Deep Molecular Divergence in the Absence of Morphological And
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Biogeography of the Caribbean Cyrtognatha Spiders Klemen Čandek1,6,7, Ingi Agnarsson2,4, Greta J
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Biogeography of the Caribbean Cyrtognatha spiders Klemen Čandek1,6,7, Ingi Agnarsson2,4, Greta J. Binford3 & Matjaž Kuntner 1,4,5,6 Island systems provide excellent arenas to test evolutionary hypotheses pertaining to gene fow and Received: 23 July 2018 diversifcation of dispersal-limited organisms. Here we focus on an orbweaver spider genus Cyrtognatha Accepted: 1 November 2018 (Tetragnathidae) from the Caribbean, with the aims to reconstruct its evolutionary history, examine Published: xx xx xxxx its biogeographic history in the archipelago, and to estimate the timing and route of Caribbean colonization. Specifcally, we test if Cyrtognatha biogeographic history is consistent with an ancient vicariant scenario (the GAARlandia landbridge hypothesis) or overwater dispersal. We reconstructed a species level phylogeny based on one mitochondrial (COI) and one nuclear (28S) marker. We then used this topology to constrain a time-calibrated mtDNA phylogeny, for subsequent biogeographical analyses in BioGeoBEARS of over 100 originally sampled Cyrtognatha individuals, using models with and without a founder event parameter. Our results suggest a radiation of Caribbean Cyrtognatha, containing 11 to 14 species that are exclusively single island endemics. Although biogeographic reconstructions cannot refute a vicariant origin of the Caribbean clade, possibly an artifact of sparse outgroup availability, they indicate timing of colonization that is much too recent for GAARlandia to have played a role. Instead, an overwater colonization to the Caribbean in mid-Miocene better explains the data. From Hispaniola, Cyrtognatha subsequently dispersed to, and diversifed on, the other islands of the Greater, and Lesser Antilles. Within the constraints of our island system and data, a model that omits the founder event parameter from biogeographic analysis is less suitable than the equivalent model with a founder event. -
Transcriptome Characterization of the Aptostichus Atomarius Species Complex Nicole L
Garrison et al. BMC Evolutionary Biology (2020) 20:68 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-020-01606-7 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Shifting evolutionary sands: transcriptome characterization of the Aptostichus atomarius species complex Nicole L. Garrison1*, Michael S. Brewer2 and Jason E. Bond3 Abstract Background: Mygalomorph spiders represent a diverse, yet understudied lineage for which genomic level data has only recently become accessible through high-throughput genomic and transcriptomic sequencing methods. The Aptostichus atomarius species complex (family Euctenizidae) includes two coastal dune endemic members, each with inland sister species – affording exploration of dune adaptation associated patterns at the transcriptomic level. We apply an RNAseq approach to examine gene family conservation across the species complex and test for patterns of positive selection along branches leading to dune endemic species. Results: An average of ~ 44,000 contigs were assembled for eight spiders representing dune (n = 2), inland (n = 4), and atomarius species complex outgroup taxa (n = 2). Transcriptomes were estimated to be 64% complete on average with 77 spider reference orthologs missing from all taxa. Over 18,000 orthologous gene clusters were identified within the atomarius complex members, > 5000 were detected in all species, and ~ 4700 were shared between species complex members and outgroup Aptostichus species. Gene family analysis with the FUSTr pipeline identified 47 gene families appearing to be under selection in the atomarius ingroup; four of the five top clusters include sequences strongly resembling other arthropod venom peptides. The COATS pipeline identified six gene clusters under positive selection on branches leading to dune species, three of which reflected the preferred species tree. -
Distribution of Spiders in Coastal Grey Dunes
kaft_def 7/8/04 11:22 AM Pagina 1 SPATIAL PATTERNS AND EVOLUTIONARY D ISTRIBUTION OF SPIDERS IN COASTAL GREY DUNES Distribution of spiders in coastal grey dunes SPATIAL PATTERNS AND EVOLUTIONARY- ECOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE OF DISPERSAL - ECOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE OF DISPERSAL Dries Bonte Dispersal is crucial in structuring species distribution, population structure and species ranges at large geographical scales or within local patchily distributed populations. The knowledge of dispersal evolution, motivation, its effect on metapopulation dynamics and species distribution at multiple scales is poorly understood and many questions remain unsolved or require empirical verification. In this thesis we contribute to the knowledge of dispersal, by studying both ecological and evolutionary aspects of spider dispersal in fragmented grey dunes. Studies were performed at the individual, population and assemblage level and indicate that behavioural traits narrowly linked to dispersal, con- siderably show [adaptive] variation in function of habitat quality and geometry. Dispersal also determines spider distribution patterns and metapopulation dynamics. Consequently, our results stress the need to integrate knowledge on behavioural ecology within the study of ecological landscapes. / Promotor: Prof. Dr. Eckhart Kuijken [Ghent University & Institute of Nature Dries Bonte Conservation] Co-promotor: Prf. Dr. Jean-Pierre Maelfait [Ghent University & Institute of Nature Conservation] and Prof. Dr. Luc lens [Ghent University] Date of public defence: 6 February 2004 [Ghent University] Universiteit Gent Faculteit Wetenschappen Academiejaar 2003-2004 Distribution of spiders in coastal grey dunes: spatial patterns and evolutionary-ecological importance of dispersal Verspreiding van spinnen in grijze kustduinen: ruimtelijke patronen en evolutionair-ecologisch belang van dispersie door Dries Bonte Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor [Ph.D.] in Sciences Proefschrift voorgedragen tot het bekomen van de graad van Doctor in de Wetenschappen Promotor: Prof. -
Species Delimitation and Phylogeography of Aphonopelma Hentzi (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Theraphosidae): Cryptic Diversity in North American Tarantulas
Species Delimitation and Phylogeography of Aphonopelma hentzi (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Theraphosidae): Cryptic Diversity in North American Tarantulas Chris A. Hamilton1*, Daniel R. Formanowicz2, Jason E. Bond1 1 Auburn University Museum of Natural History and Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America, 2 Department of Biology, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, United States of America Abstract Background: The primary objective of this study is to reconstruct the phylogeny of the hentzi species group and sister species in the North American tarantula genus, Aphonopelma, using a set of mitochondrial DNA markers that include the animal ‘‘barcoding gene’’. An mtDNA genealogy is used to consider questions regarding species boundary delimitation and to evaluate timing of divergence to infer historical biogeographic events that played a role in shaping the present-day diversity and distribution. We aimed to identify potential refugial locations, directionality of range expansion, and test whether A. hentzi post-glacial expansion fit a predicted time frame. Methods and Findings: A Bayesian phylogenetic approach was used to analyze a 2051 base pair (bp) mtDNA data matrix comprising aligned fragments of the gene regions CO1 (1165 bp) and ND1-16S (886 bp). Multiple species delimitation techniques (DNA tree-based methods, a ‘‘barcode gap’’ using percent of pairwise sequence divergence (uncorrected p- distances), and the GMYC method) consistently recognized a number of divergent and genealogically exclusive groups. Conclusions: The use of numerous species delimitation methods, in concert, provide an effective approach to dissecting species boundaries in this spider group; as well they seem to provide strong evidence for a number of nominal, previously undiscovered, and cryptic species. -
Systematics of the Californian Euctenizine Spider Genus Apomastus
CSIRO PUBLISHING www.publish.csiro.au/journals/is Invertebrate Systematics, 2004, 18, 361–376 Systematics of the Californian euctenizine spider genus Apomastus (Araneae:Mygalomorphae:Cyrtaucheniidae): the relationship between molecular and morphological taxonomy Jason E. Bond East Carolina University, Department of Biology, Howell Science Complex–N211, Greenville, NC 27858, USA. Email: [email protected] Abstract. The genus Apomastus Bond & Opell is a relatively small group of mygalomorph spiders with a limited geographic distribution. Restricted to the Los Angeles Basin, San Juan Mountains, and San Joaquin Hills, Apomastus occupies a fragile habitat rapidly succumbing to urban encroachment. Although originally described as monotypic, the genus was hypothesised to contain at least one additional species. However, females of the two reputed species are morphologically indistinguishable and the authors were unable confidently to assign specific status to populations for which they lacked male specimens. Using an approach that combines geographic, morphological and molecular data, all known populations are assigned to one of two hypothesised species. Mitochondrial DNA cytochrome c oxidase I sequences are used to infer population phylogeny, providing the evolutionary framework necessary to resolve population and species identity issues. Conflicts between the parsimony and Bayesian analyses raise questions about species delineation, species paraphyly, and the application of molecular taxonomy to these taxa. Issues relevant to the conservation of Apomastus species are discussed in light of the substantive intraspecific species divergence observed in the mtDNA data. The type species, Apomastus schlingeri Bond & Opell, is redescribed and a second species, Apomastus kristenae, sp. nov., is described. Additional keywords: conservation genetics, cytochrome oxidase, molecular systematics, molecular taxonomy, phylogeography, species paraphyly, spider taxonomy. -
A Taxonomic Review of the Trapdoor Spider Genus Myrmekiaphila (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Cyrtaucheniidae)
PUBLISHED BY THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY CENTRAL PARK WEST AT 79TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10024 Number 3596, 30 pp., 106 figures December 12, 2007 A Taxonomic Review of the Trapdoor Spider Genus Myrmekiaphila (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Cyrtaucheniidae) JASON E. BOND1 AND NORMAN I. PLATNICK2 ABSTRACT The mygalomorph spider genus Myrmekiaphila comprises 11 species known only from the southeastern United States. The type species, M. foliata Atkinson, is removed from the synonymy of M. fluviatilis (Hentz) and placed as a senior synonym of M. atkinsoni Simon. A neotype is designated for M. fluviatilis and males of the species are described for the first time. Aptostichus flavipes Petrunkevitch is transferred to Myrmekiaphila. Six new species are described: M. coreyi and M. minuta from Florida, M. neilyoungi from Alabama, M. jenkinsi from Tennessee and Kentucky, and M. millerae and M. howelli from Mississippi. INTRODUCTION throughout the southeastern United States (fig. 1), ranging from northern Virginia along The trapdoor spider genus Myrmekiaphila the Appalachian Mountains southward (Cyrtaucheniidae, Euctenizinae) has long re- through West Virginia, Kentucky, North and mained in relative obscurity. Aside from South Carolina, Tennessee, and northern occasional species descriptions, no significant Georgia into the Southeastern Plains and taxonomic work on the group has appeared. Southern Coastal Plain of Alabama, Mis- Members of the genus are widely distributed sissippi, and Florida. The range of the genus 1 Research Associate, Division -
Phylogenomic Analysis and Revised Classification of Atypoid Mygalomorph Spiders (Araneae, Mygalomorphae), with Notes on Arachnid Ultraconserved Element Loci
Phylogenomic analysis and revised classification of atypoid mygalomorph spiders (Araneae, Mygalomorphae), with notes on arachnid ultraconserved element loci Marshal Hedin1, Shahan Derkarabetian1,2,3, Adan Alfaro1, Martín J. Ramírez4 and Jason E. Bond5 1 Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, United States of America 2 Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States of America 3 Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States of America 4 Division of Arachnology, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ``Bernardino Rivadavia'', Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina 5 Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, CA, United States of America ABSTRACT The atypoid mygalomorphs include spiders from three described families that build a diverse array of entrance web constructs, including funnel-and-sheet webs, purse webs, trapdoors, turrets and silken collars. Molecular phylogenetic analyses have generally supported the monophyly of Atypoidea, but prior studies have not sampled all relevant taxa. Here we generated a dataset of ultraconserved element loci for all described atypoid genera, including taxa (Mecicobothrium and Hexurella) key to understanding familial monophyly, divergence times, and patterns of entrance web evolution. We show that the conserved regions of the arachnid UCE probe set target exons, such that it should be possible to combine UCE and transcriptome datasets in arachnids. We also show that different UCE probes sometimes target the same protein, and under the matching parameters used here show that UCE alignments sometimes include non- Submitted 1 February 2019 orthologs. Using multiple curated phylogenomic matrices we recover a monophyletic Accepted 28 March 2019 Published 3 May 2019 Atypoidea, and reveal that the family Mecicobothriidae comprises four separate and divergent lineages. -
Southeast Farallon Island Arthropod Survey Jeffrey Honda San Jose State University
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Center for Systematic Entomology, Gainesville, Insecta Mundi Florida 2017 Southeast Farallon Island arthropod survey Jeffrey Honda San Jose State University Bret Robinson San Jose State University Michael Valainis San Jose State University Rick Vetter University of California Riverside Jaime Jahncke Point Blue Conservation Science Petaluma, CA Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/insectamundi Part of the Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Commons, and the Entomology Commons Honda, Jeffrey; Robinson, Bret; Valainis, Michael; Vetter, Rick; and Jahncke, Jaime, "Southeast Farallon Island arthropod survey" (2017). Insecta Mundi. 1037. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/insectamundi/1037 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Center for Systematic Entomology, Gainesville, Florida at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Insecta Mundi by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. INSECTA MUNDI A Journal of World Insect Systematics 0532 Southeast Farallon Island arthropod survey Jeffrey Honda San Jose State University, Department of Entomology San Jose, CA 95192 USA Bret Robinson San Jose State University, Department of Entomology San Jose, CA 95192 USA Michael Valainis San Jose State University, Department of Entomology San Jose, CA 95192 USA Rick Vetter University of California Riverside, Department of Entomology Riverside, CA 92521 USA Jaime Jahncke Point Blue Conservation Science 3820 Cypress Drive #11 Petaluma, CA 94954 USA Date of Issue: March 31, 2017 CENTER FOR SYSTEMATIC ENTOMOLOGY, INC., Gainesville, FL Jeffrey Honda, Bret Robinson, Michael Valainis, Rick Vetter, and Jaime Jahncke Southeast Farallon Island arthropod survey Insecta Mundi 0532: 1–15 ZooBank Registered: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:516A503A-78B9-4D2A-9B16-477DD2D6A58E Published in 2017 by Center for Systematic Entomology, Inc. -
A New Species of Pionothele from Gobabeb, Namibia (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Nemesiidae)
A peer-reviewed open-access journal ZooKeysA new 851: 17–25species (2019) of Pionothele from Gobabeb, Namibia (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Nemesiidae) 17 doi: 10.3897/zookeys.851.31802 RESEARCH ARTICLE http://zookeys.pensoft.net Launched to accelerate biodiversity research A new species of Pionothele from Gobabeb, Namibia (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Nemesiidae) Jason E. Bond1, Trip Lamb2 1 Department of Entomology & Nematology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA 2 Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA Corresponding author: Jason E. Bond ([email protected]) Academic editor: Chris Hamilton | Received 20 November 2018 | Accepted 2 February 2019 | Published 3 June 2019 http://zoobank.org/894CD479-72A2-412D-B983-7CE7C2A54E88 Citation: Bond JE, Lamb T (2019) A new species of Pionothele from Gobabeb, Namibia (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Nemesiidae). ZooKeys 851: 17–25. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.851.31802 Abstract The mygalomorph spider genusPionothele Purcell, 1902 comprises two nominal species known only from South Africa. We describe here a new species, Pionothele gobabeb sp. n., from Namibia. This new species is currently only known from a very restricted area in the Namib Desert of western Namibia. Keywords Biodiversity, New species, Spider taxonomy, Pionothele, Nemesiidae, Mygalomorphae Introduction The nemesiid genus Pionothele Purcell, 1902 is a poorly known taxon comprising only two species described from southwestern South Africa. In Zonstein’s (2016) review of the genus, he redescribed and illustrated P. straminea Purcell, 1902 and described a second, new species P. capensis Zonstein, 2016. Similarities between female specimens of Pionothele and those in the genus Spiroctenus Simon 1889a suggest that some spe- cies described as the latter may be misidentified as the former (Zonstein 2016); con- sequently, Pionothele may be more widespread and diverse than is currently known. -
A Reconsideration of the Classification of the Spider Infraorder Mygalomorphae (Arachnida: Araneae) Based on Three Nuclear Genes and Morphology
A Reconsideration of the Classification of the Spider Infraorder Mygalomorphae (Arachnida: Araneae) Based on Three Nuclear Genes and Morphology Jason E. Bond1*, Brent E. Hendrixson2, Chris A. Hamilton1, Marshal Hedin3 1 Department of Biological Sciences and Auburn University Museum of Natural History, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America, 2 Department of Biology, Millsaps College, Jackson, Mississippi, United States of America, 3 Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, United States of America Abstract Background: The infraorder Mygalomorphae (i.e., trapdoor spiders, tarantulas, funnel web spiders, etc.) is one of three main lineages of spiders. Comprising 15 families, 325 genera, and over 2,600 species, the group is a diverse assemblage that has retained a number of features considered primitive for spiders. Despite an evolutionary history dating back to the lower Triassic, the group has received comparatively little attention with respect to its phylogeny and higher classification. The few phylogenies published all share the common thread that a stable classification scheme for the group remains unresolved. Methods and Findings: We report here a reevaluation of mygalomorph phylogeny using the rRNA genes 18S and 28S, the nuclear protein-coding gene EF-1c, and a morphological character matrix. Taxon sampling includes members of all 15 families representing 58 genera. The following results are supported in our phylogenetic analyses of the data: (1) the Atypoidea (i.e., antrodiaetids, atypids, and mecicobothriids) is a monophyletic group sister to all other mygalomorphs; and (2) the families Mecicobothriidae, Hexathelidae, Cyrtaucheniidae, Nemesiidae, Ctenizidae, and Dipluridae are not monophyletic. The Microstigmatidae is likely to be subsumed into Nemesiidae. -
Taxonomy: the Science of Naming and Describing Species
Taxonomy: the science of naming and describing species Each distinct species is given a binomial name: The first word is the genus and is capitalized; the second word is the species epithet; the binomial name is always italicized or underlined; eg. Homo sapiens Species that are very closely related may be placed in the same genus; eg. Caenis lupus (gray wolf), Caenis familiaris (domestic dog) and Caenis latrans (coyote); or Felix domesticus (house cat), Felix leo (lion) and Felix tigris (tiger) Most binomial names are latinized terms that describe some important characteristic of the species, identify the location from which it was first collected or honor a particular researcher in the field In a few instances species have been named after real or imagined celebrities: Leonardo davincii (moth) Polemistus chewbacca (wasp) Polemistus vaderi (wasp) Aptostichus stephencolberti (spider) Myrmekiaphila neilyoungi Aegrotocatellus jaggeri Agra katewinsletae Agra schwarzeneggeri Agathidium bushi (slime mold beetle) Agathidium cheneyi (slime mold beetle) Agathidium rumsfeldi (slime mold beetle) Avalanchurus garfunkeli Avalanchurus lennoni Campsicnemius charliechaplini (fly) Calponia harrisonfordi Confuciusornis sanctus (bird) Funkotriplogynium iagobadius — James Brown. Iago is "James" and badius is "brown" in Latin Hyla stingi (frog) Orontobia dalailama (moth) Orectochilus orbisonorum (beetle) Preseucoila imallshookupis — Elvis Presley. And the specific name for one of his songs Struszia mccartneyi [see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_animals_named_after_celebrities for more] Or sometimes just for fun: Abra cadabra (clam) La cucaracha (moth) Agra phobia (beetle) Ohmyia omya (fly) Agra vation (beetle) Ytu brutus (beetle) Ba humbugi (snail) Enema pan (beetle) Gelae donut (beetle) Phthiria relativitae (fly) Heerz lukenatcha (wasp) Pison eyvae (wasp) The binomial name with the most letters apparently is: Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides (fly, with 42 letters in the full name) B. -
Molecular Species Delimitation in the Primitively Segmented Spider Genus Heptathela Endemic to Japanese Islands
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/812214; this version posted April 26, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. Molecular species delimitation in the primitively segmented spider genus Heptathela endemic to Japanese islands Xin Xua,b,*,+, Matjaž Kuntnerb,c,d,e,+, Jason E. Bondf, Hirotsugu Onog, Simon Y. W. Hoh, Fengxiang Liub, Long Yub, Daiqin Lii,* aCollege of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China bState Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Centre for Behavioural Ecology and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, Hubei, China cEvolutionary Zoology Laboratory, Department of Organisms and Ecosystems Research, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia dEvolutionary Zoology Laboratory, Biological Institute ZRC SAZU, Ljubljana, Slovenia eDepartment of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., USA fDepartment of Entomology and Nematology, University of California at Davis, Davis, California, USA gDepartment of Zoology, National Museum of Nature and Science, 4-1-1 Amakubo, Tsukuba- shi, Ibaraki-ken, 305-0005, Japan hSchool of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia iDepartment of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore +Xin Xu and Matjaž Kuntner should be considered joint first authors *Corresponding authors: Xin Xu, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, Hunan, China. Tel: +86-1857-0334-875; E-mail address: [email protected] Daiqin Li, Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543.