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Diamonds in Tasmania

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Diamonds in Tasmania Tasmanian Geological Survey Tasmania Record 1998/09 Diamonds in Tasmania by R. S. Bottrill Abstract There have been verbal reports of some diamonds being found in the Corinna district more recently Diamonds occur in the Savage River–Donaldson River (Hugh Nolan, pers. comm.), but there is no evidence area of northwestern Tasmania, in placer deposits that these have been verified. probably derived by reworking of high-level Tertiary sediments. The ultimate source of the diamonds in Tasmania remains enigmatic, but they may be Occurrence subduction-related, and could have been carried to the surface in alkaline basaltic or lamprophyric dykes and The diamonds found in the Donaldson River–Savage breccia pipes. Exploration to date has been largely River area were relatively small (up to 1/3 carat), superficial, and typical indicator minerals may not be slightly rounded octahedra, of near gem quality and of great use. with distinctive yellow apices. Only one is now known to exist and is lodged in the Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery. Introduction and History The diamonds were found in alluvial deposits with gold, chromite, ilmenite, spinel, osmiridium, Diamonds have been known from Tasmania since cassiterite and topaz; most of these minerals are 1894, when they were first found by L. Harvey, a granite or ultrabasic-derived, and the source of prospector sluicing for gold, reportedly in Sunday diamonds is not known. No kimberlites, lamproites or Creek and Harveys Creek, both described as other typical diamond source rocks are known in the tributaries of the Savage River (Twelvetrees, 1918; fig. area. The diamonds may have been reworked from 1). More were subsequently found in the Donaldson high-level Tertiary alluvial deposits, which are River–Savage River area, including in Middletons common in the area, that were derived from the granite Creek and possibly in Badger Creek (now Savage and ultrabasic areas further east. Creek). The exact locations are uncertain. Harveys Creek was Recent Exploration described as a tributary of Badger Creek by Twelvetrees, but was drawn as a tributary of Little Systematic exploration for diamonds in Tasmania has Savage River by Reid (1921). Sunday Creek is generally been relatively sparse to date. taken to be Sabbath Creek (Russell, 1997), although this drains into the Donaldson rather than the Savage The Mt Lyell Mining & Railway Company Ltd River. Twelvetrees (1918) noted newspaper reports of searched the Luina–Pieman area for various minerals “a large number” of diamonds being found, but official in 1980/81, and specifically targeted diamonds records indicate only 16 or 18 were authenticated to (Hutton, 1980). The company collected 1910 (Petterd, 1910). Twelvetrees noted that the stream-sediment samples in many catchments, diamonds were of a character distinctive from other including Middleton Creek, Sabbath Creek, Longback fields, so the occurrences were probably real. Creek, Nineteen Mile Creek, Harveys Creek and in the Browns Plains area. Chromite of possible kimberlitic One stone was also reported by Twelvetrees (1918) in affinity and garnets (possibly pyropes?), possible ‘gem sand’ from the Hellyer River (exact location picro-ilmenites, and Cr-diopsides were reported. unknown). These were not followed up. Reid (1921) reported the presence of diamonds in thin The Shell Company of Australasia Ltd explored an sections of peridotite from the Heazlewood Ultramafic area near Adamsfield in southern Tasmania in Complex at Bald Hill, northeast of Savage River. This 1981/82, which it considered prospective for reportedly occurred in olivine, within and predating diamonds (Ruxton, 1982). Pan concentrates showed chromite, but has not been confirmed by later studies. garnets, pyroxenes, ilmenites, and zircons, all Tasmanian Geological Survey Record 1998/09 1 Waratah Savage River Corinna 0 10 20 kilometres REPORTED DIAMOND OCCURRENCES IN TASMANIA (Approximate Locations) 1. Middleton Creek 2. Sunday Creek (Sabbath Creek) 3. Savage Creek (Badger Creek) 4. Harveys Creek 5. Bald Hill N 6. Hellyer River Figure 1 Tasmanian Geological Survey Record 1998/09 2 potential diamond indicators, but the area was not et al., 1996; Birch and Barron, 1997). About two million tested further. diamonds have been found, mostly in Cainozoic alluvial deposits, but some have been found in situ in Industrial & Mining Investigations Pty Ltd searched in Cretaceous to Tertiary basic alkaline intrusive rocks the Savage River area for various minerals, including (nepheline monchiquite, basanite, leucite basanite and diamonds, between 1978 and 1985 (Penny et al., 1984, leucite-nepheline basanite) (MacNevin, 1973; Barron et Shannon, 1985, 1988). Stream-sediment samples were al., 1996). collected from the Little Savage River and Savage Creek and examined mineralogically. Some potential The main fields are around Copeton and Bingara in the diamond indicator minerals were found, including New England district. The alluvial diamonds usually Cr-spinel, but these were thought to be derived from occur with zircons and corundum (sapphire), the ultrabasic rocks and were not followed up. They although diamonds typically occur in slightly older considered that the origin of the diamonds was sediments than the sapphires (Lishmund and Oakes, complicated by reworking of heavy minerals from 1983). The diamonds are unusual in chemistry, Tertiary high-level sub-basaltic alluvial deposits in the mineral inclusions and physical properties compared area. with kimberlitic and lamproitic diamonds, and the lack of abrasion and tribality of the occurrences Petrecon Australia Pty Ltd held an Exploration Licence indicates numerous small, local sources. They are over the Arthur River area in northwest Tasmania in commonly spatially associated with Tertiary basaltic 1987/88. The company considered the area pyroclastic rocks, diatreme breccias and dolerite, prospective for diamonds (Cromer et al., 1988) with the mostly of alkaline (basanitic) composition (Barron et Tertiary alluvial deposits having untested potential, al., 1996). Most of these deposits appear to lack the but did not conduct any exploration. characteristic indicator minerals of kimberlites and Base Resources Ltd conducted more serious lamproites (Ross, 1986; Dawson, 1980), with the exploration in the Tyennan Element, in the Forth and possible exception of pyrope garnets (MacNevin, Mersey River areas near Cradle Mountain, from 1984 1973). Corundum may be a more useful indicator to 1988 (Charchalis, 1988a, 1988b). The company mineral, together with sodic garnets and pyroxenes considered that eroded material from above the (Barron et al., 1996). Precambrian rocks in this Element could have been the Diamonds and corundum in central Queensland are source of the diamonds reported from the Corinna area also thought to be sourced from spatially associated and postulated that the lower parts of kimberlitic pipes Tertiary basaltic pyroclastic rocks, and again may be present in this basement. The company diamonds may be somewhat earlier in age than the specifically targeted diamonds in their stream sapphires (Robertson and Sutherland, 1992). sediment sampling for heavy minerals. These heavy minerals included garnets, pyroxenes, spinels, olivine, Diamond occurrences are also widespread throughout ilmenite and zircon. Some grains were examined in Victoria, particularly near Beechworth in the northeast detail, including by electron microprobe analysis. A (Birch and Barron, 1997; Stone, 1976). Perhaps 200–300 number of grains were of particular interest, including stones have been found; the largest recorded was 8.2 magnesian garnets (include pyrope with <12.3% MgO) carats, but most were less than 0.5 carat (Birch and and chromian pyroxenes (<1.2% Cr2O3); Charchalis, Barron, 1997). Old reports suggest that there were 1988a, 1988b). Most of these minerals were, however, probably many more but ‘only an experienced eye considered to have various possible non-kimberlitic would pick them’ (Birch and Barron, 1997). They were sources, e.g. basalt, Cambrian ultrabasic rocks, all found in Cainozoic alluvial sediments (mostly gold Precambrian metamorphic basement. No further work and/or tin placers) with the sources being unknown. was done. Sapphires are considered to be the best indicator minerals, so a basaltic source, as for deposits in NSW, is In 1997/98 Rio Tinto Exploration Pty Ltd took up some probable. Suggestions of a source in Permian glacial ground in the Donaldson River area, where there is a deposits cannot be discounted, but the patchy bulls-eye magnetic anomaly, but little work was done distribution favours small, local sources. (McConachy, 1998). The anomaly was previously inconclusively ascribed by Geopeko Limited, who drilled the target, to be due to pyrrhotite-alteration of Genetic Model sediments (Pemberton, 1984). Most diamonds worldwide are considered to be of two main types: P-diamonds of peridotitic affinity and of Diamonds in Eastern Australia Archaean age; and E-diamonds of eclogitic affinity, formed during subduction at more than 1000 Ma and Diamonds are widespread throughout New South brought to the surface in kimberlites or lamproites Wales, being found in most of the principal (Barron et al., 1996, Sutherland, 1996). Proterozoic, Palaeozoic and Mesozoic tectonic units (the Adelaide, Kanmantoo, Lachlan and New England Taylor et al. (1990) suggested that the eastern Fold Belts, the Tamworth Zone and the Australian diamonds may be sourced from kimberlitic Sydney–Bowen and Clarence–Morton Basins
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