Silicon carbide powders by gaseous pyrolysis of tetramethylsilane”, Silicon Carbide Ceramic Transaction 2 (1987) 35.
77 DESIGNING & DEVELOPMENT OF CENTRONICS DATA CAPTURING DEVICES
A. Karim, M. A. Farooq and N. Mushtaq Management Information System Division, Directorate of Coordination, PINSTECH, Nilore, Islamabad
Windows-based software was designed and developed for Centronics Data Capturing Devices (CDC). The previously working software was DOS-based; therefore, CDC was limited only to obsolete PC. The support software module runs on the latest PCs and provides auto-detection, testing and capturing functions.
AUTOMATION OF REACTIVE MAGNETRON SPUTTERING SYSTEM OF NILOP
A. Karim, M. A. Farooq and N. Mushtaq Management Information System Division, Directorate of Coordination, PINSTECH, Nilore, Islamabad
For automation of reactive magnetron sputtering system developed by National Institute of Lasers and Optronics (NILOP) for fine coating of materials, design and development of necessary software and hardware was carried out. In this respect, following tasks were completed.
a) Interfacing of the Advanced Energy MDX Magnetron Drive: MDX was interfaced with P-IV computer and power of MDX was controlled in three regulations modes (power, current or voltage). The control was made via RS232 serial port which is an ASCII formatted port and operates at 1200 baud. Software was developed in Visual Basic 6.0 which sends / receives commands to / from MDX.
b) Interfacing of Varian Multi-Gauge Controller: Multi-gauge controller was interfaced with P-IV computer and a software capable ofreading/ adjusting 41 parameters of this unit via RS232 ASCII formated port was developed.
c) Interfacing of 9700 Temperature Controller: Software was developed for temperature controller and an extra serial port card was added in computer for this purpose.
DEVELOPMENT OF A MODULE FOR AUTOMATION OF NC MACHINE
A. Karim, M. A. Farooq and N. Mushtaq Management Information System Division, Directorate of Coordination, PINSTECH, Nilore, Islamabad
Numerical Control (NC) machine installed at General Services Division was automated and interfaced with a PC to enhance its efficiency. For automation of the machine, a software module was designed and the required hardware was also fabricated. The machine is being used in the mechanical workshop and working satisfactorily.
78
DESIGNING AND DEVELOPMENT OF PULSE MODE COUNTING SYSTEM
A. Karim, M. A. Farooq, and N. Mushtaq Management Information System Division, Directorate of Coordination, PINSTECH, Nilore, Islamabad
A pulse mode counting system (PMCS) was designed and developed, which converts a PC into a powerful data acquisitioning system. PMCS can be interfaced with the parallel port (printer port) of computer. The system fulfills the requirements of a laboratory / process and field applications for monitoring of certain events (number of events per unit time). The developed system was attached with Rheometer System used by Isotope Application Division for deterimation of groundwater flow velocity by single well point dilution techgnique. .
79
PRODUCTION OF MOLYBDENUM-99 FOR MEDICAL USE
S. Pervez, Q. Khan, J. A. Mirza, S. Hussain, M. Asif, M. M Khan, U. Khalid and M. U. Siddique. Isotope Production Division, Directorate of Technology, PINSTECH Nilore, Islamabad
Production of Molybdenum-99 (99Mo) was carried out by irradiating 3 HEU targets in the core of Pakistan Research Reactor-1 (PARR-1) for 12 hours. The average radiochemical separation yield from various batches was 60-70%. Radionuclidic purity of final product was determined by gamma, alpha and beta spectrometry, while radiochemical purity was determined by paper chromatography. The produced 99Mo met all the criteria fixed in various pharmacopoeias. Pakgen 99mTc generators were manufactured by indigenous 99Mo and sent to various medical centers for clinical trials. All the users were quite satisfied with the performance of Pakgen 99mTc generators. The detail is given below.
Batch HEU Irradiation Irradiation MPF Activity Activity at Purpose No. plates date time processing produced reference (No.) date (Ci) date and time 1 01 16.07.10 12 Hrs. 19.07.10 ------Trial 2 03 15.10.10 12 Hrs. 18.10.10 ------Trial 3 03 18.01.11 12 Hrs. 20.01.11 20 --- Trial 4 03 11.03.11 12 Hrs. 14.03.11 25 --- Trial 5 03 26.03.11 12 Hrs. 28.03.11 40 --- Trial 6 03 22.04.11 12 Hrs. 24.04.11 40 --- Trial 7 03 09.05.11 12 Hrs. 11.05.11 40 --- Trial generator 8 03 06.06.11 12 Hrs. 08.06.11 35.50 12.53 production generator 9 03 20.06.11 12 Hrs. 22.06.11 36.78 12.99 production
80
CHEMICAL TREATMENT PLANT FOR rapid DECONTAMINATION OF LOW LEVEL RADIOACTIVE LIQUID WASTE
F. Rashid, H. A. Qayyum and F. Jan 2 (n) Health Physics Division, Directorate of Systems and Services, PINSTECH, Nilore, Islamabad
Bulks of radioactive liquid waste effluents of low level activity are routinely generated at PINSTECH. The volume of liquid waste is significantly higher than the solid waste and has been increasing further with a current annual generation of 2200 to 3000 m3. Chemical treatment process could additionally be adopted for the routine treatment of Low- Level Liquid Waste (LLLW) [1]. The process is capable of working in emergency situations where chemical treatment could be applied to LLLW with mixed beta-gamma activity. Chemical Treatment is still extensively used in many nuclear facilities for the decontamination of LLLW [2-3]. It is relatively low cost and is based on well-proven conventional plant operations and equipments capable of handling large volumes and accommodating changes in the process. Scavenging /co-precipitation of hydrous oxides of iron using FeSO4.7H2O as absorbed in the main process that will be applied for the current waste streams. Commercial NaOH saturation solution will be used as pH adjusting reagent.
Main accessories and features of chemical treatment plant
S. No. Accessories Main Features
1 Two main SS reaction vessels (4.5 Semi automatic / Batch Process m3 / each) 2 Four SS stock solution preparation Maximum capacity is 4m3 per vessels, 200 litres each (fabrication process. Decontamination process completed) time is 1 hour. 3 Variable speed agitators (fabrication The method can be employed completed) simultaneously along with delay and decay process. In case of emergency it can be directly used for rapid decontamination of liquid waste. 4 Centrifugal pumps Economical due to low running cost
References
1. IAEA, Advances in Technologies For Treatment of Low/Intermediate Radioactive Liquid Waste, Technical Report Series No. 370, Vienna (1994). 2. IAEA, Chemical Processes for Treatment of Aqueous Radioactive Waste, Technical Report Series No. 337, Vienna (1992). 3. IAEA, Advance Management Methods For Medium Active Liquid Waste, Technical Report Series No. 287, Vienna (1988).
81
PINSTECH COMPLEX WATER SUPPLY PROJECT
M. Idrees and U. K. Mirza General Services Division, Directorate of Systems and Services, PINSTECH, Nilore, Islamabad
Current water supply from Simly Dam, CDA to PINSTECH Complex has never been sufficient to meet the daily requirements. To overcome the water shortage at PINSTECH Complex, PAEC decided to undertake the construction of its own water supply scheme of 1.0 MGD capacity. For this purpose, it was planned to develop a facility to fetch water from River Soan flowing at a distance of about 4.75 km from PINSTECH on Lehtrar Road and then to make arrangement for its purification to make it potable as per WHO standards. An assessment of present and future water demand at the complex up to 2013 and 2018 is given in Table 1.
Table 1: Assessment of present and future water demand at PINSTECH complex
S. No. Water Demand (million US Gallons) 1 Present 0.630 2 Up to 2013 1.171 3 Up to 2018 1.407
Keeping in view the availability of funds, the construction of the project was planned in two phases:
Phase-1: Raw Water Transmission This facility involves the construction of river water intake structure, pre- sedimentation tanks of about 2 lacs gallon capacity, pumping stations with allied facilities and laying of raw water transmission pipeline (12-inch dia MS pipe, three-layer polyethylene external coating, internal cement mortar lining) of length 2.75 km from River Soan to water filtration plant site at Chirah gate of PINSTECH Complex. Construction of Phase-I of the project has been completed.
Phase-2: Water Filtration This facility involves the construction of water treatment plant, clear water tank and laying of treated water transmission pipeline from water treatment plant to PINSTECH water storage tank, etc. Phase-2 of the project is in tendering stage.
82
INSTALLATION AND COMMISSIONING OF INTELLIGENT, MULTILOOP AND ADDRESSABLE FIRE DETECTION AND ALARM SYSTEM
M. A. Naz and I. Hussain Equipment Maintenance Division, Directorate of Systems and Services, PINSTECH, Nilore, Islamabad
An intelligent and addressable fire alarm systems is intended to notify the building occupants to evacuate in the event of a fire or other emergency, report the event to an off- premises location in order to summon emergency services, and to prepare the structure / associated systems to control the spread of fire and smoke. Efforts are underway to install such fire detection and alarm system at PINSTECH. The system comprises of Quadnet control panel, advanced and intelligent multipoint detectors, manual call point and sounder alarms. The sequence of work schedule for the project is described in Table 1.
Table 1: Stepwise work schedule for the project
Task Duration Marking for Installation of Duct 08 Weeks Installation of Duct 12 Weeks Installation of Cable 12 Weeks Installation of Devices (with the help of indenter) 10 Weeks Commissioning 02 Weeks Testing and Handing/Taking Over 01 Week
Progress of the work is given below.
The project was initiated by designing the civil structure of the whole building in AUTOCAD. It was essential for cable and duct route specification and placement of devices in loops and panels accordingly. The installation, testing and commissioning of Fire Detection System (including duct, cable, smoke & heat detectors, sounders and manual call points) in the outer loops (Admin Office area and Main Store Area) was completed.
83 The installation of duct in various Divisions of PINSTECH including EMD, NED, RIAD, SID, MIS blocks was completed while installation of cable and bases for smoke detectors is in progress. The duct, cable and devices are being installed in other parts/ blocks of PINSTECH. .
UP-GRADATION OF FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEMS AT PINSTECH
M. Idrees and A. A. Niazi General Services Division, Directorate of Systems and Services, PINSTECH, Nilore, Islamabad
Besides other multifarious services, General Services Division is responsible for carrying out fire fighting activities in the PINSTECH as well as in the other establishments at Nilore Complex on resource sharing basis. PINSTECH Fire Brigade was equipped with only one fire tender having water tank of 4500 liter and foam tank of 1200 liter capacity which was considered insufficient vis-à-vis series of buildings spread in the area of about 1000 acres. Moreover, the Fire Hydrant & detection systems were also very obsolete and non- functional. A comprehensive project was, therefore, launched for up-gradation of fire fighting systems which comprises purchase of new fire tender, installation of fire hydrant system, installation of fire detection/ protection system and arrangement of fire accessories. Being an important part of this project, a new fire tender having water tank of 7000 liter and foam tank of 500 liter was recently purchased. A multi purpose superstructure was fitted on a renowned make chassis to build up fire tender containing facilities like DCP tank, N2 & CO2 cylinders and monitors which in turn enhance the scope of operation against any type of fire.
A reliable new fire hydrant system covering PINSTECH Quadrangle, Administration Block, Main Store, PARR-II and B-Block was installed and commissioned in accordance with the standards of National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), USA.. This system comprises wide spread pipeline network, fire hydrants, motor pumps, Jockey fire pump and portable fire fighting equipment. The system's availability factor was increased by giving a redundant diesel engine pump. This system along with mobile fire tenders has supplemented the reliability and availability of Fire Fighting facilities at PINSTECH Complex.
84
4.1 REACTORS
OPERATION OF PAKISTAN RESEARCH REACTOR-1 & 2
M. Abdullah, T. Mehmood, T. Mehmood, M. Latif, Q Zaman, Z. Ahmed and N. Ahmed Nuclear Engineering Division, Directorate of Systems and Services, PINSTECH, Nilore, Islamabad
Pakistan Research Reactor-1: During the year 2010-2011, Pakistan Research Reactor-1 (PARR-1) was operated for 615 hours (Table 1) including 26 continuous operations of 12 hours or more duration at full power. 1072 capsules containing different samples were irradiated. 24 HEU target plates were irradiated for production of fission 99Mo. Other activities included: annual maintenance/calibration of Instrumentation and Control, site emergency drill, sector emergency drill, Phase-I building evacuation & fire emergency drill; routine maintenance of the reactor systems; thickness measurement of primary & secondary cooling systems, conduction of IAEA safeguards & Pakistan Nuclear Regulatory Authority (PNRA) inspections, experiments for PIEAS fellows of M. Sc (Nuclear Engg.), testing of emergency core cooling system, and measurements of rod drop time & magnet breakaway time of control rods at PARR-1.
Pakistan Research Reactor-2: PARR-2 was operated for 82 hours and 683 samples were irradiated.
Table 1: Month-wise operation data of PARR-1 (2010-2011)
85 Total Operation Operation Total Energy Month Hours Hours Operation Produced at Full Power at Low Power Hours (MWh) Jul-2010 36.35 10.83 47.18 366.57
Aug-2010 25.07 4.19 29.26 253.02
Sep-2010 12.92 11.44 24.36 130.42
Oct-2010 36.82 25.93 62.75 370.52 Nov-2010 12.53 34.90 47.43 127.18 Dec-2010 34.95 38.86 73.81 352.07 Jan-2011 40.69 19.27 59.96 410.44 Feb-2011 25.51 22.87 48.38 257.00 Mar-2011 25.23 35.00 60.23 255.55
Apr-2011 25.42 20.08 45.50 255.58
May-2011 24.44 29.26 53.70 245.78 Jun-2011 28.81 34.02 62.83 289.86
4.2 RADIOPHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTION
RADIOPHARMACETICAL COLD KITS
M. S. Mansur, S Mehmood, A. A. Qureshi and S. Pervez Isotope Production Division, Directorate of Technology, PINSTECH, Nilore, Islamabad
Provision of different radiopharmaceutical cold kits to various hospitals in the country was continued. 17,988 vials of ten different radiopharmaceutical cold kits (MIBI, MDP, DISIDA, MAG-3, DMSA, DTPA, etc) worth Rs. 11.29 M were supplied to various hospitals. 5402 kits of Adenosine and 23 kits of Dextran were sent to Shaukat Khanum Hospital, Lahore, Armed Forces Institute of Cardiology, Rawalpindi, Punjab Institute of Cardiology, Lahore and NESCOM Hospital, Islamabad.
RADIOISOTOPES PRODUCTION
M. Khalid Isotope Production Division, Directorate of Technology, INSTECH. Nilore, Islamabad
Regular supply of 131I was continued to 13 PAEC and 05 private nuclear medical centers. In this respect, 767 consignments (162 Ci) worth Rs. 12.42 M were dispatched to various hospitals. Two consignments of 32P (31 mCi) worth Rs.0.65 M were also dispatched. Two consignments of 24Na (70 mCi) worth Rs.1.4 M were supplied to R-Block. 20 consignments of 177Lutetium (3.1 Ci) were supplied to NORI, INMOL and PINUM for their joint IAEA project. Two consignments of Gold-198 (0.54 Ci) was given to INMOL, Lahore. 11 samples of 99Mo/99mTc (1.4 Ci) were prepared for PIEAS student.
86
GENERATOR PRODUCTION
M. B. Khan, N. Hussain, S. Rasool Isotope Production Division, Directorate of Technology, PINSTECH, Nilore, Islamabad
Regular production of Pakgen 99Mo/99mTc generator was continued. 693 Ci worth Rs.115 M were dispatched to various hospitals in Pakistan.
QUALITY CONTROL SERVICES OF RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS
S. Roohi, I. Haider, R. Zahoor, S. Tariq Quality Control Group, Directorate of Technology, PINSTECH, Nilore, Islamabad
Radiopharmaceuticals are produced in Isotope Production Division (IPD) regularly and supplied to various hospitals / nuclear medical centers all over the Pakistan. The quality of the produced radiopharmaceuticals was determined on routine basis before shipment. During the period under report, 750 quality control tests (radiochemical, biodistribution, sterility and HPLC tests) of different radiopharmaceuticals were performed. 4.3 HEALTH PHYSICS
APPLIED HEALTH PHYSICS SERVICES
A. Rashid, J. Zeb, W. Ahmed and Z. Rahman Health Physics Division, Directorate of Systems and Services, PINSTECH, Nilore, Islamabad
Radiation & contamination monitoring services were provided on 12,076 occasions for radiation workers/trainees/visitors at research reactors and other radiation / radiochemical laboratories of PINSTECH. About 27,356 radiation/contamination surveys were conducted in different labs of PINSTECH, while 9,562 smear, 421 air and 162 water samples were collected and analyzed. No fission fragments were detected in these samples, which showed that reactor core was intact and radiologically safe. Safe transportation of ~2981 radioactive consignments to various places within/outside PINSTECH having radioactivity 1074.201 Ci were authorized. Inventory of PINSTECH radiation sources was updated. Thyroid scanning facility to Iodine plant workers was provided on monthly basis and 102 workers were scanned. Radiation protection services were provided to Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Centre (SKMCH&RC) and Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Oncology (INMOL), Lahore on commercial basis During this period, commercial services of worth Rs. 0.2158 million and complimentary services of Rs. 196.245 million were provided to other establishments and PINSTECH, respectively.
RADIATION DOSIMETRY SERVICES
J. Akhtar, M. Munir, K. Ahmad and M. M. Mahmood
87 Health Physics Division, Directorate of Systems and Services, PINSTECH, Nilore, Islamabad
Personnel monitoring services were provided to all the registered radiation workers of the institute as well as of the country by Thermoluminescence Dosimetry (TLD) and Film Badge Dosimetry techniques. The services were extended to about 4200 radiation workers of 400 PAEC and non-PAEC establishments of the country. About 30,000 film dosimeters and ~3000 TL-dosimeters were processed for the measurement of occupational doses. Extremity dose monitoring service by TL-dosimeters was provided to the workers of PINSTECH and Shaukat Khanum Memorial Hospital Lahore. In this regard 100 extremity dosimeters were processed. Area monitoring services were also provided at institute and at country level. About 800 G2-cards were processed to determine the area doses During this period, commercial services of worth Rs. 7.19 million and complimentary services of Rs. 7.45 million were provided to other establishments and PINSTECH, respectively.
RADIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENTAL SURVEILLANCE
A. Jabbar, K. Khan, M. Dilband, M. I. Anjum and M. Khan Health Physics Division, Directorate of Systems and Services, PINSTECH, Nilore, Islamabad
Safe operation of PINSTECH nuclear facilities was ensured through radiometric analysis of 2571 samples of PARR-1, PARR-2, IPD & RWMG for gamma emitting fission fragments, activation products and beta emitting radionuclides. Services of Mobile Radiation Monitoring Laboratory (MRML) were extended in emergency preparedness & off-site radiological environmental monitoring programme and 12 surveys were conducted. Provision of radiometric services to other organizations were made, which included Rs. 1.569/- million commercial and 2.606 million complimentary services, respectively.
RADIOACTIVE WASTE MANAGEMENT SERVICES
F. Rashid, F. Jan, N. A. Dhuddi and H. A. Qayyum Health Physics Division, Directorate of Systems and Services, PINSTECH, Nilore, Islamabad
Radioactive waste disposal services to PINSTECH and other organizations were continued. About 1275 m3 of low-level liquid waste received from PARR-1, PARR-2, IPD and NCD having gross beta/gamma activity of 580 MBq and ~ 30 kg of low-level solid waste having short-lived beta/gamma emitting radionuclides was disposed off. Exhaust air samples (260) from PARR-1, PARR-2 and IPD were collected and got monitored. Bore-holes were monitored 04 times to check the underground movement/migration of radionuclides from
88 disposal area. Controlled area/personnel monitoring was performed 04 times using area/personnel TLDs. About 9640 pairs of overshoes, 08 lab coats and 04 dangris were decontaminated. A total of 42 Disused Sealed Radiation Sources (DSRS), were collected from various organizations of Punjab and placed in the interim storage facility at RWMG for conditioning/ final disposal. During this period, commercial services of worth Rs. 1.1 million were provided to other establishments.
SECONDARY STANDARD DOSIMETRY SERVICES
W. Arshed, K. Mahmood, I. Qazi, I. Hussain and Asadullah Health Physics Division, Directorate of Systems and Services, PINSTECH, P.O. Nilore, Islamabad
Calibration services for radiation measuring/delivering equipment/facilities were made available and 419 protection level survey meters, 1452 pen type/alarm dosimeters, 37 Neutron survey meters, 80 contamination monitors and 02 therapy level dosimeters were calibrated and certificates were issued to the respective establishments. Beam output measurements of teletherapy units at 07 Radiotherapy Institutes in the country were carried out and reports were sent to the Directors of the respective Institutes. About 95 TLDs/film badges of different organizations were irradiated using 60Co/137Cs irradiation facilities. During this period, commercial services of worth Rs. 4.83 million & complimentary services of Rs. 0.43 million were provided to other establishments and PINSTECH, respectively.
4.4 ANALYTICAL
STABLE ISOTOPE ANALYTICAL SERVICES
Z. Latif, M. Fazil and S. Butt Isotope Application Division, Directorate of Technology, PINSTECH, Nilore, Islamabad
Services for stable isotope analysis of hydrological, biological and geological samples by mass spectrometry were extended to various national organizations (complimentary services) and regional countries (commercial services) which included:
PAEC establishment NIAB: 15N analysis of 654 & 13C analysis of 390 plant samples
National organizations Punjab University: 13C & 18O analysis of 74 carbonate samples Bahria University: 13C analysis of 34 carbonate samples Bahria University: 18O & 2H analysis of 18 aqueous samples
Foreign countries Sri Lanka: 18O & 2H measurement of 72 water samples Thailand:: 2H, 13C, 15N & 18O analyses of 13 samples/standards
89 TRITIUM DATING SERVICES
M. Rafique and J. A. Tariq Isotope Application Division, Directorate of Technology, PINSTECH, Nilore, Islamabad
Tritium measurement services were extended to two PAEC establishments. In this connection, 9 water samples received from KANUPP and 14 water samples received from DNPS were analyzed.
Radioisotope hydrology laboratory of Isotope Application Division has been designated as regional resource Unit by IAEA for providing 3H and 14C radiocarbon dating services to other countries under different IAEA and RCA projects. During the period under report, 30 water samples received from Malaysia were analyzed for tritium activity by liquid scintillation spectrometry after their electrolytic enrichment (commercial services).
13C UREA BREATH TEST DIAGNOSTIC SERVICES
T. Ahmad, F. Rashid and N. A. Zaidi Isotope Application Division, Directorate of Technology, PINSTECH, Nilore, Islamabad
13C urea breath test is very useful and non-invasive test for identification of helicobacter pylori infection. For commercialization of this test, a laboratory has been established at NORI, Islamabad. During the report period, 13C urea breath tests of 156 patients referred by different hospitals were performed on commercial basis. CHEMICAL ANALYSIS SERVICES
W.Yawar, I. Rehana, B. Muhammad, F. Waqar, S. B. Butt, S. Jan, Habib-ur-Rehman, A. Ghaffar, K. Naeem and A. Zafar Central Analytical Facility Division, Directorate of Systems and Services, PINSTECH, Nilore, Islamabad
During the above period 1452 samples of diverse materials, including uranium solutions, different metals/alloy, soils/rocks, blood, water and plastics were analysed by using ICP-OES and ICP-MS, Atomic Absorption Spectrometer and Chromatography techniques for multiple chemical parameters. The samples received from different divisions of PINSTECH, Centers of PAEC (including PIEAS, UML, ACL, DTD-R, O Lab, SES, PMD, HMC-3, DGRE CHASNUPP-I, PAEC General Hospital), Strategic organizations (PMO, NESCOM, AWC, POF) and public & private sector organizations i.e Pakistan Agriculture Research Council, Qarshi Research International, Aga Khan Building & Planning Services, Trimax Services, Islamabad, Hagler Bailly Pakistan, Islamabad, National University of Science & Technology and University of the Punjab, Lahore. Revenue of Rs. 1.11million was generated for PINSTECH and complementary services worth Rs. 2.8 million were provided.
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4.5 MATERIAL TESTING
XRD AND XRF ANALYSIS
S. K. Durrani, S. Z. Hussain, M. A. Hussain and K. Saeed Materials Division, Directorate of Technology, PINSTECH, Nilore, Islamabad
Characterization of eight hundred and sixty four (864) samples of different materials was carried out by XRD and XRF. More than 30 different material samples received from MD for density measurements were analyzed.
THERMAL AND METALLOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS
F. Karim, M. Arif, I. Reza and M. Akram Materials Division, Directorate of Technology, PINSTECH, Nilore, Islamabad
Thermal analyses of about 120 samples received from NDC, ACL and different divisions of PINSTECH were carried out. Metallographic analyses of 140 samples received from different divisions of PINSTECH were performed.
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4.6 INSTRUMENTATIUON
REPAIR AND MAINTENANCE OF REACTOR INSTRUMENTATION
K. Subhan, I. Hussain, I. Zaka, M. Alam and F. Muhammad Equipment Maintenance Division, Directorate of Systems and Services, PINSTECH, Nilore, Islamabad
The Instrumentation and Control Systems of PARR-I and PARR-II were cared for. Thirty-nine work requests were completed for the repair of Log Channel A, Auto-system for Linear Channel-A, Pool Level C, Delta-T Channel, Control Rod Seat indication, Control Rod position indication, Radiation Alarm unit and Chart Recorders. Annual Calibration of Instrumentation and Control Systems was carried out for Nuclear, Process channels, Area Radiation Monitors and report was prepared. Surveillance System of PARR-II was maintained and cared for operation. Help extended to ICCC for testing the indigenously developed Startup Channel for KCP at PARR-I.
INSTALLATION OF NEW INSTRUMENTS IN SYSTEM AT PARR-I
K. Subhan, I. Zaka, M. Alam and F. Muhammad Equipment Maintenance Division, Directorate of Systems and Services, PINSTECH, Nilore, Islamabad
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Conductivity measuring channel was installed for quality controlled supply of primary coolant by demineralizer. Area Radiation Monitors were installed for radiological monitoring of Gaseous Fission Products and Exhaust Stack. The signals of these instruments were linked with existing Instrumentation and Control System of PARR-I.
REPAIR AND MAINTENANCE OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS
M. Parvez, H. A. Bugvi, M. S. Nazir, M. Khalid, A. Rahman and K. Mahmood Equipment Maintenance Division, Directorate of Systems and Services, PINSTECH, Nilore, Islamabad
Repair and Maintenance services were provided in-house and to other establishments of PAEC. One hundred and forty work requests for the repair of Electronics Instruments were completed which include Atomic Absorption Spectrometer, X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometer, Inductively-Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometer, ARC and Sintering Furnaces, Gas analyzer, Freeze dryer, X-ray Diffractometer, Liquid Scintillation Counter, Controller of Argon Welding TIG Machine, Thermoluminescence detectors, Microwave Digestion System, Rota Offset Printing Machine, High temperature Furnaces, Radiation measuring instruments, Test Instruments, Audio and Office Equipments. High Temperature Furnace was refurbished. Repair services were extended to NLP for Data Acquisition System and 200 transformers were fabricated for ICCC.
TESTING AND CALIBRATION OF INSTRUMENTATION AT PARR-I
K. Subhan, I. Hussain, I. Zaka, M. Alam and F. Muhammad Equipment Maintenance Division, Directorate of Systems and Services, PINSTECH, Nilore, Islamabad
Annual Test and Calibration of Instrumentation and Control System for the year 2011 performed during the scheduled shutdown of reactor for Nuclear Instrumentation Channels, Process Instrumentation Channels, Radiological Channels, Chart Recorders and Indicators. Functional Checks of safety actions were performed in order to ensure reliable operation and reactor safety. Test reports were generated.
TELECOM AND SUPPORT SERVICES
M. Parvez, A. Naz, M. Idrees and M. Arif Equipment Maintenance Division, Directorate of Systems and Services, PINSTECH, Nilore, Islamabad
Telephone Exchange, HiPath 4000 (100+600 lines) has been installed and commissioned. Four hundred and fifty work requests were completed for repair of telephone lines, sets and mobiles. Preventive maintenance was performed for Emergency Alarm System. Telephone directory-2011 was compiled.
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FIRE DETECTION AND ALARM SYSTEM FOR PINSTECH
M. Parvez, A. Naz and M. Idrees Equipment Maintenance Division, Directorate of Systems and Services, PINSTECH, Islamabad
Installed two loops for Admin Block and Main Technical Store alongwith Control Panel at Fire Control Station. It has been tested and working satisfactorily. Installation of Fire Detection and Alarm System for PINSTECH quadrangle is in progress.
DEVELOPMENT OF TIMER SWITCH FOR BOX FURNACE
K. Subhan, I. Zaka, M. Alam and F. Muhammad Equipment Maintenance Division, Directorate of Systems and Services, PINSTECH, Islamabad
A Timer Switch was designed and fabricated for use with box furnace. The switch turns off the furnace automatically after a preset time has elapsed. The time can be set to any value in the range of 1 minute to 12 hours. Rating of the switch is 220 VAC and 12 A. Timer can be reset anytime manually and it does not restart automatically if power is restored after failure. Bypass facility is also available for durations longer than 12 hours.
4.7 COMPUTERS
OPTICAL FIBER CABLE CONNECTIVITY AND DEPLOYMENT OF INTRANET FOR PINSTECH LOCAL AREA NETWORK
A. Karim and Z. Munir Management Information System Division, Directorate of Coordination, PINSTECH, Nilore, Islamabad
Optical fiber cable (OFC) up to Admin Block, Transport Section, Technical Store and PINSTECH Complex Hospital was laid down for deployment of Global Web-based Application as a Model Setup at PINSTECH. Fiber optic is working as backbone for all applications deployed in collaboration with MIS Directorate, PAEC Head Quarters. Bandwidth of Internet has been enhanced from 2 MB of Radio Link to 16 MB via optical network unit (ONU) of Siemens’ Company through NTC. Internet facility room was established for young scientists/engineers and for digital monitoring of the newly established PINSTECH Telephone Exchange.
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY (IT) FACILITIES
M. A. Farooq, Z. Munir and K. M. Qurashi
94 Management Information System Division, Directorate of Coordination, PINSTECH, Nilore, Islamabad
Provided repair/ maintenance of PCs and allied peripherals with Computer Aided Design (CAD) facilities to all Directorates/ Divisions. Managed PINSTECH High Performance scalable Local Area Network and Administration of E-mail & Internet Servers. Maintained Local Area Network (LAN) successfully to provide E-mail facilities to more than 400 users at PINSTECH Complex. The Exchange 2007 worked excellently to provide control for large inflow of unsolicited (spam) messages. Managed Routers, Switches, Radio Modem & Servers including Proxy Server, Email Server, Web Server and Optical Fiber setup for PINSTECH complex. Antivirus (latest version) were regularly downloaded from Internet and installed in PCs/ Laptops at PINSTECH Complex to remove viruses of unknown types. By these Antivirus programs Rs. 2.5 M were saved. Rs.1.741 Million were saved by providing services for the maintenance of PCs, Laptops, printers etc. during the Fiscal Year 2010-11. Computer Aided Design (CAD) Section provided facilities of Charts, Banners and Drawings to PINSTECH Complex and PINSTECH Water Project.
4.8 SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION
LIBRARY SERVICES
I. Rehman, M. Riaz, R. Mir, S. Saeed and M. Ilyas Scientific Information Division, Directorate of Coordination, PINSTECH, Nilore, Islamabad
Scientific Information Division (SID) being central source of information has handsome collection. The total number of books now is 37100, bound journals are 61948 and non-conventional literature is 1.5 million. During this period 30663 records from TOCs of 470 recent issues of journals and 22989 reports index from National Technical Information Service (NTIS), USA, and 58 newly acquired books were added to the database collection. SID has arranged full access to HEC Digital Library including Elsevier Journals (ScienceDirect) at PIEAS. A limited access is also available to HEC Digital at SID. Other in- house databases and INIS database are accessible at SID local area network. For researchers dedicated computer systems are available in PINSTECH Library.
During this period, 3,81,923 photocopies were provided. In SID Printing Press 06 issues of PakAtom, 06 issues of Atom News, 07 PINSTECH News letter, 04 issues of PAEC publication “The Nucleus” and PAEC Annual Report 2008-09 were printed.
COMPUTER INFORMATION SERVICES
95
W. A. Butt, A. Bashir, G. Sarwar, L. Wali, O. A. Malik and R. Khatoon Scientific Information Division, Directorate of Coordination, PINSTECH, Nilore, Islamabad
Improvement in National Library of Physical Sciences website named http://www.sidnlps.org.pk was continued. Books Catalogue (OPAC) search was made open to guests and non-members. Newsletters, glimpses from recent arrivals, news and scientific calendar were updated regularly. Needed software was developed and nearly 0.4 million reports from INIS database were extracted and loaded in local database for user friendly searching. A workflow application for CDL, CAFD and GSD was developed in SID for GWA in coordination with MIS PAEC (HQ). Apart from this, PINSTECH Library Catalogue search and books issuance record was integrated with GWA. A Digital Books Treasury (DBT) was created at SID. E-books collection with full text (about 14,000 titles) was acquired from different sources and about 6000 books were added in the database for searching on local intranet. Bibliographic standardization of books data is near completion. Software was developed to acquire data from Library of Congress and other sources indigenously. Website www.thenucleuspak.org.pk of PAEC quarterly scientific journal “The Nucleus” was also maintained and updated.
Scientific Information Division (SID), PINSTECH serves as National INIS (International Nuclear Information System) Centre for the country. Being INIS Member State, Pakistan is responsible for the collection, selection, description, categorization, indexing, abstracting and preparation of literature published within national boundaries and submission to the INIS Secretariat in Vienna in accordance with the definitions, rules and formats. During the year, more than 800 inputs were submitted to INIS Secretariat at Vienna, which are the highest input from Pakistan so for. These bibliographic records are entered and checked with format of IAEA provided software “Winfibre”.
A two days conference on Resource Sharing of Scientific Literature was arranged on May 24-25, 2011. Participants/speakers from strategic and non-strategic organizations and public/private R&D institutions and universities participated in the conference to enhance collaboration among various libraries and R&D centers to share the experiences.
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4.9 PROGRAMME COORDINATION
S. R. Khan, N. H. Malik, S. Z. Ahmad and F. Imran Human Resource Development Division, Directorate of Coordination, PINSTECH, Nilore, Islamabad
Human Resource Development Division has main objectives to facilitate training of PINSTECH employees within/outside Pakistan, to coordinate local/foreign visitors. In addition to these on-going activities, new initiatives like arrangement of conferences, technical courses, specialized and popular lectures, human resource databases, computerized record of Ph. D. scholars, arrangements of interviews for fresh induction, orientation of new comers, dissemination of information through Local Area Network, etc are also the responsibilities of HRD. The Human Resource Information System Group (HRISG) has successfully completed the deployment of Management Information System (MIS)/Global Web Application (GWA). The deployed system has some useful tools such as electronic attendance system (EAS), Management-by-Objective (MBO), Inventory Management System, Transport Management System and HR related modules. The system also provides some workflow applications that enable paperless environment for routine office processes. The personal and establishment data of PINSTECH employees has been completed upto 98% with a high degree of reliability. HR related reports can now be generated within short time with high degree of accuracy and reliability. The system is designed and developed in a way that it may easily be deployed at all PAEC establishments without need of any major change in it. The improved connectivity throughout PINSTECH quadrangle and surrounding areas,
97 infusion of IT culture and significantly improved organizational culture are added benefits of the system.
During 2010-2011 twenty-seven projects remained in progress under IAEA. Three research projects were conducted under Pakistan Science Foundation and PINSTECH collaboration programme. Research projects leading to M.Sc, M.Phil and Ph.D were jointly sponsored with national universities.
Collaborative work with the universities and other research organizations within and outside the country were undertaken in different fields of science and technology. Ninety-six students belonging to various national universities completed or are completing their Ph.D/M.Phil theses and internship under the supervision of PINSTECH scientists.
Thirty-nine scientists/engineers went abroad to attend training courses, scientific meeting, conferences, workshops and fellowships under IAEA, ICTP. Two hundred and fourteen scientists/engineers/technical and administrative staff attended various training courses, workshops and conferences held in Pakistan during this period.
4.10 GENERAL SERVICES
REPAIR / MAINTENANCE AND GENERAL SERVICES
M. Idrees, B. U. Zaman, A. A. Niazi, U. K. Mirza, R. U. Khan and F. Hanif General Services Division, Directorate of Systems and Services, PINSTECH, Nilore, Islamabad
General Services comprising electricity, water supply, air conditioning, compressed air, liquid air, civil works, workshop and fire fighting facilities were provided by G.S.D to PINSTECH. In order to ensure standard and excellent availability factor of services, the preventive maintenance and contingent repair of 11 KV underground feeder, 11 KV overhead transmission line, 12 substations, H.T switch gears, 16 step down transformers each 11000/400 Volts upto 1250 KVA rating, L.T panels, 5 Diesel generating sets upto 135KVA rating, electric motors upto 300 HP rating, 4 boilers upto 300HP rating, 28 air handling units upto 37000 CFM rating, centrifugal Chillers & Gas fired absorption chillers upto 630 tons rating, exhaust systems, one liquid Air plant of 6 lit/hr. rating, CNC milling machine, pumps, water supply lines and split/packaged type A.C units was carried out. Besides routine work of operation, repair and maintenance, the following, special works were also carried out: -
1. Annual inspection and maintenance of 300 HP boilers was carried out successfully & passed by the Chief Inspector of Boilers, Govt: of Pakistan.
98 2. Over hauling of liquid air plant and production & distribution of 3022 liter of liquid air to different PINSTECH Labs. 3. Air dampers installed in PARR-I were repaired to improve the containment of reactor hall. 4. Major repair of main power cable feeding administration block was carried out. 5. New road lights were installed in PINSTECH colony. 6. Electrical wiring was carried out for hand foot monitor in Molybdenum 99 Lab. 7. New wiring work was done at Telephone Exchange. 8. New Control Transformers were installed for emergency signal system of PARR-I 9. Three new centrifugal pumps KSB brand each 25 HP were installed & commissioned at filter bed including wiring for electrical connection. 10. A reciprocating pump was installed at service station of transport branch. 11. An unserviceable air compressor was reclaimed for PINSTECH water supply system. 12. Complete over hauling of 60 HP fire turbine pump, 25 HP fountain pumps (03 Nos.), 15 HP centrifugal pump at colony was carried out. 13. The roofs of HPD, Jamia Mosque and other building were repaired to prevent the water leakage. 14. New water filtration plant of 1000 gallons / hour capacity was installed in PINSTECH colony for providing filtered water to 450 houses. 15. New parks were developed in PINSTECH colony with the addition of playing gadgets etc.
16. The work of laying of more than 4000 RFT pipe lines of new fire hydrant system in PINSTECH was completed. 17. 55 fire incidents were reported and fire was successfully extinguished by means of fire tenders. 18. New wooden racks and cabinets were fabricated and installed in SID & CDL. 19. Wooden partitioning work was done in CDL, SID & MIS Division. 20. Non-Magnetic connectors, Specimen holder for CDL, Teflon holding plates, fuel cell plates, aluminum picture frames, base end plates, S.S hollow cylinders, aluminum coupling, railing around animal house, gas pipe line coupling, vacuum adopter, electrode coupling, grip of SS, die of S.S for copper electrode, graphite cathode, teflon flanges, 99Tc generator container rings (25 Nos.), SS condenser, 6 way vacuum chamber, stand & fitting of EAS data machine, SS & CU substructures (32 Nos.), cages for keeping rates in animal house (20 Nos.), perspex bottom and side plates for electrochemistry and fuel cell, S.S Resort for vacuum degassing, graphite fluidizer round tensile specimen, SS sample Collector bottle & gas mixer, Cask lifting tool for PARR-I & many other important jobs for CDL, PD, MD.CD, IPD, NED (ROG) & other divisions of PINSTECH were fabricated. 21. End plates, Current Collector, Bipolar plates were fabricated on CNC milling machine for Chemistry Division & Fuel Cell Project.
99 SUPPLY OF PINWASH
A. Khan Chemistry Division, Directorate of Science, PINSTECH, Nilore, Islamabad
1200 liters of radioactive decontamination and cleaning solution (cost = 0.5 M Rs.) was prepared and supplied to Karachi Nuclear Power Plant (KANUPP), Pakistan Nuclear Regulatory Authority (PNRA), KCP-I and KCP-II. Moreover, supply of the said solution to various groups in Chemistry Division involved in radioactive R&D was ensured.
GLASSBLOWING
A. Khan, M. H. Shah, T. Hussain and M. Salim Chemistry Division, Directorate of Science, PINSTECH, Nilore, Islamabad
During the year under report (2010-11), glass blowing services were extended to various divisions of PINSTECH and other establishments.
Fabricated sintered glass disc column, silica glass ampoule, condeners etc.for Isotope Production Division. Also completed various jobs for different divisions. NILOP: Fabrication of water flow channel tube PIEAS: Fabrication of BET surface area apparatus and Butane ativity sample tubes ACL: Fabrication of laboratory glassware NESCOM: Cutting, joining and sealing services in designing/ fabrication of the process glass apparatus 5.1 COURSES ORGANIZED
One week training course on Corrosion Testing and Evaluation Techniques, 19-23 July, 2010. Two days synposium on Materials Research at Nilore, 03-04 August 2010. One week training course for PINSTECH radiation workers on Implementation of Radiation Protection Principles during Handling of Radioactive Materials, 09-13 August 2010. Two weeks training course on Advanced Analytical Techniques for Sustainable Development, 20 September-01 October 2010. Two days international workshop on Current Trends in Radiopharmacuticals, 28-29 September 2010. Four days national workshop on Application of Isotope Techniques in Water Resources Research and Management, 04-07 October 2010. Two days workshop on Advanced Software for Analysis and Interpretation of Air Quality Data, 25-26 October 2010. Three days 6th Executive Management Seminar on the Current Environmental Pollution Scenario of Pakistan, Findings and Remediation, 27-29 October 2010.
100 Two weeks training course on Theoretical and Practical Aspects of Chromastography: Application of HPLC and GC in Environmental and Nuclear Fields, 22 November - 03 December 2010. One day workshop on Ion Source Current and Future Applications, 07 December 2010. Two days conference on Recent Trends in Chemistry, 28-29 December 2010. One week training course on X-ray Diffraction Technique and its Applications, 10-14 January 2011. One day seminar on Plasma and Fusion Sciences, 26 January 2011. Five days training course on Electron Microscopy for Materials Characterization, 14- 18 February 2011. Two days conference on Advancement in Nuclear Research and Power Reactors, 08- 09 March 2011. One week training course on Role of Thermal Analysis in the Development of Advanced Materials, 21-25 March 2011. Two weeks basic training course on Atomic Absorption Spectrometry, 11-22 April 2011. Five days workshop on Sample Pre-treatment Procedures for Advanced Analytical Techniques, 09-13 May 2011. Two days conference on Resource Sharing of Scientific Literatur4e, 24-25 May 2011. One week refresher course on Implementation of Health Physics and Radiation Protection Principles in Nuclear Facilities, 13-17 June 2011. 5.2 Ph.D./M.S. STUDENTS SUPERVISED
University No. of Students Supervised AJK Iniversity, Muzzafarabad M.Phil.: 1
Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan Ph.D.: 4
Government College University, Lahore Ph.D.: 3
Government College University, Faisalabad M. Phil.: 1
International Islamic University, Islamabad Ph.D.: 4 M. Phil.: 2 M.S.: 2 B.S.: 5
Islamia University, Bahawalpur Ph.D.: 1
Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Ph.D.: 17 sciences (IEAS), Nilore, Islamabad M.S.: 3 M.Sc. (Nucl. Engg): 5
101 University of Engineering & Technology, Lahore Ph.D.: 2
University of Peshawar, Peshawar Ph.D.: 3
5.3 COLLABORATION WITH UNIVERSITIES
i. PIEAS, Islamabad ii. Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad iii. International Islamic University, Islamabad iv. Government College University, Lahore v. Punjab University, Lahore vi. University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore vii. Riphah International University, Islamabad viii. National Centre for Physics, Islamabad ix. Islamia University, Bahalwalpur x. AJK University, Muzaffarabad xi. Centre for Advanced Studies in Engineering (CASE), Islamabad xii. Bahria University, Islamabad 5.4 INTERNSHIPS
A student from National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad completed two week internship on metallography of aluminium matrix composites. Two BS final year students from Bahria University, Islamabad completed their internship programme in the field of isotope hydrology and mass spectrometry. Two weeks practical training on radiochemical and biological quality control of radiopharmaceuticals was imparted to PIEAS fellows (M. Sc. Nuclear Medicine). Two students from Air University, Islamabad and International Islamic University, Islamabad were trained in the area of mechanical testing, Autodesk Inventor and characterization of metals and alloys..
5.5 HONOURS AND AWARDS
Dr. Shahzad Mahmood, PS, Theoretical Plasma Physics Division and Dr. Shafqat Karim, PS, Physivs Division were awarded Civil Award “Pride of Performance (PoP)” for the year 2010.
102 Following scientists/engineers were awarded PINSTECH Performance Award - Gold Medal for the year 2010. Dr. Muhammad Waseem, PS, Chemistry Division Dr. Azhar Mashiatullah, PS, Isotope Application Division Mr. Waheed Akram, PS, Isotope Application Division Mr. Qamar Zaman, PTO, Nuclear Engineering, Division Mr. Muhammad Riaz, Sr. Librarian, Scientific Information Division
6.1 LOCAL
Hydrological studies for optimization of uranium leach mining patterns at Taunsa-2, NMC-1, D.G. Khan (PAEC Project) Hydrological studies of KANUPP-2 Site (PAEC Project) Ecological studies around C3/C4 outfall (PAEC Project) Commercialization of 13C Urea Breath Test for the Diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori in Ulcer Patients (PAEC project) Study of groundwater recharge mechanism in Thal Doab (PCRWR project) Use of environmental isotopes for the quantification of glacier melt under changing climatic conditions in northern areas of Pakistan (Joint venture with PMD) National network for isotopes monitoring in precipitation (Joint venture with PMD) Helicobacter pylori Infection: Detection and antibiotic susceptibility testing (PSF Project) Efficacy trial of chapattis prepared from NaFeEDTA fortified wheat flour in Pakistan (HEC Project)
103 Measurement of Air-Borne Radioactive Pollutants (Natural and Fallout Radionuclides) in Major Cities of Pakistan (PSF project No Environment-87). (PSF Project)
6.2 FOREIGN
Study of relationship between stream flow and groundwater in selected subcatchments of Indus Basin, Pakistan (IAEA CRP No. PAK-12956) Development techniques for small-scale indigenous production of Mo-99 using low enriched uranium (LEU) or neutron activation (IAEA CRP No. PAK-13362) Geostatistical analysis of spatial isotope variability to understand hydrological processes in surface water and groundwater in selected areas of Indus Basin (IAEA CRP No. PAK-13908) Isotopic techniques for assessment of hydrological processes in wetlands in Indus Basin, Pakistan (IAEA CRP No. PAK-13928) Application of nuclear techniques to assess and monitor the impact of HAB toxin in food chain in coastal areas of Karachi , Pakistan (IAEA CRP No. PAK-13930) Conversion of miniature neutron research reactor (MNSR) to low enrichment uranium (IAEA RC No. PAK-14082) Evaluation and validation of radionuclide generator based radiotracers for industrial applications (IAEA CRP No. PAK-14348) Quantification of hydrological fluxes in irrigated lands using isotopes for improved water use efficiency (IAEA CRP No. PAK-14664) Low enriched uranium (LEU) fuelled aqueous homogeneous reactor (AHR) utilization for production of 99Mo and other isotopes (IAEA RC No. PAK-15143) Innovative methods in research reactor analysis: Benchmark against experimental data on neutronics and thermal hydraulic computational methods and tools for operation and safety analysis of research reactor (IAEA RC No. PAK-15346) Testing of isotope and geochemical methods for estimation of recharge and up- scaling to Indus Sub-Basin using GIS Tools (IAEA CRP No. PAK-15414) Environmental isotopes to study the groundwater recharge and stream flow in relation to snow/glaciers melt under changing climatic conditions (IAEA CRP No. PAK-16253) Assessment of groundwater recharge and discharge in sub-catchments of Indus Basin using the 3H/3He and 222Rn dating techniques (IAEA CRP PAK-16344) “The development of Therapeutic Radiopharmaceuticals Based on 188Re and 90Y for Radionuclide Therapy (IAEA CRP No. 14854) Development of capabilities in automatic ultrasonic and material corrosion testing for assessment of structural integrity (IAEA TC Project No. PAK/4/046)
104 Upgradation and strengthening the infrastructure for application of isotopic techniques in groundwater mapping in selected areas of Indus Basin (IAEA TC Project PAK-2010007) Optimizing the exploration and exploitation of mineral resources using gamma- gamma and neutron gamma logging techniques (IAEA National TC Project No. PAK/8/017) Establishing a benchmark for assessing the radiological impact of nuclear power activities on the marine environment in the Asia-Pacific region (IAEA RCA Project No. RAS/7/016) Harmonizing nuclear and isotopic techniques for marine pollution management at the regional level (IAEA RCA Project No. RAS/7/019) Marine bench mark study on possible impact of Fukushima radioactivity releases in the Asia Pacific Region (IAEA RCA Project No. RAS/7/021) Study of interactions between Indus River and groundwater in surrounding areas (IAEA RCA Project No. RAS/8/108) Diagnosing industrial multiphase systems by process visualization using radiotracers and sealed sources (IAEA RCA Project No. RAS/8/111) Strengthening capabilities for the public and the environment from radiation practices (IAEA RCA Project No. RAS/9/056) Identification /remediation of organic pollutants in sediments and waste water and reuse of waste water in Pakistan (COMSTECH-TWAS Project)
7.1 PAPERS IN JOURNALS
International
1. K. Maaz, S. Karim, M. Usman, A. Mumtaz, J. Liu, J.L. Duan and M. Maqbool, “Effect of crystallographic texture on magnetic characteristics of cobalt nanowires”, Nanoscale Research Letters 5 (2010) 1111-1117. 2. M.A. Rana, S. Manzoor and G. Sher, “Charge and mass changing cross-sections of 158A GeV Pb projectiles on Al, Cu, Bi, and Pb targets: Fragmentation processes”, International Journal of Modern Physics E: Nuclear Physics 19 (2010) 1993-2007. 3. S.U. Rahman, Matiullah, J. Anwar, A. Jabbar and M. Rafique, “Indoor radon survey in 120 schools situated in four Districts of the Punjab Province-Pakistan”, Indoor and Built Environment 19 (2010) 214-220. 4. M. Faheem, S.U. Rahman, T. Nasir, S. Rahman and Matiullah, “Assessment of lung cancer risk using weighted average indoor radon levels in six Districts of the Punjab Province in Pakistan”, Indoor and Built Environment 19 (2010) 382-390.
105 5. Shakirullah, A.H. Dogar, M. Ashraf and A. Qayyum, “Ion-induced kinetic electron 6 7 emission from LiF, LiF and MgF2 thin films”, Chinese Physics B 19 (2010) 083401. 6. A.B. Afzal, M.J. Akhtar and M. Ahmad, “Morphological studies of DBSA-doped polyaniline/PVC blends”, J. Electron Micros. 59 (2010) 339. 7. A.B. Afzal and M.J. Akhtar, “Effect of inorganic silver nanoparticles on structural and electrical properties of polyaniline/PVC blends”, J. Inorg. Organomet. Polym. 20 (2010) 783. 8. M. Rafique, S.U. Rahman, S. Rahman, Matiullah, M.I. Shahzad, N. Ahmed, J. Iqbal, B. Ahmed, T. Ahmed and N. Akhtar, “Assessment of indoor Radon doses received by the students in the Azad Kashmir schools, Pakistan”, Radiation Protection Dosimetry 267 (2010) 1-8. 9. Z. Yasin, “Burn up extension with slightly enriched uranium and plutonium fuel in CANDU reactors”, Nuclear Engineering and Design 240 (2010) 2862-2865. 10. M. Siddique, E. Ahmed and N.M. Butt, “Particle size effect on Mössbauer parameters in γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles”, Physica B 405 (2010) 3964-3967. 11. M. Iqbal, J.I. Akhter, H.F. Zhang and Z.Q. Hu, “Synthesis and characterization of Fe50Cr14Mo14C14B6Gd2 bulk amorphous steel”, J. Mater. Sci. Technol 26 (2010) 783- 786. 12. M. Siddique and N.M. Butt, “Effect of particle size on degree of inversion in ferrites investigated by Mössbauer spectroscopy”, Physica B 405 (2010) 4211-4215. 13. A. Hussain, J. Gracia, B.E. Nieuwenhuys and J.W. Niemantsverdriet, “Chemistry of oxygen and hydrogen containing species on the (001) surface of TiO2 Anatase: A DFT study”, Chem. Phys. Chem. 11 (2010) 2375-2382. 14. S.A. Janjua, S.H. Shah, A. Mehmood, F. Zahid, M. Mehmood, A. Mahmood, S. Javeed and S. Zeeshan, “Ion implantation into aluminum and copper by beam of carbon nanoparticles from regenerative sooting discharges”, Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 268 (2010) 2785-2789.
15. A. Ashraf, K. Yaqub, S. Javeed, S. Zeeshan, R. Khalid, S.A. Janjua and S. Ahmad, “Sublimation of graphite in continuous and pulsed arc discharges”, Turk. J. Phys. 34 (2010) 1-10. 16. M. Ahmad, T.I. Khan, G. Ali and J.I. Akhter, “Microstructure evolution during bonding of Al-Fe-Ce alloy with zircaloy-4 using Cu and Zn interlayers”, Rev. Adv.Mater. Sci. 26 (2010) 43-47
17. R. Shaheen and J. Bashir, “Ca2CoNbO6: A new monoclinically distorted double perovskite”, Solid State Sciences 12 (2010) 1496. 18. K. Shahzad, M.N. Khan, M.A. Haq, G. Shabbir, M. Mehmood and J. Bashir, “Structural investigations of CaTiO and CaTi Nb O ceramics”, Ferroelectrics 3 0.99 0.01 3 402 (2010) 137. 19. M. Atique, G. Shabbir and M. Mahmood, “Fabrication and caracterization of organic semiconductor based gas sensor”, Key Eng. Mater. 421-422 (2010) 344. 20. G. Shabbir and S. Kojima, “Dynamics of Central Peaks in the Brillouin scattering spectra of relaxor ferroelectrics”, Key Eng. Mater. 421-422 (2010) 403.
106 21. G. Shabbir and S. Kojima, “Electrical properties of Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)-PbTiO3 ferroelectric single crystal”, Key Eng. Mater 421-422 (2010) 419. 22. A. Saeed, M. Arshad and J. Simpson, “A monoclinic polymorph of N-(3- chlorophenyl) benzamide”, Acta Cryst. Section E66 (2010) 02808-02809. 23. A. Ali, H. Ur-Rehman, J. Anwar and M.M. Saeed, “Effect of solvent on the extraction of lanthanides with picrolonic acid”, Radiochimica Acta 98 (2010) 801-805. 24. M. Riaz and S.B. Butt, “Gamma radiolytic degradation of the endrin insecticide in methanol and monitoring of radiolytic degradation products by HPLC”, J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 285 (2010) 697-701. 25. M. Wasim, “GammaLab: A suite of programs for k0-NAA and gamma-ray spectrum analysis”, J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 285 (2010) 337-342. 26. M. Wasim, J.H. Zaidi and M. Arif, “Use of synthetic multi-element standards (SMELS) in the quality control and method validation of k0-neutron activation analysis (NAA)”, Radiochimica Acta 98 (2010) 183. 27. M. Ali, M. Wasim, M. Arif, J.H. Zaidi, Y. Anwar and F. Saif, “Determination of the natural and anthropogenic radioactivity in the soil of Gilgit – a town in the foothills of Hindukush range”, Health Physics 98 (2010) S69-S75. 28. N. Khalid and S. Rehman, “Adsorptive removal of lead from battery waste water by coconut coir”, Separation Science and Technology 45 (2010) 2104-2112. 29. S. Rehman, M. Arshad, K. Masud, A. Saeed, R. Afzal and U. Salma, “Pyrolytical characterization of transition metal complexes of Co(II), Cu(II), Ni(II) and Zn(II) with ethylenediamine-N, N-diacetate”, J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 102 (2010) 715- 722. 30. S. Waheed, N. Siddique and Q. Hamid, “Analysis of municipal waste dump soil using a low power reactor: a study by instrumental neutron activation analysis”, Radichimica Acta 98 (2010) 533- 538. 31. S. Waheed, N. Siddique, Q. Hamid and M.M. Chaudhry, “Assessing soil pollution from a municipal waste dump in Islamabad, Pakistan: a study by INAA and AAS”, J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 285 (2010) 723-713. 32. Q. Haque, “Drift waves and counter rotating vortices in pair ion plasmas”, Phys. Lett A 374 (2010) 3304. 33. A. Shah, S. Mahmood and Q. Haque, “Acoustic solitons in inhomogeneous pair ion plasmas”, Phys. Plasmas 17 (2010) 122302. 34. S. Iqbal, “Cubic lagrange polynomials for solving a system of second-order obstacle problems”, International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Engineering Sciences 4 (2010) 35-41. 35. S. Iqbal, A.M. Mirza and I.A. Tirmizi, “Galerkin’s finite element formulation of the second-order boundary-value problems”, International Journal of Computer Mathematics 87 (2010) 2032-2042. 36. W. Masood, S. Hussain, H. Rizvi, A. Mushtaq and M. Ayub, “Electromagnetic solitary structures in dense electron–positron–ion magnetoplasmas”, Phys. Scr 82 (2010) 065508.
107 37. W. Masood, H.A. Shah, N.L. Tsintsadze and M.N.S. Qureshi, “Dust alfven ordinary and cusp solitons and modulational instability in a self-gravitating magneto-radiative plasma”, Eurp. Phy. J. D 59 (2010) 413-419. 38. I. Naeem, A.M. Mirza, W. Masood, and T. Farid, “Magnetic electron-drift vortex modes in an inhomogeneous quantum plasma”, J. Plasma Phys. 77 (2010) 377-383. 39. S. Tariq, A.M. Mirza and W. Masood, “Electrostatic drift-wave instability in quantum magnetoplasmas with parallel velocity shear flow and spatially inhomogeneous ambient magnetic field”, Phys. Plasmas 17 (2010) 102705. 40. W. Masood, S. Karim and H.A. Shah, “Nonlinear electrostatic shock waves in inhomogeneous dense dusty magnetoplasmas”, Physica Scripta 82 (2010) 045503. 41. W. Masood and A.M. Mirza, “Electron thermal effect on linear and nonlinear coupled Shukla-Varma and convective cell modes in dust-contaminated magnetoplasma”, Phys. Plasmas 17 (2010) 113702. 42. W. Masood, S. Hussain, and H. Rizvi, “Two dimensional electromagnetic shock structures in dense electron-positron-ion magnetoplasmas”, Astro Phys. & Space Science 287 (2010) 332. 43. S. Mahmood and H. Ur-Rehman, “Formation of electrostatic solitons, monotonic and oscillatory shocks in pair-ion plasmas”, Phys. Plasmas 17 (2010) 072305. 44. S. Mahmood, S.A. Khan and H. Ur-Rehman, “Electrostatic soliton and double layer structures in unmagnetized degenerate pair plasmas”, Phys. Plasmas 17 (2010) 112312. 45. A. Shah, S. Mahmood and Q. Haque, “Ion acoustic solitons in unmagnetized inhomogeneous multi-ion component plasmas with vortex distributed electrons”, Phys. Plasmas 17 (2010) 112320. 46. K. Arshad and S. Mahmood, “Electrostatic ion waves in non-Maxwellian pair-ion plasmas”, Phys. Plasmas 17 (2010) 124501. 47. A. Din and S. Kuhn, “Analytic-numerical matching of the sheath and plasma solutions for a spherical probe in a low-density plasma, Contrib.”, Plasma Phys. 50 (2010) 915. 48. N. Ali, M. Sajid and T. Hayat, “Long wavelength flow analysis in a curved channel”, Z. Naturforsch. 65a (2010) 191-196. 49. M. Sajid, N. Ali, T. Javed and Z. Abbas, “Stokes first problem for MHD third grade fluid in a porous half space”, Special Topics and Reviews in Porous Media 1 (2010) 279-284. 50. N. Ali, M. Sajid, Z. Abbas and T. Javed, “Non-Newtonian fluid flow induced by peristaltic waves in a curved channel”, Eur. J. of Mech. B/Fluid 29 (2010) 387-394. 51. T. Hayat, S. Najam, M. Sajid, M. Ayub and S. Mesloub, “On exact solutions for oscillatory flows in a generalized burgers fluid with slip condition”, Z. Naturforsch 65a (2010) 381-391. 52. T. Hayat, R. Naz and M. Sajid, “Heat Transfer for flow of a third-grade fluid between two porous plates”, Z. Naturforsch. 65a (2010) 837-843.
108 53. M. Sajid, Z. Abbas, T. Javed and N. Ali, “Boundary layer flow of an oldroyd-B fluid in the region of a stagnation point over a stretching sheet”, J. Phys. 88 (2010) 635- 640. 54. T. Hayat, M. Nawaz and M. Sajid, “Effect of heat transfer on the flow of a second- grade fluid in divergent/convergent channel”, Int. J. Numer. Meth. Fluids 64 (2010) 761-776. 55. T. Hayat, M. Awais and M. Sajid, “Similar solutions of stretching flow with mass transfer”, Int. J. Numer. Meth. Fluids 64 (2010) 908-921. 56. Z. Abbas, T. Javed, M. Sajid and N. Ali, “Unsteady MHD flow and heat transfer on a stretching sheet in a rotating fluid”, Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers 41 (2010) 644-650. 57. A. Shah, R. Saeed and M.N. ul-Haq, “Nonplanar converging and diverging shock waves in the presence of thermal ions in electron-positron plasma”, Phys. Plasmas 17 (2010) 072307. 58. R. Saeed, A. Shah and M.N. -ul.Haq, “Nonlinear Korteweg-de Vries equation for soliton propagation in relativistic electron-positron-ion plasma with thermal ions”, Phys. Plasmas 17 (2010) 102301. 59. A. Shah, “Spherical and cylindrical imploding and exploding shock waves in plasma system dominated by pair production”, J. Applied Phys. 108 (2010) 043301. 60. S.H. Shah and P.D. Bristow, “First principles density functional study of strain- polarization coupling in bismuth titanate”, J. Phys. Condens. Matter 22 (2010) 385902. 61. N. Ali, M. Sajid, T. Javed and Z. Abbas, “Heat transfer analysis of peristaltic flow in a curved channel”, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 53 (2010) 3319- 3325. 62. D.B. Melrose and A. Mushtaq, “Dispersion in a thermal plasma including arbitrary degeneracy and quantum recoil”, Phys. Rev. E 82 (2010). 56402. 63. A. Mushtaq and S.V. Vladimirov, “Fast and slow magnetosonic waves in two dimensional spin-1/2 quantum plasma”, Phys. Plasmas 17 (2010) 102310. 64. D.B. Melrose and A. Mushtaq, “Plasma dispersion function for a Fermi-Dirac distribution”, Phys. Plasmas, 17 (2010) 122103. 65. S.K. Durrani, M.A. Hussain, S.Z. Hussain J. Akhtar, A. Saeed, N. Hussain and N. Ahmed, “Development of magnesium aluminum silicate (MAS) glass ceramics by sintering route”, Material Science-Poland 28 (2010) 459-466. 66. Y. Khan, S.K. Durrani, M. Mehmood, J. Ahmad, M.R. Khan and S. Firdous, “Low temperature synthesis of fluorescence ZnO nanoparticles”, Applied Surface Science 257 (2010) 1756-61. 67. A.H. Qureshi, N. Hussain, S.K. Durrani, H. Waqas and M. Arshad, “Microstructural development of superconducting phases in Pb-BSCCO system derived from sol-gel techniques”, J. Chem. Soc. Pak. 32 (2010) 761. 68. H. Waqas and A.H. Qureshi, “A Low temperature sintering study of nanosized Mn– Zn ferrites synthesized by sol–gel auto combustion process”, Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 100 (2010) 529-535.
109 69. H. Waqas, X.L. Huang, J. Ding, H.M. Fan, Y.W. Ma, T.S. Herng, A.H. Quresh, J.Q. Wei, D.S. Xue and J.B. Yi, “Growth of highly textured manganese zinc ferrite films on glass substrates”, J. Appl. Phys. 107 (2010) 09A514-1-3. 70. M. Shahzad and L. Wagner, “Thermo-mechanical methods for improving fatigue performance of wrought magnesium alloys”, Fatigue & Fracture of Materials & Structures 33 (2010) 221-226. 71. A. Ghaffar and M. Tabata, “Enhanced dechlorination of chlorobenzene compounds on fly ash: effects of metals, solvents and temperature”, Green Chemistry Letters and Reviews 3 (2010) 179-190 72. A. Ghaffar, M. Tabata and J. Nishimoto, “A comparative metals profile of Higashiyoka and Kawazoe Sediments of Ariake Bay, Japan”, J. Env. Agri. Food Chem. 9 (2010) 1443-1459. 73. A. Ghaffar, M. Tabata and J. Nishimoto, “A history of metal accumulation at kawazoe area of Ariake bay, Japan”, J. Env. Agri. Food Chem. 9 (2010) 369-384. 74. A. Ghaffar, “Study on removal and immobilization of cadmium ions”, Chemistry for Sustainable Development 18 (2010) 705–710. 75. A.A. Mudassar and S. Butt, “Self imaging based laser collimation testing technique”, Applied Optics 49 (2010) 6057-6062. 76. W. Arshed, I. U. Qazi , Asadullah, K. Mehmood, ,I. Hussain, Zia-ur-Rehman, P. Akhter and M. Akhtar, “Assessment of scattered dose contribution to healthy tissue in radiation therapy using water phantom", Nuc. Tech. Rad.. Protec. 25 (2010) 212-216 77. A. Jabbar, M. Tufail, W. Arshed, A.S. Bhatti, S.S. Ahmed, P. Akhter and M. Dilband, "Transfer of activity from soil to vegetables in Rachna Doab", Istop. Environ. Health Studies 46 (2010) 495-505. 78. M. Asghar, M. Tufail, K. Khan and A. Mahmood, “Assessment of radiological hazards of clay bricks fabricated in the Punjab province of Pakistan”, Radiation Protection Dosimetry 142 (2010) 369-377. 79. N. Ahmad, A.N. Akhtar, M. Shahnawaz, S. Saadat and J.H. Zaidi, “Aerosol studies of urban areas of Lahore using PIXE”, International Journal of PIXE 20 (2010) 101-107. 80. N.H. Tariq , J.I. Akhter and B.A. Hasan, “Effect of sample geometry on the deformation behavior of Zr-based bulk metallic glass”, Journal of Materials Science 45 (2010) 6170–6173 81. N.H. Tariq, J.I. Akhter, B.A. Hasan and M.J. Hyder, “Design induced plastic deformation in Zr based bulk metallic glass”, J. Alloys & Compd. 507 (2010) 414- 418
82. H.M. Khan, M. Ismail, K. Khan and P. Akhter, “Radioactivity levels and gamma-ray dose rate in soil samples from Kohistan (Pakistan) using gamma-ray spectrometry”, Chin. Phys. Lett 28 (2011) 019301 83. K. Naeem, W. Yawar, T.M. Bhatti and B. Mohammad, “Elemental profile of black shale”, Chinese J. Geochem. 30 (2011) 217-219. 84. S.B. Butt and M Riaz, “Radiolytic degradation of methoxychlor in methanol and monitoring of radiolytic products by HPLC and GC-MS”, Radiochim. Acta, 98 (2010) 307-314.
110 85. A. Muhammad, M. Iqbal, T. Mahmood and J. Qadir, “Calculation and measurement of kinetic parameters of Pakistan Research Reactor-1 (PARR-1)”, Annals of Nuclear Energy 38 (2011) 44–48. 86. A. Muhammad, M. Iqbal and T. Mahmood, “Burn-up dependent steady-state thermal hydraulic analysis of Pakistan Research Reactor-1”, Nuclear Technology & Radiation Protection 26 (2011) 45-49. 87. H.M. Khan, M. Ismail, K. Khan and P. Akhter, “Measurement of radionuclides and gamma-ray dose rate in soil and transfer of radionuclides from soil to vegetation, vegetable of some Northern Area of Pakistan using γ-ray spectrometry”. Water, Air & Soil Pollution 219 (2011) 129-142. 88. M. Walther, P. Gebhardt, L. Wyrbach, I. Irmler, P. Grosse-Gehling, S. Preusche, M. Khalid, T. Opfermann, Hans-Peter Saluz and J. Steinbach, “Implementation of 89Zr production at Cyclone® 18/9 and labelling of anti-B-cell antibodies for high resolution PET imaging in mice”, Appl. Radiat. Isot. 69 (2011) 852-857. 89. A. Mushtaq, “Specifications and qualification of uranium/aluminum alloy plate target for the production of fission molybdenum-99”, Nucl. Eng. Des. 241 (2011) 163–167. 90. Q.M. Qazi and A. Mushtaq, “Preparation and evaluation of hydrous titanium oxide as a high affinity adsorbent for molybdenum (99Mo) and its potential for use in 99mTc generators”, Radiochimica Acta 99 (2011) 231-235. 91. A. Mushtaq, “Disposition of plutonium-239 via production of fission molybdenum- 99”, Appl. Radiat. Isot. 69 (2011) 670–671. 92. M.S. Mansur and A. Mushtaq, “Separation of yttrium-90 from strontium-90 via colloid formation”, J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 288 (2011) 337–340. 93. M. Sohaib, M. Ahmad, M. Jehangir and A. Perveen, “EDTMP labeled with various β- emitting radiometals: labeling optimization and animal biodistribution”, Cancer Biotherapy & Radiopharmaceuticals 26 (2011) 159-164. 94. G.H. Zahid, T. Azhar, M. Musaddiq, S.S. Rizvi, M. Ashraf, N. Hussain and M. Iqbal, “In situ processing and aging behaviour of an aluminium/Al2O3 composite”, Materials and Design 32 (2011) 1630–1635 95. S.K. Durrani, K.Saeed, A.H. Qureshi, M. Ahmad, M. Arif, N. Hussain and T. Mohammad, “Growth of Nd-doped YAG powder by sol spray process”, J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 104 (2011) 645-651. 96. S.K. Durrani, Y. Khan, N. Ahmed, M. Ahmad and M.A. Hussain, “Hydrothermal growth of calcium titanate nanowires from Titania”, J. Iran.Chem. Soc. 8 (2011) 562- 569. 97. I. Reza, A.R. Saleemi and S. Naveed, “Cefixime: A drug as efficient corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in acidic environment; electrochemical and thermodynamic studies”, Int. J. Electrochem. Sci. 6 (2011)146-161. 98. Atta-ur-Rahman, M.A. Rafiq, S. Karim, K. Maaz, M. Siddique and M.M. Hasan, “Semiconductor to metallic transition and polaron conduction in nanostructured cobalt ferrite”, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 44 (2011) 165404. 99. M. Rafique, Matiullah, S.U. Rahman, S. Rahman, M.I. Shahzad, B. Azam, I. Ahmed, A. Majid and M.I. Siddique, “Assessment of indoor radon doses received by the
111 dwellers of Balakot –NWFP, a pilot study”, Carpathian J. Earth & Environ. Sciences 6 (2011) 129–136. 100. S.N. Husaini, J.H. Zaidi, Matiullah, K. Naeem and M. Akram, “Metal poisoning and human health hazards due to contaminated salad vegetables”, J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 287 (2011) 543–550. 101. M. Akram, Matiullah, A. Iqbal, S.N. Husaini and F. Malik, “Determination of boron contents in water samples collected from the Neelum valley, Azad Kashmir, Pakistan”, Biological Trace Element Research 139 (2011) 287–295. 102. F. Malik, Matiullah, M. Akram and M.U. Rajput, “Measurement of natural radioactivity in sand samples collected along the bank of rivers Indus and Kabul in northern Pakistan”, Radiat. Protect. Dosim. 143 (2011) 97-105 103. S.U. Rahman, Matiullah, F. Malik, M. Rafique, J. Anwar and M. Ziafat, “Measurement of naturally occurring/fallout radioactive elements and assessment of annual effective dose in soil samples collected from four districts of the Punjab, Province–Pakistan”, J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 287 (2011) 647–655 104. G. Sher, M.A. Rana, S. Manzoor and M.I. Shahzad, “Negative pion induced fission with heavy target nuclei”, Chinese Physics Letters 28 (2011) 012501. 105. N. Ali , E.U. Khan, P. Akhter, N.U. Khattak, F. Khan and M.A. Rana, “The effect of air mass origin on the ambient concentrations of 7Be and 210Pb in Islamabad, Pakistan”, Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 102 (2011) 35-42. 106. A.H. Dogar, B. Ilyas, H. Qayyum, Shakirullah and A. Qayyum, “Angular distributions of flux and energy of the ions emitted during pulsed laser ablation of copper”, Eur. Phy. J.: App. Phy. 54 (2011) 10301-10305. 107. A.H. Dogar, B. Ilyas, Shakirullah, A. Nadeem and A. Qayyum, “Langmuir probe measurements of Nd-YAG laser produced copper plasmas”, IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 39 (2011) 897-900. 108. M. Ashraf, S.M.J. Akhtar, A.F. Khan, Z. Ali and A. Qayyum, “Effect of annealing on structural and optoelectronic properties of nanostructured ZnSe thin film”, Journal of Alloys Compounds 509 (2011) 2414-2419. 109. Shakirullah, A.H. Dogar and A. Qayyum, “Surface-induced dissociation of low + energy H2 impact on a carbon surface: A Monte Carlo simulation”, Communications in Theoretical Physics 55 (2011) 315-320. 110. M. Ashraf, S.M.J. Akhtar, Z. Ali and A. Qayyum, “The influence of substrate temperature on the structural and optical properties of ZnS thin films”, Semiconductors 45 (2011) 708-711. 111. Y. Wang, Y. Zhao, J. Sun, A. Qayyum, J. Liu, Z. Wang and G. Xiao, “Electron emission by highly charged neon and xenon ions on fusion-relevant tungsten and graphite surfaces”, Nuclear Instruments and Methods B 269 (2011) 977-980. 112. Y. Wang, Y. Zhao, J. Sun, D. Li, A. Qayyum, J. Li, P. Wang and G. Xiao, “Potential and kinetic electron emissions from HOPG surface irradiated by Highly charged Xenon and Neon ions”, Chin. Phys. Lett. 28 (2011) 053402. 113. M. Iqbal, A. Qayyum and J.I. Akhter, “Surface modification of Zr-based bulk amorphous allos by using ion irradiation”, Journal of Alloys Compounds 509 (2011) 2780-2783.
112 114. A.B. Afzal and M.J. Akhtar, “Investigation of ageing effects on the electrical properties of polyaniline/silver nanocomposites”, Chin. Phys. B 20 (2011) 058102. 115. M. Idrees, M. Nadeem, M. Atif, M. Siddique, M. Mazhar and M.M. Hassan, “Origin of colossal dielectric response in LaFeO3”, Acta Materialia 59 (2011) 1338. 116. M. Idrees, M. Nadeem, M. Mahmood, M. Atif and M.M. Hassan, “Impedance spectroscopic investigation of delocalization effects of disorder induced by Ni doping in LaFeO3”, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys 44 (2011) 105401. 117. M. Atif, M. Nadeem, R. Grossinger and R. S. Turtelli, “Studies on the magnetic, magnetostrictive and electrical properties of sol-gel synthesized Zn doped nickel ferrite”, J. Alloys and Compounds 509 (2011) 5720. 118. M. Younas, M. Nadeem, M. Atif and R. Grossinger, “Metal-semiconductor transition in NiFe2O4 nanoparticles due to reverse cationic distribution by impedance spectroscopy”, J. Appl. Phys 109 (2011) 093704. 119. G. Sher, M.A. Rana, S. Manzoor , M.I. Shahzad, “Negative pion induced fission with heavy target nuclei”,. Chinese Physics Letters 28 (1) (2011) 012501.
120. Y. Khan, S.K. Durrani, M. Siddique, “Hydrothermal synthesis of alpha Fe2O3 nanoparticles capped by Tween-80”, Mater. Lett. 65 (2011) 2224-2227. 121. A. Hussain, A.J. Muller, B.E. Nieuwenhuys, J.M. Gracia and J.W. Niemantsverdriet, “Two gold surfaces and a cluster with remarkable reactivity for co oxidation, a density functional theory study”, Top. Catal. 54 (2011) 415-423. 122. G. Sher, M.A. Rana and M.I. Shahzad, “Lead projectile fragmentation on aluminium: Improved experimental results”, World Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology 1 (2011) 13-19. 123. Q. Haque, S. Yamin and A. Ahmad, “Drift-Alfven eigenmodes in inhomogeneous electron-positron-ion plasmas”, Physica Scripta 83 (2011) 035501. 124. S. Zeeshan, S. Javeed, K. Yaqub, M. Mahmood, S. A. Janjua and S. Ahmad, “A study of fullerite ablation with energetic pulsed electron”, Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 269 (2011) 1097-1102. 125. M. Ahmad, G. Ali, E. Ahmed M.A. Haq and J.I. Akhter, “Novel microstructural growth in the surface of Inconel 625 by the addition of SiC under electron beam melting”, App. Surf. Sci. 257 (2011) 7405-7410 126. J. Bashir and R. Shaheen , “Structural and complex AC impedance spectroscopic studies of A2CoNbO6 (A = Sr, Ba) ordered double perovskites”, Solid State Sciences 13( 2011) 993-999 127. A. Ali, S. Shahida, M.H. Khan and M.M. Saeed, “Online determination of thorium after preconcentration in a minicolumn having XAD-4 resin impregnated with N- Benzoylphenylhydroxylamine by FI-spectrophotometry”, J. Radioanal Nucl. Chem. 288 (2011) 735-743. 128. B.A. Begum, S.K. Biswas, G.G. Pandit, I.V. Saradhi, S. Waheed, N. Siddique, M.C.S. Seneviratne, D.D. Cohen, A. Markwitz and P.K. Hopke, "Long range transport of anthropogenic pollution in the Asian region", Atmospheric Pollution Research 2 (2011) 151-157.
113 129. M. Daud, N. Khalid, S. Waheed, M. Wasim, M. Arif and J. H. Zaidi, “Morus Nigra plant leaves as biomonitor for elemental air pollution monitoring”, Radichimica Acta 99 (2011) 243-252. 130. M.H. Khan, S.M.H. Bukhari, A. Ali, K. Liaqat and S. Fazal, “Spectrophotometric determination of uranium with arsenazo-III in the presence of N-cetyl-N,N,N-tri- methylammonium bromide as surfactant”, J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 289, (2011) 113-119. 131. S. Rahman and S. Waheed, “Blood-copper and zinc levels and consequences of cardiovascular complications: A study by INAA and FAAS”, J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 287 (2011) 657-664. 132. W. Masood and B. Eliasson, “Electrostatic solitary waves in a quantum plasma with relativistically degenerate electrons”, Phys. Plasmas 18 (2011) 034503. 133. W. Masood, H. Rizvi, H. Hasnain, M. Siddiq and Q. Haque, “Density inhomogeneity shock waves in planetary rings”, Phys. Plasmas 18 (2011) 053702. 134. W. Masood and H. Rizvi, “Implosion and explosion of electrostatic cylindrical and spherical shocks in asymmetric pair-ion plasma”, Phys. Plasma 18 (2011) 042302. 135. K. Iqbal and P.A. Khand, “Thermal and nonthermal lattice gas models for a dimer- trimer surface catalytic reaction, A Monte-Carlo simulation study”, Journal of the Korean Physical Society, 58 (2011) 525-531. 136. K. Iqbal and A. Basit, “A Monte Carlo simulation study of monomer dimer CO-O2 catalytic reaction on surface and subsurface of a face centered cubic lattice”, Chinese Physics Letters 28 (2011) 048201-(1-4) 137. S. Mahmood, S. Siddiqui and N. Jehan, “Modualtional instability of ion acoustic waves with warm ions in electron-positron-ion plasmas”, Phys. Plasmas 18 (2011) 052309. 138. S. Hussain and S. Mahmood, “Korteweg-de vries burgers equation for magnetosonic wave in plasma”, Phys. Plasmas 18 (2011) 052308. 139. S. Mahmood, N. Akhtar and H. Ur-Rehman, “Acoustic solitons in magnetized electron-positron plasmas”, Phys. Scr. 83 (2011) 035505. 140. A. Mushtaq, R. Saeed and Q. Haque “Linear and nonlinear coupled electrostatic drift and ion acoustic waves in collisional pair ion–electron magnetoplasma”, Phys. Plasmas 18 (2011). 042305. 141. D.B. Melrose and A. Mushtaq, “Classical relativistic model for spin dependence in a magnetized electron gas”, Phys. Rev. E 83 (2011). 056404. 142. S. Hussain , N. Akhtar and Saeed-ur-Rehman, “Non planar electrostatic solitary wave structures in negative ion degenerate plasma”, Chin. Phys. Lett.28 4 (2011) 045202. 143. S. Hussain, and S. Mahmood, “Korteweg de vries burgers equation for magneto sonic waves in plasmas”, Phys. Plasmas 18 (2011) 052308. 144. N. Akhtar and S. Hussain, “Quantum ion acoustic shock waves in degenerate plasmas”, Phys. Plasmas 18 (2011) 072103. 145. A. Shah, S. Mahmood and Q. Haque, “Response to comment on acoustic solitons in inhomogeneous pair-ion plasmas”, Phys. Plasmas 18 (2011) 054701.
114 146. Saeed-ur-Rehman, N. Akhtar, and A. Shah, “Nonlinear quantum ion acoustic in fermi plasma”, Phys. Plasmas 18 (2011) 032303. 147. M. Khan, Qurrat-ul-Ain and M. Sajid, “Heat transfer analysis of the steady flow of an oldroyd 8-constant fluid due to a suddenly moved plate”, Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation 16 (2011) 1347 – 1355. 148. M. Sajid, N. Ali, I. Ahmad, Z. Abbas and T. Javed, “Comment on HAM solutions for boundary layer flow in the region of the stagnation point towards a stretching sheet”, Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation 16 (2011) 1670– 1674. 149. M. Sajid, “Comment on Effects of the slip boundary condition on non-newtonian flows in a channel”, Comm. in Nonlin. Sci. and Numer. Sim. 16 (2011) 1687–1692. 150. C. Fetecau, T. Hayat, J. Zierep and M. Sajid, “Energetic balance for the rayleigh- stokes problem of an oldroyd-B fluid”, Nonlinear Analysis Real World Applications 12 (2011) 1–13. 151. T. Hayat, R. Sajjad, Z. Abbas, M. Sajid and A.A. Hendi, “Radiation effects on MHD flow of maxwell fluid in a channel with porous medium”, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 54 (2011) 854–862. 152. K. Fakhar, A.H. Kara, I. Khan and M. Sajid, “On the computation of analytical solutions of an unsteady magnetohydrodynamics flow of a third grade fluid with Hall effects”, Computers & Mathematics with Applications 12 (2011) 1–13. 153. N. Ali, M. Sajid, Z. Abbas and T. Javed, “An analysis of peristaltic flow of a micropolar fluid in a curved channel”, Chinese Physics Letters 28 (2011) 014704. 154. S. H. Shah and P. D. Bristowe, “Ab initio energetics of lanthanum substitution in ferroelectric bismuth titanate”, J. Phys.:Condens. Matter 23 (2011) 155902. 155. Q. Haque, S. Yamine and A. Ahmad, “Drift-Alfven eigen modes in inhomogeneous electron-positron-ion plasmas”, Physica Scripta. 83 (2011) 035501. 156. M. Wasim, M. Arif and J.H. Zaidi, “Determination of the activation constants for miniature neutron source reactor (MNSR) by linear least squares regression”, Radiochimica Acta 99 (2011) 59-63. 157. S.N. Husaini, J.H. Zaidi, Matiullah, K. Naeem and M. Akram, “Comprehensive evaluation of the effluents eluted from different processes of the textile industry and its immobilization to trim down the environmental pollution”, J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 288 (2011) 903-910. 158. S.N. Husaini, J.H. Zaidi, Matiullah and M. Akram, “Evaluation of toxic metals in the industrial effluents and their segregation through peanut husk fence for pollution abatement”, J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 289 (2011) 203-211. 159. N.H. Tariq, M. Naeem, J.I. Akhter and B.A. Hasan, “Plasticity enhancement in Zr based bulk metallic glass by sand blasting”, Materials Chemistry & Physics 126 (2011) 207–211.
National
115 1. S.K. Durrani, N. Hussain, K. Saeed, M. Ahmad, M. Siddque, N. Ahmed and N.K. Qazi, “Characterization and analysis of perovskite oxide (Sr2FeCoO6) synthesized by gel-combustion process”, The Nucleus 47 (2010) 17. 2. M. Iqbal, J.I. Akhter and Z.Q. Hu, “Thermal properties and activation energy of the [Zr0.645Ni0.155Al0.115Cu0.085]98Si2 amorphous alloy”, The Nucleus 47 (2010) 131. 3. M. Iqbal and B. Ahmad, “Successful installation of arc melter at PINSTECH for the synthesis of bulk amorphous materials”, The Nucleus 48 (2011) 11. 4. M. Shahzad, A.H. Qureshi, N. Hussain and L. Ali, “Influence of grain refinement on anisotropy in mechanical properties in wrought magnesium alloy Az80”, The Nucleus 48 (2011) 57. 5. M. Iqbal and J.I. Akhtar, “Effect of minor alloying addition on mechanical properties of Zr-based bulk metallic glass”, The Nucleus 48 (2011) 67. 6. S. Naz, M. Shahzad, A.H. Qureshi, H. Waqas, N. Hussain, K. Saeed and L. Ali, “Investigation of phases developed In Bi4Ti3O12 system by Thermal and Analytical
Techniques”, The Nucleus 48 (2011) 101. 7. S. Iqbal, M. Wasim, M. Arif and Y. Anwar, “Methodology development for the determination of gamma emitting radionuclides in moss-soil (IAEA-447) and statistical evaluation of the proficiency test results submitted to the IAEA”, The Nucleus 48 (2011) 231. 8. S.K. Durrani, S. Rehman, F. Qazi, S.Z. Hussain, M. Ahmad, M. Arif and B. Mohammad, “The impact of sintering promoter oxides on magnesia-doped zirconia crystals synthesized by sol spray pyrolysis process”, The Nucleus 48 (2011) 91. 9. I. Fatima, M. Wasim and S. Rehman, “Dietary exposure to essential and toxic elements from fresh, pasteurized and powder milk samples from Pakistan”, The Nucleus 48 (2011) 307. 10. T. Nasir, E.U. Khan, S.U. Rahman and Matiullah, “Emission of fragment masses between 4 amu and 30 amu in the heavy ion interaction of (14.0 MeV/u) Pb + Pb”. Pak. J. Sci. Ind. Res. 53(2) (2010) 59.
7.2 PROCEEDINGS
International
1. M. Iqbal, J.I. Akhter, M. Ahmad, M. Rafiq and A. Bhatti, “Surface modification of Zr-based bulk amorphous alloys using laser beam melting”, Proceedings of 7th International Bhurban Conference on Applied Sciences and Technology (IBCAST), Islamabad, Pakistan (2010) 34.
116
7.3 PRESENTATIONS
International
1. M. A. Rana, “Nanoscale defect structure of a single radiation damage in solids: general features”, Poster presented at 35th International Nathiagali Summer College on Physics and Contemporary Needs, Nathiagali, June 28-July 10, 2010. 2. M. Iqbal, J. I. Akhter and M. Ahmad, “Synthesis and properties of multicomponent Zr-Cu-Ni-Al-Ti bulk amorphous alloys”, Poster presented at 35th International Nathiagali Summer College on Physics and Contemporary Needs, Nathiagali, June 28-July 10, 2010.
117 3. M. Iqbal, A. Qayyum, J. I. Akhter, “Ion irradiation of Zr-based BMGs”, Poster presented at 35th International Nathiagali Summer College on Physics and Contemporary Needs, Nathiagali, June 28-July 10, 2010. 4. Shakirullah, A.H. Dogar and A. Qayyum, “Surface-induced dissociation of low + energy H2 impact on a carbon surface: A Monte Carlo simulation”, Poster presented at 35th International Nathiagali Summer College on Physics and Contemporary Needs, June 28-July 10, 2010. 5. B.A. Begum, S.K. Biswas, G.G. Pandit, I.V. Saradhi, S.Waheed, M.C.S. Seneviratne, D.D. Cohen, A. Markwitz and P.K. Hopke, “Long range transport of anthropogenic pollution in the Asian Region”, 29th Annual Conference of the American Association for Aerosol Research, Portland, Oregon, USA, Oct. 25-29, 2010. 6. M. Iqbal and J.I. Akhter, “Influence of Y and Nb addition on crystallization behavior and mechanical Properties”, 8th International Bhurban Conference on Applied Sciences and Technology (IBCAST)”, Islamabad, Jan. 10-13, 2011. 7. S. Zafar, N. Khalid and M.L. Mirza, “Physicochemical aspects of silver adsorption on rice husk”, 9th International and 21st National Chemistry Conference, Karachi, March 14-16, 2011. 8. S. Rahman, “Calcium supplements: an additional source of lead contamination”, Yangzhou International Medical Development Forum, Yangzhou, China, April 17-18, 2011.
National
1. M. Shah, S. Ali, M. Tariq, N. Khalid, M.A. Khan and M. Ahmad, “Catalytic conversion of Jojoba oil into biodiesel and physico-chemical characterization – A renewable energy source”, 2nd National Conference on Fuel and Environment, Baragali, July 23-27, 2010. 2. M. Tariq, S. Ali, N. Khalid, F. Ahmad, M.A. Khan, M. Ahmad and M. Zafar, “Synthesis and FT-IR, NMR and GC-MS studies of rocket seed oil biodiesel – A non- food renewable oil source”, 2nd National Conference on Fuel and Environment, Baragali, July 23-27, 2010. 3. G.H. Zahid, T. Azhar, M. Musaddiq, S.S. Rizvi, M. Ashraf, N. Hussain and M. Iqbal, “Fabrication of Al/Al2O3 composite by in-situ displacement reaction – Key note lecture”, Symposium on Materials Research at Nilore, Islamabad, Aug. 03-04, 2010. 4. H. Seema, S.K. Durrani, K. Saeed, I. Mohammdzai and N. Hussain, “Auto- combustion synthesis and characterization of multiferroic BiFeO3”, Symposium on Materials Research at Nilore, Islamabad, Aug. 03-04, 2010. 5. H. Waqas, A.H. Qureshi, M. Shahzad, S. Naz and N. Hussain, “Synergic Effect of ZrO2 and impurities (CaO/ SiO2) on the properties of Mn-Zn Ferrites”, Symposium on Material Research at Nilore, Islamabad, Aug. 03-04, 2010. 6. K. Hayat, S.K. Durrani, M.M. Hassan and M.A. Rafiq, “Synthesis and impendence spectroscopy of lanthanum calcium cobalt manganse oxide (La0.8Ca0.2Co0.2Mn0.8) perovskite material”, Symposium on Materials Research at Nilore, Islamabad, Aug. 03-04, 2010.
118 7. M. Iqbal, “Production and characterization of bulk amorphous materials”, Symposium on Materials Research at Nilore, Islamabad, Aug. 03-04, 2010.
8. M. Iqbal and J.I. Akhter, “Properties of Zr-Ni-Al-Cu]98M2 BMGs”, Poster presented at Symposium on “Materials Research at Nilore”, Islamabad, Aug. 03-04, 2010. 9. M. Shahzad, A.H. Qureshi and N. Hussain, “Influence of grain refinement on anisotropy in mechanical properties in wrought magnesium alloy AZ80”, Symposium on Materials Research at Nilore, Islamabad, Aug. 03-04, 2010. 10. Shakirullah, A.H. Dogar and A. Qayyum, “Monte Carlo study of ion-induced kinetic electron emission from SiO2”, Symposium on Materials Research at Nilore, Aug. 03- 04, 2010. 11. S. Naz, M. Shahzad, A.H. Qureshi, H. Waqas, M. Arif and N. Hussain, “Thermal decomposition behaviour of Bi4Ti3O12 derived through high energy ball mill”, Symposium on Material Research at Nilore, Islamabad, Aug. 03-04, 2010. 12. S. Waheed, N. Siddique, G. H. Zahid and J. H. Zaidi, “Diversity of neutron activation analysis technique for precise characterization of rare earth and other impurities in special materials”, Symposium on Materials Research at Nilore, Islamabad, Aug. 03- 04, 2010. 13. S.Z. Hussain, S.K. Durrani, K. Saeed, M.A. Hussain, N. Hussain and M. Ahmad, “X- ray diffraction phase and thermal analysis of magnesium aluminum silicate glass ceramic”, Symposium on Materials Research at Nilore, Islamabad , Aug. 03-04, 2010. 14. Y. Khan, S. K. Durrani, J. Ahmad and M. Ahmad, “Templateless hydrothermal synthesis of zinc oxide nanorods”, Symposium on Materials Research at Nilore, Islamabad, Aug. 03-04, 2010. 15. H. Seema, S.K. Durrani, K. Saeed, I. Mohammdzai and N. Hussain, “Synthesis and characterization of multiferroic materials”, 1st National Conference on Physical and Environmental Chemistry, Baragali Summer Campus, University of Peshawar, Sept. 27-29, 2010. 16. K. Khan, A. Jabbar and P. Akhter, “Measurement of air-borne gamma emitting radioactive pollutants in the atmosphere of district Rawalpindi”, 1st National Conference on Physical and Environmental Chemistry, Baragali Summer Campus, University of Peshawar, Sept. 27-29, 2010.
17. M. Ismail, H.M. Khan, K. Khan and P. Akhter, “Natural radioactivity levels and gamma ray dose rate in soil of some northern areas of Pakistan using gamma spectrometry”, 1st National Conference on Physical and Environmental Chemistry, Baragali Summer Campus, University of Peshawar, Sept. 27-29, 2010. 18. A. Hussain, “Preferential oxidation of CO on the Au based catalysts”, 2nd National Conference on Radiation, Particles and Matter, Govt. College University, Lahore, Oct. 26-28, 2010. 19. B. Ahmad, M. Iqbal, M. Ahmad, J.I. Akhter, E. Ahmad and M.A. Haq, “Surface modification by EBM of Inconel 625 with and without SiC and fullerenes addition”, 2nd National Conference on Radiation, Particles and Matter, Govt. College University, Lahore, Oct. 26-28, 2010.
119 20. M. Iqbal, J.I. Akhter, M. Ahmad and M. Akhtar, “Effect of Ti addition in quaternary Zr-based BMG”, 2nd National Conference on Radiation, Particles and Matter, Govt. College University, Lahore, Oct. 26-28, 2010. 21. N. Siddique, S. Waheed, M. Arif, M. Daud and A. Markwitz, “Analysis and interpretation of air particulate matter data from the Islamabad/ Rawalpindi Region”, 6th Executive Management Seminar on Current Environmental Pollution Scenario of Pakistan: Findings and Remediation, Nilore, Islamabad, Oct. 27-29, 2010. 22. M. Dilband, A. Jabbar, K. Khan, M.I. Anjum and P. Akhter, “Measurement of Radioactivity in Food Items Collected Around PINSTECH Complex”, 6th Executive Management Seminar on Current Environmental Pollution Scenario of Pakistan: Findings and Remediation, Nilore, Islamabad, Oct. 27-29, 2010. 23. M. Daud, N. Khalid, S. Waheed, M. Wasim, M. Arif and J.H. Zaidi, “Morus Nigra plant leaves as biomonitor for elemental air pollution monitoring”, 6th Executive Management Seminar on Current Environmental Pollution Scenario of Pakistan: Findings and Remediation, Nilore, Islamabad, Oct. 27-29, 2010. 24. M. Tariq, S. Ali, N. Khalid, M. Ahmad and M.A. Khan, “Synthesis and physicochemical characterization of environmental friendly biodiesel from Sesame oil”, 6th Executive Management Seminar on Current Environmental Pollution Scenario of Pakistan: Findings and Remediation, Nilore, Islamabad, Oct. 27-29, 2010. 25. R. Ahmad, “Gamma radiolytic degradation of chlorinated pesticides and determination of degraded products using HPLC and GC-MS”, 6th Executive Management Seminar on Current Environmental Pollution Scenario of Pakistan: Findings and Remediation, Nilore, Islamabad, Oct. 27-29, 2010. 26. S.B . Butt, S. Mehboob, T. Javed and S. Naz, “Monitoring of anions in potable water by voltammetry”, 6th Executive Management Seminar on Current Environmental Pollution Scenario of Pakistan: Findings and Remediation, Nilore, Islamabad, Oct. 27-29, 2010. 27. S. Rahman, “Role of environmental contaminants in initiation, promotion and progression of breast carcinoma”. 6th Executive Management Seminar on Current Environmental Pollution Scenario of Pakistan: Findings and Remediation, Nilore, Islamabad, Oct. 27-29, 2010.
28. S. Zafar, A. Iqbal, M.L. Mirza and N. Khalid, “Adsorption of crystal violet dye from aqueous solution using saw dust”, 6th Executive Management Seminar on Current Environmental Pollution Scenario of Pakistan: Findings and Remediation, Nilore, Islamabad, Oct. 27-29, 2010. 29. Y. Faiz, N. Siddique and M. Tufail, “Risk assessment of road dust on Islamabad Expressway Pakistan, using neutron activation analysis”, 6th Executive Management Seminar on Current Environmental Pollution Scenario of Pakistan: Findings and Remediation, Nilore, Islamabad, Oct. 27-29, 2010. 30. .M. Iqbal, “Optical microscopy versus scanning electron microscopy”, Third Training Curse on Electron Microscopy for Materials Characterization, Nilore, Islamabad, 21- 25 Feb. 2011.
120 .
7.4 REPORTS
1. S. Naz, S.B. Butt, T. Javeed, A.H. Qureshi and R.M. Qureshi, “Analysis of Iodide in Khewra salt samples by voltammetry”, Report No. PINSTECH-CDL-1 (2010). 2. S. Naz, M. Shahzad, H. Waqas and A.H. Qureshi, “Development of Standard Specimen for Piezometer System PM300”, PINSTECH-CDL-2 (2010). 3. T. Manzoor, A.H. Qureshi, N. Hussain, F. Karim and M. Iqbal, “Failure Study of Crashed MI-8 Helicopter Parts”, PINSTECH-MD-178 (2010).
121 4. A. Ali, Ali, M. Shahzad, A.H. Qureshi, H. Waqas and N. Hussain, “Effects of heat treatments on mechanical properties of A516-G70 grade steel”, PINSTECH Report MD- 182 /(2010). 5. M.F. Khan, G.Y. Hasan, J.I Gill, M Akram and N. Hussain, “Thar Coal Gasification and Liquefaction”, Report No. MD-183 (2010). 6. A. Rashid, M. Abdullah, P. Akhter, M. Israr, S. Pervez and M. M. Ishfaq, “PINSTECH Annual Safety Report 2009-10”, PINSTECH/SAF-29 (2010). 7. J. Zeb, W. Arshed, A. Rashid and P. Akhter, “Gamma shielding by Aluminium (Al- Shielder Manual)”, PINSTECH-219 (2010). 8. K. Mahmood, W. Arshed, I. Hussain, I. U. Qazi, Asadullah and Zia-ur-Rehman, “Calibration of Gamma Radiation Survey Instruments at SSDL”, PINSTECH-HPD- 249, (2010). 9. K. Mahmood, W. Arshed, I. Hussain, I. U. Qazi, Asadullah and Zia-ur-Rehman, “Quality Assurance Programme at Secondary Standard Dosimetry Laboratory”, Quality document number, HPDP-SS-QSP-04-001, PINSTECH/HPD-251, (2010). 10. K. Mahmood and W. Arshed, “Secondary Standard Dosimetry Programme at PINSTECH”, PINSTECH-HPD-250, (2010). 11. T. Mahmood, I.H. Bokhari, M. Iqbal, T. Mahmood, N. Ahmed and M. Israr, “Steady State Analysis of PARR-1 Core # 100”, PINSTECH-220 (2010). 12. G. Y. Hasan, M. F. Khan, N. Hussain and N. Ahmed, “Preliminary Design Report on 1500 ton/year nitric acid pilot plant”, Report No. MD-184 (2011). 13. E. Ahmad, T. Manzoor, M. Akram and N. Hussain, “Evaluations of Al-5052 Pipe that remained under irradiated conditions at KCP-II ”, MD-186 (2011). 14. A.H. Qureshi, M. Shahzad, H. Waqas and N. Hussain, “Selection of materials for pressure vessel”, Report No. MD-187 (2011). 15. M. Shahzad, S. Naz, A. Qaseem, A.H. Qureshi and H. Waqas, “Development of hard piezoelectric materials for acoustic sensors”, MD-188 (2011). 16. S. Naz, A.H. Qureshi, M. Shahzad, M. Arif and H. Waqas, “Role of thermal analysis in the processing of materials”, MD-189 (2011). 17. M. Shahzad, A.H. Qureshi, H. Waqas and N. Hussain, “Failure analysis of engine / MGB oil cooler holding studs of MI-17 helicopter”, MD-190 (2011). 18. N. Hussain, A.H. Qureshi, M. Shahzad, H. Waqas and M. Akram, ”Environmental assisted corrosion cracking in low alloy steel under simulated environment of pressurized water reactor”, MD-191 (2011). 19. M. Shahzad, A.H. Qureshi, H. Waqas, N. Hussain and M. Iqbal, “Failure Analysis of Tail Rotor Parts of Accidental Puma SA330 Helicopter”, PINSTECH-MD-192 (2011).
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