Combinedprintfile.Pdf

Let America be America Again Let America be America again. Let it be the dream it used to be. Let it be the pioneer on the plain Seeking a home where he himself is free.

( America never was America to me.)

Let America be the dream the dreamers dreamed-- Let it be that great strong land of love Where never kings connive nor tyrants scheme That any man be crushed by one above.

(It never was America to me.)

O, let my land be a land where Liberty Is crowned with no false patriotic wreath, But opportunity is real, and life is free, Equality is in the air we breathe.

(There's never been equality for me, Nor freedom in this "homeland of the free.")

Say, who are you that mumbles in the dark? And who are you that draws your veil across the stars?

I am the poor white, fooled and pushed apart, I am the Negro bearing slavery's scars. I am the red man driven from the land, I am the immigrant clutching the hope I seek-- And finding only the same old stupid plan Of dog eat dog, of mighty crush the weak.

I am the young man, full of strength and hope, Tangled in that ancient endless chain Of profit, power, gain, of grab the land! Of grab the gold! Of grab the ways of satisfying need! Of work the men! Of take the pay! Of owning everything for one's own greed!

I am the farmer, bondsman to the soil. I am the worker sold to the machine. I am the Negro, servant to you all. I am the people, humble, hungry, mean-- Hungry yet today despite the dream. Beaten yet today--O, Pioneers! I am the man who never got ahead, The poorest worker bartered through the years.

Yet I'm the one who dreamt our basic dream In the Old World while still a serf of kings, Who dreamt a dream so strong, so brave, so true, That even yet its mighty daring sings In every brick and stone, in every furrow turned That's made America the land it has become. O, I'm the man who sailed those early seas In search of what I meant to be my home-- For I'm the one who left dark Ireland's shore, And Poland's plain, and England's grassy lea, And torn from Black Africa's strand I came To build a "homeland of the free."

The free?

Who said the free? Not me? Surely not me? The millions on relief today? The millions shot down when we strike? The millions who have nothing for our pay? For all the dreams we've dreamed And all the songs we've sung And all the hopes we've held And all the flags we've hung, The millions who have nothing for our pay-- Except the dream that's almost dead today.

O, let America be America again-- The land that never has been yet-- And yet must be--the land where every man is free. The land that's mine--the poor man's, Indian's, Negro's, ME-- Who made America, Whose sweat and blood, whose faith and pain, Whose hand at the foundry, whose plow in the rain, Must bring back our mighty dream again.

Sure, call me any ugly name you choose-- The steel of freedom does not stain. From those who live like leeches on the people's lives, We must take back our land again, America!

O, yes, I say it plain, America never was America to me, And yet I swear this oath-- America will be!

Out of the rack and ruin of our gangster death, The rape and rot of graft, and stealth, and lies, We, the people, must redeem The land, the mines, the plants, the rivers. The mountains and the endless plain-- All, all the stretch of these great green states-- And make America again!

-- Langston Hughes

The Chicago Riot, from the Chicago Defender, August 2, Page 1 (1919) During the summer of 1919 major race riots broke out all over the country. The riot in Chicago, which lasted for four days, left thirty-eight people dead and hundreds injured and/or homeless. Racial tensions had been building throughout World War I as southern blacks moved north, especially to cities like Chicago, searching for jobs and an opportunity for better lives. As black soldiers returned from the war to face continuing discrimination and white soldiers returned to displace war workers, housing and job shortages fueled public struggles that resulted in racial violence. The bloody riots of 1919 helped fuel a growing awareness of the depth of racial strife in the United States as well as a new determination on the part of many African Americans to increase their efforts to gain racial equality. Other headlines for August 2 included “Riot Sweeps Chicago”; “Gun Battles and Fighting in Streets Keep the City in an Uproar”; “4,000 Troops in Armory Ready to Patrol City”; and “Scores are Killed.”

Note: The Chicago Defender was one of the most influential African American newspapers at the time this article was written.

The refusal of Policeman Daniel Callahan (white) . . . to arrest George Stuber (white) . . . last Sunday afternoon after the latter had knocked Eugene Williams, age 13 . . . from a raft as he was floating down Lake Michigan at Twenty-ninth street, fanned into action one of the worst race riots in the history of Illinois. Officer Callahan, it is charged, not only refused to make an arrest, but kept expert swimmers from reaching Williams. The news of Callahan's negligence reached the bathers at the Twenty-sixth street beach and a mob of fifty men marched to Twenty-ninth street to avenge the death of the boy. The patrolman's action so enraged the bathers that they pounced upon Callahan and commenced to pommel him. Callahan was chased to a drug store, where he summoned help. . . .

The whites on the beach took the policeman's part and a battle royal was waging in a few minutes. . . .

The news of Williams' death spread like wildfire, and about 8 o'clock Sunday night the whole South Side was in an uproar. Trolleys were pulled from the street cars in the vicinity of Thirty-fifth and State streets, and every white face was taken from the cars and severely beaten. Martin Webb (white) . . . had his head pommeled to a jelly when he fell in the hands of the rioters. Automobiles were stopped and the occupants taken out and beaten with sticks. All the autos were damaged beyond repair and left in the middle of the streets. Webb was carried to a hospital, where he died later in the night.

To quell the riot Sunday night 500 patrolmen invaded the district and remained until the early morning hours. At 12 o'clock midnight the rioters murdered a white peddler. . . .

Sunday night only proved a starter to the real fracas. Two colored men on their way to work at the stock yards were killed by the whites 6 o'clock Monday morning. . . . Pistols were flashed and men made threats to invade the stock yards district where the whites were attacking every black face that would show up. Stores were closed and motion picture houses nailed up their doors. All women and children retired from the streets, leaving the mob to work at free will. . . .

Groups of colored men gathered on the streets and discussed the situation and planned the night's attack. The word was passed around to clean the district of the whites for revenge. As the fever of race antagonism gained ground more fuel was added to the flame when workers from the stock yards came with stories of horrible attacks made by the whites upon colored women. These stories so enraged the crowd that they defied all policemen and beat white men up upon their appearance. . . .

The situation reached such a point that circulars pleading for order were distributed in the streets. The policemen had matters under control until 6 o'clock. . . . News flooded the South Side district that the whites on Wentworth avenue were collecting to invade State street. Over 500 policemen, mounted and on foot, were stationed at 31st street and 35th street. At the corner of 35th and State streets several colored men exhibited hand grenades preparing for the attack. An order was given to the police to shoot to kill any person who endeavored to start a disturbance, white or black. . . .

When night set in every store, poolroom, ice cream stand, and all business catering to the public was ordered closed. No crowds gathered on corners. Everything was seemingly quiet until 9:15 o'clock. A crowd of automobiles loaded with white men wheeled around the corner at 26th and State streets carrying army rifles and an unlimited supply of ammunition. Speeding down the street at the rate of fifty miles an hour the occupants of these machines fired right and left. The autos slowed down at 37th street on State to fire into a crowd. The motorcycle cops picked up the trail at 35th street and closed in on the white rioters. . . . The car stopped at 39th street; three of the occupants of the car were dead and two others were seriously wounded.

Five minutes after this another car swung right in behind the first fatal car and started firing right and left. The policemen at 35th street, being warned of this attack, swung the patrol wagons across the street and blocked the path of the death car. A fusillade of shots greeted the autoists. Four were killed. Another death car followed this one. The streets were clear and the police were ready to stop the rioters. . . . The officers turned their automatics on this car and killed three.

Several of the wounded were spirited to Provident hospital for treatment. When the colored men heard of this they made for the hospital and threatened to batter the doors to get the whites. It was here that Detective Sergeant Middleton was shot. His wound was not serious. The trouble between the races has been brewing for months. Assaults in parks on colored men and the trouble at the beaches kindled the fire. . . .

Document Analysis

How would you categorize the description of the riot? Is it balanced reporting, or does it reflect a particular bias? Chicago’s riot was only one of about twenty-five that took place during the summer of 1919. Where do you think the others occurred? Conduct an Internet search on “Red Summer,” and see if you’re right. The last paragraph asserts that “trouble between the races has been brewing for months.” Why were the reasons for this “trouble”? What steps, if any, could the city have taken to avoid the violence that broke out? Ku Klux Klan on Parade, 1928

During the 1920s, the Ku Klux Klan reemerged and rapidly grew in popularity among many white Americans. This photograph shows the Klan on parade down Pennsylvania Avenue in Washington, D.C.; the Capitol is in the background. (National Archives)

Thought Questions

Why did the Klan reemerge during the 1920s?

What did its reemergence reveal about popular attitudes during the 1920s toward anything perceived as "un-American"?

What other events and/or organizations represented this same trend? Like a Moth, It Works in the Dark, 1923. Charles Dana Gibson

This drawing is a warning against the dangers that nativism and the rise of "100% Americanism" posed after World War I. The insect's shape mimics the hoods worn by the Ku Klux Klan, and it alludes to the increasing activities of the Klan and other white- supremacist groups during the 1920s. (Library of Congress)

Thought Questions

Which groups did the Klan target in the 1920s?

Why?

Where was the Klan most popular?

What does the artist suggest that the Klan is doing to the fabric of American life?