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The Mississippi Oyster Industry' The Mississippi Oyster Industry' UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES Fishery Leaflet 607 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Stewart L. Udall, Secretary David S. Black, Under Secretary Stanley A. Cain, Assistant Secretary for Fish and Wildlife and Parks FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, Clarence F. Pautzke, Commissioner BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES, H. E. Crowther, Director The Mississippi Oyster Industry By BRUCE W. MAG HAN Fishery Leaflet 607 Washington, D.C. December 1967 CONTENTS Page Introduction .. Reef location. 3 Harve$ting methods and equipment 6 Statistical evaluation........ 8 Causes of fluctuations in fishery . 9 Acknowledgment. 11 Literature cited. 11 I I iii The Mississippi Oyster Industry By BRUCE W. MAGHAN, Fishery Biologist Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Exploratory Fishing and Gear Research Base Pascagoula, Mississippi 39567 ABSTRACT Mississippi coastal waters have beena source of oysters since precolonial days. The Eastern oyster reaches marketable size in 2 years in Mississippi. Al1 reefs are within the limits of the Mississippi Sound, and the Mississippi Marine Con­ servation Commission has jurisdiction over reef rehabilitation, preservation, and expansion. This report describes how productive areas are maintained and how certain reefs are lost because of municipal and industrial wastes. It explains methods and equipment used in harvesting oysters since establishment of the fishery and shows annual landings, their value, and the number of fishermen in the fishery from 1928 to 1965. INTRODUCTION Weatherby 1 notes that when moved to deepe r water and thinned out, "coon" oysters grew This report is based on literature research rapidly to marketable size. and interviews with various State and local Usually the Eastern oyster can tolerate officials and oystermen now concerned with temperatures between 300 and 90 0 F. and the fishery. salinities from 5.0 to 32.0 parts per thousand . The Eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) Gulf of Mexico oysters, however , are less is common along the Gulf and Atlantic coasts accustomed to sev ere cold and large num­ of the United States as far north as Cape bers are sometimes killed during sudde n Cod and is found in scattered localities north­ freezes (Butler, 1954). Demoran and Christ­ ward to Prince Edward Island in the Gulf mas (unpublished data) of the Gulf Coast of St. Lawrence. Research Laboratory recorded water tem­ The life cycle commences with a long peratures and salinity from various loca­ spawning season, which begins in March and tions including oyster producing areas in continues until November. During the season the Mississippi Sound for 1953- 56 and 1962- a female may produce from 15 million to 64. During these periods average monthly 114 million eggs. Fertilization occurs when water temp.eratures for anyone location did eggs and sperm are simultaneously released not fall below 480 or exceed 920 F.; maximum in the water. In 5 to 10 hours the fertilized growth occurred when the water temperature eggs become minute free-swimming larvae, was between 51 0 to 680 F. Average monthly which are at the mercy of currents for about salinity for anyone location did not fall be­ 2 weeks and may be carried considerable low 9.71 parts per thousand; optimum growth distances. When the shell is developed the occurred between 14 and 25 parts per thousand. larvae settle to the bottom. Those that man­ The bottom type most suitable for oyster age to find a solid substratum (shells, rocks, populations is relatively hard mud that is hard bottom, and debris) develop into capable of supporting large amounts of shells miniature oysters or "spat," reaching a to which the spat may attach. In Mississippi size of about one-quarter inch in 2 weeks waters, oysters generally live in depths of (fig. 1). On the Gulf coast, oysters attain marketable 1 WEA THERBY, J. H. 1930. Survey of the oyster oot­ size in about 2 years (fig. 2). Oysters found toms In MIssissippi Sound (revised by W. H. Dumont). A in shallow water in dense clusters are fre­ report on file with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, quently referred to as "coon" oysters be­ Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Biological Laboratory, cause they are often eaten by raccoons. Gulf Breeze, Fla., 35 p. Figur e l.--Clusters of "spat and small o}sters about I 4 to I inch In size attached to old shell. less than 10 feet at mea!' low tide on stable Drums, skates, rays , crabs, scaup ducks , bottoms !lot expose j to heavy wave actions or and especially oyster conchs or drills, prey to excessive amounts of fresh water runoff; on the oyster. In addition, many diseases, however, these areas are occasionally sub­ parasites, and commensals (organisms not jected to periods ofincreaef'd salinities caused parasitic, but living in or on other orga nisms) by t oo little rainfall (Price, .954) . invade shells and tissues, thus impairing the Adverse climate causes oyster mortalities quality of oyster meats. by disrupting the environment. Excessive fresh Other mollusks and barnacles compete with water runoff that reduces salinity to less than oysters for space and cause large-scale d am­ S parts per thousand frequently occurs in age by fouling shells placed to catch " set" the Mississippi Sound (Butler, 1949). This (settling larva) or smother young oysters after situation is brought about when excessive they become established (U.S. Fish and Wild­ rainfall in the area coincides with flood con­ life Service, 1945) . ditions on the Mississippi River. Periodic A typical oyster reef consists of a low opening of flood control spillways funnels mound wit h the heaviest concentration of large amounts of these waters into the Missis­ oyst ers on the sloping shoulders (fig . 3). If sippi Sound via Lake Pontchartrain. Conse­ t he center of the reef is exposed at low quently, salinities and the amount of avail­ tide, oysters are periodically destroyed when able food are reduced for extended periods. exposed t o excessive cold or heat for ex­ Periods of t oo little rainfall, r.educing the tended periods. Oyster reefs of Mississippi amount of fresh-water runoff, are respon­ have been in existence for thousands of years sible for increase in salinity. Damage to or as evidenced by large deposits of oyster destruction of oyster reefs under these con­ shells. The shell deposits are usually under ditions is attributed mainly to the influx of a layer of mud of varying thick ness covered oyster predators rather than to high salinity b y 8 to 10 feet of water. Depths of the " shell (Gunter, 1952, 1953, 1955). Salinities o f 30 bank s " may range from a few inches t o 25 parts per thousand or greater also inhibit feet or more, although their actual exte nt growth and reproduction. remains unknown (Butler, 1954), Temperatures below 42 0 F. or above 890 F. In recent y ears, several oyster reefs h ave inhibit growth and reproduction. Oysters ex­ been closed as a result of municipal and posed to these extremes for extended periods industrial pollution, which are not necessarily may be destroyed (Galtsoff, 1964), toxic to oysters but render them unfit for 2 fIgure 2.--0ysters (about 2-1/ 2 to 6 inches long) r eady for harvesting. Those less than 2-1 2 Inches I.Jn~ .J H r eturned to the water. human consumption. Although restricted fr o m to Lake Borgne on the west (fig. I). \" I ' foo markets , these oysters are used as seed exception of a few man-made or na 1'"<1 oysters, provided they are relocated in time c h anne ls, it s depth is less than 20 f,·, to rid themselves of the detri m ental sub ­ C h a nnels 2 to 3 miles wide ruT' bp w,- r stances before reaching marketable size or islands and connect the Sound wi h he Gil! prior to opening of the h arve sting season. T he s out her n boundary is marked by A bill passed b y the Mississippi legisla­ Pet it Bois, Horn, Ship, and Ca ture gives hope that areas now closed would T o t al a rea is about 700 quare mil again be open to oyster harvesting . The legis­ p ercent of which is in fisslssippl. r n lature (Senate Bill o. 1955) provides for r ivers enter t he Sound along the. its I Ippl the creation of the Mississippi Air and Water coastline; from east to wes , t he Pa ca~(\ la. Pollution Control Commission to establish Biloxi, Jourdan, and Pearl. The la and enforce pollution control standards. Estab ­ arate s Louisiana and MISSIssippi. lishment and strict enforcement of adequate T h e m outh of the Pascagoula Rlv r I di- standards should result in the eventual re­ vide d into three large open! gs (Ea itddle. opening of reefs now closed. a nd West Rivers) tha are connec ed bv a nd ba yous (fig. 5) . Oyster have gro ..... n If< m os t of these tributaries for rna y \'~ar REEF LOCATION The second largest reef in he S a e. cor;· t aining about 30 acre ,i loca d br"" All r eefs referred to in this report occur E ast a nd West Rivers, and wa fl hed c within t he lim i ts of t he Mississ i ppi Sound, m e r cially fo rna r -ear Thi which e tends from Mobile Bay on t h e e ast producing 1,000 w o r h of o' 3 well as in the area between Deer Island and the mainland (fig. 6). The presence of munici­ pal and industrial contaminants has forced the State to close portions of these reefs.
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