Phalaropus fulicarius -- (Linnaeus, 1758) ANIMALIA -- CHORDATA -- AVES -- -- SCOLOPACIDAE Common names: Red ; Grey (Red) Phalarope; Grey Phalarope; Phalarope à bec large European Red List Assessment European Red List Status LC -- Least Concern, (IUCN version 3.1) Assessment Information Year published: 2015 Date assessed: 2015-03-31 Assessor(s): BirdLife International Reviewer(s): Symes, A. Compiler(s): Ashpole, J., Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Tarzia, M., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L. Assessment Rationale European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC°) EU27 regional assessment: Not Applicable (NA)

This species has a large breeding range across the Arctic, extending into Europe only in small numbers in Svalbard, Greenland, Iceland and Russia. The population size within the region approaches the threshold for classification as Vulnerable, with an unknown population trend but no evidence of a decline; the species could therefore be listed as Near Threatened but given the large, apparently stable neighbouring population there is significant potential for rescue from outside the region and the final category is downlisted by one category to Least Concern (LC°).

The species does not breed within the EU27, where it is a passage migrant, and it is considered Not Applicable for this region. Occurrence Countries/Territories of Occurrence Native: Austria; Denmark; Greenland (to DK); France; Germany; Iceland; Svalbard and Jan Mayen (to NO); Russian Federation; United Kingdom Vagrant: Belgium; Bosnia and Herzegovina; Bulgaria; Croatia; Cyprus; Czech Republic; Faroe Islands (to DK); Finland; Greece; Hungary; Ireland, Rep. of; Italy; Luxembourg; Malta; Montenegro; Netherlands; Norway; Poland; Portugal; Romania; Serbia; Slovakia; Slovenia; Spain; Sweden; Switzerland; Ukraine; Gibraltar (to UK) Population The European population is estimated at 570-1,700 males, which equates to 1,100-3,400 mature individuals. The species does not occur in the EU27. For details of national estimates, see Supplementary PDF. Trend In Europe the population size trend is unknown. For details of national estimates, see Supplementary PDF. Habitats and Ecology This species?s range includes the coasts of Arctic Ocean, in West Greenland, Iceland, Svalbard. It winters pelagically mainly off western Africa. It breeds near the coast, on marshy tundra with small pools, boggy meadows with moss and grass, marshy river valleys or islets in fjords. Outside of the breeding season it is pelagic in tropical and subtropical upwelling zones where plankton occurs at high concentrations. During breeding season it feeds on invertebrates, including and their larvae, such as dipteran flies, caddisflies, beetles and bugs, also molluscs, , annelids, spiders and mites, and occasionally plant material, mainly seeds, especially when food is limited. it feeds in or around small pools or lagoons or on Fucus seaweed washed ashore. It is also often at sea and forages by swimming, wading and walking, and quickly lunges forward at prey (Van Gils et al. 1996). Habitats & Altitude Habitat (level 1 - level 2) Importance Occurrence Marine Intertidal - Rocky Shoreline suitable breeding Marine Intertidal - Tidepools suitable breeding Marine Neritic - Macroalgal/Kelp major non-breeding Marine Neritic - Pelagic major non-breeding Marine Neritic - Seagrass (Submerged) major non-breeding Marine Neritic - Subtidal Loose Rock/pebble/gravel major non-breeding Marine Neritic - Subtidal Rock and Rocky Reefs major non-breeding Marine Neritic - Subtidal Sandy major non-breeding Marine Neritic - Subtidal Sandy-Mud major non-breeding Marine Oceanic - Epipelagic (m) suitable non-breeding Marine Oceanic - Mesopelagic (m) suitable non-breeding Wetlands (inland) - Bogs, Marshes, Swamps, Fens, Peatlands major breeding Wetlands (inland) - Tundra Wetlands (incl. pools and temporary waters from major breeding snowmelt) Altitude Occasional altitudinal limits Threats Changes to habitat in the Arctic and sub-Arctic are likely to impact this species during its breeding season. At sea, this species is likely to be vulnerable to being caught as bycatch in gillnet fisheries (?ydelis et al. 2013). The species relies on predator alarm warning from breeding Arctic Terns, and localised populations have decreased rapidly from some breeding colonies in Greenland in the absence of Arctic Terns (Jorgensen et al. 2007). Threats & Impacts Threat (level 1) Threat (level 2) Impact and Stresses Biological resource Fishing & harvesting Timing Scope Severity Impact use aquatic resources Ongoing Unknown Causing/Could Unknown (unintentional cause fluctuations effects: (large scale) [harvest]) Stresses Species mortality Climate change & Habitat shifting & Timing Scope Severity Impact severe weather alteration Ongoing Majority (50-90%) Unknown Unknown Stresses Ecosystem degradation; Indirect ecosystem effects Invasive and other Arctic Fox (Vulpes Timing Scope Severity Impact problematic lagopus) Ongoing Unknown Rapid Declines Unknown species, genes & diseases Stresses Species mortality Invasive and other Common Raven Timing Scope Severity Impact problematic (Corvus corax) Ongoing Unknown Rapid Declines Unknown species, genes & diseases Stresses Species mortality Invasive and other Glaucous Gull (Larus Timing Scope Severity Impact problematic hyperboreus) Ongoing Unknown Rapid Declines Unknown species, genes & diseases Stresses Species mortality Invasive and other Great Black-backed Timing Scope Severity Impact problematic Gull (Larus marinus) Ongoing Unknown Rapid Declines Unknown species, genes & diseases Stresses Species mortality Invasive and other Gyrfalcon (Falco Timing Scope Severity Impact problematic rusticolus) Ongoing Unknown Rapid Declines Unknown species, genes & diseases Stresses Species mortality Threats & Impacts Threat (level 1) Threat (level 2) Impact and Stresses Invasive and other Peregrine Falcon Timing Scope Severity Impact problematic (Falco peregrinus) Ongoing Unknown Rapid Declines Unknown species, genes & diseases Stresses Species mortality Conservation Conservation Actions Underway The species is listed under the African Eurasian Waterbird Agreement. It is listed under Appendix II of the Bern Convention. It is listed within nine marine Important Areas.

Conservation Actions Proposed Identification and designation of marine protected areas for important sites at sea. Observer programmes on gillnet fisheries across its range to monitor bycatch rates Bibliography Jørgensen, P.S., Kristensen, M.W. and Egevang, C. 2007. Red Phalarope Phalaropus fulicarius and Red- necked Phalarope Phalaropus lobatus behavioural response to Arctic Tern Sterna paradisaea colonial alarms. Dansk Oritologisk Forenings Tidsskrift 101: 73–78. Van Gils, J. and Wiersma, P. 1996. Red Phalarope (Phalaropus fulicarius). In: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., Sargatal, J., Christie, D.A. and de Juana, E. (eds.) 2014. Handbook of the of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. Žydelis, R., Small, C. and French, G. 2013. The incidental catch of seabirds in gillnet fisheries: A global review. Biological Conservation 162: 76–88. Map (see overleaf)