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Urban Transformation and Social Change in a Libyan City View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by MURAL - Maynooth University Research Archive Library Urban Transformation and Social Change in a Libyan City: An Anthropological Study of Tripoli By Omar Emhamed Elbendak, M.A. Submitted in fulfilment of the PhD degree to the Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Social Sciences, National University of Ireland, Maynooth Under the supervision of Dr. A. Abdullahi El-Tom June 2008 Declaration I hereby declare that the contents of this document submitted by me in fulfilment of the requirments for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy and entitled "Urban Transformation and Social Change in a Libyan City: An Anthropological Study of Tripoli" represents my own work and has not been previously submitted to this or any other institution and is the original work of the author unless otherwise stated. Signed___________________________ 1 Dedication To my late mother and the Libyan people everywhere 2 Candidate’s education B.A. Sociology, University of Garyounis (Benghazi) Libya 1986 M.A. Sociology, University of Alfateh (Tripoli) Libya 1996 3 Table of Contents Page List of Tables………………………………………………………………… 6 List of Figures………………………………………………………………… 7 Preface and Acknowledgements……………………………………………… 8 Map of Libya…………………………………………………………………10 Map of Tripoli……………………………………………………………….. 11 Summary…………………………………………………………………….. 12 Chapter 1 1.1 General Introduction…………………………………………………….. 14 1.2 Tripoli as an urban centre……………………………………………….. 32 1.3 Structure of the thesis……………………………………………………. 37 Chapter 2 2.1 Study subject and research methodology……………………………….. 39 2.2 Research methods……………………………………………………….. 40 2.3 Study objectives and aims……………………………………………….. 44 2.4 Selecting the fieldwork site……………………………………………… 46 2.5 Selecting cases, informants and the focus of the sample………………... 47 2.6 Understanding interviews and observing them from a marginal position. 49 2.7 Fieldwork and time spent…………………………………..……………. 50 2.8 Analytical methods: construction and comparison…………………….... 51 2.9 Questions relating to the study…………………………………………... 52 Chapter 3 3.1 Development studies of the anthropology of cities……………………… 55 3.2 Definition of the city…………………………………………………….. 59 3.3 Urbanisation in North Africa……………………………………………. 63 3.3.1 Overview of North Africa’s history…………………………………… 63 3.3.2 The case of urbanisation………………………………………………. 67 3.3.3 Population and change………………………………………………… 68 3.3.4 Modern aspects of urbanisation……………………………………….. 78 3.4 The case of rapid urbanisation in Libya………………………………… 84 Chapter 4 4.1 Older theories of urbanisation…………………………………………… 90 4.2 Modern theories urbanisation…………………………………………… 92 4.3 Theory of human ecology……………………………………………….. 98 4.4 Global culture and urbanisation………………………………………... 103 4.5 Urban life………………………………………………………………. 110 4.6 Urban family and social change………………………………………... 116 4.7.1 Urban women and society……………………………………………. 123 4.7.2 Urban women and education in Tripoli……………………………… 127 4.7.3 Urban women and employment in Tripoli…………………………… 128 4 Chapter 5 5.1 Libya’s social structure………………………………………………… 135 5.2 History of Tripoli………………………………………………………. 143 5.3 Population of Tripoli…………………………………………………… 147 5.4 Culture and social transformation in Tripoli…………………………… 149 5.5 Urban development in Tripoli………………………………………….. 162 Chapter 6 6.1 Analysis & data………………………………………………………… 173 6.2 A day in the life of a resident of Tripoli……………………………….. 232 6.3 Inferences from daily life in Tripoli……………………………………. 244 Chapter 7 7.1 Conclusions: characteristics of urban people in Tripoli………………...251 7.2 Summary of research findings…………………………………………. 268 7.3 Bibliography…………………………………………………………….271 5 List of Tables Table (1) Breakdown of interviewees…………………………………………………… 49 Table (2) Total population from 1950 to 2000………………………………………….. 69 Table (3) Urban population from 1950 to 2000………………………………………… 70 Table (4) Urbanisation rates of North African countries (as percentage)……………….. 71 Table (5) Female versus male cultural contribution in Tripoli………………………… 130 Table (6) Population of Tripoli………………………………………………………… 148 Table (7) Reasons for moving to Tripoli……………………………………………..... 185 Table (8) Contents of the home………………………………………………………... 186 Table (9) Previous expenditure over 20,000 DL………………………………………. 189 Table (10) Relationship with family members………………………………………… 190 Table (11) Relationship with other relatives…………………………………………… 192 Table (12) Relationship with neighbours (excluding family relatives and coworkers)...194 Table (13) Relationship with neighbours……………………………………………….195 Table (14) Relationship with co-workers.…………………………………………..…..197 Table (15) Loyalty grade in different communities…………………………………….198 Table (16) Types of mass media in Tripoli (2000)……………………………………..202 Table (17) Media contents of the home………………………………………………...204 Table (18) Media pastimes……………………………………………………………...205 Table (19) Music listened to……………………………………………………............206 Table (20) Other pastimes………………………………………………………………211 Table (21) Length of time spent abroad………………………………………………...223 Table (22) Facilities and services in Tripoli (2002)………………………………….…226 6 List of Figures Figure (1) Map of Libya…………………………………………………………… 10 Figure (2) Map of Tripoli………………………………………………………….. 11 Figure (3) Age group………………………………………………………………. 173 Figure (4) Birthplace……………………………………………………………….. 174 Figure (5) Sex……………………………………………………………………….175 Figure (6) Education level…………………………………………………………..176 Figure (7) Marital status…………………………………………………………….177 Figure (8) Number of wives………………………………………………………... 178 Figure (9) Occupation……………………………………………………………….179 Figure (10) Housing………………………………………………………………...180 Figure (11) Duration of marriage…………………………………………………... 181 Figure (12) Family size……………………………………………………………. 182 Figure (13) Years of Residency in Tripoli ………………………………………… 184 Figure (14) Market house value……………………………………………………. 188 Figure (15) Music types listened to…………………………………………………207 Figure (16) Favourite foods…………………………………………………………213 Figure (17) Cooking international dishes………………………………………….. 217 Figure (18) Number of cooked meals……………………………………………… 218 Figure (19) Percent of people spending lengthy periods abroad……………………221 Figure (20) Continents where respondents spent time…………………………….. 222 Figure (21) Intention to return to the countryside………………………………….. 228 Figure (22) Reasons to move to the countryside……………………………………229 Figure (23) Ownership of houses in the country……………………………………230 Figure (24) Ownership of houses in the city……………………………………….. 230 Figure (25) Favourite clothes………………………………………………………. 231 7 Preface and acknowledgements I undertook fieldwork in Tripoli city between August 2002 and February 2003. I also spent eight weeks collecting additional data about the city in the summer of 2001. On each of these visits, I resided in Tripoli itself. I wish to express my sincere thanks and gratitude to the people of Tripoli for opening their doors to me at all times of the day and night and for answering the questionnaire. While in the field I received every help and encouragement from a number of government officials, and I found most of them willing to talk about modern times. I would also like to thank the Amin of Tripoli Municipality. I also wish to thank Professor Ali El-Hawat for his advice on data collection and comments on the research and for providing me with a number of references. I would like to express my gratitude to the Libyan Ministry of education for their financial support, without which this research would never have been possible. I am also very grateful to the University of Alfateh in Tripoli for facilitating my PhD studies outside of Libya. My thanks are also due to the Department of Planning and Scientific Research for providing me with both valuable historical documents and references. I was fortunate in having Dr. El-Tom is my main supervisor at Maynooth. I am most grateful to him for giving me access to his published materials and articles, and for advising me throughout my fieldwork. I am grateful to him for his advice, comments and valuable discussion during the preparation of the final submission of the thesis. I am also grateful to Dr. Jamie Saris for his advice and comments on my thesis prior to submission and to Dr. Pauline Garvey and Dr. Chandana Mathur for their comments on the draft of the thesis. I am also grateful to Professor Lawrence J. Taylor and other staff in the Department of Anthropology for their help and guidance throughout my work on this document. I would also like to extend gratitude for help rendered by Deirdre and Jaqui and their valuable assistance. Many thanks also go out to the staff of the library at the National University of Ireland, Maynooth, for their assistance. I wish to acknowledge my greatest debt to my family and in particular my wife. They never stopped encouraging me to finish this thesis and they suffered most because of my academic interests. I would also like to thank my brother Mosa who is doing a Ph.D in Computer Engineering in Northumbria University at Newcastle, for his ongoing support. Studies in urbanisation have been one of my main interests since I started studying as a Postgraduate student in Libya. I did research for my MA in urban sociology. Thus, in Maynooth, the focus of this interest has been directed to African urbanisation, particularly in North Africa. The early emphasis given by researchers to Tripoli was confined to its internal characteristics. Largely for this reason, I have stressed the importance of global
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