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Breeding Biology of the Red-Necked Phalarope Phalaropus Lobatus in Finland

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Breeding Biology of the Red-Necked Phalarope Phalaropus Lobatus in Finland Breeding biology of the Red-necked Phalarope Phalaropus lobatus in Finland OLAVI HILDEN & SEPPO VUOLANTO HILDEN, O. & VUOLANTO, S. [Zool. Dept. Univ. of Helsinki, 00100 Helsinki 10, Finland] 1972. - Breeding biology of the Red-necked Phalarope Phala- ropus lobatus in Finland . Ornis Fenn. 49 :57-85. An isolated, colour-ringed coastal population was studied for seven years. The first individuals arrived each year, some already paired, in late May and commenced egg-laying about one week later; old birds arrived and nested earlier than yearlings. Rapid growth of oocytes took only 3-4 days, and the laying interval averaged 26.5 hours. Successive polyandry was re- corded several times. Factors involved in the timing of breeding and in nest site selection are discussed. Incubation usually took 17-18.5 days and was shorter towards the end of the season. The development of young, move- ments of broods and parental care are described. Males started to moult during incubation. Females departed earlier than males, soon after hatching of the first broods . The Finnish population migrates to the southeast, over the continent of Europe. 1 . Introduction 57 1. Introduction 2. Study area and methods 58 2.1. Study area 58 2.2. Methods 59 Phalaropes are small swimming waders, 2.3. Individual differences in which are grouped into their own family appearance 59 Phalaropodidae in the big order Cha- 2 .4. Population at Norrskär 60 radriiformes. They are characterized es- 3. Arrival and pair formation 60 3.1. Arrival at the breeding grounds 60 pecially by many anatomical and behav- 3 .2. Pair formation 62 ioural features related to their adapta- 4. Nest site selection 62 tion for a swimming mode of life as well - 4.1. Location of nests 62 öfikat till mottagare 4.2. Nesting in tern colonies 64 as to the reversed roles of the sexes. The 5. Egg-laying 64 female is bigger and more brightly co- 5.1. Laying period 64 loured than the male and she is also the 5.2. Interrelations between the dates dominant partner in courtship behav- of arrival and egg-laying 67 5.3. Laying interval 68 iour ; the male incubates and takes care 5.4. Replacement and second clutches, of the young . polygamy 68 The family includes three species : the 5.5. Timing of the breeding season 71 Grey Phalarope Phalaropus fulicarius 6. Incubation period 73 (called Red Phalarope in America) and 6.1. Clutch size 73 6.2. Onset of incubation 73 the Red-necked Phalarope Ph. lobatus 6.3. Length of incubation 74 (called Northern Phalarope in America), 7. Brood period 75 both circumpolarly holarctic, breeding 7.1. Hatching and development of mainly in the tundra zone and wintering young 75 7.2. Parental care 78 on the open sea of tropical oceans ; also 8. Onset of the postnuptial moult 79 Wilson's Phalarope Ph. tricolor breeding 9. Postbreeding departure 80 in the central parts of North America Acknowledgements 81 and wintering on inland waters of South Summary 82 Selostus 82 America. As a result of the classical References 83 study by TINBERGEN (1935) in Green- ~I~IOIIdrIJrll I i i ,,n~ .. ilr,~ 58 ORNI s FENNICA Vol. 49, 1972 breeding locality of the Red-necked Phalarope in Finland. It is separated from other per- manent breeding grounds of the species (on the coast near Oulu and in the Scandinavian Ejeld area) by distances of about 300 km . However, breeding has occurred in the inter- vening areas, the nearest on Rönnskär in 1959-60 (O . Hilden) . The island group of Norrskdr consists of two larger islands, Western and Eastern Norr- skdr, and six small islets (Fig . 1) . Of these, W. Norrskdr is the only permanent breeding place of Phalaropes, but nesting has been recorded occasianolly on the nearby islet Fletagrund, and in 1971 also on Synnertsberg and probably Revgrund, and 1972 probably on FIG. 1 . The island group of Norrskär : 1 = E. Norrskdr . W.Norrskdr, 2 = Fletagrund, 3 = E.Norrskdr, W. Norrskdr has an area of 28 ha but is 4 = Revgrund, 5 = Synnertsberg . The black only 8 m high. It consists partly of sand and dots indicate pools . The geographical location stones and partly of bedrock, but is mainly of the study area is shown on the inset. covered by sparse vegetation (see VALOVIRTA 1937) . Trees are completely absent, and even land, the best known of the three species low juniper bushes grow only in a small area is the Red-necked Phalarope. in the central part of the island . The low Additional height of the vegetation is due partly to information has been published, espec- grazing by sheep, which were kept on the ially by H6HN (1968, 1971), but many island until recently . Somewhat more luxuriant details of the biology of this species meadows are found along the shores, especially remain incompletely known or even mis- in the western parts of the island . Small coves and ponds frequented by Phalaropes are for- interpreted . The breeding biology and med on low shores . They vary in size accord- behaviour of the Grey Phalarope has ing to the water level. The most important been described by MANN I CHE (1910), feeding site is the largest pond in the interior of the island, the Central Pond, which is no BENGTSON (1968) and H6HN (1971), longer connected to the sea. It is about 50 m H6HN that of Wilson's Phalarope by in diameter and has low, swampy shores . In (1967) and JOHNS (1969) . H6HN early summer it is deep and aquatic vegetation (1965, 1969) has reviewed the biology scarce, but later the water level falls and about of all Phalarope species. half the surface becomes covered by sedges. In the rocky southwestern part of the island This paper reports part of a popula- is a lighthouse and pilot station together with tion study on the Red-necked Phalarope, carried out during seven summers on the west coast of Finland at the southern border of the species' range. It concerns only the breeding biology ; behaviour and population dynamics will be re- ported later. 2. Study area and methods 2.1 . Study area . The field observations were carried out in the island group of Norrskdr (63° 15'N, 20° 38'E) in the outer archipelago of the Quarken Straits, the narrowest portion of the Gulf of Bothnia. The study area is very isolated, surrounded by open sea on all sides; FIG. 2. Localities on W.Norrskdr mentioned the nearest islands are Rönnskär, 15 km south- in the text : 1 = Tern Cape, 2 = Lagoon, 3 = east, and Raippaluoto 25 km east . The Swedish lighthouse with surrounding dwellings, 4 = coast lies about 50 km northwest (Fig . 1) . Bay, 5 = Central Pond, 6 = South Cape, 7 = Norrskär is the southernmost permanent North Cape, 8 = Fletagrund. VYYIIgWN11IIUIlI11III11Ii111111111111L o.. i l i-1" O. Hilden & S. Vuolanto: Breeding biology of the Red-necked Phalarope 59 the homes of their personnel . The locality Of the authors, Vuolanto did most of the names used in the text are shown in Fig . 2 . field work and preliminary treatment of the In addition to Phalaropes, a number of other data for his licenciate thesis, whereas Hilden bird species breed abundantly on W. Norrskdr. planned and directed the work and prepared In the following list, the numbers of pairs of the final manuscript for publication . the most numerous species breeding in 1966- Observation of Phalaropes is very easy due 72 are presented . (For a more detailed review to their tameness . A stationary observer can of the birds of Norrskär, see HILDEN & VUO- watch birds without disturbing them at a LANTO 1968.) distance of only a few meters ; egg laying, for instance, has been observed at close range Anas platyrhynchos l- 6 without the use of a hide . On the other hand, A. acuta 1- 4 the activity of the birds, e.g . when repeatedly A. clypeata 0- 4 flying from one place to another, often com- Aythya manla 19- 29 plicates observation . The nests are easy to find A. fuligula 1- 9 as soon as incubation has started, but during Melanitta (usca 4- 11 egg-laying to search for them is time-consum- Somateria mollissima 12- 20 ing and requires much experience . Within the Mergus merganser 3- 6 study area, all nests which were subsequently M. serrator 20- 30 successful were found in the years of study, Charadrius hiaticula 13- 22 35 of them during egg-laying and 36 during Arenaria interpres 30- 40 incubation. Only 2-3 nests, destroyed at an Tringa totanus 16- 23 early stage, were missed . Philomachus pugnax 0- 7 For individual recognition, as many birds Larus canus 2- 5 as possible were marked with coloured rings Sterna paradisaea 95-110 in addition to numbered aluminium rings. All Riparia riparia 4- 10 but two incubating males were captured at Delichon urbica 5- 15 their nests by a trap of the type described by, Oenanthe oenanthe 3- 9 among others, BOHLKEN (1934) and RITTING- Motacilla alba 7- 14 HAUS (1956) . In addition, traps supplied with long arms and placed in shallow water at Among these, the Arctic Tern Sterna para- Turnstone Arenaria interpres favoured feeding sites of Phalaropes were used disaea and the successfully . Altogether 21 adult 8 ö and 15 are particularly important to the Phalaropes, 9 were colour-ringed in the course of the the former influencing their habitat selection taking eggs . study. Also, all but six young hatched, or 108 (p. 64), the latter in total, were marked with coloured rings, Fletagrund lies about 300 m east of W. nestlings within each brood with the same Norrskär .
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