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El Hijo De El Cronopio Boletín El Hijo de El Cronopio Facultad de Ciencias Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí No. 569, 6 de mayo de 2010 No. Acumulado de la serie: 907 Boletín de información científica y tecnológica de la Facultad de Ciencias y del Museo Casa de la Ciencia y el Juego Publicación bisemanal Edición y textos Fís. José Refugio Martínez Mendoza ----------------------------- Parte de las notas de la sección Noticias de la Ciencia y la Tecnología han sido editadas por los españoles Manuel Montes y Jorge Munnshe. (http://www.amazings.com/ciencia). La sección es un servicio de recopilación de noticias e informaciones científicas, proporcionadas por los servicios de prensa de universidades, centros de investigación y otras publicaciones especializadas. Progress M-05M Cualquier información, artículo o anuncio deberá enviarse al editor. El contenido será responsabilidad del autor correos electrónicos: [email protected] [email protected] Consultas del Boletín y números anteriores http://galia.fc.uaslp.mx/~uragani/cam/cronopio_2009.htm Cuerpo Académico de Materiales En la Estación Espacial Sociedad Científica -------------------------------------------------------------------------- Francisco Javier Estrada Formalización 55 Años Física en San Luis 35 AÑOS El Hijo de El Cronopio No. 569/907 Contenido/ Agencias/ De origen genético, las “enfermedades huérfanas” afectan órganos vitales Pretende la CBI legalizar la caza de ballenas, dicen ¿Qué tan grave ha sido la pandemia? México y Francia crearán observatorio marino Envenenado con arsénico Renueva Conaculta su programa cultural para niños Ponen a debate nuevos derroteros en el estudio de los sacrificios humanos en Mesoamérica Presentan a la segunda persona con transplante total de cara Recrean sangre de mamut siberiano Urge una intervención técnico-científica en la Cofepris Noticias de la Ciencia y la Tecnología Completado el análisis de un dinosaurio hallado en rocas rojas de Utah ¿Nueva era geológica causada por el ser humano? La personalidad puede influir sobre el envejecimiento del cerebro Más evidencias de un fenómeno que cambió por completo la superficie de Venus Las supercolonias de una especie común de hormiga prosperan más en zonas urbanas Breves del Mundo de la Ciencia Próxima misión NEEMO La Progress M-05M se acopla a la estación orbital Lanzado el Kosmos-2463 Que Suene la Huapanguera/ Voz sotabentina Varia/ La Ciencia en el Bar Convocatoria Fis-Mat 12897 El Hijo de El Cronopio No. 569/907 Agencias/ Por su baja frecuencia, las compañías farmacéuticas no invierten en tratamientos De origen genético, las “enfermedades huérfanas” afectan órganos vitales Llamadas de depósito lisosomal, se caracterizan por déficit de alguna enzima específica, explica Soberón Mainero en reunión organizada por el Inmegen y el laboratorio Genzyme MARIANA NORANDI/ La Jornada Son enfermedades de muy baja prevalencia que sólo afectan a una o dos personas por cada cien mil habitantes. Sus nombres, generalmente, hacen alusión a su descubridor y la inmensa mayoría de la sociedad, y parte de la comunidad científica, las desconocen. Fabry, Gaucher, Hurler o Pompe son algunas de las llamadas enfermedades por depósito lisosomal (EDL). También son conocidas como “enfermedades huérfanas”, debido al nulo interés que ha mostrado la industria farmacéutica a la hora de invertir en la producción de medicamentos para su tratamiento, por considerarlos muy costosos para un mercado escaso. Recientemente se efectuó el simposio Retos y oportunidades para las enfermedades por depósito lisosomal en el siglo XXI, organizado por el Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (Inmegen) y el laboratorio Genzyme, el cual produce fármacos para el tratamiento de esas enfermedades. En esa actividad, Francisco Xavier Soberón Mainero, director general del Inmegen, explicó que esos padecimientos se caracterizan por un déficit enzimático específico en cada una. Asimismo, comentó que las más conocidas son la Gaucher, Fabry, la mucopolisacariosis (MPS), o enfermedad de Hurler, y la Pompe. El titular del Inmegen precisó que, aunque pueden tener un componente ambiental, su origen es básicamente genético. “En realidad todas las enfermedades tienen un componente genético y otro ambiental, la cuestión es conocer el grado de su presencia. Las EDL son fuertemente genéticas, tienen alta penetrancia, por lo que cuando existe esa característica genética casi siempre está la enfermedad.” 12898 El Hijo de El Cronopio No. 569/907 Por su rareza y baja prevalencia, los pacientes que las sufren visitan a muchos especialistas hasta lograr un diagnóstico; sin embargo, en gran número de casos la muerte se adelanta al dictamen médico. Soberón Mainero agregó que los tratamientos son biotecnológicos, por lo cual tienden a ser muy caros, “por el orden de miles de dólares al mes”. Subrayó que estas enfermedades no son curables, porque para ello se requeriría la modificación de los genes. La no medicación en estos pacientes representa la muerte temprana; sin embargo, con tratamiento farmacológico los síntomas mejoran notablemente y la persona afectada puede tener una buena calidad de vida. El oncólogo José Athié, director médico de la empresa Genzyme, describió algunos de los síntomas de esas enfermedades. La enfermedad de Fabry, expuso, ataca los riñones, los ojos, produce opacidad de córnea. Las personas que la padecen no tienen capacidad de sudar, por lo que también sufren de dolor en las puntas de los dedos de manos y pies y son vulnerables a insuficiencia renal. El mal de Gaucher consiste en la acumulación de metabolitos en hígado, bazo y médula. Asimismo, destruye el hueso, por lo que los pacientes suelen acabar en silla de ruedas. “El problema es que se confunde con cirrosis o leucemia y un paciente consulta entre ocho y 12 médicos antes de llegar al diagnóstico”, agregó. José Athié explicó que los enfermos de mucopolisacariosis se distinguen por sus facciones toscas, ya que se les afecta el tejido conjuntivo y produce rostros similares a las gárgolas. Este mal es causado por la ausencia o mal funcionamiento de ciertas enzimas y es frecuente que los pacientes también padezcan algún problema de carácter mental. “En México hemos diagnosticado 11 casos; 10 pacientes han muerto y uno está pendiente de tratamiento”, informó. Las personas con Pompe no puedan degradar la glucosa y ésta se acumula en el músculo y lo destruye, con lo cual el paciente pierde tono muscular, lo cual afecta corazón y diafragma. _____________________________________________________________ 12899 El Hijo de El Cronopio No. 569/907 Pretende la CBI legalizar la caza de ballenas, dicen ANGÉLICA ENCISO/ La Jornada La propuesta de la Comisión Ballenera Internacional (CBI) para “mejorar la conservación” de esos animales pretende legalizar la caza comercial de estos mamíferos en aguas mundiales por primera vez en 24 años, lo cual abarca el Santuario Austral creado en 1994, advirtieron organizaciones ambientalistas. En la reunión que se realizará el próximo junio se discutirá la propuesta que tiene la finalidad de que Japón, Islandia y Noruega puedan cazar cetáceos durante 10 años para hacer una “evaluación de la disminución de las cuotas de caza”. El fin es permitir cuotas de caza de subsistencia para especies en peligro de extinción, como la ballena de aleta o rorcual común, rorcual de sei, ballena jorobada, e incluso aumentarla en la ballena gris, que arriba a las costas de Baja California Sur. Alejandro Olivera, coordinador de la campaña de océanos y costas de Greenpeace, sostuvo que el santuario ballenero austral es reconocido internacionalmente y consideró ambiguo el plan de la CBI, ya que por un lado se opone a la caza comercial, y al mismo tiempo apoya las cuotas. Lejos de ser un buen trato La propuesta, dada a conocer la semana pasada, está “lejos de ser un buen trato para las ballenas y para el futuro de la CBI. Debe seguir prohibiendo la caza de ballenas con fines comerciales y transformarse en un órgano que no sólo administre esos animales, sino los proteja”. Antigua y Barbuda, Australia, Brasil, Camerún, Alemania, Islandia, Japón, México, Nueva Zelanda, Suecia y Estados Unidos fueron algunos países que redactaron la propuesta, aunque México, Nueva Zelanda, Brasil y Australia ya se pronunciaron en contra. “México debe ser firme y no ceder por ningún motivo a la presión para reabrir la cacería de ballenas”, dijo Juan Carlos Cantú, director de programas de Defensores de la Vida Salvaje, de México. _____________________________________________________________ 12900 El Hijo de El Cronopio No. 569/907 ¿Qué tan grave ha sido la pandemia? JAVIER FLORES/ La Jornada A un año de la aparición del virus de la influenza pandémica A/H1N1, una de las preguntas que todos nos hacemos es sobre la gravedad real que ha tenido la nueva enfermedad. En este lapso las versiones han sido abundantes y contradictorias, pues han ido desde las dudas acerca de su existencia hasta los escenarios catastrofistas, pasando por opiniones, como las de algunas autoridades mexicanas, que por momentos la han considerado una patología casi benigna. Las pandemias de influenza son fenómenos que aparecen de modo recurrente en el mundo. La más grave, por su alta letalidad, fue la de 1918, la cual, de acuerdo con diversas estimaciones, cobró la vida de entre 20 y 50 millones de seres humanos. Si comparamos ese episodio con la pandemia actual, en la que según datos de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) han muerto al menos 18 mil personas, estaríamos ante un número comparativamente bajo, que podría llevarnos a conclusiones apresuradas y engañosas. En 1918 no se sabía siquiera lo que era un virus. Los avances en el conocimiento, así como los cambios en el modo de vida que incluyen el desarrollo de los sistemas de salud nacionales y a escala mundial, así como las prácticas higiénicas entre la población, han variado sustancialmente a lo largo de casi un siglo, y esto se han traducido, por ejemplo, en un importante incremento en la esperanza de vida al nacer. Si bien los datos con los que se cuenta tanto a escala mundial como en México no pueden considerarse totalmente exactos, el examen de algunos indicadores puede ser útil para responder a la pregunta que da título a este artículo.
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