Islamabad Airborne Particulate Matter Jun

Table S1. A summary of the existing literature reporting air pollution status in Pakistan.

Survey Reference Study Area Pollutant/Contaminant Method/Scheme Type/Duration [1] Islamabad Airborne Particulate Matter Jun. 2002–Sept. 2002 High volume air sampler TSP and Fe, Zn, Pb, Mn, Cr, June 2001 to January [2] Islamabad Co, High volume air sampler 2002 Ni and Cd data of air pollution is correlated with number of air motor vehicular carbon simplified mobile emission [3] Lahore pollution borne monoxide (CO) model diseases patients admitted to the hospitals Statistical analysis of Airborne Particulate Matter atmospheric trace High volume air sampler/ [4] Islamabad (Fe, Na, Zn, K, Pb, Mn, Cr, metals and FAAS method. Ni, Co and Cd) particulate fractions Metal concentration high volume sampling → Ca > Na > Fe > Zn > K > Mg > in TSP in One year nitric acid–perchloric acid [5] Islamabad Cu > Sb > Pb > Sr > Mn > and Seasonal extraction → AA Co > Ni > Cr > Li > Cd ≈ Ag Variations. spectrophotometer CO → Automatic portable Analyzer, SO2 → Sodium three tetrachloro mercurate sections of nine different CO, NO2, SO2, PM10, absorption solution, [6] National locations, 72 Noise level NO2 → triethanolamine Highway N- hours/location absorption solution, 5 PM10 → High volume sampler heavy metals in road dust and their relationship Islamabad Road dust pollution of Cd, [7] 13 samples of dust with environmental factors. Expressway Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn FAAS (flame atomic absorption spectrometry). questionnaire survey Seven ambient air quality to estimate the A strategic air quality monitoring stations along allergic [8] Quetta management plan has been with micrometeorological symptoms, sampling proposed. data twice/week for 3 months 310 samples were Thermo-Electron diurnal and seasonal collected from [9] Lahore Corporation Reference concentration of PM2.5 November 2005 to Ambient Air Sampler December 2007 Be, Na, Mg, Al, K, Ca, Ti, V, 129 samples, Andersen Reference [10] Lahore Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Zn, As, November 2005 to Ambient Air Sampler 2.5–400 Se, Sr, Mo, Ag, Cd, Sn, Sb, January 2006 sampler and

Survey Reference Study Area Pollutant/Contaminant Method/Scheme Type/Duration Ba, Tl, and Pb in particulate matter (PM2.5) criteria pollutants, CO, NO2, Impact of transport ten selected locations in the [11] Lahore SO2, O3, TSP, and industrial Lahore City PM10 and Pb. emissions Seasonal behavior of Ca,Na, 215 total suspended Fe, K, Zn, Mg, Cu, Pb, Sb, Sr, particulate (TSP) atomic absorption [12] Islamabad Mn, Co,Ni, Cr, Li, Cd and samples, from June spectrometry Ag 2005 to May 2006. Well-established chemical Chemical characterization every sixth day from methods for mass, OC, [13] and source apportionment of 12 elemental carbon (EC), ionic Lahore fine and coarse January 2007 to 19 species (SO4-2, NO3-1, Cl-1, particulate matter January 2008 NH4-1, Na1, Ca2, and K1), and organic species. Aerosol size distribution and Karachi, mass concentration along Lahore, with analysis of crustal Particle size distributions → [14] Rawalpindi, elements (Al, Fe, Si, Mg, Ca) March and April 2010 native algorithm based on and and trace elements (B, Ba, the Grimm model Peshawar Cr, Cu, K, Na, Mn, Ni, P, Pb, S, Sr, Cd, Ti, Zn and Zr). Roadside PM10, PM2.5, PM1 and Carbon concentrations of GRIMM Aerosol [15] Lahore Monoxide PM10, PM2.5, PM1, Spectrometers PM10–2.5 and CO TSP samples are collected for 24h from 08:00 am (October indoor and outdoor PM → 2008 to May 2009). Glass fiber filter paper using [16] Wah Trace metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, sixty outdoor and high volume air sampler. Fe, Mn, Pb, Sb and Zn) sixty indoor TSP samples were collected Concentrations and source ZefluorTM filter papers using apportionment of PM2.5 and 402 samples were Thermo-Electron trace elements such as As, collected from [17] Karachi Corporation Ba, Be, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, January 2006 to Reference Ambient Air Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, January 2008 Sampler (RAAS). Pd, Se, U, V and Zn. correlation, source PM samples were extracted 24–h basis starting at apportionment and in HNO3 and HCl mixture, 08:00 h, from [18] Islamabad enrichment of Cd, Co, Cr, followed by the September 2008 to Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, Sb and Zn) quantification of the trace March 2009 in PM elements on FAAS. Blood pressure was January–April 2009 cross-sectional relation measured, after 5 minutes of PM10 and PM2.5 [19] Lahore between blood pressure and sitting rest, using an was measured at the PM in schoolchildren automated device (average of school sites with a 5 consecutive

Survey Reference Study Area Pollutant/Contaminant Method/Scheme Type/Duration laser operated device measurements). (Metone Aerocet 531). The analysis consists of 166 participants. PIXE analysis of PM2.5 and PM2.5–10 A Gent sampler was Source identification → Al, As, Br, Ca, Cl, Co, used to collect 379 MATLAB software for PCA, [20] Islamabad Cr, Cu, Fe, Ga, Ge, Hg, I, K, pairs of filters from and Mg, Mn, Ni, P, Pb, Rb, S, Sc, Nilore CA Se, Sr, Ti, V, Zn High volume air sampler → Diurnal and nocturnal Metal analysis in the In all, 68 TSP samples variations of Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, digested samples was [21] Islamabad collected from April Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Pb and Zn performed by to September 2010. in Particulates atomic absorption spectrophotometry During March 2010 quartz EC, OC, total carbon (TC), Source fiber filters with diameter 147 Al, Ca, Mg, Fe, S, and Ti and Apportionment and Mm were used as sampling [22] Lahore trace metals As, Ba, Cd, Cr, Characterization of substrate → positive matrix Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sn and Zn PM10. factorization (PMF) model

Satellite-born sensors, the moderate resolution To investigate imaging spectroradiometer 6 years during the annual and seasonal (MODIS) and the Multi- [23] District Swat period from 2005 to variations in aerosol optical Angle 2011 depth (AOD) Imaging Spectroradiometer (MISR)

using Gent samplers and polycarbonate filters → A total of 29 elements, elemental composition → namely Al, As, Br, Ca, Cl, Fine and coarse Neutron Activation Analysis Co, Cr, Cu, F, Fe, Ga,Ge, Hg, PM were collected Islamabad/ (NAA), Proton Induced X- [24] I,K,Mg, Mn,Na, Ni, P, Pb, from 4 sites and Rawalpindi ray Emission/Proton Induced Rb, S, Sc, Se, Sr, Ti, V, Zn analyzed from1998 to Gamma-ray Emission were determined in the fine 2010. (PIXE/PIGE) and X-ray and coarse samples. Fluorescence (XRF) Spectroscopy PM and its Source GRIMM spectrometer → apportionment. S, Si, Sr, Ti, Positive Matrix Factorization Al, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Twenty days in April (PMF) Model, Inductively [25] Peshawar Na, Mn, Ni, P, Pb, Zn, B, Ba, 2011 Coupled Plasma Atomic Ca and Zr were determined Emission Spectrometry (ICP- in the AMS) PM10 samples. PM1, PM2.5, PM4, PM10 and PM at two major A Dust Trak DRX was [26] Lahore PMtotal heavy traffic roads employed to measure the

Survey Reference Study Area Pollutant/Contaminant Method/Scheme Type/Duration ambient levels of PM at the two selected sites TSP], PM10, PM4 and PM2.5, Spatial and temporal trace elements (Pb, Cd, Ni, variations in aerosol Glass fiber filers → high Zn, Cu, Fe) water-soluble (PM), 144 Samples, volume air sampler, atomic [27] Faisalabad cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, four seasons June absorption spectroscopy, ion NH4+), anions (Cl–, SO42– and 2012–April 2013, 9 chromatography NO3–) Sampling sites 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) as evaluated exposure A total of sixty male biomarkers of exposure to to traffic-related PAHs, participants was PAHs and its probable among subjects including recruited. Mann– association with catalase traffic police officers, [28] Lahore Whitney’s U-test, (CAT), glutathione (GSH) rickshaw drivers, for urinary biomarker glutathione peroxidase shopkeepers working near of PAH exposure was (GSHPx) activity as main roads and a control applied. biomarkers of oxidative group stress in selected cohorts WRF-Chem → meteorology-aerosols- Weather Research Seasonal variations of radiation clouds → gas- and aerosols (sulfate, nitrate, phase chemistry Forecasting Model Pakistan ammonium, organic carbon, Scheme → CBM-Z coupled with version [29] (20–40°N, black carbon, and PM2.5) mechanism → Photolysis 3.2.1 of the chemistry 60–80°E) contributions of domestic (Fast-J scheme) → Model for (WRF-Chem), anthropogenic emissions Simulating Aerosol January, April, July, and transboundary transport Interactions and Chemistry and October 2006 (MOSAIC) with eight size bins WRF-Chem → modified Purdue Lin microphysics module → Goddard Weather Research Source Sector (transport, shortwave radiation scheme and industry, residential, and → the Rapid Radiative Forecasting Model Pakistan energy) contribution to Transfer Model longwave coupled with version [30] (20–40°N, aerosol (sulfate, nitrate, radiation scheme → CBM-Z 3.2.1 of the chemistry 60–80°E) ammonium, organic carbon, mechanism → Photolysis (WRF-Chem), black carbon) (Fast-J scheme) → Model for January, April, July, Simulating Aerosol and October 2010 Interactions and Chemistry (MOSAIC) with eight size bins Statistical modeling of glass fiber filters → Atomic atmospheric trace metals for Absorption Four locations, From correlation and source Spectrophotometer, December, 2012 to [31] Lahore identification analyzed for Spearman’s correlation, February 2013. 90 eight trace ANOVA, Principal particulate samples metals (Fe, Pb, Ni, Cu, Cr, component analysis and Mn, Zn and As) cluster analysis Pakistan Integrated Energy A linkage is Pak-IEM uses the VErsatile [32] Pakistan Model (Pak-IEM) coupled established Data Analyst (VEDA) →

Survey Reference Study Area Pollutant/Contaminant Method/Scheme Type/Duration with Greenhouse gas and between both the The input data is managed Air pollution INteractions models to feed the by VEDA-front end (FE) and and Synergies (GAINS) energy outputs the results/outcomes are model. exploring different handeled by VEDA-back end emissions of three air (BE). pollutants (SO2, NOx, and PM2.5) as well as the associated health impacts. Carbonaceous species Andersen Sierra high volume (elemental carbon, organic sampler for PM10 and a low carbon, carbonate carbon), March-April 2009, volume BGI PQ 200 soluble ions (Ca++, investigate the PM2.5 Particulate Sampler for PM2.5, Mg++, Na+, K+, NH4, Cl-1, NO- and PM10 chemical both on quartz fiber filters 3, SO-4), saccharides composition and (Whatman QM-A) → [33] Karachi (levoglucosan, galactosan, derive a mass balance NIOSH protocol → thermal mannosan, sucrose, fructose, based on a optical method → ion glucose, arabitol and “macrotracer” chromatography → anion- mannitol) were determined approach exchange chromatography in PM2.5 and PM10 with pulsed amperometric detection BC aerosol optical properties Collected BC concentrations → namely, the Aerosol Optical instantaneous BC Aethalometer, optical and Depth (AOD), Single data having a radiative properties → Scattering Albedo (SSA) and temporal resolution Optical Asymmetry Parameter of five-minute [34] Karachi Properties of Aerosols and (AP) were calculated interval in the time Clouds (OPAC) and Santa through the Optical period from March Barbra DISORT Atmospheric Properties of Aerosols and 2006 till December Radiative Transfer Clouds (OPAC) model using 2008. (SBDART) models measured BC concentrations Black Carbon (BC) mass concentration The temporal Magee Scientific Model AE21 was measured (diurnal, monthly and Aethalometer → rolled continuously for seasonal) variations of BC quartz filter strip with a every five-minute [35] Karachi and its relationship with cellulose fiber backing, The interval with ground- meteorological variables mass concentrations were based Aethalometer were measured at 880 nm because at an urban site for analyzed BC is a major absorber. the period from 2006 to 2008. The LMDI (Log Mean Divisia Estimated the To analyze the change in Index) method is applied to historical (1990–2014) CO2 emissions decompose changes in CO2 [36] Pakistan and future (2014– from the combustions of emissions into pre- 2025) emission of CO2 fossil fuels determined factors based on under four scenarios. the Kaya identity.

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