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Protist Guide

Protist Guide

Teacher’s Guide Grades 5-9 Editors: Brian A. Jerome, Ph.D. Stephanie Zak Jerome

Assistant Editors: Heidi Berry Stephanie Rogers Anneliese Brown

Graphics: Dean Ladago

Visual Learning Company Brandon, Vermont 1-800-453-8481 www.visuallearningco.com Protists

Reviewers:Reviewers:

Mary Cahill Wasim Chowdhury, Ph.D. Potomac Middle School Department of Biological Sciences McLean, Virginia University of Maryland Baltimore, Maryland Susan Hurstecalderone Our Lady of Lourdes Chevy Chase, Maryland

UseUse andand Copyright:Copyright:

The purchase of this video program entitles the user the right to reproduce or duplicate, in whole or in part, this teacher’s guide and the blackline master handouts for the purpose of teaching in conjunction with this video, Protists. The right is restricted only for use with this video program. Any or duplication, in whole or in part, of this guide and student masters for any purpose other than for use with this video program is prohibited.

The video and this teacher’s guide are the exclusive property of the copyright holder. Copying, transmitting or reproducing in any form, or by any means, without prior written permission from the copyright holder is prohibited (Title 17, U.S. Code Sections 501 and 506).

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Visual Learning Company 1-800-453-8481 2 Protists Table of Contents

Page A Message From Our Company 5

National Standards Correlations 6

Student Learning Objectives 7

Assessment 8

Introducing the Video 9

Video Viewing Suggestions 9

Video Script 11

Answers to Student Assessment and 16 Activity Masters

Assessment and Student Activities Masters 18

Visual Learning Company 1-800-453-8481 3 Protists ViewingViewing ClearancesClearances

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Visual Learning Company 1-800-453-8481 4 Protists AA MessageMessage fromfrom ourour CompanyCompany ......

Dear Educator:

Thank you for your interest in the educational videos produced by the Visual Learning Company. We are a Vermont-based, family owned and operated business specializing in the production of quality educational science videos and materials.

We have a long family tradition of education. Our grandmothers graduated from normal school in the 1920’s to become teachers. Brian’s mother was an elementary teacher and guidance counselor, and his father was a high school teacher and superintendent. This family tradition inspired Brian to become a science teacher, and to earn a Ph.D. in education, and lead Stephanie to work on science educational programs at NASA.

In developing this video, accompanying teacher’s guide, and student activities, our goal is to provide educators with the highest quality materials, thus enabling students to be successful. In this era of more demanding standards and assessment requirements, supplementary materials need to be curricular and standards based - this is what we do!

Our videos and accompanying materials focus on the key concepts and vocabulary required by national and state standards and goals. It is our mission to help students meet these goals and standards, while experiencing the joy and thrill of science.

Sincerely,

Brian and Stephanie Jerome

Visual Learning Company 1-800-453-8481 5 Protists StandardsStandards CorrelationsCorrelations

National Science Education Standards (Content Standards: 5-8, National Academy of Sciences, c. 1996) Science as Inquiry - Content Standard A: As a result of activities in grades 5-8, all students should develop: • Abilities necessary to do scientific inquiry • Understandings about scientific inquiry

Life Science - Content Standard C: As a result of their activities in grades 5-8, all students should understand that: • All are composed of cells-the fundamental unit of . Most organisms are single cells; other organisms, including humans, are multicellular. • Cells carry on the many functions needed to sustain life. They grow and divide, thereby producing more cells. This requires that they take in , which they use to provide for the work that cells do and to make the materials that a or an needs. Benchmarks for Science Literacy (Project 2061 - AAAS, c. 1993) The Living Environment - Cells (5c) By the end of the 8th grade, students should know that: • All living things are composed of cells, from just one to many millions, whose details usually are visible only through a . • Cells continually divide to make more cells for growth and repair. • Within cells, many of the basic functions of organisms-such as extracting energy from food and getting rid of waste-are carried out.

Visual Learning Company 1-800-453-8481 6 Protists StudentStudent LearningLearning ObjectivesObjectives

Upon viewing the video and completing the enclosed student activities, students should be able to do the following:

• Understand that protists belong to the Protista and come in a wide variety of shapes, sizes, and colors.

• Define protists as single-celled or multicellular organisms that contain a nucleus.

• Differentiate between -like protists, -like protists, and -like protists.

• Identify and describe the major features of euglenas, , and .

•Provide examples of how are utilized in everyday life.

• Describe the major characteristics of , , and sporozoans.

• Explain the major characteristics of fungus-like protists.

• Differentiate between and describe the characteristics of green, red, and .

• Describe harmful diseases that are caused by protists , such as and .

Visual Learning Company 1-800-453-8481 7 Protists AssessmentAssessment

Preliminary : The Preliminary Test, provided in the Student Masters section, is an assessment tool designed to gain an understanding of student preexisting knowledge. It can also be used as a benchmark upon which to assess student progress based on the objectives stated on the previous pages.

Video Review: The Video Review, provided in the Student Masters section, can be used as an assessment tool or as a student activity. There are two main parts. The first part contains questions titled “You Decide” that can be answered during the video. The second series of ten questions consists of a video quiz to be answered at the conclusion of the video.

Post-Test: The Post-Test, provided in the Student Masters section, can be utilized as an assessment tool following student completion of the video and student activities. The results of the Post-Test can be compared against the results of the Preliminary Test to assess student progress.

Visual Learning Company 1-800-453-8481 8 Protists IntroducingIntroducing thethe VideoVideo Before showing the video, ask students “what is a ?” Write their thoughts on the board. As a class, have students brainstorm ideas about some of the protists that affect their everyday . Leave their answers on the board while viewing the video. After watching the program and completing the video quiz, add new examples of protists to the list, as well as refining the list of protist characteristics. Review your examples and decide whether the protists are beneficial or harmful to humans. As a homework assignment or in small groups, have students create a chart outlining the major groups of ciliates and their characteristics.

VideoVideo ViewingViewing SuggestionsSuggestions The Student Master “Video Review” is provided for distribution to students. You may choose to have your students complete this Master while viewing the program or to do so upon its conclusion.

The program is approximately 20-minutes in length and includes a ten- question video quiz. Answers are not provided to the Video Quiz on the video, but are included in this Teacher’s Guide. You may choose to either grade student quizzes as an assessment tool or to review the answers in class.

The video is content-rich with numerous vocabulary words. For this reason, you may want to periodically stop the video to review and discuss new terminology and concepts.

Visual Learning Company 1-800-453-8481 9 Protists StudentStudent AssessmentsAssessments andand ActivitiesActivities

Assessment Masters:

•Preliminary Test

•Video Review

• Post-Test

Student Activity Masters:

• and

• Pond Water

•A Deadly Disease

•Vocabulary of Protists

Visual Learning Company 1-800-453-8481 10 Protists VideoVideo Script:Script: ProtistsProtists

1. The is home to all kinds of living things, including... 2. …this seaweed found along the shore,... 3. …this giant living in deep water,... 4. …this starfish living in rocky tidal pools,... 5. …and these anemones with their numerous tentacles,... 6. …as well as hundreds of species of fish,... 7. …and larger , such as sharks… 8. …and seals. 9. While all these living things are easily seen, . . . 10. ...the contain thousands of other organisms that are invisible to the naked eye. 11. The kingdom Protista contains a group of organisms called protists. 12. What are protists? 13. What do they look like and how do they go about living? 14. During the next few minutes we are going to explore many of the fascinating characteristics of protists... 15. …and take a look at how they affect our lives. 16. Graphic Transition - Protists 17. You Decide! 18. What similarities do you see between these protists? 19. If you said that they are small, then you are right. 20. Although they are all small, protists come in a wide variety of shapes, sizes and colors. 21. So what makes a protist a protist? 22. Protists are single-celled or multicellular organisms that contain a nucleus and are therefore known as eukaryotic cells. 23. Protists tend to live in wet environments such as the ocean,... 24. …lakes,... 25. …or wetlands. 26. While many protists, such as this paramecium, live a solitary existence,... 27. …others, such as , live in groups or colonies. 28. Some protists, like this , have the ability to create their own food via the process of ,... 29. …while other protists, such as this amoeba, eat other organisms for sustenance. 30. Still other protists, such as this slime , survive by decomposing once living organisms. 31. Protists, therefore, can be plant-like, animal-like, or fungus-like. 32. Let’s first take a look at the plant-like protists. 33. Graphic Transition - Plant-like Protists

Visual Learning Company 1-800-453-8481 11 Protists ScriptScript (cont.)(cont.) 34. You Decide! 35. What organisms produce the color patterns seen here in this image of the ’s oceans? 36. , microscopic floating on top of the ocean, produce the computer enhanced color patterns. 37. Phytoplankton consist of a wide variety of plant-like organisms that serve as the base of the food chain in oceans and lakes. 38. Most life, directly or indirectly, depends on these plant-like protists. In fact, phytoplankton contribute over half of the world’s oxygen supply. 39. When you swim in an ocean or lake, you are swimming in millions of phytoplankton! 40. Plant-like protists, also known as algae, have the ability to create food from . Some algae, such as this cell, are unicellular,... 41. …while others, such as this kelp, are multicellular. 42. There are six main groups of algae. Let’s now take a look at them. 43. Graphic Transition - Euglenas, Diatoms and Dinoflagellates 44. This amazing little creature, called a euglena, is part plant and part animal. 45. It contains green that enable it to carry out photosynthesis. 46. When light is not present, however, it also has the ability to eat other organisms for use as food and energy. 47. A whip-like structure called a enables this euglena to move through water. 48. Believe it or not, when you use toothpaste to brush your teeth you are using protists called diatoms. 49. Diatoms are photosynthetic, one-celled algae. 50. They take on a wide variety of shapes and sizes. 51. The shells of diatoms contain glassy silica, giving toothpaste its slightly gritty texture. 52. Diatoms have long existed in large numbers in the oceans. Over thousands of years, dead diatoms have accumulated on the ocean floor forming large deposits that we mine today. 53. Today, diatoms are used to make such things as reflective road paint... 54. …and polishing creams, such as car wax. 55. Perhaps you have had the opportunity to eat clams or mussels - animals that live inside shells. 56. Among other things, these animals feed on microscopic plant-like organisms called dinoflagellates, which they filter from the water. 57. Often called fire algae, some types of dinoflagellates contain a red . 58. Occasionally, certain kinds of dinoflagellates, carrying poisonous toxins, reproduce so quickly that they become a threat to other organisms like fish and shellfish. 59. When eaten by humans, severe illness may result.

Visual Learning Company 1-800-453-8481 12 Protists ScriptScript (cont.)(cont.) 60. This overabundance of poisonous dinoflagellates is referred to as “red poisoning.” 61. Most dinoflagellates possess a that looks like plates of armor. 62. They also have hair-like flagella that propel them through water. 63. Graphic Transition - Green, Red and Brown Algae 64. You Decide! 65. What gives this sea water its greenish color? 66. That’s right - thousands of microscopic . 67. There are over 7,000 species of green algae worldwide, found mostly in oceans, lakes and rivers. 68. Some algae, however, can live on the moist bark of trees... 69. …and even in the fur of animals, such as this sloth, found in the rainforest. 70. While many kinds of algae are single-celled, other green algae,... 71. …such as volvox, live in groups or colonies that may include several thousand cells. 72. Still others, like this spirogyra, form long chains. 73. Do you enjoy eating ice cream or pudding? If so, then you are eating a substance which contains a compound derived from another of algae - . 74. This red algae, called Irish , is found along ocean shores. It produces a compound called carrageenan, which is used as a thickener in many foods such as ice cream. 75. Red algae is so named because it contains a pigment that gives it a reddish color. 76. You Decide! 77. What kind of algae is this kelp? 78. If you said brown algae, then you are right! 79. Kelp, a large brown algae, can form tall “kelp forests.” Often found along the California coast, kelp forests provide habitat for a wide variety of ocean animals. 80. Brown algae produce a compound called algin, often used to give marshmallows their thick texture. 81. Graphic Transition - Animal-like Protists 82. This type of protist, called a protozoan, exhibits many animal-like characteristics. 83. have a nucleus, but do not have a cell wall. 84. They are , meaning that they need to eat other organisms for energy and survival. 85. There are four main groups of protozoa. Let’s first take a look at the group called sarcodines. 86. This strange looking creature is a type of sarcodine called an amoeba. 87. have no definite shape. They have the ability to extend their cell membranes and cytoplasm into foot-like extensions called pseudopods. 88. Amoebas use pseudopods to move and engulf food. 89. One problem that many sarcodines encounter is the continual seeping of water into their cells.

Visual Learning Company 1-800-453-8481 13 Protists ScriptScript (cont.)(cont.) 90. This is where a structure called a contractile helps. It collects excess water and then squirts it back outside the cell. 91. Graphic Transition - Ciliates and Zooflagellates 92. You Decide! 93. What small structures cover this ? 94. If you said tiny hairs, or cilia, then you are right. 95. A group of protists called ciliates possess small hairs called cilia. 96. The cilia act like oars on a boat, propelling the ciliate through water. 97. This paramecium uses cilia to move and to sweep food into its mouth, called the oral groove. 98. Another group of animal-like protists are the zooflagellates. Zooflagellates move by means of a whip-like flagellum. 99. One with which you may be familiar is this organism, know as giardia. 100. Giardia causes intestinal problems by attaching to the walls of the small intestines. 101. People often swallow the giardia zooflagellate when drinking lake or stream water. 102. While the water may look and taste clean, it could possess harmful giardia. 103. Therefore, it is a good idea to bring your own water with you while hiking or camping, no how clean the water may look. 104. Graphic Transition - Sporozoans 105. Sporozoans are parasites that feed on the bodies of animals, causing harm to the host. 106. You have probably heard of a disease called malaria. Believe it or not, over 200 million people worldwide are still affected by this protist. 107. Malaria is caused by a sporozoan called . 108. Sporozoans are protists that, at one point in their lives, form cells called . 109. In the case of malaria, the plasmodium spores inhabit mosquitoes, which transmit the disease by biting people. 110. The spores infect the liver and blood cells, resulting in a high fever and chills. If medical attention is not received immediately, can result. 111. Graphic Transition - Fungus-like Protists 112. Ireland’s Great Potato Famine of 1845 and 1846 caused the of 1/3 of Ireland’s people, and forced hundreds of thousands more to leave the island. 113. You Decide! 114. What damaged the potato crop? 115. A type of fungus-like protist, referred to as water mold, is the parasite responsible for destroying most of the Irish potato crop. 116. Slime are another type of fungus-like protists that you might have seen growing on dead logs or plants in the forest. 117. Slime molds commonly appear in beautiful, bright colors, as seen here. 118. Slime molds reproduce by creating a fruity body that contains spores. Each

Visual Learning Company 1-800-453-8481 14 Protists ScriptScript (cont.)(cont.) has the capability to develop into a new organism. 119. Graphic Transition - Summing Up 120. During the past few minutes we’ve explored many different characteristics of protists. 121. We studied what makes a protist a protist… 122. ...and what kinds of environments protists live in. 123. We looked at the structures of different protists. 124. We also learned that there are different kinds of protists,… 125. ...including plant-like,… 126. ...animal-like,… 127. ...and fungus-like protists. 128. We discovered that protists can be harmful,... 129. … like the ones that cause red tide,… 130. …but they can also be helpful in things such as reflective paint and car wax. 131. So the next you go swimming,… 132. …brush your teeth,… 133. …or think about drinking from a stream,…. 134. …remember the many ways protists affect our lives. 135. You just might look at life a little differently.

Video Quiz Follows Fill in the correct word when you hear this tone. Good luck and let’s get started. 1. Protist cells contain a ______. 2. Protists tend to live in ___ environments. 3. ______are plant-like protists living on the ocean surface. 4. ______are one-celled algae containing silica. 5. Some dinoflagellates cause harmful ______. 6. Green, red and brown _____ are common in lakes and oceans. 7. ______exhibit animal-like characteristics. 8. This common sarcodine is an ______. 9. Ciliates possess small _____. 10. Malaria is caused by a ______.

Visual Learning Company 1-800-453-8481 15 Protists Answers to Student Assessments

Preliminary Test Video Quiz: 1. eukaryotic 1. nucleus 2. phytoplankton 2. moist or wet 3. chloroplasts 3. phytoplankton 4. silica 4. diatoms 5. dinoflagellates 5. red tide 6. 6. algae 7. protozoans 7. protozoans 8. cilia 8. amoeba 9. sporozoan 9. cilia or hairs 10. fungus 10. sporozoan 11. F 12. T 13. F Post Test 14. F 1. T 15. T 2. F 16. T 3. F 17. F 4. F 18. T 5. T 19. T 6. T 20. F 7. T 8. T 9. F Video Review 10. F You Decide: 11. dinoflagellates A. They are all small. 12. phytoplankton B. phytoplankton 13. silica C. thousands of microscopic green algae 14. sporozoan D. brown algae 15. chloroplasts E. tiny hairs, or cilia 16. pigments F. A fungus-like protist called water mold 17. cilia destroyed most of the Irish potato crop. 18. eukaryotic 19. fungus 20. protozoans

Visual Learning Company 1-800-453-8481 16 Protists Answers to Student Activities

Amoeba and Paramecium A Deadly Disease Amoeba: Part I: 1. nucleus 1. B 2. 2. C 3. pseudopod 3. B 4. 4. D 5. cytoplasm Paramecium: Part II: 1. cilia 1. F 2. food vacuole 2. F 3. oral groove 3. T 4. 4. F 5. 5. T 6. Part III: Pond Water Protists Answers will vary. 1. that produce their own food tend to be greenish in color because Vocabulary they contain chloroplasts. Consumers may 1. c, euglena possess special structures needed to capture 2. a, amoeba and engulf prey. 3. i, ciliates 2. Paramecium or other ciliates are probably 4. f, sporozoans the fastest moving organism due to their 5. j, diatoms cilia. 6. b, phytoplankton 3. Producers in the pond produce 7. e, giardia their own food through photosynthesis and 8. g, slime molds then act as a food source for the 9. d, carrageenan microorganisms (consumers) that eat them. 10. h, protist

Visual Learning Company 1-800-453-8481 17 AssessmentAssessment andand StudentStudent ActivityActivity MastersMasters Protists Name______PreliminaryPreliminary TestTest

Directions: Fill in the blank with the correct word. A list of possible answers is provided at the bottom of the page.

1. Protists contain a nucleus and are therefore called ______cells.

2. ______are microscopic plant-like organisms that float on lakes and oceans.

3. Structures called ______enable plant-like protists to produce food using light from the sun.

4. The shells of diatoms contain ______.

5. Red tide poisoning is caused by some types of ______.

6. The different colors in algae are caused by ______.

7. ______exhibit animal-like characteristics.

8. Paramecium are covered with tiny hairs called ______.

9. Malaria is caused by a type of protist called a ______.

10. Slime molds have many ______-like characteristics.

pigments phytoplankton protozoans chloroplasts eukaryotic silica dinoflagellates cilia fungus sporozoan animal euglena

19  Protists Name______PreliminaryPreliminary TestTest

Directions: Decide whether the answer is True (T) or False (F).

11. Protists do not have a nucleus. TF

12. Protists tend to live in moist environments. TF

13. Protists come in one main shape. TF

14. Red tide is caused by green algae. TF

15. Amoebas have no definite shape. TF

16. Heterotrophs need to eat other organisms for energy. TF

17. A paramecium is an example of a sarcodine. TF

18. Amoebas use pseudopods to move and obtain food. TF

19. Giardia, a found in some water, causes TF severe intestinal problems when ingested.

20. Malaria is transmitted by wasps. T F

20  Protists Name______VideoVideo ReviewReview Directions: During the course of the program, answer the “You Decide” questions as they are presented in the video. Answer the Video Quiz questions at the end of the video.

You Decide:

A. What similarities do you see between these protists?

B. What organisms produce the color patterns seen here in this image of the Earth’s oceans?

C. What gives this sea water its greenish color?

D. What kind of algae is this kelp?

E. What small structures cover this ciliate?

F. What damaged the potato crop?

Video Quiz: 1. Protist cells contain a ______.

2. Protists tend to live in ___ environments.

3. ______are plant-like protists living on the ocean surface.

4. ______are one-celled algae containing silica.

5. Some poisonous dinoflagellates cause harmful ______.

6. Green, red and brown ______are common in lakes and oceans.

7. ______exhibit animal-like characteristics.

8. This common sarcodine is an ______.

9. Ciliates possess small _____.

10. Malaria is caused by a ______.

21  Protists Name______PostPost TestTest

Directions: Decide whether the answer is True (T) or False (F).

1. Amoebas use pseudopods to move and obtain food. TF

2. Malaria is transmitted by wasps. TF

3. Protists do not have a nucleus. TF

4. Protists come in one main shape. TF

5. Heterotrophs need to eat other organisms for energy. TF

6. Giardia, a microorganism found in some water, causes TF severe intestinal problems.

7. Amoebas have no definite shape. TF

8. Protists tend to live in moist environments. TF

9. Red tide is caused by green algae. TF

10. A paramecium is an example of a sarcodine. TF

22  Protists Name______PostPost TestTest Directions: Fill in the blank with the correct word. A list of possible answers is provided at the bottom of the page.

11. Red tide poisoning is caused by some types of ______.

12. ______are microscopic plant-like organisms that float on lakes and oceans.

13. The shells of diatoms contain ______.

14. Malaria is caused by a type of protist called a ______.

15. Structures called ______enable plant-like protists to produce food using light from the sun.

16. The different colors in algae are caused by ______.

17. Paramecium are covered with tiny hairs called ______.

18. Protists contain a nucleus and are therefore called ______cells.

19. Slime molds have many ______-like characteristics.

20. ______exhibit animal-like characteristics.

pigments phytoplankton protozoans chloroplasts eukaryotic silica dinoflagellates cilia fungus sporozoan animal euglena

23  Protists Name______AmoebaAmoeba andand ParameciumParamecium

Objective: In this lab, students will label the parts of two protists: an amoeba and a paramecium.

Background: Amoebas and paramecium are classified in the group Protozoa. These protozoans cannot produce their own food. They are heterotrophs and need to eat other living things. One difference between paramecium and amoebas are their body shape. Amoebas do not have a definite body shape, whereas the body shape of paramecium is well defined. Amoeba have “false feet” called pseudopods which allow them to move and constantly change shape. Paramecium are covered with small hairs called cilia which propel them through water.

Directions: Identify the structures of the amoeba using the descriptions provided below. 2. food source 1.

3.

4. 5. Cytoplasm: fluid-like mixture containing organelles Food Vacuole: surrounds, engulfs, and digests food Pseudopod: extension from body that propel the protist Cell Membrane: decides what enters and exits the protist Nucleus: control center of the cell containing hereditary material

24  Protists Name______AmoebaAmoeba andand ParameciumParamecium (cont.)(cont.)

Directions: Identify the structures of the paramecium using the descriptions provided below. 1. 2.

3.

6. 4.

5.

Macronucleus: the larger of the paramecium’s two nuclei Oral Groove: food are swept into the groove by cilia; a food vacuole waits at the end of the groove where it then engulfs the food and brings it into the paramecium Cilia: hair-like threads that propel the paramecium through the water Contractile Vacuole: rids cell of excess water and some wastes Micronucleus: controls protein synthesis, respiration, and reproduction; the smaller of the two nuclei Food Vacuole: digests food that enters the paramecium

25  Protists Name______PondPond WaterWater Objective: In this lab you will investigate the different microorganisms found in pond water and differentiate between the movements of different types of protists. You will also determine the role microorganisms play in a freshwater ecosystem.

Materials: Microscope Pond water sample Cover slips Slides Medicine dropper or pipette Biology textbook and encyclopedia

Procedure: You will receive a sample of pond water from your teacher. Other samples may be used to perform this lab, such as samples from an aquarium, a lake, or a marsh. 1. Prepare three slides of a pond water sample. 2. Observe your slides under low and high power. 3. On the back of this page or on a separate piece of paper, make a chart of the microorganisms that you observed. Make three columns with the headers labelled: Microorganism, Movement, and Classification. 4. Using the diagrams on the following page and any outside sources, identify the different protists in your slides. Record them in the column labelled Microorganisms. You may also observe different , such as Cyclops and . 5. Observe the movement of the microorganisms. Record your observations in the column labelled Movement. 6. Classify the protists on your chart by the way they move. Sarcodines move via (false feet); ciliates move by using their tiny hair-like structures called cilia; move by using a whip-like tail called a flagella; and sporozoans have no physical method of movement. Record in the column labelled Classification.

Conclusions: 1. Try to determine which microorganisms are producers and which are consumers.

2. Of the microorganisms you observed, which moved the fastest? What may be a reason for this microorganism’s fast movement?

3. Describe the roles microorganisms play in the pond community? Use the terms producer and consumer in your answer.

26  Protists Name______PondPond WaterWater (cont).(cont).

Amoeba

Euglena Paramecium

Vorticella Volvox

Daphnia

Stentor Cyclops Spirogyra

27  Protists Name______AA DeadlyDeadly DiseaseDisease Directions: Read the passage and answer the questions that follow.

Malaria is a devastating disease that commonly affects people in the tropical regions of the world, and less often in other parts of the world. Malaria is the number one cause of death in children under the age of five worldwide. Unlike many insect-related diseases, malaria is not caused by a , but by a parasitic protist called Plasmodium. Plasmo- dium is transmitted by the bite of the female mosquito, Anopheles. There are four forms of Plasmodium that cause malaria. The most deadly form is . How does this parasite infect a person? The illustration below shows how a person can contract malaria.

1.) A female Anopheles mosquito bites a person previously infected with malaria and ingests 2.) Plasmodium reproduce in the Plasmodium gametes into its mosquito’s digestive tract and in 10-14 blood. days release spores.

3.) These spores travel to the mosquito’s salivary glands.

8.) Some merozoites remain in the blood as gametocytes, ready to be passed to a mosquito and start the cycle over again. 4.) The mosquito bites another human victim and infects them with 7.) The merozoites break out of plasmodium spores. the red blood cells, causing the cells to burst. The symptoms of malaria are produced. These symptoms include high fever, chills, nausea 5.) The spores invade the cells in the and vomiting, headaches, diarrhea, person’s liver and develop into merozoites. and anemia. 6.) Merozoites migrate to the person’s red blood cells where they reproduce.

Malaria remains one of the most serious epidemics we face today. A cure has not been discovered, nor is a vaccine available. Efforts to control the spread of malaria have largely failed. A drug called Chloroquine that is used to treat malaria is no longer completely effective because Plasmodium have developed a resistance to the drug. Insecticides such as DDT, a chemical that was banned in the United States because of its detrimental effects on the food web, are used to kill the Anopheles mosquito. But the mosquitos have developed immunities to insecticides. Efforts to develop more effective drugs and a vaccine continue. There may be hope for a cure. A drug called Malarone was recently developed and has proven to be effective in treating malaria. Hopefully this drug will continue to be effective and save millions of lives.

28  Protists Name______AA DeadlyDeadly DiseaseDisease (cont)(cont) Directions: Part I: Circle the correct multiple choice answer. Part II: Decide whether the statement is True (T) or False (F).

Part I: 1. The symptoms of malaria occur in a human during which stage: A. After Plasmodium spores invade a human’s liver B. After merozoites cause a human’s red blood cells to burst C. During reproduction of merozoites D. When Plasmodium gametes enter a human’s red blood cells

2. A new drug which has recently been developed and may be effective in treating malaria is called: A. Chloroquine B. Sporozoa C. Malarone D. DDT

3. Malaria is difficult to treat because: A. Pesticides are not being used to control the mosquito population B. Plasmodium has developed a resistance to the drug Chloroquine C. Plasmodium has developed a resistance to the drug Malarone D. Drugs are not used to treat malaria

4. Plasmodium are: A. deadly B. female mosquitos C. insecticides D. parasites

Part II: 1. Malaria is caused by a virus called Plasmodium. TF 2. The male mosquito transmits Plasmodium into a person. T F 3. The pesticide DDT was banned in the United States T F 4. The most deadly form of Plasmodium that causes malaria is called T F Plasmodium anopheles. 5. Chloroquine is losing its effectiveness in treating malaria. T F

Part III: Research the different efforts that are underway to treat malaria and control its spread. Find at least two different efforts, such as new treatments for malaria or methods for controlling the mosquito. Write a one-page report on your findings.

29  Protists Name______VocabularyVocabulary ofof ProtistsProtists

a. a type of protist with no definite shape 1. ____ gnlueae b. plant-like organisms that float on or 2. ____ bmaeao near the surface of lakes and oceans

3. ____ aiictlse c. a microorganism that is part plant and part animal 4. ____ zroonsaspo d. a compound found in some algae that is 5. ____ imadsto used as a thickener in foods

6. ____ pyknlptonotah e. a zooflagellate found in fresh water that can be harmful to humans 7. ____ gdiraai f. parasites that feed on the bodies of host 8. ____ miesl dmsol animals

9. ____ erergnanaca g. colorful fungus-like protists

10. ____ rtptios h. single-celled or multicellular organisms containing a nucleus

i. a group of protists covered with small hair-like projections

j. a type of algae that possess a shell containing silica

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