Pedagogy and Educational Sciences in the Post-Soviet Baltic States, 1990–2004: Changes and Challenges 1990–2004: Changes Baltic States, in the Post-Soviet Sciences and Educational Pedagogy Throughout the book, there is a pervasive historical view of the development of specific areas of education in three sections: pre-independence ideals and activities; shaping the educational field of an independent state from legislation to educational content and educational sciences; re-entering the Western world and integrating into EU educational processes. A different substantive approach shows changes in views and practices at the level of individuality, family, institution, and nation. I would like to emphasize in particular Pedagogy and Educational Sciences the importance of the book as a source of information on the 15-year upheaval in education. It clearly shows, on the one hand, the objectivity in the Post-Soviet Baltic States of the scientific approach and, on the other hand, the “grounding” of this objectivity due to the personal participation of the writers and researchers in the processes under consideration. All the mentioned qualities make the book an important information resource for the widest audience: the description of the historical development, the identified ideals, problems and decisions, and the rich list of sources can be used by students, university lecturers, teachers, and researchers in the Baltic states, as well as internationally. Prof. Marju Lauristin Tartu University Estonia Changes and Challenges University of Latvia Press To Leonards Žukovs BALTIC ASSOCIATION OF HISTORIANS OF PEDAGOGY Pedagogy and Educational Sciences in the Post-Soviet Baltic States, 1990–2004: Changes and Challenges University of Latvia Press Riga 2020 UDK 37(474) Pe100 Baltic Association of Historians of Pedagogy. Pedagogy and Educational Sciences in the Post-Soviet Baltic States, 1990–2004: Changes and Challenges. Riga: University of Latvia Press, 2020. 286 p. The collective monograph has been approved for publication by the Council of Humanities of the University of Latvia (Minutes No. 9, meeting held on 29 June 2020). Editors: Iveta Kestere Ene-Silvia Sarv Irena Stonkuviene Sincere thanks to the reviewers Prof. Marju Lauristin (Tartu University, Estonia), Prof. Lilia Žukauskienė (University of Klaipeda, Lithuania), Prof. Linda Daniela (University of Latvia), and Dr. soc. sc. Ilze Šenberga (University of Daugavpils, Latvia) who recommended publication of this book. English Text Editor: Aija Abens Layout: Andra Liepiņa © University of Latvia, 2020 © Authors, 2020 https://doi.org/10.22364/bahp-pes.1990-2004 ISBN 978-9934-18-542-7 Content Aīda Krūze FOREWORD Baltic Association of Historians of Pedagogy: the First 20 Years ................... 7 Ene-Silvia Sarv INTRODUCTION Becoming Independent: Renewal of Education in Estonia with Parallels in Latvia and Lithuania ................................................................ 10 Chapter I BREAKING THE SYSTEM: INSTITUTIONAL CHANGES ......................... 33 Veronika Varik Changes in the Network of Estonian General Education Schools ................ 34 Reeli Liivik and Meidi Sirk Changes in Vocational Pedagogy after Restoration of Estonian Independence .......................................................................................................... 46 Vaineta Juškienė Restitution of Religious Education in Lithuania ............................................... 60 Aušrinė Zulumskytė Transformations of Structural Divisions of Lithuanian Higher Education Institutions: Case of the Faculty of Pedagogy at Klaipėda University ................................................................................................ 69 Chapter II WHAT SHOULD WE LEARN FOR DEMOCRACY? CURRICULUM CHANGES ................................................................................. 83 Ene-Silvia Sarv and Vadim Rõuk Estonian Curriculum: Becoming Independent ................................................. 84 Tiia Õun Development of a National Curriculum for Pre-School Childcare Institutions in Estonia ......................................................................... 102 Elita Stikute Changes in the Teaching of Native Literature: the Case of Latvia ................................................................................................................... 115 Aija Abens The Challenges of Teaching History in a Democracy: the Case of Latvia ................................................................................................... 126 Mare Oja History Education: The Case of Estonia ............................................................. 143 Rasa Jautakytė Changes in the Content of Music Education in Primary Schools ................. 166 Chapter III RAISING THE NEW PERSONALITY: CHANGES IN THE CULTURE OF UPBRINGING/EDUCATION ................................. 175 Nora Jansone-Ratinika, Dace Medne and Ilze Dinka Child Rearing in the Family: Social Perspective in Latvia .............................. 176 Ene-Silvia Sarv Estonian School Culture – Endeavor for Learning Organisation .................. 196 Baiba Kaļķe Teacher Image in Latvian Primary School Textbooks ..................................... 213 Chapter IV NEW PARADIGMS FOR EDUCATIONAL SCIENCES ................................ 223 Zanda Rubene and Iveta Ozola Democratisation of Educational Sciences (Pedagogy) in the Context of the Shift in Political Power of Latvia .................................. 224 Ona Tijūnėlienė Changes in and the Maturation of the Science of Education in Lithuania ............................................................................................................. 238 Vadim Rõuk and Ene Mägi From a Separate Special Education to an Inclusive Education Paradigm in Estonia ............................................................................................... 251 Iveta Kestere, Irena Stonkuviene and Veronika Varik History of Education as a Changing Research Field ........................................ 261 Iveta Kestere IN CONCLUSION ................................................................................................. 276 CONTRIBUTORS .................................................................................................. 280 https://doi.org/10.22364/bahp-pes.1990-2004.fw Foreword Baltic Association of Historians of Pedagogy: the First 20 Years The third collection of articles prepared by the Baltic Association of the Historians of Pedagogy (BAHP) is heading to its audience. The two previous collections were devoted to the overview of the history of education of the Baltic states until 1990,1 but this third book provides insight into the turbulent changes in education after the Baltic states regained independence in the 1990s until their entry into the European Union in 2004. Thirty years ago, on 23 August 1989, two million Latvians, Lithuanians, and Estonians joined hands, uniting the capital cities of the Baltic states to proclaim a common goal – liberation from the Soviet Union and regaining of national independence. This event revitalised cooperation between the Baltic states, including universities and scholars. After regaining independence, it became relevant for historians of pedagogy (education) to unite in an organisation that could strengthen networking between the leading scholars that had already begun in the 1970s. The Baltic Association of the Historians of Pedagogy was founded in 1999 with headquarters in Riga and three branches in Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia. Prof., Dr. habil. paed. Leonards Žukovs (1922–2019), was the initiator and founder of the Association. Until 2010, Žukovs was the Board Chair and Honorary Chair until the end of his life. Several significant Baltic historians of pedagogy, members of BAHP, have passed away in recent years. Lembit Andresen (1929–2016), Maria Tilk (1948–2015) and Vello Paatsi (1948–2015) are with us no longer. Gratitude for organizing the activities of the Lithuanian branch over the last decade should be expressed to Vidimantas Raudys (Klaipeda University) and for management of the Estonian branch to Vadim Rouk and Veronika Varik (Tallinn University). Since the founding of BAHP, Romāns Alhimionoks, owner of the education literature publishing house RaKa, has been actively involved in the life of the Association: he has been the patron of all previous BAHP publications, collections of articles, conference programmes, and other printed 1 A. Krūze, I. Ķestere, V. Sirk, O. Tijūneliene (eds.), History of Education and Pedagogical Thought in the Baltic Countries up to 1940: an Overview, Rīga, RaKa, 2009; I. Ķestere, A. Krūze (eds.), History of Pedagogy and Educational Sciences in the Baltic Countries from 1940 to 1990: an Overview, Riga, RaKa, 2013. Pedagogy and Educational Sciences in the Post-Soviet 8 Baltic States, 1990–2004: Changes and Challenges materials. It should be mentioned that the Latvian Academy of Sport Education and the University of Latvia have also been BAHP supporters for many years. Much has been achieved through joint efforts between historians of pedagogy from Latvian higher education institutions, scholars from Klaipeda and Vilnius Universities (Lithuania), and Tallinn and Tartu Universities (Estonia). International conferences have been organised on a regular basis in each BAHP branch and conference proceedings on current research in the history of pedagogy were published; for example, Reformpädagogik and the Baltics (2003), Research in the History of Pedagogy in the Baltic