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Hyeong 1 Hyeong Hyeong 1 Hyeong Koreanische Schreibweise koreanische Schriftzeichen: 형 chinesische Schriftzeichen: 形 / 型 Revidierte Romanisierung: hyeong McCune-Reischauer: hyŏng Hyeong (oft Hyong geschrieben) ist die Bezeichnung von vorgeschriebenen Bewegungsabläufen (s. Form (Kampfkunst)) in vielen koreanischen Kampfkünsten. Im Folgenden wird hauptsächlich auf das Formensystem des traditionellen Taekwondo eingegangen. Im traditionellen Taekwondo gibt es 20 Hyeong. Aus ihnen wurden die 24 Teul (oft Tul geschrieben) von General Choi Hong Hi entwickelt. Das Formensystem mit den klassischen 20 Hyeongs wird nach dem Schriftstellernamen General Chois „Chang-Hon“ genannt. Ihr philosophischer Hintergrund geht meist auf koreanische Legenden, Patrioten oder andere Teile der koreanischen Geschichte zurück. Sie dienen dazu, Bewegungsabläufe zu trainieren, die Konzentration zu steigern, Grundtechniken und Grundstellungen zu üben und einen eigenen Bewegungsstil zu entwickeln. Die Zahl 24 rührt von der Anzahl der Stunden an einem Tag her. Ein einzelnes Menschenleben ist im Vergleich zur Ewigkeit so kurz wie ein einziger Tag. Die einzelnen Hyeongs Die verwendeten Namen entsprechen der Umschrift für die koreanische Sprache nach der Revidierten Romanisierung. Sind andere Umschriften gebräuchlich, sind diese in der Beschreibung der Hyeong ebenfalls angegeben. [1] Hyeong Traditionelle Reihenfolge Reihenfolge der Teul ITF-D: notwendig für Anzahl Bewegungen Cheon-Ji 1 1 8. und 7. Kup 19 Dan-Gun 2 2 7. und 6. Kup 21 Do-San 3 3 6. und 5. Kup 24 [2] Won-Hyo 4 4 5. und 4. Kup 28 Yul-Gok 5 5 4. und 3. Kup 38 Jung-Geun 6 6 3. und 2. Kup 32 Toi-Gye 7 7 2. und 1. Kup 37 [3] Hwa-Rang 8 8 1. Kup und 1. Dan 29 [4] Chung-Mu 9 9 1. Dan 30 Gwang-Gae 10 10 2. Dan 39 Po-Eun 11 11 2. Dan 36 Gye-Baek 12 12 2. Dan 44 Eui-Am - 13 3. Dan 45 Chung-Jang 14 14 3. Dan 52 Juche - 15 3. Dan 45 Hyeong 2 Sam-Il 16 16 4. Dan 33 Yu-Sin 13 17 4. Dan 68 Choe-Yeong 18 18 4. Dan 45 Yeon-Gae - 19 5. Dan 49 Eul-Ji 15 20 5. Dan 42 Mun-Mu - 21 5. Dan 61 Seo-San - 22 6. Dan 72 Se-Jong 19 23 6. Dan 24 Tong-Il 20 24 7. Dan 56 Go-Dang 17 - - 39 Die 20 ursprünglichen Hyeongs Cheon-Ji Kor. 천지 / 天 地 • 19 Bewegungen • auch: Chon-Ji Himmel und Erde. Der Name steht als Symbol für den Anfang und den Beginn von etwas Neuem. Dan-Gun 단군 / 檀 君 • 21 Bewegungen • auch: Tan-Gun Dangun war der koreanischen Legende nach der Sohn eines Gottes und einer menschlichen Frau. Er gründete im Jahre 2333 v. Chr. das heutige Korea. Do-San 도산 / 島 山 • 24 Bewegungen • auch: To-San Der koreanische Patriot An Chang-ho legte sich diesen Namen zu. Er stand für Unabhängigkeit und Bildung in Korea. Won-Hyo 원효 / 元 曉 • 28 Bewegungen Won-Hyo war ein buddhistischer Mönch, der im Jahr 686, zur Zeit der Silla-Dynastie, den Buddhismus reformierte und in Korea einführte. Hyeong 3 Yul-Gok 율곡 / 栗 谷 • 38 Bewegungen • auch: Yul-Kok Yi-I war Philosoph und Gelehrter. Er legte sich dieses Pseudonym zu. Die 38 Bewegungen stehen für den 38. Breitengrad, auf dem der Geburtsort von Yi-I liegt. Jung-Geun 중근 / 重 根 • 32 Bewegungen • auch: Chung-Gun An Chung-gun war ein koreanischer Nationalist, welcher einen tödlichen Anschlag auf Itō Hirobumi, den ersten japanischen Generalgouverneur für Korea ausübte. Sein militärischer Widerstand gegen eine Fremdbestimmung Koreas wird heute in Teilen der heutigen dortigen Bevölkerung als patriotisch gedeutet. Die 32 Bewegungen stehen für das Alter in dem An Chung-gun 1910 wegen des Attentates hingerichtet wurde. Toi-Gye 퇴계 / 退 溪 • 37 Bewegungen Der Gelehrte und Schriftsteller Yi-Hwang (16. Jahrhundert) beschäftigte sich mit Naturheilkünsten und war eine angesehene Persönlichkeit auf dem Gebiet des Neu-Konfuzianismus. Das Schrittdiagramm zeigt das Hangeul-Symbol für „Gelehrter“. Die 37 Bewegungen der Hyeong beziehen sich auf seinen Geburtsort auf dem 37. Breitengrad. Hwa-Rang 화랑 / 花 郎 • 29 Bewegungen König Chin Hung rief 576 eine Jugendorganisation ins Leben, die er Hwarang (Jugendblüten) nannte. Diese Gruppe gewann schließlich so sehr an Macht, dass sie letztendlich die drei Königreiche Goguryeo, Silla und Baekje zu Korea vereinten. Die 29 Bewegungen stehen für die 29. Infanterie Division, in der Taekwon-Do hauptsächlich entwickelt worden ist. Chung-Mu 충무 / 忠 武 • 30 Bewegungen Chung-Mu war das Pseudonym für Admiral I Sun-sin zu Zeiten der Yi-Dynastie. Er erfand im Jahre 1592 das erste gepanzerte Kriegsschiff (Schildkrötenschiff). Mit der Hilfe dieses Bootes gelang es I Sun-sin im Imjin-Krieg den japanischen Invasoren den Nachschub über den Seeweg abzuschneiden und zwang so die Japaner zum Rückzug. Die Form endet mit einer Angriffsbewegung mit der linken Hand und symbolisiert damit seinen bedauerlichen Tod, ehe er Gelegenheit hatte, sein großes Potential unter Beweis zu stellen, das durch die erzwungene Loyalität seinem König gegenüber gezügelt wurde. Hyeong 4 Gwang-Gae 광개 / 廣 開 • 39 Bewegungen • auch: Kwang-Gae Namensgeber dieser Hyeong ist ein König in der Goguryeo-Dynastie, der die koreanischen Siedlungen erweiterte. Die 39 Bewegungen stehen für die 39 Jahre, die seine Herrschaft dauerte. Po-Eun 포은 / 圃 隱 • 36 Bewegungen Der Physiker und Dichter Chong Mong-Chu (1400) legte sich dieses Synonym zu. Das Gedicht: „Ich würde keinem anderen dienen, auch wenn ich 100 Male dafür gekreuzigt werden würde!“ kennt beinahe jeder Koreaner. In dieser Hyong erkennt man deutlich den Ursprung des Taekwon-Do das JKA Shotokan Karate der 40er / 50er Jahre. Gye-Baek 계백 / 階 伯 • 44 Bewegungen • auch: Ge-Baek Ge-Baek-Hyeong wurde nach einem bedeutenden General benannt. Yu-Sin 유신 / 庾 信 • 68 Bewegungen • auch: Yoo-Sin General Kim Yu-Shin ist der Namensgeber der 13. Hyeong des traditionellen Taekwondo. Er war zusammen mit China und der in Korea operierenden Hwarang-Organisation (siehe auch Hwa-Rang Hyeong) maßgeblich an der Vereinigung des dreigeteilten Korea beteiligt. Die 68 Bewegungen der Yu-Sin-Hyeong stehen für das Jahr der Vereinigung (668). Chung-Jang 충장 / 忠 壯 • 52 Bewegungen • auch: Chung-Yang General und Dichter Kim Duk-Ryang (Yi-Dynastie) legte sich dieses Pseudonym zu. Er starb im Alter von 27 Jahren im Gefängnis. Eul-Ji 을지 / 乙 支 • 42 Bewegungen • auch: Ul-Ji General Ul-Ji gelang es um 612, Korea gegen nahezu eine Million chinesischer Invasoren zu verteidigen. Sam-Il 삼일 / 三 一 • 33 Bewegungen Sam-Il bedeutet „Erster März“ und geht auf die Bewegung des ersten Märzes zurück. Am 1. März 1919 demonstrierten viele Koreaner gewaltfrei für eine Unabhängigkeit von Japan. Die japanische Kolonialverwaltung ließ nach Vorlesung einer Unabhängigkeitserklärung die Demonstration unter Gewaltanwendung auflösen. Die 33 Bewegungen erinnern an die 33 Koreaner, die die Unabhängigkeitsbewegung organisiert hatten. Hyeong 5 Go-Dang 고당 / 古 堂 • 39 Bewegungen • auch: Ko-Dang Der Koreaner Cho Man-sik war Nationalist und setzte sich für die Unabhängigkeitsbewegung in Korea ein. Er gab sich das Pseudonym Ko-Dang und gilt dort als Patriot. Choe-Yeong 최영 / 崔 榮 • 45 Bewegungen • auch: Choi-Yong General Choe-Yeong (Goryeo-Dynastie) war ein loyaler General der damaligen Armee Koreas. Er wurde vom späteren König, General Yi Song-Gae, hingerichtet. Se-Jong 세종 / 世 宗 • 24 Bewegungen • auch: Se-Yong Diese Hyeong wurde nach dem koreanischen König Se-Jong benannt. Er ist der Erfinder des koreanischen Alphabets. Außerdem ließ er ein Planetarium bauen. Se-Yong-Hyeong besteht aus 24 Bewegungen, entsprechend den 24 Grundbuchstaben des koreanischen Alphabetes. Das Schrittdiagramm steht chinesisch für König. Tong-Il 통일 / 統 一 • 56 Bewegungen Tong-Il (kor. Vereinigung) ist ein Ziel aller Koreaner. Korea wurde 1945 nach dem 2. Weltkrieg durch den ideologischen Konflikt zwischen Sowjetunion und USA in Nord- und Südkorea gespalten. Das Schrittdiagramm der Hyeong symbolisiert die Wiedervereinigung von Nord und Süd. Ergänzende / Ausgetauschte Hyeongs Eui-Am 의암 / 義 菴 • 45 Bewegungen Son Byong Hi legte sich dieses Synonym zu. Er leitete am 1. März 1919 die koreanische Unabhängigkeitsbewegung, siehe auch den 16. Hyeong: Sam-Il. Juche 주체 / 主 體 • 45 Bewegungen Es heißt, die Ideologie Juche stammt vom Baekdu-Berg, der den Geist des koreanischen Volkes symbolisiert. Die Schrittfolge repräsentiert diesen Berg. (General Choi ersetzte Ko-Dang mit dieser Hyeong) Hyeong 6 Yeon-Gae 연개 / 淵 蓋 • 49 Bewegungen • auch: Yon-Gae General Yeon-Gae Somun tötete ca. 300.000 chinesische Soldaten und vertrieb die Tang-Dynastie aus Korea. Dies geschah im Jahr 649 daher besteht Yeon-Gae-Hyeong aus 49 Bewegungen. Mun-Mu 문무 / 文 武 • 61 Bewegungen • auch: Moon-Moo Diese Hyeong ehrt König Mun-Mu, den 30. König der Silla-Dynastie, der die drei Königreiche Goguryeo, Baekje, Silla vereinigte. Er wurde in der Nähe von Dae Wang Am (Großer-König-Fels) entsprechen seinem letzten Willen im Meer beigesetzt "wo meine Seele immer mein Land gegen die Japaner verteidigen soll". Die 61 Bewegungen symbolisieren die letzten Ziffern des Jahres 661, als Munmu den Thron bestieg. Seo-San 서산 / 西 山 • 72 Bewegungen • auch: So-San Der Mönch Choi Hyon Ung aus der Joseon Dynastie legte sich das Pseudonym Seo-San zu. Die 72 Bewegungen beziehen sich auf das Alter in dem er eine Truppe Kriegermönche mit Hilfe seines Schülers Sa Myung Dang organisierte. Diese Soldaten schlugen die Wōkòu zurück, die 1592 den Großteil der Koreanischen Halbinsel überrannten. Quellen [1] Prüfungsordnung (http:/ / www. itf-d. de/ downloads/ po. pdf) (PDF; 83 kB) der ITF-D [2] Won-Hyo-Hyeong hat nach klassischer Zählung 28 Bewegungen, Michael Unruh nennt in seinem Buch (siehe Literatur) jedoch nur 26. [3] Hwa-Rang-Hyeong hat nach klassischer Zählung 29 Bewegungen, Michael Unruh nennt in seinem Buch (siehe Literatur) jedoch 30. [4] Chung-Mu-Hyeong hat nach klassischer Zählung 30 Bewegungen, Michael Unruh nennt in seinem Buch (siehe Literatur) jedoch 31.
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