The Professional Boxing Referee Manual 2014

THE PROFESSIONAL BOXING REFEREE MANUAL 2014

“STRIVING TO BE THE VERY BEST”

Contents INTRODUCTION...... 4 DISCLAIMMER, WAIVER OF RIGHTS AND INDEMNITY...... 5 CREDITS...... 6 DEDICATION...... 7 ABOUT THE AUTHOR...... 8 THE REFEREE...... 9 The Referee’s worst enemies ...... 9 Personal conduct and ethics ...... 9 Medical considerations for the Referee ...... 10 The Referee’s attire and dress ...... 10 Powers of the Referee ...... 11 Advice to the Referee ...... 12 What makes a good Referee? ...... 12 Referee training ...... 14 Working sparring matches in the gym ...... 14 Studying one’s duties ...... 15 Attending training seminars ...... 15 THE RULES OF BOXING...... 16 Association of Boxing Commissions’ Uniform Rules of Boxing ...... 17 TECHNICAL REFEREE GUIDELINES FOR THE UNIFORM RULES OF BOXING...... 18 SCORING AREA...... 36 Fair blow in boxing ...... 37 Illustration of the legal and foul areas ...... 37 PRE BOUT RESPONSIBILITIES...... 38 Dressing Room – Key issues to discuss ...... 38 Verbal commands and hand signals ...... 40 Basic hand signals ...... 41 BASIC SPANISH VERBAL COMMANDS...... 43 UPON ENTERING THE RING...... 45 The boxer’s dress and equipment ...... 45 The female boxer’s equipment ...... 45 Center ring instructions ...... 46 ONCE THE BELL RINGS...... 46 Movement and positioning ...... 47 Shortening the distance ...... 47 The Open or Dominant side ...... 48 One-minute rest period ...... 49

FOULS...... 49 Concussive head impact fouls ...... 49 Outline of common fouls ...... 49 WHEN IS IT OK TO STOP A BOUT?...... 63 MOST SERIOUS CUTS...... 64 Approved medicine for cuts ...... 65 RECOMMENDED REFEREE ACTIONS, BASIC MECHANICS AND SAFETY INFORMATION.. 65 REFEREE MECHANICS...... 66 Legal knockdown ...... 66 Counting the downed boxer ...... 66 Stopping the count ...... 66 Serious knockdowns ...... 67 Double knockdowns ...... 67 EVALUATING THE DOWNED BOXER...... 67 TECHNICAL KNOCKOUT...... 68 KNOCKOUT...... 68 HANDLING A KNOCKED OUT BOXER...... 69 KNOCKDOWN MECHANICS...... 69 SLIP MECHANICS...... 70 TEMPORARY STOP MECHANICS...... 70 Consideration for calling a temporary stop to the action ...... 70 ACCIDENTAL HEADBUTT MECHANICS WHEN THERE MAY BE INJURY...... 71 LOW BLOW MECHANICS IN CASES WHEN THERE MAY BE INJURY...... 71 POINT DEDUCTION MECHANICS...... 72 Considerations for deducting points ...... 72 DISLODGED MOUTHPIECE MECHANICS...... 73 Considerations when handling a dislodged mouthpiece ...... 73 Common mistakes in handling a dislodged mouthpiece ...... 74 WHEN A BOUT GOES THE DISTANCE...... 75 THE SAFETY TEAM...... 75 WORKING WITH THE RINGSIDE PHYSICIAN...... 75 WORKING WITH THE INSPECTORS...... 76 THE TIMEKEEPER AND KNOCKDOWN JUDGE...... 77 CONCLUSIONS...... 78

INTRODUCTION

I have prepared the “The Professional Boxing Referee Manual” using materials from all over the world of boxing. Many outstanding officials have contributed to it. The manual is a living document that I have continually updated since 1994.

The manual was formulated to be applicable to the general rules and principals of professional boxing.

Although not all inclusive, the periodic reading of this manual will assist Referees in maintaining their high level of expertise, while at the same time developing their skills. It will also give keen insight to other boxing officials and sport enthusiasts so that they may better understand the difficulty of achieving greatness in this key aspect to the success of the sport of boxing.

As a smart man once said, “Refereeing professional boxing is the most difficult officiating position in sports”.

Respectfully,

Armando Garcia

DISCLAIMMER, WAIVER OF RIGHTS AND INDEMNITY

The “The Professional Boxing Referee Manual” was prepared by Armando Garcia in an effort to establish a criterion for dealing with numerous referee situations and as an attempt to interpret professional boxing rules in a simple manner. The manual is not all-inclusive.

Although he has a vast boxing resume, the views, opinions, and/or recommendations contained in the ”The Professional Boxing Referee Manual” reflect his own interpretation of referee rules and procedures.

Furthermore, since it is possible that general information herein may pertain only to a law, regulation, rule or acceptable standard of practice for a particular jurisdiction, a referee, boxer or his/her representatives must always inquire with the appropriate licensing jurisdiction to determine the applicable laws, regulations, rules, and acceptable standards of practice for each jurisdiction.

All readers are advised that the information herein is intended solely as a general reference source, and to the fullest extent permitted by law, the information is provided “AS IS” without any warranties of any kind, whether expressed or implied, including without limitation, warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose and non-infringement. No one may rely on the accuracy, integrity, quality, or completeness of the general information herein. Accordingly, neither the author nor anyone else affiliated with any website or press entity may be held liable for damages of any kind whatsoever allegedly caused or resulting from any such claimed reliance.

The manual cannot be sold for personal gain. It has been produced ‘for the love of the game’. It is free of charge and can be disseminated to anyone completely or in part. However, it remains the property of the author.

If anyone has any questions about this Disclaimer, Waiver of Rights, and Indemnity, or the “The Professional Boxing Referee Manual”, he, or she should contact Armando Garcia at: [email protected]

CREDITS

So where did this material come from? Mainly, it is my personal interpretation of a referee’s duties in specific situations that I have picked up from watching great referees and from, of course, trial and error. In essence, this manual outlines my refereeing philosophy.

I also obtained some materials and concepts from the many seminars that I have attended since 1987. Specifically, materials such as:

 USA Boxing Rule books and their “Introduction to Olympic Boxing” booklet  AIBA Rule books and their “Commentary on the Rules of Olympic Boxing” booklet  1994 and 1995 World Boxing Association seminar handouts  1999 World Boxing Council seminar handout  The handout titled “Cuts” that was given out at the 2002 ABC convention (unknown author)  Ringside Training and Principals book

I want to give particular credit to those officials and friends that I can distinctly remember gave their opinion to the manual in one way or another. There are so many to mention.

DEDICATION

This manual is respectfully dedicated to those brave souls who have entered the ring and have fallen and left us forever. May they rest in peace.

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Armando Garcia was a professional boxing official and referee training facilitator for almost twenty years. He is a former International Amateur Boxing Association (AIBA) Continental Bureau Referee/Judge for the USA.

Armando has refereed 31 world championship bouts and judged 14 others from 1994 to 2005. He has also refereed 37 regional championships and judged 6 others. He has conducted international seminars all over the world for the World Boxing Association (WBA) and the World Boxing Organization (WBO) independently and with the Association of Boxing Commissions.

Armando was the WBA International Official of the Year in 2002. He was also the World Boxing Council (WBC) Commissioner of the Year in 2006 while serving as Executive Officer for the California State Athletic Commission.

Armando has written a series of referee related articles on www.secondsout.com under the banner of “The Professional Boxing Referee”.

Armando was born in Cuba and immigrated to the United States in 1959. He is a proud and grateful United States citizen.

CONTACT INFORMATION

E-mail: [email protected]

THE REFEREE

The Referee’s worst enemies

The Referee’s worst enemies are complacency, hubristic pride and an over inflate ego.

Personal conduct and ethics

I’ll start this section off with some thoughts from Dr. Flip Homansky; as a 19th century poet said... “Art, like morality, consists of drawing the line somewhere.” (We just haven’t quite found where to draw the line in our sport.) My definition of ethics is knowing the difference between right and wrong - and then trying to do the right thing. Ethics can be simply thought of as knowing the difference between right and wrong, and attempting to do the right thing.

With all this said, here are some other thoughts specifically for Referees:

 Consumption of alcohol is not tolerated at the location of the event, neither prior to, nor during the matches. It is recommended that any person, who accepts an official assignment, should refrain from consuming alcohol 24 hours prior to the scheduled start time of the event.  At no time during, or between rounds, should a Referee comment or discuss his/her view of how the contest is progressing. All Referees should refrain from talking to the contestants, managers or seconds. The exception to this is when the Referee is issuing a verbal warning, enforcing a rule, or assessing the condition of a contestant. Be mindful that during televised bouts the Referee may be asked to wear a microphone and that other microphones are strategically placed around the ring for the benefit of the television audience. The Referee must assure that any and all comments are appropriate.  All concerns that reflect the performance of another official should be addressed with the Athletic Commission Supervisor privately, and care should be taken not to demean anyone in a public forum.  At no time should a Referee use his or her position to gain favor for themselves and/or anyone from anyone associated with an event. This includes events that the Referee is not assigned to work.  Referees should not express an opinion or predict the outcome of a bout to anyone. Opinions on fighters and fights must not be expressed. All Referees must be especially careful not to exhibit any partiality, support, or favoritism at any time, prior to, during, or after the contest, whether they are working the bouts or not. 9

 When approached by members of the media regarding the outcome of a bout, regardless of whether the Referee worked that particular bout or not, Referees should not express any personal opinions regarding the outcome. Only after receiving clearance from the supervising Athletic Commission, may a Referee discuss the rules, interpretation and application by the Referee as an official. It is the Referee’s duty to remain neutral. If you believe you erred in your performance, you should consider not making any statement until you have had time to review any available tape. If you did err, it is recommended that you hold yourself accountable and include in your statement what you will or won’t do in the future to assure that the same or a similar adverse action will not happen again.  Social media is an awesome form of communication. Referees should keep their boxing business out of their social media involvement. Referees should not act as reporters and write or participate in the writing of articles on boxers, promoters, managers, etc., or speculating on the outcomes of bouts. Lastly, promoters, seconds and other non-commission/official persons may be wonderful people and most certainly are, but they can’t be your ‘buddies’. You are a boxing Referee who is licensed by your Commission. If you want to be a ‘boxing guy’ be a boxing guy and don’t be a Referee because sooner or later your association with your buddies will cost you. Remember Perception is reality.

Medical considerations for the Referee

The Referee should lead a clean lifestyle similar to the athletes. Overeating and drinking should be avoided. Illegal drugs or stimulants are out of the question.

All Referees should undergo a complete physical examination including an eye exam by a certified physician annually. The results of the examination should be forwarded to the Referee’s local commission and reviewed by a Commission Physician. Under no circumstances should a Referee officiate unless he or she has passed a complete physical examination to include anti-doping and infectious disease testing.

In my opinion every Referee (and Judge) should be drug and alcohol tested prior to every championship bout.

The Referee’s attire and dress

You see many types of shirts, pants, belts, shoes, etc. in the ring.

In my opinion, commissions worldwide should be extremely specific as to the Referee’s uniform. A Referee’s uniform should be, pardon the pun, uniform. 10

Generally, in the ring, the Referee’s clothing should be a business type long sleeved light blue collared shirt with a black bow tie and black trousers. Or in the case of the World Boxing Council, a light green collared shirt is acceptable for their events. Verify with each Commission what attire expectations will be for each event until you become familiar with the Commission requirements. You must also ensure that your shirt and slacks are professionally cleaned and pressed prior to each event.

Also, if an emblem is worn, it should be worn on the left shirt pocket area. Unless you are outside the country you should only wear your Commission emblem for events.

If a belt is worn, it should be all black. If the belt is buckled, the buckle should not be too obvious to the eye. Shoes should be all black and flat and preferably be a boxing shoe. The wearing of a black blazer outside of the ring is advisable.

A clean uniform gives the perception of professionalism.

Eccentricities such as multi-colored shoes, laces, dress shoes, tuxedo type shirts, sport or large buckled belts, etc. should always be avoided.

The Referee should have a business like haircut and be clean- shaven. If he wears a mustache, it will be neatly trimmed. Beards or goatees are not advisable.

Powers of the Referee

Generally, only the Referee can stop a bout, (verify with your Commission if anyone other than the Referee can stop a bout). The Referee may terminate or temporarily stop a bout:

 At any stage if he or she considers that it is too one sided  If one of the boxers has sustained an injury rendering him or her unable to continue  To admonish, administer a warning or disqualify a boxer who fails to follow or violates the rules  In the event of a knockdown, to suspend a count if a boxer refuses to go to or deliberately fails to remain in the indicated neutral corner  To consult with the Ringside Physician  In the event of unforeseen circumstances such as loss of electricity, unapproved person in the ring, ring failure, etc.  To adjust equipment

Advice to the Referee

 Read the rules that govern your bout and this manual thoroughly before each assignment  Practice the application of the rules in sparring sessions and attend seminars  Keep physically fit and follow a clean lifestyle; Be ready to Referee  Carefully watch the boxers during each round and in the intervals; Keep an eye on the Ringside Physician, Seconds, Judges, Commission Representative and Supervisor during the intervals as well as they may be able to relate important information to you  Avoid giving commands out of position; Be alert and patient  Resolutely stop the bout with a proper command  Consider carefully imposing an official warning; One point has decided many a bout; Disqualify only as an absolute last resort  Do not argue with anyone  Go over scenarios in your mind and how you will handle them if they occur.  Always strive to be consistent  Strive for the best position  Strive to continually improve your skills  Remember that the event is the boxers, not you!

A Referee’s basic duties

The primary concern of a Referee is to prevent unnecessary damage to the boxer’s health during the course of the bout.

The Referee should be thoroughly familiar with the rules that govern the event that he or she is working, as well as the general rules of boxing.

Additionally, a Referee's basic duties are to enforce the rules fairly, maintain control of the bout and to interpret the rules insofar as to their applicability to the action.

The Referee must never allow him or herself to be influenced by anyone or anything other than the actions of the boxers as they occur.

What makes a good Referee?

Movement and positioning, general mechanics and knowledge of the rules all complement the qualities of a Referee, but the single most important trait in a good Referee is: GOOD JUDGMENT.

USA Boxing and AIBA define this most important trait as that innate ability that allows you to interpret what you are seeing and translate it into proper fair action. This is a simple definition that for many is hard to consistently employ.

Good judgment is clearly the single most important trait that separates a great Referee from an average one.

Referees have to be very adept at knowing:

 what a boxer’s body language is telling him or her  when a boxer is being outclassed  when a boxer is injured and is covering it up so the bout won’t be stopped  when points should be deducted  when a boxer should disqualified  when the bout should be stopped

All of these things are easy to discuss, but they are quite difficult to implement consistently and fairly. Sound judgment will always help a Referee respond to these difficult situations. To an extent, good judgment can be developed, but basically, you either have it, or you do not.

Development is also paramount. Often times we overlook development as an important trait. By development, I mean that a Referee must develop his or her skills over time. You cannot be refereeing at the same level today that you were years prior, especially at the championship level.

Prime examples of development are consistency, smooth movement and positioning, good verbal commands, patience, sound decision making in stopping bouts, deducting points, etc.

A strong sign of referee development is seen in a Referee’s adaptation, or lack thereof, to modern day boxing. The popular term ‘old school’ is not necessarily positive in this case.

Remember that working high profile or title bouts does not automatically make you a great Referee as geography denies us the opportunity of seeing many of today’s great Referees in action in top bouts.

For example, the USA does not have the market cornered on great Referees. There are many great Referees throughout the world.

With this said, high profile bouts do give the Referee that enviable opportunity to demonstrate those skills that eventually transcend one from being an average Referee to a truly great one.

13 Again, a big name, big bouts, TV, etc. do not automatically make you great. Time, practice, and hard work do.

Always work on mechanics. Concentrate. Be up to date with modern day boxing. Attend seminars. Watch boxing videos. Strive for smoothness and consistency in actions. Be true to yourself each and every time your referee regardless of the type of event you are assigned.

Referee training

Theoretical training for Referees such as seminars and materials such as this manual are a great help to both veteran and aspiring Referees. But the sport lacks similar formalized physical or mechanics training and it is left up to each individual Referee as to how they train in between assignments.

Referees have to commit to their art and continually develop their skills by using the tools and resources that are available to them and simply working hard. This process is not going to happen if one simply works their assignments. If you do this, no matter what level you are or are perceived to be, you will never really develop.

Working sparring matches in the gym

This is a slippery slope if one considers who attends these sessions. Boxers, seconds, managers, promoters, etc. may be present and these are the same individuals that could be involved in a Referee’s next assignment.

Back to sparring sessions in the gym. Many swear that the best training technique, or aid, is working sparring matches in the gym. In the ring, practice is a great development tool especially for mechanics. But going to a gym to work sparring matches has an often overlooked down side as it places a Referee in an association with boxers, trainers, managers, etc., on their turf, and sooner or later, the Referee is going to come across the same people in real competition. This poses a real dilemma. Therefore, I caution Referees who frequent gyms to try to stay away from the pros and perhaps work mainly with the amateurs.

What I’ve personally done when I was active was to work at home in my garage at least twice a week. I would pretend that I was in the ring and reacting to various scenarios. I know this may sound and look a little crazy, but it really works. It is at one’s own speed and allows one to go through all of the basic mechanics steps. It’s also a good cardio workout. I would also encourage the practice of counting to ensure that your count is consistent and is actually 8 or 10 seconds depending on the necessary count needed.

Studying one’s duties

The biggest roadblock to good study is complacency.

The first step to obtaining basic referee theoretical knowledge is getting a thorough knowledge of the rules and how they are applied to specific situations. Look for referee materials. There is always something coming out at conventions for referees. Doctor handouts, mechanics techniques, manuals, etc. Save them and study them.

Studying videos is an absolute must for development. The key to watching videos is to focus ONLY on the Referee. Look at every single movement and call he or she makes. Take notes. Play Video in Slow Motion.

If you have videos of yourself, I recommend that you watch them undisturbed with pen and paper in hand. Focus on yourself and look at everything you do. Observe your general movement and slow motion every one of your interactions. Try your best to nitpick. Hey, nobody’s watching right?

This may sound like overkill to some, but trust me, it works!

Attending training seminars

The expense of traveling and attending seminars at times may be great. However, you should try your best to attend at least one good seminar every year. When attending seminars you must be open minded so that you are there to pick up new information. Don’t be satisfied and have a ‘know it all opinion’.

15 THE RULES OF BOXING

Besides the number of rule differences around the world. Not everything that can happen in the ring can be or is clearly articulated in any set of rules or this manual. Therefore:

If a situation occurs and you are not sure of the rules. Seek the advice of the Commission personnel ringside. In most cases they may have seen something you have not, a Commissioner can then remind you of the rules which will help you to make the correct decision.

Throughout the manual I will make the strongest effort to interpret the rules while giving advice on how to fairly implement them.

Since I am USA based, I will work from the premise of the Uniform Rules of Boxing of the Association of Boxing Commissions. These rules govern ALL world and regional championship bouts held in the United States. In fact, some state commissions and the World Boxing Organization have adopted these rules for all of their bouts.

If you are privileged to work world title bouts in both the USA and abroad, you really have to know which rules apply. There are sanctioning body rules that are in direct conflict with the uniform rules and there are those that exist in one entity that do not in the other. To add to the confusion, there are rules listed in some sanctioning body web pages that are unclear. If that is not enough, most of these sets of rules do not clearly detail some scenarios that they most definitely should. If working a title bout, obtain a copy of 16

the rules that will govern the bout from the sanctioning organization representative and ensure that you know the rules before entering the ring.

Association of Boxing Commissions’ Uniform Rules of Boxing

Here is the most recent version of the Association of Boxing Commissions’ Uniformed Rules of Boxing as approved August 25, 2001, Amended August 2, 2002, Amended July 3, 2008, Amended July 24, 2012 and as included on their web site at www.abcboxing.com:

1. Each round shall consist be of a three (3) minute duration, with a one (1) minute rest period between rounds.

2. The referee is the sole arbiter of a bout and is the only individual authorized to stop a contest.

3. All bouts will be evaluated and scored by three (3) judges.

4. The 10 Point Must System will be the standard system of scoring a bout.

5. The Mandatory Eight (8) Count after knockdowns will be standard procedure in all bouts.

6. All professional boxers are required to wear a mouthpiece during competition. The round cannot begin without the mouthpiece. If the mouthpiece is dislodged during competition, the referee will call time and have the mouthpiece replaced at the first opportune moment, without interfering with the immediate action. Points may be deducted by the referee if he feels the mouthpiece is being purposely spit out.

7. There is NO Standing Eight (8) Count.

8. There is NO Three (3) Knockdown Rule.

9. A boxer shall receive a twenty (20) second count if the boxer is knocked out of the ring and onto the floor. The boxer is to be unassisted by spectators or his/her seconds. If assisted by anyone, the boxer may lose points or be disqualified with such a decision being within the sole discretion of the referee.

10. A boxer who has been knocked down cannot be saved by the bell in any round.

11. If a boxer sustains an injury from a fair blow and the injury is severe enough to terminate the bout, the injured boxer shall lose by TKO.

12. Injuries sustained by Fouls:

A. Intentional fouls.

17 1. If an intentional foul causes an injury, and the injury is severe enough to terminate the bout immediately, the boxer causing the injury shall lose by disqualification.

2. If an intentional foul causes an injury and the bout is allowed to continue, the referee shall notify the authorities and deduct two (2) points from the boxer who caused the foul. Point deductions for intentional fouls will be mandatory.

3. If an intentional foul causes an injury and the injury results in the bout being stopped in a later round, the injured boxer will win by TECHNICAL DECISION if he is ahead on the score cards; and the bout will result in a TECHNICAL DRAW if the injured boxer is behind or even on the score cards.

4. If the boxer injures himself while attempting to intentionally foul his opponent, the referee will not take any action in his favor, and this injury shall be the same as one produced by a fair blow.

5. If the referee feels that a boxer has conducted himself in an unsportsman-like manner, he may stop the bout and disqualify the boxer.

B. Accidental fouls.

1. If an accidental foul causes an injury severe enough for the referee to stop the bout immediately, the bout will result in a NO DECISION if stopped before four (4) completed rounds. Four (4) rounds are complete when the bell rings signifying the end of the fourth round.

2. If an accidental foul causes an injury severe enough for the referee to stop the bout after four (4) rounds have occurred, the bout will result in a TECHNICAL DECISION awarded to the boxer who is ahead on the score cards at the time the bout is stopped. a. Partial or incomplete rounds will be scored. If no action has occurred, the round should be scored as an even round. This is at the discretion of the judges.

13. A fighter who is hit with an accidental low blow must continue after a reasonable amount of time but no more than five (5) minutes, or he/she will lose the fight.

End of the Uniform Rules

TECHNICAL REFEREE GUIDELINES FOR THE UNIFORM RULES OF BOXING

The purpose of the following guidelines is to provide Referees and all interested parties a clear guide as to what rules govern championship bouts and what referee mechanics are to be employed in each bout.

18 Unless prohibited or over ridden by local Commission rules, the Uniform Championship Rules and Referee Guidelines of the Association of Boxing Commissions (ABC) govern all championship contests held in ABC member Commissions.

In the event of an issue or dispute regarding a situation that occurs during the bout that is not covered by the Uniform Rules and Referee Guidelines, the local commission rules will be the final authority.

In the event of an issue or dispute regarding a situation that occurs during the bout that is not covered by the Uniform Championship Rules and Referee Guidelines or the local Commission rules, the Referee, as the sole arbiter, will make a decision based on safety of the boxer and fairness.

1. BOXER RULES AND EQUIPMENT

The local Commission is the final authority in all equipment matters.

1.1 GENERAL RULES

Improper use and or tampering with any equipment prior to the bout may result in a removal from competition and if during a bout, a point(s) deduction or DISQUALIFICATION.

Only soft contact lenses may be worn.

The wearing of piercing accessories during competition is prohibited. Unless specifically noted, female boxers are to follow the Male Bout Specific Rules.

1.2 FEMALE BOUT SPECIFIC RULES

Female boxers shall use NO facial cosmetics and have their hair secured with soft and non-abrasive materials.

During the bout, female boxers shall wear the following equipment:

 Breast protectors  Body shirt  Mouthpiece (two)  Trunks (shall go no more than one (1) inch over the pelvic protective girdle)  Gloves  Boxing shoes

Additionally, it is strongly recommended that a female boxer wear a fitted genital protector.

1.3 DURATION OF ROUNDS

Female bout rounds are a minimum of two (2) minutes in duration with a one (1) minute rest period after Round 1 and for every other round with the exception of Round 10. Some Commissions have allowed up to a three minute round for female bouts. Ensure that you are aware of the length of the round prior to working a female bout. Duration of the bout must be noted on the Bout Agreement.

2. MALE BOUT SPECIFIC RULES

During the bout, male boxers shall wear the following equipment:

 Mouthpiece (two)  Trunks (shall go no more than one (1) inch over the genital protector)  Genital protector  Gloves  Boxing shoes

If a male boxer’s hair needs to be secured; only soft and non- abrasive materials shall be used.

20 3.0 REGULATORY GUIDELINES FOR WEIGHT CLASSES, WEIGHT DIFFERENCES AND GLOVE WEIGHT. (Weight variance may vary by commission but as a general rule, the weight difference listed below are used by most ABC Commissions.)

Weight Weight Difference Glove Class Allowance Weight

Mini Flyweight up to and including not more than 3 pounds 8 oz. 105 pounds Light Flyweight over 105 to 108 not more than 3 pounds 8 oz. pounds Flyweight over 108 to 112 pounds not more than 3 pounds 8 oz. Super Flyweight over 112 to 115 not more than 3 pounds 8 oz. pounds Bantamweight over 115 to 118 not more than 3 pounds 8 oz. pounds Super Bantamweight over 118 to 122 not more than 4 pounds 8 oz. pounds Featherweight over 122 to 126 not more than 4 pounds 8 oz. pounds Super Featherweight over 126 to not more than 4 pounds 8 oz. 130 pounds Lightweight over 130 to 135 pounds not more than 5 pounds 8 oz. Super Lightweight over 135 to 140 not more than 5 pounds 8 oz. pounds Welterweight over 140 to 147 not more than 7 pounds 8 oz. pounds Super Welterweight over 147 to 154 not more than 7 pounds 10 oz. pounds Middleweight over 154 to 160 not more than 7 pounds 10 oz. pounds Super Middleweight over 160 to 168 not more than 7 pounds 10 oz. pounds Light Heavyweight over 168 to 175 not more than 7 pounds 10 oz. pounds Cruiserweight over 175 to 200 not more than 12 pounds 10 oz. pounds Heavyweight over 200 pounds No limit 10 oz.

4.0 WEIGHT LOSS

Weight loss as determined by the local Commission to be detrimental to the health and safety of the boxer will not be allowed.

Note: Physicians have made it clear that rapid weight loss promotes brain injury.

21 5.0 GLOVES

All gloves must be approved by the commission.

All gloves must be thumb attached.

Contestants in all weights up to and including the welterweight class 147 pounds) shall wear no less than eight-ounce gloves. In heavier classes, contestants shall wear no less than ten-ounce gloves.

There are a few ABC Commissions who have lowered the use of a 10 oz. glove to 135 LBS. Contact the local commission for verification of glove sizes that are allowed by weight class.

When two contestants differ in weight classes, the contestants shall wear the gloves required for the higher weight classification.

In all bouts the brand name and color of the gloves shall appear on the Boxer Contract. If it does not, the commission is the final authority on all glove matters.

Gloves for all main events shall be new. No breaking, skinning, roughing or twisting of gloves shall be permitted.

6.0 BANDAGES

The use of water or any liquid or material on any part of the handwrap is strictly prohibited.

Bandages shall be adjusted in the dressing room in the presence of a commission representative and both contestants. All bandages are to be signed off by a commission representative. Either contestant may waive his privilege of witnessing the bandaging of his opponent's hands.

NOTE: Seconds should always be in the opponent’s corner during wrapping. However, it is not mandatory.

6.1 REGULATORY BANDAGES

Bandages shall not exceed the following restrictions:

One winding of surgeon's adhesive tape, not over one and one-half inches wide, placed directly on the hand to protect that part of the hand near the wrist. Said tape may cross the back of the hand twice but shall not extend within one inch of the knuckles when hand is clenched to make a fist.

Contestants shall use soft surgical bandage not over two inches wide, held in place by not more than thirty (30) feet of surgeon's adhesive tape for each hand. One twenty (20) yard roll of bandage shall complete the wrappings for each hand.

22 7. LENGTH OF THE BOUT AND DURATION OF ROUNDS

Each round shall be of three (3) minutes duration with a one (1) minute rest period after Round 1 and for every other round with the exception of the last round.

8. SOLE ARBITER

The Referee is the sole arbiter and is the only individual authorized to:

 interpret rules and situations  determine if a blow was legal or a foul and if a foul, if it was Intentional or Accidental  declare that an Accidental Injury has occurred  Either the Referee or the Ringside Physician may stop the bout

9. SECONDS (number of second may increase to 4 for a championship fight and maximum of 3 for a non-title bout)

There can be no more than four (4) seconds working in each corner. There shall be a minimum of 2 seconds per contestant.

Only one (1) second can work the corner inside of the ring, two outside of the ring and one on the floor in the corner during the one (1) minute rest period.

Excessive coaching from the corner and or excessive use of water is prohibited. (Commission Inspectors should be monitoring this and if you as a Referee have an issue, notify the Commission representative.

All seconds will be under the direct supervision of the corner Inspector. Any second who conducts himself or herself in an unruly manner will be removed from the corner. 23

A violation of the rules or unsportsmanlike tactics as determined by the Referee may also result in administrative discipline to include a fine, suspension and or a withholding of pay.

A boxer may lose point(s) due to the misconduct of his or her’s second(s).

9.1 CHIEF SECOND

One of the seconds will be deemed the Chief Second. This Chief Second is responsible for all activities in the corner during the bout.

If the corner wants the bout stopped in a world or regional championship bout the Chief Second will notify the Inspector.

If the corner wants the bout stopped in a non-championship bout, only the Chief Second is authorized to inform the Referee through the Inspector that he or she wants the bout stopped.

10. CORNER STOPPING THE BOUT

It is strongly recommended that if a Chief Second wants to stop the bout, he or she is to inform the Inspector who will in turn inform the Referee. Entering the ring during a count or the bout and interfering will subject the corner’s boxer to a loss by DISQUALIFICATION.

It is recommended that no one throws anything into the ring. If the Chief Second wants the bout stopped and the Referee is not stopping it, simply inform the Inspector.

11. MANDATORY EIGHT (8) COUNT

The Referee will administer mandatory eight (8) count after all legal knockdowns.

At his or her discretion, the Referee may terminate the count if the boxer is in need of medical attention.

12. MOUTHPIECE

The primary protection that is given by a form fitted and properly set mouthpiece is that it diminishes the impact of the blow and protects against cuts and broken bones.

The round cannot start without each boxer having their mouthpiece inside their mouth and properly set.

It is mandatory that a boxer has a form fitted mouthpiece inside their mouth, set and in place at all times during competition. It is strongly recommended that all boxers have two (2) form fitted mouthpieces available for use in each bout.

The round cannot begin without the mouthpiece being inside the boxer’s mouth and set in place. The mouthpiece must be inside the boxer’s mouth and properly set at all times during the bout. Try to develop a procedure to ensure that each boxer has their mouthpiece prior to the start of a round.

If the mouthpiece is dislodged during the bout, the Referee will wait until the first opportune moment, without interfering with the action, call time out and have the mouthpiece replaced.

At the discretion of the Referee, point(s) may be deducted or a DISQUALIFICATION rendered in the following situations:

 If the mouthpiece is not being properly kept inside of the boxer’s mouth  If the mouthpiece is purposely spit out  If the corner fails to have the boxer resume boxing with the mouthpiece in place, and or delays in replacing it after it has become dislodged

If the mouthpiece comes out during or concurrent with a knockdown and the Referee determines that a point deduction is warranted, indicate the deduction as you are having the mouthpiece returned to the boxer. Do not bring the boxer into the center of the ring solely to deduct a point.

Then, if the round goes to its natural conclusion, check with the Judges to assure that they deducted the point(s) as instructed when you are picking up the scorecards.

13. STANDING EIGHT (8) COUNT

There is NO Standing Eight (8) Count. (Referees must verify this with the Commission supervising the bout.)

14. LEGAL KNOCKDOWN

When a boxer is struck by a legal blow(s) and goes down, the Referee will command “Down!” and signal by pointing to the canvas.

A boxer is deemed downed if when struck by a legal blow(s):

 any part other than the soles of his feet touch the canvas  if he is hanging helplessly on the ropes  if only the ropes prevent him from being knocked down

The boxer is to be considered to still be in a downed position when rising from a knockdown.

15. THREE (3) KNOCKDOWN RULE

The three knockdown rule is NOT in effect in world championship bouts.

16. DOUBLE KNOCKDOWNS

If both boxers go down at the same time due to a legal blow, the Referee is to continue the count as long as one boxer is still down. If both boxers remain down until the count of ten (10), the bout must be stopped and the decision is a TECHNICAL DRAW.

17. BOXER KNOCKED THROUGH THE ROPES AND UNTO THE RING APRON

If as a result of a legal blow a boxer is knocked through the ropes and unto the ring apron, but not completely out of the ring, he or she shall receive a ten (10) second count. The boxer must return to a standing and ready position unassisted by anyone before the count elapses. If assisted by anyone, (and the action causes an unfair advantage over the opponent) the boxer shall lose by Disqualification.

The Referee is the sole authority in deciding if the boxer received assistance.

18. BOXER KNOCKED COMPLETELY OUT OF THE RING

If as a result of a legal blow a boxer is knocked completely out of the ring and unto the floor, the boxer shall receive a twenty (20) second count. The boxer must return to a standing and ready position unassisted by anyone before the count elapses. If assisted by anyone, (and the action causes an unfair advantage over the opponent) the boxer shall lose by Disqualification. In these cases there is a mandatory count of eighteen (18).

The Referee is the sole authority in deciding if the boxer received assistance.

19. BOXER KNOCKED THROUGH THE ROPES, UNTO THE RING APRON AND THEN FALLS COMPLETELY OUT OF THE RING

If as a result of a legal blow a boxer is knocked through the ropes and unto the ring apron and then during the count he falls completely out of the ring and unto the floor, the count shall change to a twenty- (20) second count. The boxer must return to a standing and ready position unassisted by anyone before the count elapses. If assisted by anyone, (and the action causes an unfair advantage over the opponent) the boxer shall lose by Disqualification. In these cases there is a mandatory count of eighteen (18).

The Referee is the sole authority in deciding if the boxer received assistance.

20. BOXER DOWN AGAIN WITHOUT RECIEIVNG ANOTHER BLOW

If as a result of a legal blow a boxer is knocked down and during the mandatory count, he goes down again without receiving another blow, the Referee should continue the count (unless the boxer is obviously hurt and needs immediate medical attention).

21. BOXER DOWN AFTER THE BELL

The round ends when the bell rings to end the round. 27

In the event that legal blows during the round negatively affect a boxer, and he or she goes down after the bell has sounded to end the round, the Referee will consider that the round is over and that the one (1) minute rest period has begun.

The Referee may then allow the boxer’s corner to assist him or her, and or summon the Ringside Physician to evaluate the boxer. If a boxer loses consciousness the bout must be stopped.

22. KNOCKDOWNS AT THE BELL

The bell to end the round should not be sounded by the Timekeeper during a count. In the event that a knockdown occurs at the end of the round and the bell rings, the Referee will disregard the sounding of the bell and continue his mandatory count.

The Timekeeper is to ring the bell after the count and the Referee’s evaluation. The boxers are to receive a full one-minute rest period immediately after these situations.

23. KNOCKDOWN GUIDELINES AND CONSIDERATIONS

24. WIPING OF GLOVES

Before a bout can resume after a boxer has been knocked down, fallen or slipped to the floor of the ring, the Referee shall wipe his gloves.

Prior to resuming the bout the Referee will assure that both boxers are properly separated and ready to continue before ordering the bout to resume.

25. SLIPS

If a boxer goes down and the Referee does not announce that it was a legal knockdown, the Referee will command “No Knockdown!” and signal by extending both hands and arms in front of his body at waist level and crisscrossing them.

26. BLOWS AT OR AFTER THE BELL

A blow that strikes a boxer concurrent with the sounding of the bell is deemed to be a legal blow.

A blow that strikes a boxer after the sounding of the bell is deemed to be a foul that the Referee must determine if it was Accidental or Intentional. The Referee must inform the Commission of his or her decision as soon as possible.

27. BLOWS AT OR AFTER THE COMMAND OF “BREAK!” “TIME! OR “STOP!”

A blow that strikes a boxer concurrent with any of these commands is deemed to be a legal blow.

A blow that strikes a boxer after any of these commands is deemed to be a foul that the Referee will determine if it was Accidental or Intentional. (Referees are to follow the same procedures as for ‘Blows at or after the Bell.)

28. SAVING BY THE BELL

A boxer who has been legally knocked down cannot be saved by the bell in any round. The Referee should ignore the sounding of the bell during a legal count.

29. TERMINATION OF A BOUT DUE TO A FAIR BLOW

If a boxer sustains an injury from a fair blow(s) and the injury is severe enough to immediately terminate the bout, the injured boxer will lose by TECHNICAL KNOCKOUT (TKO).

30. END OF THE ROUND ANNOUNCEMENT

The Timekeeper will signal the eminent end of every round when there are ten (10) seconds left in the round. Therefore, for interpretation of the Uniform rules, when the bell rings ending the fourth round, four rounds are complete and the provisions under the Accidental Foul Rules apply.

31. OFFICIAL END OF THE ROUND

The round ends when the bell sounds to end the round.

32. BEGINNING OF THE ROUND ANNOUNCEMENT

The Timekeeper will signal the eminent beginning of every round when there are ten (10) seconds left in the one- (1) minute rest period.

33. ACCIDENTAL INJURIES

A case of accidental injury is when someone or something other than an opponent injures a boxer.

The Referee must immediately declare that an Accidental Injury has occurred by notifying the Commission representative. In these cases the Referee will have the clock stopped and attend to the injury. The Referee in clear consultation with the Ringside Physician will determine the length of the stoppage. In these cases the five minute rule does NOT apply.

If after clear consultation with the Ringside Physician it is determined that the affected boxer is not badly hurt and his or her chances of winning are not seriously jeopardized, the bout may be allowed to continue. 32

When the Referee declares that an accidental injury has occurred the Four (4) Round Rule will be applied.

The Referee must consult with the Ringside Physician in all accidental injury cases. The Referee in conjunction with the Ringside Physician will determine the length of time needed to evaluate the affected boxer and his or her suitability to continue.

If the injured boxer is not adversely affected and their chance of winning has not been seriously jeopardized because of the injury, the bout may be allowed to continue after the time allotted by the Referee.

34. THE FOUR (4) ROUND RULE

The rule will apply to cases where a bout ends before its scheduled duration due to a foul, an accidental injury, or unforeseen circumstances.

The rule is applied after the completion of the Fourth (4) round.

In foul or injury cases, if the bout is allowed to continue after the issue has been addressed, but the foul or injury results in the bout being stopped in a latter round due to legal blows, the Four (4) Round Rule will apply.

35. INTENTIONAL FOUL

If the rule is applied and the bout goes to the scorecards:

After the Fourth (4th) round if the fouled boxer is ahead on the scorecards he or she will win by: TECHNICAL DECISION

Before the Fourth (4th) round if the fouled boxer is even or behind on the scorecards the result will be a: TECHNICAL DRAW

36. ACCIDENTAL FOUL

If the rule is applied and the bout goes to the scorecards:

After the Fourth (4th) round the boxer who is ahead on the scorecards will win by: TECHNICAL DECISION

Before the Fourth (4th) round ends it is a: NO DECISION

37. ACCIDENTAL INJURY

An Accidental Injury is when someone or something other than the boxer’s opponent injures a boxer. Only the Referee can determine if an Accidental Injury occurred.

If the rule is applied and the bout goes to the scorecards:

After the Fourth (4th) round the boxer who is ahead on the scorecards will win by: TECHNICAL DECISION

Before the Fourth (4th) round ends it is a: NO DECISION

38. FOULS

38.1 REFEREE ACTION ON FOULS

The Referee shall inform the Commission Representative as soon as possible of the following:

 The type of foul  If the foul was accidental or intentional  If point(s) will be deducted from the offending boxer  If the offending boxer will be disqualified  If the Five (5) minute rule will or will not be applied  If the Four (4) round rule will or will not be applied  If the bout will or will not continue

The Referee must declare if a blow was legal or a foul and if a foul, if it was Accidental or Intentional.

Deduction of point(s) for fouls will be done at the time of the infraction.

Decisions to employ the Five (5) minute rule, a temporary bout stoppage or the Four (4) Round rule are to be based initially on the rules that govern the bout and subsequently on the discretion of the Referee if the rules are unclear. The Referee may consult with the Ringside Physician if necessary.

In foul cases, the primary considerations are the safety of the boxer and the integrity of the bout. By the integrity of the bout I mean that the Referee is not to influence the bout whenever possible and the natural course of the bout is allowed to unfold so that the boxers decide the winner.

If an Intentional Foul causes an injury, and the injury is severe enough to immediately terminate the bout, the boxer causing the injury shall lose by DISQUALIFICATION.

Deduction of point(s) for Intentional Fouls is mandatory.

If an Intentional Foul causes an injury and the fouled boxer can continue, the Referee will deduct two (2) points from the boxer who committed the foul. 34

If an Intentional Foul does not cause injury and the fouled boxer can continue, the Referee will deduct one (1) point from the boxer who committed the foul.

39. FOULS OR UNSPORTSMANLIKE CONDUCT DURING THE ONE (1) MINUTE REST PERIOD

The one (1) minute rest period is not considered a part of the scoring portion of any round.

If a boxer fouls or acts in an unsportsmanlike manner during the one (1) minute rest period the Referee will admonish or disqualify the offending boxer depending on the severity of the offense.

The Chief Second is responsible for all corner activities. Any illegal activity may cause the Chief Second to be immediately removed from the corner from the entire event.

40. CONCUSSIVE HEAD IMPACT FOULS

The Referee must consult with the Ringside Physician in all cases involving concussive head impact fouls.

The Referee in conjunction with the Ringside Physician will determine the length of time needed to evaluate the affected boxer and his or her suitability to continue.

40.1 INTENTIONAL

If the Referee determines that a foul to the head was intentional, he will follow the Intentional Foul rule and guidelines considering that allowing the bout to continue may subject a boxer to a severe injury. If the affected boxer is not badly injured and their chance of winning has not been seriously jeopardized because of the foul, the bout may be allowed to continue. If the bout is allowed to continue, the offending boxer will be issued an official warning and have two (2) points deducted from his or her score in the round.

If the Referee determines that the affected boxer cannot continue, the offending boxer will lose by DISQUALIFICATION.

40.2 ACCIDENTAL

If the Referee determines that a foul to the head was accidental, he will follow the Accidental Foul rule and guidelines considering that allowing the bout to continue may subject a boxer to a severe injury. If the affected boxer is not badly injured and their chance of winning has not been seriously jeopardized because of the foul, the bout may be allowed to continue. In these cases the Four (4) Round rule will be applied.

42. THE FIVE (5) MINUTE RULE

The five (5) minute rule is ONLY applicable to low blow fouls.

In cases where another foul or an accidental injury occurs and there is a need to temporarily stop the bout, the length of time needed to evaluate the affected boxer will be determined by the Referee in clear consultation with the Ringside Physician.

43. LOW BLOW

43.1 INTENTIONAL

If the Referee determines that the low blow foul was intentional, he will follow the Intentional Foul guidelines. If the offended boxer is not badly injured and their chance of winning has not been seriously jeopardized because of the foul, the Five (5) Minute and Four (4) Round rules may be applied.

If the Referee determines that the boxer cannot continue, the offending boxer will lose by DISQUALIFICATION.

43.2 ACCIDENTAL

In cases where a boxer is hit with an accidental low blow and claims injury, the Referee, at his discretion, may apply the Five (5) Minute Rule. If the injured boxer cannot resume boxing before the recovery period ends, the injured boxer will lose the bout by TECHNICAL KNOCKOUT.

44. DISQUALIFICATION

A boxer will lose by DISQUALIFICATION when he or she has:

 fouled and caused harm to their opponent  continually refused to follow the rules  continually disobeyed the Referee

SCORING AREA

It is critical to understand what is considered as the scoring area. Knowing this will assist the Referee in determining if a blow is legal or if it was a foul. Only the Referee can determine if a blow was legal or a foul and if a foul, if it was Accidental or Intentional.

Fair blow in boxing

A fair blow in boxing is one delivered with the padded knuckle part of the glove on the front or side of the head or the front or side of the body above the belt.

For Judges: the blow has to have some force.

Illustration of the legal and foul areas

PRE BOUT RESPONSIBILITIES

Hopefully the Commission or Sanctioning Body gave appropriate rules instructions after the weigh in because by the time you get to the Dressing Room the boxers are ready to compete and the Dressing Room is no time or place to give long drawn out instructions. With that said, here are some critical things that everyone needs to know that you can quickly go over. Remember, you’re the one that’s in the ring and it makes no sense that you know what to do when, but the boxers don’t.

Dressing Room – Key issues to discuss

The Referee is to check the boxer’s appearance and equipment to determine if it is in conformance with the local Commission rules. Any deficiencies should be rectified immediately and prior to competition.

Remember to at least discuss the three most prominent fouls, headbutting, low blows and holding.

Again, in considering dressing room instructions, this is not a time to recite all of the rules. Take the opportunity to be brief and firm in discussing key issues such as:

1. Un-sportsmanlike conduct to include the three key fouls: Headbutting, Low Blow and Holding

Establish Control. Briefly go over fouls in general, but explicitly discuss the three most common fouls. Instill in the boxers a sense of respect for the event and that you demand that they follow the rules and your commands without exception.

2. Verbal Commands and Hand Signals

A strong sense of proper movement and positioning, verbal commands and hand signals, separate great Referees from the average ones. Establish your commands and signals in the Dressing Room.

Go over breaking or separating the boxers. Assure that the boxers separate themselves at your command without you having to touch them.

3. Knockdown procedures

As important as this is, the sport continues to have problems due to poor mechanics that lead to negative situations.

It means nothing to a boxer or the sport if the Referee thinks one thing and everyone else another. Everyone must be on the same page. You do not need to reinvent the wheel. Take a moment and tell the boxers what you will do in the event of a knockdown and what you expect of them. 38

Specifically explain to them exactly what they need to do if they suffer or score a knockdown.

Explain to the boxers what you expect from them if they go down during a count without being struck again by another blow.

Also explain to them what you will be looking for and what you want them to do if they suffer a knockdown.

Additionally, make it clear that they are not to strike an opponent when they are down, that they are to go to a neutral corner after scoring a knockdown and are not to leave until they are called out.

4. Temporary stops of action

Avoid temporary stops. If you have to stop the bout temporarily do it decisively and quickly. Explain to the boxers how you will do it and what you expect of them.

5. End of the round procedure

It is good practice to take advantage of the ten-second announcement towards the end of the round by getting in good position so that you will be centered to the boxers at the actual end of the round. Get in a centered position, call out “Time!” and concurrently announce the end of the round with a hand signal. Explain this to the boxers.

6. Mouthpiece procedure

The mouthpiece is a critical part of the boxer’s equipment. For instructional information on the benefits of a mouthpiece you may read: http://boxing.nv.gov/uploadedFiles/boxingnvgov/content/HotTopics/MouthG uardStudy.pdf http://www.secondsout.com/ringside/the-sopranos-and-ring-safety/the- boxers-mouthguard

The clock is to be stopped under the Uniform Rules of Boxing when a mouthpiece becomes dislodged and it is being returned to the boxer.

Explain to the boxers how you will handle these situations and the consequences of spitting out a mouthpiece. Make it a point to mention that if the mouthpiece becomes dislodged concurrent with a knockdown, it is your immediate decision to make whether the mouthpiece was spit out or it became dislodged because of natural bout action.

Verbal commands and hand signals

At times, it may be necessary for the Referee to call the attention of a boxer to an infringement of the rules without having to stop the bout. Stopping the bout should only be done when necessary and or when the rules clearly call for it.

If a Referee can advise the boxer, without stopping the bout, he or she should do so. However, calling out and or excessive stopping of the bout should be avoided. Always avoid multiple verbal commands. Firm, loud and concise verbal commands coupled with distinct hand signals are most advisable. Preferably, in the boxers own language. It is understood that this is not always possible.

The Referee should strive to give clear and concise commands that deal with the situation or foul. Short and succinct commands such as: “Time!”, “Break!”, “Stop Punching!”, etc. should be clearly explained during the Dressing Room instructions to the boxers, particularly if the boxers speak a language other than that spoken by the Referee.

Strive for clear and concise commands such as: “Johnson, low blow!” or “Gonzalez, holding!” Commands as these are the most effective.

Boxing is truly an international sport. If the boxers speak English and so do you, great. If one or both do not, then there could be a problem. This does not imply that to be effective with foreign boxers you must be able to speak their language fluently, but knowing a little of the language and being aware that there are certain language and cultural differences does help.

An undisputable fact is that in the United States, African and Latin American boxers dominate boxing. The challenge lies with the ever-increasing number of Latin boxers because there is often both a language and custom barrier. Following the sport of boxing closely and watching other Referees work are strong tools to overcome this barrier.

With this in mind, it is important to note that some of the same words mean different things to people from different Latin American countries. Attempt to learn the basic commands and differentiate them from Latin boxers.

For example, the command of ‘holding’ could be, ‘aguantar’, ‘sujetar’, ‘agarrar’ or ‘amarrar’. In addition, the command of ‘stop’ does not necessarily mean ‘alto’ as some English speaking Referees use. ‘Alto’ means ‘high’ in many Latin countries. There are many other similar situations.

The point is, be careful what words you use. If you are not fluent in the language, you may strongly consider detailing simple English commands in the Dressing Room and using them in the ring.

Basic hand signals

Here are some of the basic hand signals:

To begin the bout

The Referee will stand at center ring and point to the Timekeeper with an extended arm and hand.

Time out or Time In

The Referee will extend both arms slightly forward and make a “T” sign. This hand signal should always be done concurrently with the appropriate verbal command. Slip or No Knockdown

The Referee will extend both hands and arms in front of his body at waist level and crisscross them 2-3 times. This hand signal should always be done concurrently with a loud command of “NO KNOCKDOWN!”

Knockdown

The Referee will stand at a prudent distance to the downed boxer and point down to the canvas. This hand signal should always be done concurrently with a loud command of “DOWN!”

Terminating a bout

The Referee will extend one or both hands and arms above his head and in a sort of crisscross manner wave them.

The command of “BREAK” and separating boxers

Most boxers do not follow this command and many Referees misuse it. Most of the times that the command of “BREAK!” is given the boxers wait for the Referee to come in and break them. This is a clear-cut sign of poor refereeing and training of the boxers over the years (and poor Dressing Room instructions). Take this as a fact. Do not fight it.

To combat this a Referee should give proper Dressing Room instructions, exert his authority, and give clear verbal commands and hand signals while in good position during the bout.

The command “BREAK!” may be given when there is a clinch. As stated, this command is used incorrectly in many cases. Following this command, both boxers should stop boxing and move one step back before continuing. Again, many boxers do not do this consistently and if they do, they do so with some reluctance.

It is the Referee’s duty to assure that if he gives this command or orders the boxers to stop punching and separate themselves, they are to immediately follow his commands (and separate themselves without you touching them). On most occasions when boxers do not follow through immediately, the Referee is to blame for not previously instructing the boxers, exerting his or her authority, and or controlling the bout. That is a fact. Do not make excuses. Who else is going to control the bout but the Referee?

If you see a bout where the boxers are consistently, continually clinching, and the Referee more times than not physically breaks them without giving a verbal command, the Referee is not doing his job. This inaction by the Referee promotes a sloppy bout that could lead to fouling.

Yes, at times, you may have to use your hands to break them, but if you follow the guidelines above you will assure a cleaner smoother bout thus allowing you to gaze at the action and remain at a prudent distance outside. It will also help Judges decide who’s winning the bout.

Keep in mind that if the need to command “BREAK!” is necessary, as is the case in all-verbal commands, it should be done firmly and in a loud voice. Repetitive or multiple commands such as, ‘Break, Break, Break’, or ‘Break, Stop, Don’t punch’, etc. should be avoided. This at the very least gives the perception that the Referee is not in control and it does not promote control.

In essence, when used improperly, the command of “BREAK!” may paralyze or minimize action and thus destroy tactical variety in infighting.

Again quite possibly, a verbal command, without stopping the action, is more advisable and may more quickly achieve your objective.

Give them a chance to separate themselves BEFORE touching them.

As a rule, if the hands are free, there is no need to call out this command or separate the boxers in any way.

Avoid touching the boxers when separating them. Give them a strong command and MAKE THEM separate themselves. After separating the boxers never walk through them as this causes you to turn your back on one of the boxers.

Love them, respect them, but avoid touching them.

More on separating boxers:

BASIC SPANISH VERBAL COMMANDS

Boxing is truly an international sport. If the boxers speak English and so do you, use it to your advantage. It is when one or both do not that could pose a problem for the Referee. This does not imply that to be effective with foreign boxers a Referee must be able to speak their language fluently. But, knowing a little of the language and being aware that there are certain language and cultural differences does help.

The point is, be careful what words you use. If you are not fluent in the language, you may strongly consider detailing simple English commands in the Dressing Room and using them in the ring.

Here are some Spanish verbal commands with their phonetic pronunciation:

BREAK - Although universal, you may also get your message across by saying “FUERA!” (FOO-AY-RA) or “SALGA LIMPIO!” (SAL-GAH LEEM-PEE-OH) Most Spanish boxers will understand both of these commands.

HEADBUTT - If a headbutt occurred or there is a danger that a headbutt will occur you may say: “CABEZA!” (KA-BAY-SSAH) or “CUIDADO CON LA CABEZA!” (KWEE-DA-DOE KOHN LA KA-BAYSSAH)

PUNCH OUT OR LET HIM GO - “SUELTELO!” (SUE-EL-TAY-LO) or “DEJELO SALIR!” (DEH-HAY-LO SAH-LEER)

LOW BLOW - “GOLPE BAJO!” (GOL-PAY BAH-HOE) or “MAS ARRIBA!” (MAHS A- REE-BAH)

PUNCH BACK - The Referee is not a Second, but if you feel you have to, the best way is to say it is, “TIRE GOLPES!” (TEE-RAY GOL-PAYS) STOP PUNCHING - “NO TIRE!” (NO TEE-RAY) or “NO TIRE GOLPES!” (NO TEE- RAY GOL-PAYS)

STOP HOLDING - In Spanish the best command would be, “SUELTELO!” (SUE- EL-TAY-LO) This implies that the boxer is holding and that you want him to stop.

STOP - “PARE!” (PAH-RAY)

DON’T DO THAT - “NO HAGAS ESO!” (NO AGAS AYY-SO)

UPON ENTERING THE RING

At bout time, upon entering the ring the Referee will check:

 the ring once again to assure that it is safe to box in  to see if there are any foreign objects in the ring or on the apron  if there are any shortcomings, ensure that they are rectified immediately

Upon checking the ring, the Referee will stand in the neutral corner opposite the Timekeeper and not draw unnecessary attention to themselves.

The boxer’s dress and equipment

Once the boxers are inside the ring, the Referee will insure:

 whether the boxers’ dress conforms to the rules  whether they are wearing a cup protector and a form fitted mouthpiece  whether the gloves are in perfect condition, that the laces are tied and covered appropriately and that they are signed by a Commission Representative  whether the boxers have used excessive Vaseline or any illegal substance on their bodies  whether the Commission Representative, Physician(s), Judges, Inspectors, Supervisor, Timekeeper, and Knockdown Judge, are in their respective positions and are ready

The female boxer’s equipment

Besides the aforementioned equipment, female boxers should additionally be checked for:

 Breast protectors. Highly recommended. Not mandatory in some states.  Use of cosmetics. None should be allowed.  Materials used to secure their hair. Only soft materials are to be used to secure their hair.  Body shirt. Must wear a body shirt or blouse.

Once the Referee is confident that both the ring is in excellent condition, and that the boxers and officials are ready to begin, he or she will stand in their corner and wait for the announcement of the boxers. 45

Center ring instructions

Once the boxers have been announced, the Referee will greet them in the center of the ring and give them their final instructions. The boxers should be wearing only the bout attire. That is, no robes, hats, etc.

The center ring instructions should be brief, as the boxers have already been previously instructed. Confirm your authority.

In general, you may want to state the following key issues again:

 Protect yourself at all times  Obey my commands at all times  Separate yourselves when I order; Don’t force me to continue to touch or physically separate you  Establish the waistlines  Any bout specific concerns

Remember that long dramatic instructions serve no purpose and may create a circus like atmosphere.

The Referee will then motion the boxers to touch gloves and order them back into their respective corners. He or she will then assure that everyone is in place and that no one other than he or she and the boxers are inside the ring.

The Referee will then motion to the Timekeeper to sound the bell to begin the bout.

ONCE THE BELL RINGS

After the sound of the bell, the Referee will move around the boxers in such a manner that he can follow their movements while assure control of the bout.

In general, the Referee’s movements in the ring should be neutral, easy, and calm. The Referee should always strive for the right distance between himself and the two boxers. Try to be on your toes and use pivot steps. Establish your strong foot. This provides for a stronger stance and quicker movement. Avoid walking heel to toe.

Eccentric waving or swinging of the arms, bouncing, bending at the waist, clapping, touching or holding the ropes, chewing gum, frowning, or the like, should always be avoided. Simply put, act professionally. Few fans go to an event to see the Referee.

At the end of each round, the Referee will move to his or her corner. From there, he or she will observe all activities of the boxers and their Seconds. He or she will also look in the direction of the bout officials in case they may wish to call attention to the existence of faulty equipment or to provide other information.

Movement and positioning

Basically, the Referee should strive for the right distance between him or herself and the boxers while remaining attentive to the action, neutral and calm.

The Referee should move in a direction opposite to that of the boxers. It is said that the greater distance affords a better view of the boxers. However, the Referee should stay at a reasonable distance to the boxers so that he or she will be at hand should a dangerous situation arise. Mastering these mechanics distinguishes a great Referee from an average one.

Shortening the distance

Experience and instinct will give you the sense of knowing when to move in closer and when to stay at a prudent distance.

There is no set rule, but there are some situations where a Referee should shorten his distance to the boxers. One is the case where you have a tough bout involving two hard punchers and they are infighting.

Another case is when the boxers are boxing close to the ropes or a corner and there is a possibility that they may get into a clinch. Referees should be alert to their exact position so as not to interfere with or be trapped between the ropes and the boxers.

Generally, the Referee should shorten his distance in the following cases:

 During a difficult and tough bout  When boxers are moving towards or fighting on the ropes  When the boxers mainly resort to infighting  When the fighting ability of one of the boxers is in doubt and a stoppage may be eminent  When there is a good deal of noise and his verbal commands may not be easily heard  At the sound of the Timekeeper signaling that ten seconds are left in the round 47

The Open or Dominant side

When one of the boxers is a southpaw, the Referee may find it harder to move in the ring. Here again, the Referee should observe the principle of moving in a direction opposite to that of the boxers.

The principal requirement, however, is that the Referee should be facing the inner or dominant side of the boxers and not be moving behind them. This position will allow the Referee to see both landing blows and their effect. Being behind the boxers will force the Referee to quicken his steps and will not allow for a good gaze of the action.

The Referee should not place himself in a disadvantage by trying to remain on the open side when close to the corners of the ring. Doing so could cause erratic movement or positioning and bout interference.

If you do not follow these guidelines, you will miss something that could adversely affect the course or result of the bout.

Once you become cognizant of this principle and you employ it consistently with your movement, you are one more step ahead of the game. (See the diagram above.) This is the ideal position for the Referee. It provides the best and widest view of the action. Being on the opposite side gives the Referee a blocked or distorted view of the action.

When considering which side to position himself when both boxers are of the same stance, the Referee should strive to position himself on the open or dominant side of the boxer who appears the most fatigued or hurt.

One-minute rest period

This is a very important part of the bout for both the boxer and his Seconds. They are entitled to a full one-minute rest period after Rounds 1 to 11. Do not allow anyone to interrupt the Seconds while they are working on their boxers during this time.

At the end of each round, the Referee will collect the scorecards and turn them in to the appropriate bout official as soon as possible. Then he will take full advantage of the one-minute rest period to evaluate the boxers’ condition, rest, tidy up, and collect his thoughts.

During the one-minute rest period, the Referee will observe all of the activities of the boxers and their Seconds. The Referee may also look in the direction of the other bout officials in case they may wish to call to his attention the existence of faulty equipment or to provide other information to him.

FOULS

Concussive head impact fouls

In cases where a boxer is fouled it is important to the integrity of the sport that the bout resumes as soon as possible whenever possible.

With this said, in cases involving a concussive head impact, allowing the injured boxer to “recover” and then resume boxing may subject the injured boxer to being knocked out twice in the same bout. This is not advisable. Exercise sound judgment and consult with the Ringside Physician.

Consider that the five (5) minute rule only applies to low blow fouls. The length of the stoppage for other fouls, including concussive head fouls is at the discretion of the Referee in clear consultation with the Ringside Physician.

In cases involving a concussive head impact foul, the Referee must have a CLEAR consultation with the Ringside Physician regarding the state of the boxer’s health.

Outline of common fouls

There are many fouls in boxing. The Referee should be alert to any unorthodox action that could lead to an injury or foul. Take charge of the bout and caution appropriately.

There are three obvious fouls. They are Headbutting, Holding, and the Low Blow.

1. HEADBUTTING

First, you must understand that a headbutt is one thing and an improper use of the head is another. The latter, although difficult at times to classify as a foul, will definitely lead to a headbutt.

A headbutt itself is a very serious foul that often produces a cut and or a damaging head blow. Some boxers master this technique and at times, it will go unchallenged by the Referee. Learn what you are looking for.

The headbutt occurs when the head is brought forward beyond the leading foot and the gloves. The head then swings side to side or up and down without the gloves being in front and it strikes the opponent.

Illegal use of the head

Unconventional moving of the head is what usually leads to a headbutt. Look for the head going in front of the lead foot and being moved up and down and or side to side without the gloves being in front. This dangerous move should be considered illegal.

Be clear when declaring a headbutt. Be specific if it was Accidental or Intentional.

Depending on the severity of the impact and the damage it caused, the Referee will instruct the Judges to deduct point(s) from the offending boxer at his discretion if he feels that the action was intentional. At his discretion and depending upon the exact situation, the Referee may disqualify the offending boxer.

The Referee will also take appropriate action if the hurt boxer cannot continue at that moment or later on during the bout.

Referees are strongly advised to review this rule closely and follow the exact procedure to assure that not only the bout officials know their decision, but that no boxer gains an unfair advantage.

Suitable hand signal: Tap the top of your head with your hand and mimic the head movement.

Accidental headbutt mechanics when there may be an injury

1. Secure a safe distance and assume a centered position to the boxers. 2. Command in a loud firm voice, “Time!” 3. Assure that the boxers are completely apart. 4. Call out “Accidental Headbutt!” and give an appropriate hand signal.  Examine both boxers quickly and take appropriate action to include notifying the Commission Representative. 5. If the fouled boxer needs medical attention or examination, summon the Ringside Physician while ushering the other boxer to the furthest neutral corner. 6. Caution both boxers for headbutts. 7. Call time back in. 8. Have boxing resume immediately.

It is not necessary to always call time for accidental headbutts without injury.

2. LOW BLOW - HITTING BELOW THE BELT

As one of the three most noticeable fouls, Referees should pay close attention to it.

Many times inexperienced television commentators will establish a waistline for the viewer that may not be accurate. It is incumbent upon the Referee to establish the waistline clearly and make note of it throughout the bout when the trunks may be either readjusted or purposely moved in an attempt to gain an advantage.

Also important to note is that it is not just a low blow when a boxer is struck in the groin, that is an easy one to distinguish. It is also a foul when the boxer is struck just to the immediate side and on the hips below the waistline.

It is critical to know that the waistline is defined as the imaginary horizontal line through the navel to the top of the hips. This is so regardless of where the boxer places his trunks and or protector cup. The Referee should firmly establish the waistline at center ring in his final instructions.

The rules state that the bout cannot end because of an accidental low blow because it is deemed that the foul protector cup is sufficient to withstand any blow. This is correct, but nevertheless this is a very debilitating blow should be admonished and at times penalized. The sound judgment of the Referee is paramount.

Any blow that lands below the established waistline is a foul.

A Referee should watch for blows that are parried and land below the belt. This is not a foul. Referees will also watch for boxers who may turn or move suddenly causing the opponent’s blow to land low. This is not a foul either.

The rule also states that a boxer that is hurt by a low blow will have up to five (5) minutes to recover. If the boxer does not resume boxing after this time period, he will lose the bout by TKO. An exception to this rule is an intentional low blow foul.

In low blow instances, where there is a temporary stop in the action, it is advisable for the Referee to discreetly encourage the hurt boxer to resume boxing as soon as possible. A full five (5) minute stop in the action will stymie the natural flow of the bout and quite possibly affect its natural outcome. However, one should keep in mind that the boxer is entitled to the full five (5) minute recovery period (when the Referee calls it) according to the rules if he or she needs it.

In most low blow instances, the Referee may not need to temporarily stop the bout. Initially, caution the offending boxer and try to resume boxing as soon as possible.

If the Referee needs more time, then follow the low blow mechanics outlined below. Again, have boxing resume as soon as possible.

It is not necessary to always call time for low blows.

Suitable hand signal: Point to the area where the blow landed, then, with your hand palm up, move it upward.

Low Blow Mechanics in cases where a boxer may be injured

1. Secure a safe distance and assume a centered position to the boxers. 2. Command in a loud firm voice, “Time!” 3. Assure that the boxers are completely apart. 4. Stand in front of the offending boxer, without turning your back on the other boxer, and advise him or her of the foul.  Evaluate the hurt boxer and clearly advise him or her that he needs to continue within no more than five minutes or he or she will lose by TKO (for accidental fouls). Discreetly encourage him or her to continue as soon as possible.  Assure that the offending boxer understood the admonishment and that both are separated and ready to continue. 5. Advise the offending boxer again verbally (quickly) to pick up his or her punches. 6. If the boxer goes down, wipe his or her gloves before resuming. 7. Call time back in. 8. Have boxing resume immediately.

3. HOLDING

Pay attention. Tying up is not necessarily holding.

Some boxers work on using this illegal tactic. Holding is one of the most obvious poor tactics in the sport of boxing. It not only infuriates the fans, but it negates action during the bout. Therefore, it should be addressed accordingly.

This foul occurs in various forms. A boxer may hold his or her opponent’s arms, hands, body, or shoulders with either of his or her hands or arms.

At times, the holding boxer is not to blame as when one boxer pushes or leans on his opponent and the latter loses balance and holds on. 53

It should be noted that when one of the boxers pushes his arms underneath the arms of his or her opponent, does not withdraw them, and his or her opponent then delivers blows, the Referee should not interrupt this counter attack, but rather admonish the boxer pushing his or her arms underneath.

Suitable hand signal: Mimic the type of holding, clenching or wrestling.

The following is a review of other fouls:

4. BLOW ON THE BACK OF THE HEAD

This is an extremely dangerous foul. It may occur because of a boxer moving irregularly or when hooks are delivered. The blow then tends to land on the back of the neck more frequently.

The blow may also be given as a ‘tap’ for intimidation purposes. This should also be considered as a foul and poor sportsmanship and must be dealt with accordingly.

If a boxer delivers a blow and his opponent turns at the last moment, the boxer delivering the blow should not be penalized. If this occurs the proper referee action is to call this situation an Accidental Foul.

Boxers with poor technique also usually deliver these blows. Referees should also keep an eye for these blows when the boxers are of a different stance.

Referees should strive to prevent boxers from moving and or positioning themselves in such a manner that is inconsistent with boxing and places them in a situation where they can be struck in the back of the head.

Suitable hand signal: With your hand, tap the back of your head. 54

5. HITTING ON THE BACK

This is commonly referred to as a kidney punch. It is very harmful. Referees should be aware that at times the blow lands on the back and hurts a boxer by his own movement, i.e. the boxer twisting or turning his body suddenly and then being struck by a blow.

A Referee should watch for blows that are parried and land on the back. This is not a foul. Referees will also watch for boxers who may turn or move suddenly causing the opponent’s blow to land on the back. This is not a foul either.

Suitable hand signal: With your hand, tap the part of the back that was hit.

6. HITTING THE OPPONENT AT THE COMMAND OF BREAK, TIME, OR AT THE SOUND OF THE BELL

It is important to move closer to the boxers when you are about to call Time, Break, or at the end of the round. An immediate verbal command and your presence may prevent a late hit.

Again, secure a safe distance, get in a good centered position to the boxers, and importantly, leave fear at home.

The Referee should make a habit of consistently being in good position at the sound of the bell to end the round. Good positioning will start at the sound of the hammer signaling that there are ten seconds left in the round. Make it a habit to call out “Time!” at the end of each round and accompany this command with a hand signal.

If the Referee is in good position and there is action after the bell, both his verbal command and hand signal will promote a cease to the action. In addition, your positioning and actions will be clearly seen on videotape in case there is a controversy.

It is important for the Referee to inform the boxers in the Dressing Room of exactly what he will do in these situations and most importantly, what is expected of them.

Suitable hand signal: Strike an open hand with a closed fist. If at the bell, explain.

7. HITTING AN OPPONENT WHILE HE IS DOWN

This serious harmful foul usually occurs when an opponent is already hurt. The Referee should be aware that most times this blow comes as part of a combination of blows. Nevertheless, it is still a foul and should be immediately addressed as it may call for a deduction of points or disqualification.

In this situation, the Referee will declare the legal knockdown (if it was), immediately call “Time!” and signal to the Timekeeper to start the clock for five (5) minutes. The Referee will then notify the Commission Representative that a foul has occurred and what he or she intends to do.

Suitable hand signal: With your index finger point to the ground and strike an open hand with your fist.

8. TREADING ON THE TOES

Although not as common as other fouls, this is a foul that can lead to an injury and it should be admonished. This usually occurs in infighting and many times, it is flagrant. Referees should also keep an eye for this mishap when the boxers are of a different stance.

Suitable hand signal: With your index finger point to your feet and step one foot with the other.

9. STRIKING WITH THE KNEE

Suitable hand signal: Touch the knee and mimic the violation.

10. HITTING/PRESSING WITH THE ELBOW OR FOREARM

Suitable hand signal: With your hand, tap the elbow or forearm and move it forward slightly.

11. PULLING - HOLDING AND HITTING

Suitable hand signal: Mimic the exact method of pulling/holding with one hand and strike an open hand with a closed fist. 58

12. ATTACKING WHILE HOLDING UNTO THE ROPES OR USING THE ROPES TO BOUNCE FROM

Boxers are allowed to use the ropes to move themselves from side to side and to slightly recline. However, using the ropes to bounce from or holding the ropes and hitting your opponent are clearly fouls that should be admonished.

Suitable hand signal: Tap the ropes and mimic the violation.

13. USING AN OPEN GLOVE TO COVER OR RUB THE FACE

Suitable hand signal: Extend an arm, open your hand, and mimic the violation.

14. HITTING WITH AN OPEN OR BACK SIDE OF THE GLOVE

Suitable hand signal: Tap the open or backside of the glove and mimic the violation.

15. HITTING AN OPPONENT WHILE HE IS STUCK BETWEEN THE ROPES

The boxers are responsible for their movements. Keep them from tangling themselves up in the rope. If as a result of natural fight action the boxers become entangled in the rope, temporarily stop the bout. The Referee has to move in closer when the boxers are getting to or are boxing near or at the ropes. Prevent an accident!

Suitable hand signal: Mimic the violation.

16. USE OF THE THUMB PORTION OR SIDE OF THE GLOVE

Suitable hand signal: Mimic the violation.

17. CROUCHING BELOW THE WAIST AND REMAINING THERE IN A MANNER NOT CONSISTENT WITH BOXING, OR WHILE STILL THROWING PUNCHES

The Referee should watch for boxer movement and positioning that is not consistent with proper boxing. The key is to watch for movement and positioning that is a clear concerted attempt to score points. This is not illegal. However, simply crouching and not doing anything should be admonished as it could lead to a foul.

Suitable hand signal: Mimic the violation.

18. BITING AN OPPONENT

One bite and you’re out!

Suitable hand signal: Mimic the violation.

These illustrations cover most of the most common fouls. As we know, other actions could be considered as fouls in boxing. Some are, assaulting the Referee, pushing or shoving, purposely spitting out the mouthpiece, cursing, etc.

Accidental fouls

The Referee must immediately declare that an Accidental Foul occurred. He will call time out and summon the Ringside Physician (if the boxer is in need of medical attention.)

If the fouled boxer cannot continue, the four (4) Round rule applies. If four (4) rounds have been completed, you then go to the scorecards to determine the winner. If four (4) rounds have not been completed it is a No Decision.

Intentional fouls

The Referee must immediately declare that an Intentional Foul occurred. He will call time out and summon the Ringside Physician (if the boxer is in need of medical attention.)

Intentional fouls that cause injury require a mandatory two (2)-point deduction.

Intentional fouls that do not cause injury may require a one (1)- point deduction.

If a boxer is intentionally fouled and becomes injured to the point that he or she cannot continue, the offending boxer will lose by Disqualification.

If a boxer intentionally fouls an opponent and the bout is allowed to continue and later in the bout fair blows aggravate the injury and the bout must be stopped, the four (4) round rule applies. You then go to the scorecards to determine the winner. If the injured boxer is ahead, he or she wins by Technical Decision. If he or she is behind, it is a Technical Draw.

In cases where the bout is stopped and the Four (4) Round rule applies, Judges will score the partial round even if the score is 10- 10.

41. SELF-INJURY

If a boxer injures himself while attempting to intentionally foul his opponent or by performing an unorthodox move, the Referee will not take any action in their favor, and the injury will be considered the same as one produced by a fair blow.

If the injured boxer cannot resume boxing when ordered to do so by the Referee, he or she will lose the bout by TECHNICAL KNOCKOUT.

In cases of Self-Injury, neither the Four (4) Round nor Five (5) Minute Rules apply.

42. SUSPENSION OF THE BOUT FOR UNFORSEEN REASONS

If a bout has to be suspended for any reason other than the actions of the boxers, the Referee will have the clock stopped and attend to the issue. 62

The Referee and the Commission Representative shall decide the length of time allotted to address the issue.

ALL reasonable efforts shall be made to resume the bout as soon as possible. It is expected that the responsible party or parties make a true effort to resolve the issue.

If all reasonable efforts are made and the bout cannot resume, the Four (4) round rule will be applied.

If the bout is unexpectedly stopped under suspicious circumstances all or part of the following actions may take place:

 if a boxer and or their corner is involved, the offending boxer may be DISQUALIFIED  the boxers’ purses may be withheld until a formal hearing takes place  any boxer may be monetarily fined and or administratively disciplined  the matter may be referred to the appropriate law enforcement agency

If the rule is applied and the bout goes to the scorecards:

After the Fourth (4th) round the boxer who is ahead on the scorecards will win by: TECHNICAL DECISION

Before the Fourth (4th) round ends it is a: NO DECISION

42. USE OF VASELINE/LINIMENTS

The discretionary use of Vaseline around the eyes and lightly about the face is permissible. However, its use on other body parts is prohibited.

The use of liniments and or greased muscle pain relievers is also prohibited.

43. CONSUMABLES DURING THE BOUT

Unless local commission rules state otherwise, boxers may only consume pure water during the bout. The use of banned substances is grounds for DISQUALIFICATION and administrative disciplinary action.

WHEN IS IT OK TO STOP A BOUT?

When to stop or not stop a bout is the most difficult and critical decision a Referee has to make in the ring. If done too fast the event is damaged completely. If done too slow the boxer could become seriously injured or die.

Only good judgment and ring experience can help a Referee to answer this question.

Look for the “window”.

The ‘window’ is that exact moment in time where it is not too early and not too late to stop the bout. This is the most critical moment for the Referee and it is his best opportunity to demonstrate his good judgment.

MOST SERIOUS CUTS

When it comes to cuts, generally, there is no set rule as to when the bout should be stopped due to cuts, lacerations, or swellings. Generally, cuts don’t cause bouts to be stopped, it is the bleeding and blinding of the boxer that is of the utmost concern as they may not properly protect themselves.

Give an opportunity for the Cutman to do their job. Great Cutman work miracles!

Obviously, if the boxer cannot see out of one or both eyes, or if the cut is very deep the bout should be stopped. Likewise, any heavy bleeding or swelling that interferes severely with the boxer’s performance should also prompt a bout stoppage. Consideration should also be given to boxers who are cut, losing all or most of the rounds and taking head blows.

All of these situations are potentially dangerous to the health and career of the boxer.

Cuts located in certain areas of the face or head are more dangerous than others are. Some of these are:

1. Inside the corner of the eye. It may cause permanent damage to the tear ducts and can cause dry eye and frequent infections.

2. Below the brow, in the crease of the eye or on the part of the lid that covers the eyeball.

3. Below the eye (lower lid) close to the eyelashes. These are very difficult to repair.

4. Deep cuts above the eyebrow, especially if they are deep as it can affect the boxer’s ability to lift the eyebrow. These could cause permanent disfigurement.

5. Cuts on the tongue or on the inside of the lip. These tend to bleed profusely. 64

6. Vermillion border (the line between the lip and the face. These are very difficult to correct with stitches. It can also cause scarring making it difficult for the boxer to close his mouth properly.

Approved medicine for cuts

Adrenaline (epinephrine) - Used in a concentration of 1:1000; Safe when used topically; Natural chemical that will be absorbed in the open skin and decrease blood flow.

Avitene - Microfibullar Collagen Hemostat; In contact with bleeding surface, will cause platelets to adhere and form quick clot. Thrombin - Protein that forms clot with fibrinogen.

For additional information on cuts: http://www.secondsout.com/ringside/the-sopranos-and-ring-safety/cuts- to-stop-or-not-part-i

RECOMMENDED REFEREE ACTIONS, BASIC MECHANICS AND SAFETY INFORMATION

The Referee is to check the boxer’s appearance and equipment to determine if it is in conformance with local Commission rules and the ABC guidelines.

Any deficiencies should be rectified immediately and prior to competition.

It is strongly recommended that instructions are given in the dressing room before the bout. This will be followed up by a brief instruction at center ring just prior to the first bell.

REFEREE MECHANICS

Legal knockdown

A boxer is deemed downed if when struck by a legal blow(s) any part other than the soles of his feet touch the canvas. He may also be considered down if he is hanging helplessly on the ropes because of a legal blow(s); or, if when struck by a legal blow(s) only the ropes prevented him from being knocked down.

Pay particularly close attention to a boxer who is on the ropes taking punches. There is no standing eight count, but as previously stated. ‘…if he is hanging helplessly on the ropes’… or if …’only the ropes hold him up after receiving a blow(s)’…, it is a legitimate knockdown.

Be alert and aware that these are the rules. They are there for safety and to assist in determining a winner.

If the Referee decides to rule a knockdown when the boxer is either hanging on the ropes or was struck and only the ropes held him up, he must be absolutely sure that the rule applies to the situation exactly.

Counting the downed boxer

It is mandatory to administer an eight (8) count when a boxer is legally knocked down.

If you initiate a count, complete the count unless the boxer needs immediate medical attention. Give the boxer a chance to recuperate and give yourself a chance to fully evaluate him. Again, that is unless it is obvious that the boxer needs immediate medical attention.

If a boxer is punched out of the ring, he has no more than twenty (20) seconds to return to the ring and demonstrate that he is ready to resume boxing. The boxer must do this unassisted by anyone.

In the case where a boxer is struck by a legal blow, he falls unto the apron, and then during your count he falls to the floor, the Referee’s count is to twenty (20), not the standard ten (10). Again, the boxer must return to the ring unassisted by anyone.

Stopping the count

There are two reasons why a Referee may have to stop his count. They are:

1. When the Boxer is out and you immediately stop the count and call for the Ringside Physician. 66

2. If the standing Boxer comes out of the neutral corner during the count. The Referee will then stop the count, order the Boxer back to the corner, and not resume the count until he goes back to the corner and remains there.

Serious knockdowns

The Referee should pay close attention to all knockdowns. There are some situations that he should pay closer attention to. They are:

 The boxer goes down hard and hits the back of his head on the canvas. Striking the canvas greatly increases the risk of injury.  Boxers do not have much recourse to protect themselves in these cases.  The boxer goes down face first. This clear unnatural reaction demonstrates a complete loss of muscle control. When a boxer goes down like this, most likely the bout is over.  When the boxer’s neck strikes the bottom or middle ropes as he is falling back. This is also a very serious situation.  The boxer goes down and then during your count he goes down again without receiving another blow.

Double knockdowns

If both boxers go down at the same time due to legal a blow, the Referee must continue the count as long as one boxer is still down. If both boxers remain down until the count of ten (10), the bout must be stopped and the decision is a Technical Draw.

EVALUATING THE DOWNED BOXER

Although there is no descript way to teach someone to do this, there are tell- tale signs that can help a Referee make his critical decision. They are:

 Strong fatigue  Change of skin color  Open mouth with poor heavy breathing  Unbalanced stance or gait  Lack of muscle control  Dazed look  Disorientation  Nausea or vomiting  Claims of strong head or earache  Pupillary changes  Bad cuts, lacerations or swellings

The count is a 10 count, no more and no less. Recent tendencies upon reaching the count of 8 or 9 are to talk to the downed boxer and have him walk to you. These actions make the count go well over 10 seconds. This variation from Referee to Referee and many times, from count to count, may give a boxer an unfair advantage over his opponent. Asking the downed boxer if he would like to continue and having him take a step or two towards you is surely acceptable. However, spending a longer period of time is not advisable.

A well-schooled and experienced Referee is able to evaluate the boxer within the time frame that the rules dictate.

The rules specify that the bell cannot save the fighter in ANY round.

TECHNICAL KNOCKOUT

The Referee will stop a bout by Technical Knockout when:

 A boxer is being outclassed  A boxer is receiving excessive punishment  When a boxer is unable to continue due to an injury or simply does not want to continue  When the corner stops the bout  When the Ringside Physician recommends that the bout be stopped (You are the ultimate decision maker)

If a TKO instance occurs, the Referee will go to the boxer, remove his mouthpiece and escort him to his corner. If it is necessary, he should notify the Ringside Physician and request that he or she examine the boxer. The Referee should then notify the Commission Representative and Supervisor of his decision.

KNOCKOUT

Fans love the knockout. Referees should fear it. One solid blow or a combination of blows can leave you with a fallen boxer. Fallen for good. Then your career will forever change. If you do not think so, ask any Referee who has had a boxer die in the ring. Boxing is serious business, period. Do your job and do it well all of the time. The consequences could be horrifying.

The Referee will stop a bout by Knockout (KO) when a boxer has been left defenseless by a hard blow(s) even though he may not have become unconscious and you reach the count of 10 (TEN).

If a KO instance occurs, the Referee will immediately summon the Ringside Physician to examine the boxer. He will stay with the boxer until he is under the care of the Physician. At the request of the

Physician, he may stay and assist him or her. However, if the Referee is no longer needed, he will remove himself and immediately notify the Commission Representative and Supervisor of his decision. He may then collect the scorecards. He will then move to his corner and await the official announcement of the bout.

It is important to note that reaching the count of 10 or not is not indicative of the length of time a boxer may be suspended. Communication with the Ringside Physician at this critical point is vital to the safety and future well-being of the boxer.

HANDLING A KNOCKED OUT BOXER

A beaten boxer should be immediately attended to. The joy of one boxer and the magnitude of an event should not overshadow the physical condition of his beaten opponent. Don’t leave or even as much as turn your back on a beaten boxer.

Demonstrating compassion to the beaten boxer is mandatory. Never leave a beaten boxer to tend to himself. Escort him back to his corner and remove his mouthpiece whenever possible.

With this said, do not overdo it. Avoid excesses. The goal is to treat a beaten boxer with respect, not to try to steal a moment for the camera. Referees look quite ridiculous doing this.

KNOCKDOWN MECHANICS

1. Command “Down!” while pointing with your index finger to the canvass. 2. Motion the scoring boxer to the furthest neutral corner. 3. Pick up the count from the Timekeeper/Knockdown Judge.

Position yourself so that you can focus on the downed boxer, the other boxer, and the Timekeeper/Knockdown Judge.

4. Count aloud and succinctly while gesticulating with your hands the numbers of the count.

While counting, concentrate on the downed boxer and look for signs of weakness such as position of the eyes, glassy stare, dilation of pupils, lack of steady equilibrium, bad cuts or bleeding, etc.

Do not over concentrate on the scoring boxer in the neutral corner unless he or she exits the corner and forces you to stop the count.

Use both hands when counting six through ten.

Position your hands in line with the boxer’s eyes. Do not fan, wave, etc. your hands. 69

Do not demonstrate excessive emotion. In other words, do not over dramatize the knockdown.

5. At the count of eight or nine, ask the downed boxer if he or she can continue and have him take one step towards you.

Don’t be so close to the boxer. Be at about one arm’s length from him. Don’t touch the boxer.

Render your critical decision.

If he or she can continue, wipe their gloves.

Wipe the gloves AFTER the boxer takes a step towards you, not before.

6. Have boxing resume immediately.

SLIP MECHANICS

1. Command “No Knockdown!” and issue the appropriate hand signal (cris- cross at waist level). 2. Quickly check the boxer. 3. Wipe the boxer’s gloves. 4. Have boxing resume immediately.

TEMPORARY STOP MECHANICS

1. Secure a safe distance and assume a centered position to the boxers. 2. Command “Time!” 3. Assure that the boxers are completely apart. 4. Stand in front of the offending boxer, without turning your back on the other boxer, and advise him or her of the foul. 5. Assure that the offending boxer understood the admonishment and that both are separated and ready to continue. 6. Call time back in. 7. Have boxing resume immediately.

Consideration for calling a temporary stop to the action

There are various situations where it may be necessary to temporarily stop the action. These include:

 Violation of the rules  Having the Ringside Physician examine a boxer  Adjusting equipment, loose tape or gauze, etc.  Debris in the ring  Faulty ring equipment

The key to stopping the action is to stop the bout at the appropriate time. That is, not interrupting the action and not giving either boxer any advantage.

ACCIDENTAL HEADBUTT MECHANICS WHEN THERE MAY BE INJURY

1. Secure a safe distance and assume a centered position to the boxers. 2. Command in a loud firm voice, “Time!”

 Assure that the boxers are completely apart. 3. Call out “Accidental Headbutt!” and give an appropriate hand signal.  Examine both boxers quickly and take appropriate action to include notifying the Commission Representative.  If the fouled boxer needs medical attention or examination, summon the Ringside Physician while ushering the other boxer to the furthest neutral corner. 4. Caution both boxers for headbutts. 5. Call time back in.  Have boxing resume immediately.

It is not necessary to always call time for accidental headbutts without injury.

NOTE: You may call the Ringside Physician to examine the boxer or for consultation, but do so only when absolutely necessary.

LOW BLOW MECHANICS IN CASES WHEN THERE MAY BE INJURY

1. Secure a safe distance and assume a centered position to the boxers. 2. Command in a loud firm voice, “Time!”  Assure that the boxers are completely apart.  Stand in front of the offending boxer, without turning your back on the other boxer, and advise him or her of the foul.  Evaluate the hurt boxer and clearly advise him or her that he needs to continue within no more than five minutes or he or she will lose by TKO (for accidental fouls). Discreetly encourage him or her to continue as soon as possible.  Assure that the offending boxer understood the admonishment and that both are separated and ready to continue. 3. Advise the offending boxer again verbally (quickly) to pick up his or her punches.  If the boxer goes down, wipe his or her gloves before resuming. 4. Call time back in.  Have boxing resume immediately.

NOTE: You may call the Ringside Physician to examine the boxer or for consultation, but do so only when absolutely necessary. 71

POINT DEDUCTION MECHANICS

1. Secure a safe distance and assume a centered position to the boxers. 2. Command “Time!” Assure that the boxers are completely apart. 3. Usher the offended boxer to a neutral corner. 4. Stand in front of the offending boxer, without turning your back on the other boxer, and advise him or her of the foul. Assure that the offending boxer understood the admonishment. 5. Notify the Judges of the point deduction and type of foul. 6. Again caution the boxer for the infraction. 7. Call time back in. 8. Have boxing resume immediately.

NOTE: You may call the Ringside Physician to examine the boxer or for consultation, but do so only when absolutely necessary.

Considerations for deducting points

At times, some Referees become frustrated and lose concentration when adverse situations occur. The bottom line is, does the boxer deserve to have a point deducted or not.

Consistent good judgment has to be applied. The Referee should carefully weigh his options when issuing an official warning as one single point deduction may decide a bout.

Did the foul cause harm to the opponent? Was the foul committed before? Were there other fouls?

If the Referee decides to deduct a point from a boxer, he should do so at the time of the infraction.

If you’ve deducted points and the round goes to its natural conclusion, check with the Judges to assure that they deducted the point(s) as you instructed when you pick up the scorecards.

IMPORTANT: Weigh deducting a point very carefully as one single point deduction may decide the bout and the goal is to ALWAYS do your best to have the boxers decide the fight and not the Referee.

The Referee should disqualify a boxer only when he has grossly infringed the rules and has committed a harmful foul(s) causing a clear advantage over his opponent.

A boxer should be disqualified only when it is clear that he has refused to follow the rules, has disobeyed the Referee, and or has caused harm to his opponent by his actions.

Follow the protocol of giving stern cautions. Take command of the bout. Exert good sound judgment. Do not become frustrated. Concentrate. 72

DISLODGED MOUTHPIECE MECHANICS

1. Wait until there is a lull in the action. That is, when both boxers have stopped throwing punches and have somewhat retreated. 2. Secure a safe distance and assume a centered position to the boxers. 3. Command “Time!”  Assure that the boxers are completely apart. 4. Direct the boxer whose mouthpiece has remained in place to the furthest neutral corner, while at the same time directing the boxer without the mouthpiece to his or her corner to have it rinsed and replaced. 5. Retrieve the mouthpiece and have it returned to the boxer who lost it. 6. Quickly and clearly, advise the boxer who lost their mouthpiece to keep it in their mouth. 7. Call time back in.

Have boxing resume immediately.

NOTE: Strive to have the corner have two (2) mouthpieces in all bouts, especially championship bouts.

Considerations when handling a dislodged mouthpiece

The mouthpiece is a very important part of the boxer’s equipment. The mouthpiece diminishes the impact of a blow and provides protection from lacerations, broken bones, etc.

When a boxer’s mouthpiece becomes dislodged because of natural bout action, the Referee should not penalize the boxer. Keep in mind that on occasion a boxer’s mouthpiece may become dislodged due to keeping their mouth open and or not biting down on it. No matter what the situation, it is the boxer’s responsibility to keep the mouthpiece inside of his mouth.

If the Referee believes that the boxer spit out the mouthpiece or allowed it to come out on purpose, he shall upon the first occurrence follow the above procedures and then caution the boxer that if the same instance occurs, an official warning with a point deduction may be issued.

It is up to the discretion of the Referee to issue an official warning with a point deduction in these situations.

In cases where the mouthpiece continually comes out there may be no discretion, as the boxer most probably is spitting out his mouthpiece purposely to gain a perceived advantage. If the mouthpiece is spit out more than two times, the Referee should always deduct one point from the offending boxer. 73

Referees should be alert that in the course of a knockdown the mouthpiece may become dislodged. This could be because of a blow, exhaustion, or the boxer spitting it out. The latter is an old boxing trick.

This is a tough situation to be in because the Referee will then need to immediately decide what the reason for the mouthpiece becoming dislodged was, when to replace it, whether or not to deduct points, etc.

Good judgment is the key.

Again, when a mouthpiece becomes dislodged, the Referee may exercise their judgment, and, after evaluating the expulsion, take away or not take away a point.

Waiting for the precise moment to stop the bout and have the mouthpiece returned to the boxer is crucial. If done too soon it could give an unfair advantage to one of the boxers. If done too late it could cost one of the boxers a serious knockout or injury.

Referees should wait for a moment when both boxers have finished their combinations and have somewhat retreated before attempting to return the mouthpiece to the boxer. This is a judgment call on the part of the Referee.

Be watchful for situations where a boxer allows his mouthpiece to come out and holds on immediately. Or, if after a knockdown, the mouthpiece comes out. This may be a clear tactic to gain an advantage. This should be admonished.

Just like situations where there is loose gauze and it is near the end of the round, don’t interrupt the bout to rectify the situation. Watch the boxers closely, let the round go to its natural conclusion and make sure that the corner rectifies the situation.

Common mistakes in handling a dislodged mouthpiece

 Interrupting boxing to initiate the return of the mouthpiece  Taking too long  Not calling time out  Going to the wrong corner  Losing sight of the mouthpiece  Bending down to pick up the mouthpiece and thus interrupting your attention on the boxers  Throwing the mouthpiece across the ring into a corner

It is advisable to follow the previously outlined steps quickly and decisively. Go over this procedure in your mind before assignments and practice it during sparring sessions. 74

The key to success is consistently following these steps both quickly and decisively. Assure that your actions protected the boxer who lost his mouthpiece, that no one received an unfair advantage, and that boxing resumes as soon as possible.

Lastly, be aware of how much time is left in the round. Try to avoid stopping the bout to have the mouthpiece returned very late in the round. Again, good judgment is the key!

If the mouthpiece comes out during or concurrent with a knockdown and you determine that a point deduction is warranted, indicate the deduction as you are having the mouthpiece returned to the boxer. Do not bring the boxer into the center of the ring solely to deduct a point.

If the round goes to its natural conclusion, check with the Judges to assure that they deducted the point(s) as you instructed when you pick up the scorecards.

WHEN A BOUT GOES THE DISTANCE

The Referee will collect the scorecards after each round. Do not review the scorecards. After the 12th round’s scorecards are collected and handed to the Commission representative or Supervisor, the Referee will go to and remain in his corner until the official decision is to be announced. Pick them up quickly and give them to the Commission Representative or Supervisor. Once the winner is officially announced, the Referee will then go to the winner and raise his hand as an official sign of the victory.

It is OK to give the photographers an opportunity to do their job, but do not overdo it. This is not a “be happy” time for the Referee. The other boxer lost. You are impartial. Perform this function with dignity and respect.

THE SAFETY TEAM

The combination of expertise of a top quality Referee, Ringside Physician and Inspector are boxing safety’s best partners. The Referee must initiate the communication between the team.

WORKING WITH THE RINGSIDE PHYSICIAN

It is incumbent on the Referee to establish communication with the Ringside Physician before the bout begins. This is critical. The Referee and Physician are safety’s best partners in a bout.

The Referee must know where the Physician is seated. If there are two Physicians and they are sharing duties, the Referee should consult with the Physician closest to the situation. 75

If the Referee deems it necessary that the Physician examine one of the boxers during the one-minute rest period, he should immediately collect the scorecards at the end of the round while at the same time inform the Physician of the need to examine a boxer. The Physician should then go to the boxer’s corner and monitor the boxer during the rest period and if necessary, examine him more closely at the end of the rest period.

If the Physician needs time to examine the boxer after the rest period, the Referee will call time out immediately after the bell rings to start the next round. The Referee will then assure that the boxer’s corner does not interfere with the examination and that the other boxer goes to and remains in a neutral corner. The Referee will then remain at the Physician’s side throughout the examination. Both should strive for keeping their consultation as private as possible.

If during the course of the bout the Referee deems it necessary to consult with the Physician over a cut or other injury, he should wait until there is a lull in the action and call time out. The Referee should usher the uninjured boxer to a neutral corner while at the same time calling for the Physician and walking the injured boxer to him or her.

Again, the Referee and Physician should strive to keep their conversation as private as possible. If the Physician recommends that the bout be stopped, the Referee should confirm the reason for the stoppage so that there is no doubt or miscommunication. The Referee will then wave the bout off and escort the boxer to his corner. The Referee will then immediately inform the bout official(s) of the specifics of the stoppage.

If you are in somewhat unfamiliar territory, that is, in a foreign country or locality, take additional care in coordinating activities with the Ringside Physician.

It is important to note that the Referee is the ultimate decision maker in stopping the bout. Good judgment is the key.

WORKING WITH THE INSPECTORS

In most jurisdictions outside of the USA, commissions do not use Inspectors. This is definitely backward thinking.

The Ringside Physician and the Inspector are a Referee’s closest allies.

Inspectors are the unsung heroes of the boxing official’s team. They are the least paid, yet they spend long hours at a bout card. Clearly, they play an integral part to the success of the bout and the Referee should coordinate activities with them beforehand. 76

If a Referee does so, you will seldom see a boxer come out without his mouthpiece, loose tape or gauze, etc. During the rest period, the Inspector will look for and handle these issues if they arise. The Inspector and the Referee should also establish and maintain eye contact during the rest period to communicate potentially serious issues such as the state of a boxer, illegal activities by the corner, etc.

The Inspector can also assist the Referee and Physician after a bout stoppage. It is clear that it is incumbent on the Referee to utilize the Inspector to his fullest advantage so that teamwork will assure success.

Referees are to make a solid effort to speak with Inspectors in localities different from theirs to assure that both work in unison for the safety of the boxers and the general success of the event.

THE TIMEKEEPER AND KNOCKDOWN JUDGE

Timekeepers must possess a complete understanding of the signals and procedures of a Referee. They have the task of both monitoring the clock and the Referee.

With this said, a referee should not assume that the Timekeeper and or Knockdown Judge for his bout is sufficiently knowledgeable in the rules. Initiate communication with them before the bout to assure each other’s success.

Coordinate activities with the Timekeeper and Knockdown Judge regarding your mutual responsibilities before the bout as you do with the Ringside Physicians and Inspectors.

There are several situations that you must be on the same page with the Timekeeper and Knockdown Judge. Not doing so can lead to big trouble.

Some of the key situations are:

 Knockdowns that occur concurrent with the bell  Temporary stops where the clock is stopped  Low blow or other injurious situations where there is a need to keep a five (5) minute clock going  Counting for knockdowns  Announcing that there are ten (10) seconds left in the round  Announcing that the end of the one minute rest period is eminent  Sounding of the bell to begin and end the round

CONCLUSIONS

In police work, I learned that committing something to writing helps you greatly in remembering it. I started to do that over 20 years ago in boxing. I saved many Olympic boxing handouts, folders, etc. I have committed everything possible to writing and here it is.

Again, this manual is not all-inclusive. Give me your sound opinion or recommendation and I will update this manual. That is what many great officials all over the world have already done.

This manual outlines the general rules that govern professional boxing in the USA under the Uniform Rules and Referee Guidelines of the Association of Boxing Commissions. In events that are not governed by these rules, the rules vary from State to State and in foreign countries where championship fights are governed by the sanctioning bodies.

Be aware of the rules that govern your bout.

All of the guidelines and recommendations in this manual are easy to explain and demonstrate in a seminar environment. Doing them inside the ring in a consistent manner is another story.

There are a lot of what we use to call in police work ‘day old sergeants’ in boxing. Those are the people who know little about refereeing, yet immediately are cast on the public as experts. Being a professional boxing Referee is the most difficult officiating position in all of sports. You literally have someone’s life in your hands in various situations that are only a fraction of a second away from a tragedy.

A real challenge is placed on today’s Referees because there has never been a true ‘referee school’ or training program. The materials available regarding mechanics and responsibilities have been sparse. Moreover and most importantly, the sport overall has never mandated Referees (or Judges) to attend seminars or formal training.

The basis of the problem is that there are no set evaluation criteria for Referees. Yes, there are many capable boxing administrators throughout the world. They know boxing, but whatever is documented on a Referee’s performance is seldom made public. Thus, we continue to see poor jobs and Referees who err are seldom held accountable to the boxers and fans for their actions.

The sport is changing. The fans are more educated. The boxers are faster and stronger. The television commentators and writers are more knowledgeable than ever when it comes to modern day boxing.

Be true to yourself. Each one of us knows when we did a good job and knows when we could have done better. It is like running a red light. Either you did or you didn’t. You just know it.

Modern day boxing Referees are more closely looked at than ever in the history of the sport. This is a good thing! Study and practice your trade. Do not make excuses. You are paid to do a great job ALL of the time. If you do not do a great job at some point, study the various scenarios that led to the deficiency and make the appropriate adjustment.

The boxers and fans deserve the best!

Never lose sight of the fact that we are privileged to be in the ring with the boxers. Avoid showboating. Move naturally and avoid any act that will draw unnecessary attention to yourself.

Remember, the Referee should never allow himself to be influenced by anyone or anything other than the actions of the boxers.

Don’t kid yourself. Nobody, except maybe your immediate family goes to a bout to see you.

Don’t opine on sport participants, particularly on boxers and or upcoming bouts. You are a Referee, not a fan.

No graft!

Don’t comment on the performance or ability of another Referee or a Judge outside of the seminar environment.

Don’t broker for bouts. Do not sell out or take money or other gratuities. Do not gamble in the sport. Do not backstab other boxing people.

Set an example for other Referees by staying fit and developing your skills. Live your life as a role model for the sport.

You are on your way down fast when you begin to think you know everything.

Don’t worry about assignments. Work whatever you are assigned the best that you can.

Referee each bout as if it were your last. It may well be.

If you as a Referee have talent and read this manual and practice its concepts and guidelines you will become a much better Referee than you are today, even if you do not always work the ‘big’ bouts. So, do it. Get better. Develop. “Strive to be the very best.” 79

Lastly, never forget that complacency and an over inflated ego are a Referee’s worst enemies.

My respect to all of you, sincerely,

Armando Garcia

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