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Geologic Mapping in Utah CONTENTS the DIRECTOR’S PERSPECTIVE GEOLOGIC MAPPING in UTAH

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Geologic Mapping in Utah CONTENTS the DIRECTOR’S PERSPECTIVE GEOLOGIC MAPPING in UTAH UTAH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY SURVEY NOTES Volume 40, Number 1 January 2008 Geologic Mapping in Utah CONTENTS THE DIRECTOR’S PERSPECTIVE GEOLOGIC MAPPING IN UTAH ..........1–6 by Richard G. Allis Digital Technology ..............................1 From Field to Published Map ......... 3 This issue of Survey Notes high- differential should diminish dur- News and Short Notes ...................... 5 lights the digital mapping tech- ing 2008. Utah’s oil production GeoSights ..................................................... 7 nologies that the Utah Geological in 2007 increased by 9 percent Glad You Asked ........................................... 8 Survey (UGS) is now using to to 19.5 million barrels, continu- Energy News ............................................ 10 improve the efficiency and accuracy ing the growth trend that began Teacher’s Corner ..................................... 11 of Utah’s geologic maps. In com- in 2004 when oil prices started Survey News ............................................. 12 parison to the country as a whole, to rise. Coal production in 2007 New Publications .................................... 12 the percentage of the state covered decreased by 10 percent to 24 by relatively detailed geologic maps million tons due to mine closures. Design: Liz Paton is low. At present rates of mapping, Non-fuel mineral production Cover: UGS geologist Bob Biek examines Cretaceous outcrop we expect to complete geologic values continue to be dominated while mapping on the Kolob Terrace near Zion National mapping of the whole state at a by copper and molybdenum from Park. Photo by Mike Hylland. scale of 1:100,000 by about 2015; at the Bingham mine. Finally, ura- the same time we are also mapping high-priority nium production resumed in 2007 in southeast- urban growth areas at 1:24,000. With the rapid ern Utah after a 15-year lull. Expected produc- population and economic growth in Utah, tion in 2008 should be sufficient to once again State of Utah increased awareness of natural hazards by local show on the graph of total production value. Jon Huntsman, Jr., Governor authorities, and an exploration boom caused by The Energy Information Agency’s latest com- Department of Natural Resources high prices for many natural resource commodi- Michael Styler, Executive Director ties, the demand for geologic information has pilation of oil and gas reserves in each state has never been higher. Utah at or near the top for reserve additions in UGS Board both oil and natural gas (EIA, 2006 annual re- Steve Church, Chair The UGS has forwarded to the Governor’s Of- port, http://www.eia.doe.gov/pub/oil_gas/natu- Geoff Bedell Jack Hamilton Mark Bunnell Alisa Schofield fice of Planning and Budget (GOPB) its annual ral_gas/data_publications/advanced_summary/ Kenneth Puchlik David Simon summary of mineral resource production value current/adsum.pdf). Although total oil reserves Kevin Carter (Trust Lands Administration-ex officio) in Utah for 2007 (see graph). Although the for the U.S. decreased by 3.6 percent, Utah had UGS Staff total value of $7.7 billion is 4 percent less than the largest reserve additions (78 million bar- Administration the record high value for 2006, the trend for rels, or 30 percent increase) compared to 2005 Richard G. Allis, Director the past two years is about double the average reserves. Utah also had the third-largest natural Kimm Harty, Deputy Director value for the 1980s and 1990s. The slight dip in gas reserve additions (850 billion cubic feet, or John Kingsley, Associate Director total value for 2007 is mostly due to a decrease 20 percent increase) to the national total, which Starr Soliz, Secretary/Receptionist in natural gas prices resulting from a local over- increased by 3.3 percent in 2006. The ratio of Dianne Davis, Administrative Secretary Kathi Galusha, Accounting Officer supply in the Rocky Mountain region. In fact, total reserves to the annual production rate for Linda Bennett, Accounting Technician Utah’s annual natural gas production increased Utah has risen to 17 years for oil and 14 years for Michael Hylland, Technical Reviewer 14 percent and is a record at 364 billion cubic natural gas, which is near the historical maxi- Robert Ressetar, Technical Reviewer feet. New pipelines that are planned or under mum for each product. Drilling in Utah has Editorial Staff Vicky Clarke construction connecting this region to other continued at record high levels through 2007, Sharon Hamre, James Parker, Lori Douglas, Liz Paton natural-gas-demand regions mean that the price with over 1100 wells spudded (Division of Oil, Geologic Hazards Gary Christenson William Lund, Barry Solomon, Francis Ashland, Gas and Mining, http:// Richard Giraud, Greg McDonald, Lucas Shaw, oilgas.ogm.utah.gov/ Chris DuRoss, Tyler Knudsen, Corey Unger 8,000 Statistics/Statistics.cfm). Energy and Minerals David Tabet 7,000 In 2007, over 50 percent Robert Blackett, Roger Bon, Thomas Chidsey, of wells exceeded 8000 Mike Laine, Bryce Tripp, Craig Morgan, Jeff Quick, 6,000 feet, compared to only 32 J. Wallace Gwynn, Cheryl Gustin, Tom Dempster, Brigitte Hucka, Taylor Boden, Ken Krahulec, Valerie Davis, 5,000 percent of wells just five years earlier. The deeper Stephanie Carney, Brad Wolverton, Mike Vanden Berg 4,000 Geologic Mapping Grant Willis drilling is finding new 3,000 Jon King, Douglas Sprinkel, Janice Hayden, Kent Brown, nonfuel minerals gas reserves, particularly Bob Biek, Basia Matyjasik, Lisa Brown, Don Clark, 2,000 in the Uinta Basin. The J. Buck Ehler, Paul Kuehne oil natural gas UGS expects these suc- Geologic Information and Outreach Sandra Eldredge Mineral Production (million $2007) 1,000 William Case, Mage Yonetani, Christine Wilkerson, coal cesses to continue, and uranium Patricia Stokes, Mark Milligan, Rob Nielson, Jim Davis, 0 for the mineral resources Emily Chapman, Carole McCalla, Lance Weaver 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 sector to play an impor- Year Ground Water and Paleontology Michael Lowe Source: GOPB (2008). Economic Report to the tant part in Utah’s vibrant Governor, Chapter on “Minerals” by UGS James Kirkland, Janae Wallace, Martha Hayden, economy. Hugh Hurlow, Lucy Jordan, Don DeBlieux, Kim Nay, Stefan Kirby, Kevin Thomas, Rebecca Medina, Jennifer Cavin, Walid Sabbah, Rich Emerson, Survey Notes is published three times yearly by the Utah Geological Survey, 1594 W. North Temple, Suite 3110, Salt Lake City, Utah 84116; (801) 537-3300. The Utah Geological Survey provides Matt Affolter timely scientific information about Utah’s geologic environment, resources, and hazards. The UGS is a division of the Department of Natural Resources. Single copies ofSurvey Notes are distributed State Energy Program Philip Powlick free of charge within the United States and reproduction is encouraged with recognition of source. Copies are available at http://geology.utah.gov/surveynotes Denise Beaudoin, Jason Berry, Will Chatwin ISSN 1061-7930 GEOLOGIC MAPPING IN UTAH Using Digital Technology in the Field by Douglas A. Sprinkel and Kent D. Brown The Utah Geological Survey tion is recorded on aerial pho- to use digital technologies in inked orthophotos were then (UGS) works hard to publish tographs, topographic maps, the field to further streamline photographically reduced to high-quality geologic maps of and in notebooks. Through map preparation. An ongoing the same scale as the polyester Utah. We have been successful the 1980s, geologic lines were project to geologically map film base that would be used to because of the combined efforts hand-transferred to a polyester several 30' x 60' quadrangles produce the final map. The re- of dedicated geologists and film topographic base map, (1:100,000 scale) in the Uinta duced orthophotos were placed cartographers using cutting- and then the map was finalized Mountains and Uinta Basin in under the polyester film base, edge technologies. Recently, using analog cartographic tech- northeastern Utah illustrates onto which the geologic lines the availability of rugged, por- niques. Since about 1991, how- how the mapping process has and points were then traced. table computer equipment and ever, we have increasingly used evolved. Each line and point, therefore, specialized software has taken digital technologies to transfer was redrawn three times to get our field acquisition of geologic field mapping, create an edit- In 1999–2001, we mapped to this stage! Additional ink- data into the digital age. able geologic map, and prepare the Dutch John quadrangle ing was needed during review final maps for publication using traditional methods; of the geologic map prior to Each geologic map that the (see companion article in this these included inking lines open-file release. UGS produces requires field- issue). Now, we are beginning and points on “stereo pairs” of work where geologic informa- aerial photographs (overlap- The next map in the project, ping aerial photos that, when the Vernal quadrangle, was the viewed through a stereoscope, first quadrangle in which field produce a three-dimensional mapping and later steps were image of the terrain). We then done digitally. In the field, hand-transferred the lines we used a portable computer and points onto orthophoto called a tablet to record geo- quadrangle base maps. The logic information. Specialized Above: A UGS geologist uses a tablet computer to record field data on the outcrop. Left: A screen-captured image from the tablet computer showing the geology of part of Flaming Gorge overlain on a color digital orthophoto.
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