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Sterna Dougallii) Before and After Construction of an Erosion Control Revetment Corey Grinnell University of Massachusetts Amherst

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Sterna Dougallii) Before and After Construction of an Erosion Control Revetment Corey Grinnell University of Massachusetts Amherst University of Massachusetts Amherst ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst Masters Theses 1911 - February 2014 2010 Behavior and Habitat Use of Roseate Terns (Sterna dougallii) Before and After Construction of an Erosion Control Revetment Corey Grinnell University of Massachusetts Amherst Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/theses Part of the Biology Commons, Biometry Commons, Design of Experiments and Sample Surveys Commons, Environmental Indicators and Impact Assessment Commons, Natural Resources and Conservation Commons, Natural Resources Management and Policy Commons, and the Other Life Sciences Commons Grinnell, Corey, "Behavior and Habitat Use of Roseate Terns (Sterna dougallii) Before and After Construction of an Erosion Control Revetment" (2010). Masters Theses 1911 - February 2014. 405. Retrieved from https://scholarworks.umass.edu/theses/405 This thesis is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses 1911 - February 2014 by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. For more information, please contact [email protected]. BEHAVIOR AND HABITAT USE OF ROSEATE TERNS ( STERNA DOUGALLII ) BEFORE AND AFTER CONSTRUCTION OF AN EROSION CONTROL REVETMENT A Thesis Presented By COREY M. GRINNELL Submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Massachusetts Amherst in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE February 2010 Wildlife and Fisheries Conservation BEHAVIOR AND HABITAT USE OF ROSEATE TERNS ( STERNA DOUGALLII ) BEFORE AND AFTER CONSTRUCTION OF AN EROSION CONTROL REVETMENT A Thesis Presented By COREY M. GRINNELL Approved as to style and content by: _____________________________ Peter D. Vickery, Chair _____________________________ Curtice R. Griffin, Member _____________________________ Ian C.T. Nisbet, Member ______________________________________ Paul Fisette, Department Head Department of Natural Resources Conservation DEDICATION This work is dedicated to my family and friends for their love, support, infinite patience, and tolerance. Let us all go forth to understand and remake the world into a more livable and peaceful home. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my advisor, Peter D. Vickery, for many years of guidance and support. Thanks to my committee members Ian C.T. Nisbet and Curtice R. Griffin for demanding nothing less than perfection through all stages of this endeavor. I also wish to thank Jeffrey A. Spendelow for initial ideas and securing funding for this project. This research was maintained with funding from the USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service’s Endangered Species Office (Region 5), and the Sounds Conservancy Grants Program of the Quebec-Labrador Foundation’s Atlantic Center for the Environment. The Stewart B. McKinney National Wildlife Refuge (especially William Kolodnicki) and the USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center were also instrumental with logistic support and equipment contributions. The Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection (especially Julie Victoria) was also generous with equipment loans for this research. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (especially Rick Schauffler) also provided the initial GIS information. The Connecticut Audubon Society contributed the staff time of Miley Bull and Marilyn Duda in addition to management of major funding. The Connecticut Chapter of the Nature Conservancy provided volunteer support for placement of modified nest sites each spring. Falkner Island Tern Project staff, the Great Gull Island Project (American Museum of Natural History), Guilford Yacht Club, Little Harbor Laboratory (especially Sarah Richards), and the Massachusetts Audubon Society also contributed with facilities, logistical support, and staff time. I thank you all. iv ABSTRACT BEHAVIOR AND HABITAT USE OF ROSEATE TERNS ( STERNA DOUGALLII ) BEFORE AND AFTER CONSTRUCTION OF AN EROSION CONTROL REVETMENT FEBRUARY 2010 COREY M. GRINNELL B.S., UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS AMHERST M.S., UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS AMHERST Directed by: Peter D. Vickery An erosion control revetment was constructed at the Falkner Island Unit of the Stewart B. McKinney National Wildlife Refuge, Connecticut during the winter of 2000– 2001. At the time, Falkner Island was the fifth largest breeding colony site for the federally endangered Roseate Tern. This study measures and describes some baseline information regarding Roseate Tern nesting, behavior, and habitat use at Falkner Island during the three breeding seasons prior to revetment construction (1998–2000). This baseline information is then compared to similar information from the first breeding season following revetment construction (2001). For Roseate Tern adults, this study examined changes in pre-nesting habitat use, nest site distributions, and pre-nesting behavioral time allocation. Changes in habitat availability and habitat use by Roseate Terns are compared as a result of the revetment construction. Roseate Terns used rocky beach in a greater proportion than other habitats before revetment construction, and used revetment boulders in a greater proportion than all other habitats after revetment construction. Roseate Terns nested more often in v artificial sites (nest boxes and tires) than in natural sites in all years of the study. The mean date for the first eggs in each nest did not differ between years. We observed more Roseate Terns prospecting artificial nest sites (n = 66 times) than natural sites (n = 21 times) for three years of this study. Prospecting behavior occurred later in the season in some subcolonies, but this difference did not appear to be related to the construction. For Roseate Tern chicks, this study investigated the use of crevices as hiding places from before (1999–2000) and after (2001) the construction of an erosion control revetment. In all years, Roseate Tern chicks used crevices found under artificial nest sites more frequently than expected by chance when compared to crevices found in other microhabitats. Chicks also used crevices formed in various microhabitat types at different stages of development. The erosion control revetment created crevices that had larger openings, steeper floors, and deeper lengths than those previously used by chicks before construction. In the year after revetment construction, the openings of crevices used by chicks that died were wider than crevices used by chicks that survived. We discuss our findings in the context of the potential consequences that the revetment construction had on Roseate Tern chick survival. vi PREFACE This work contains two self contained manuscripts (Chapters I–II) intended for publication in professional, peer refereed journals, along with an inclusive bibliography. The overall format of this thesis adheres to the formatting requirements provided by the Graduate School at the University of Massachusetts Amherst. Specific chapters follow requirements of style and format appropriate for their respective journal submissions (Chapters I for Waterbirds , and Chapter II for the Journal of Wildlife Management ). The works, herein, are the results of my research during my interim at the University and I hold all responsibility for these works. Periodically, I use the words "our", and "we" throughout the chapters to meet specific journal requirements and to acknowledge the influence and efforts by my Committee Chair (Dr. Peter D. Vickery), Consulting Committee Member (Dr. Ian C.T. Nisbet), and co-investigator (Dr. Jeffrey A. Spendelow) at the Patuxent Wildlife Research Center. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................... iv ABSTRACT .........................................................................................................................v PREFACE ......................................................................................................................... vii LIST OF TABLES ...............................................................................................................x LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................... xii CHAPTER I. PRE-NESTING HABITAT USE AND BEHAVIOR OF ADULT ROSEATE TERNS (STERNA DOUGALLII ) AT FALKNER ISLAND, CONNECTICUT: STUDIES BEFORE AND AFTER AN EROSION CONTROL REVETMENT .....................1 Abstract ................................................................................................................................1 Introduction ..........................................................................................................................1 Methods................................................................................................................................3 Study Area ...............................................................................................................3 Habitat Classification ...............................................................................................4 Changes in Subcolony Habitat after Revetment Construction ................................5 General Field Protocol .............................................................................................8 Observation Protocol ...............................................................................................8 Statistical Procedures ...............................................................................................9
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