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Influences of Serotonin Hydrochloride on Adiponectin, Ghrelin and Kiss1 Genes Expression

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Influences of Serotonin Hydrochloride on Adiponectin, Ghrelin and Kiss1 Genes Expression GMJ.2020;9:e1767 www.gmj.ir Received 2019-11-27 Revised 2019-12-22 Accepted 2020-02-03 Influences of Serotonin Hydrochloride on Adiponectin, Ghrelin and KiSS1 Genes Expression Fariba Mahmoudi 1, Khadijeh Haghighat Gollo 1 1 Faculty of Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran Abstract Background: Serotonin and kisspeptin stimulates gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) release while ghrelin and adiponectin inhibit them. In the present experimental study, the effects of central injection of serotonin were investigated on LH con- centration, KiSS1, adiponectin, and ghrelin genes expression. Materials and Methods: Fifteen Wistar male rats in three groups received saline or serotonin hydrochloride via the third cerebral ventricle. Blood samples were collected via the tail vein. Serum LH concentration and relative gene expression were evaluated by radioimmunoassay and real-time polymerase chain reaction method, respectively. Results: Serotonin significantly increased the mean serum LH concen- tration and KiSS1 gene expression levels compared to the saline group. Serotonin significantly decreased the mean ghrelin and adiponectin genes expression levels compared to the saline group. Conclusion: The serotonergic pathway may have stimulatory effects on hypothalamic kisspeptin synthesis, partly via inhibiting hypothalamic ghrelin and adiponectin neural activity. [GMJ.2020;9:e1767] DOI:10.31661/gmj.v9i0.1767 Keywords: Serotonin; Kisspeptin; Ghrelin; Adiponectin Introduction dition to the regulation of food intakes, sero- tonin stimulates gonadotropin-releasing hor- everal hypothalamic neuronal circuits act mone (GnRH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) Stogether to control the hypothalamus-pitu- release [5-6]. Kisspeptin is a 54 amino acid itary- gonadal (HPG) axis. Serotonin is a neu- neuropeptide that is coded by of KiSS1 gene rotransmitter that is synthesized from trypto- and shorter products, including kisspeptin-14, phan amino acid by the action of tryptophan 13, and 10 proteolytically cleave of it. All kis- hydroxylase and aromatic amino acid decar- speptins exert their physiological functions boxylase enzymes [1]. In the brain, serotonin via binding to G protein-coupled receptor, is synthesized mainly in the raphe nucleus GPR54 [7-9]. Kisspeptin and its receptor are of the brainstem and from this site, its neu- widely distributed in the hypothalamic nuclei ral axons project to most parts of the brain, involved in regulating reproduction, including e.g., the hypothalamus [1-2]. Also, in the pe- the arcuate nucleus (ARC) and medial preop- ripheral organs, serotonin and its receptors are tic area (mPOA) [7-9]. GPR54 is extensively expressed in the gut and gonads [3-4]. In ad- expressed on GnRH neurons, and kisspeptin GMJ Correspondence to: Fariba Mahmoudi, Faculty of Physiology, Ph. D. Fac- Copyright© 2020, Galen Medical Journal. This is ulty of Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Ardabil, Iran License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Telephone Number: 09144190422 Email:[email protected] Email Address: [email protected] Mahmoudi F, et al. Serotonin Affects KiSS1, Adiponectin, and Ghrelin Serotonin Affects KiSS1, Adiponectin, and Ghrelin Mahmoudi F, et al. injection is associated with strong stimulation lowing injections via the tail vein. Blood sam- of GnRH/LH release [9-10]. Adiponectin, a ples were centrifuged to 15min at 3000 rpm, 244 amino acid peptide, is synthesized in sev- and the serum stored at –20°C until assayed eral tissues, including the adipose tissue, hy- for LH concentration. Mean serum LH con- pothalamus, and gonads [11]. The physiolog- centration was determined by using the rat LH ical actions of it are mediated by two types of kit and the method of the radioimmunoassay receptors named adiponectin receptor 1 (Adi- (RIA). Following deep anesthetization by a poR1) and 2 (AdipoR2), which are extensively mixture of ketamine and xylazine, hypotha- expressed in the lateral and medial hypothal- lamic samples were dissected according to amus gonads. It takes part in the regulation Paxinos & Watson atlas and stored at -80°C. of energy homeostasis, food intakes, cardio- RNA of samples was isolated using the acid vascular protection, and it inhibits GnRH/LH guanidinium thiocyanate-phenol-chloroform secretion [12]. There is a close relationship extraction method according to PureZol man- between metabolic and reproductive disorders ufacturer instruction. The RNA concentration and plasma adiponectin levels [13]. Ghrelin was determined by nanodrop spectrophotom- is a 28 amino acid peptide that is secreted eter, and 1μg of total RNA of each sample by the stomach and central nervous system, was used for reverse transcription with Strand specially hypothalamic nuclei involved in cDNA Synthesis Kit following the manufac- controlling energy balance and reproduction turer’s protocol. The Corbett rotor gene 6000 [14-15]. It stimulates food intakes and growth real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) hormone secretion via binding to growth hor- detection system and SYBR Green I kit were mone secretagogues receptor (GHSR-Ia) [14- used for determination the gene expression 15]. It inhibits GnRH/LH hormone secretion) levels. The PCR cycling conditions were as [14-15]. Due to the interference of serotonin, following: first denaturation 95 Cº for 2 min, ghrelin, adiponectin, and kisspeptin in the en- followed by 40 cycles of denaturation at 95 Cº docrine control of LH secretion, in the present for 5 sec, annealing at 54 Cº for 20 sec (ghrelin) study, the effects of serotonin were investigat- and annealing at 60 Cº for 20 sec (adiponectin, ed on serum LH concentration and the relative KiSS1 or GAPDH) and extension at 60 Cº for gene expression of ghrelin, adiponectin, and 25 sec. Specific oligonucleotide sequences for KiSS1 in the hypothalamus of male rats. forward and reverse primers used were: KiSS1 forward 5′-TGATCTCGCTGGCTTCTTG- Materials and Methods GC-3′ and reverse 5′-GGGTTCAGG- GTTCACCACAGG-3′, adiponectin forward: In the present experimental study, male Wis- 5′-AATCCTGCCCAGTCATGAAG-3′ and tar rats were housed in the cages under con- reverse: 5′-CATCTCCTGGGTCACCCT- trolled temperature and light (12h light/ dark TA-3′, ghrelin forward: 5′-AATGCTC- cycle). Animals had free access to food and CCTTCGAT GTTGG-3′ and reverse: water all the time. Following anesthetization 5′-CAGTGGTTACTTGTTAGCTGG-3′ and by a mixture of ketamine and xylazine (ket- GAPDH forward: 5′-AAGTTCAACGGCA- amine 80 mg/kg + xylazine 10 mg/ kg), a 22- CAGTCAAG-3′ and reverse: 5′- CATACT- gauge stainless cannulae was implanted into CAGCACCAGCATCAC-3′. The adiponec- third cerebral ventricle coordinates (AP=- 2.3, tin, ghrelin, KiSS1, and GAPDH amplified ML=0.0, DV=6.5). After surgery, animals products were 214, 98, 132, and 120 base were kept in individual cages for one week. pairs, respectively. The calculation of relative Then fifteen rats in three groups received sa- gene expression levels of the target mRNAs line (3µl) or serotonin hydrochloride (10 or 20 were calculated by the equation 2-ΔΔCT. The µg/3µl). Serotonin hydrochloride (Sigma Al- data were analyzed by SPSS software version drich, USA) was dissolved in distilled water, 16 ( SPSS Inc. USA) One- way ANOVA test and it was injected by a 27- gauge stainless was used to analyze the gene expression and steel injector by using a hamilton micro sy- hormonal data. Post hoc Tukey test was used ringe via third cerebral ventricle at 8:00- 9:00. to compare the significant difference between Blood samples were collected at 60min fol- control and experimental groups. The results 2 GMJ.2020;9:e1767 www.gmj.ir Serotonin Affects KiSS1, Adiponectin, and Ghrelin Mahmoudi F, et al. are presented as mean ± SEM. In all cases, Mean adiponectin gene expression levels de- significance was defined by P≤0.05. creased by 0.17 or 0.56 times following in- jections of 10 or 20µg serotonin compared to Ethical Issue saline. This decrease in 10µg serotonin group All procedures for the maintenance and the was not statistically significant, but in 20µg use of experimental animals were executed serotonin group was statistically significant in with the Guide for the Care and Use of Lab- comparison to the saline group (P≤0.05, Fig- oratory Animals (National Institute of Health ure-2). Injections of 20µg serotonin signifi- Publication No. 80-23, revised 1996. This cantly decreased the mean adiponectin gene research was approved by ethic committee expression levels by 0.39 compared to 10µg of University of Mohaghegh Ardabili (code: serotonin receiving rats (P≤0.05, Figure-2). 94:253). Infusion of 10 or 20µg serotonin significantly decreased the mean ghrelin gene expression Results levels by 0.61 or 0.79 times compared to the saline group, respectively (P≤0.05, Figure-2). Injections of 10 or 20µg serotonin significant- Injections of 20µg serotonin decreased the ly increased the mean serum LH concentra- mean ghrelin gene expression levels by 0.46 tions by 0.31 or 0.65 times compared to saline, compared to 10µg serotonin receiving rats, respectively (P≤0.05, Figure-1). Injections of but this decrease was not statistically signif- 20µg serotonin significantly increased the icant (Figure-2). mean serum LH concentration by 0.25 com- pared to the 10µg serotonin group (P≤0.05, Discussion Figure-1). Injections of 10 or 20µg of sero- tonin significantly increased the mean KiSS1 The results of the present study showed that gene expression levels by 0.42 or 1.17 times the mean serum LH concentration signifi- in comparison to the saline group, respectively cantly increased in serotonin receiving rats in (P≤0.05, Figure-2). Injections of 20µg sero- comparison to the saline group. The present tonin significantly increased the mean KiSS1 data are in accordance with previous studies gene expression levels by 0.52 compared to that established the stimulatory influences 10µg serotonin group (P≤0.05, Figure-2). of the serotonergic pathway on controlling Figure 1. The effects of serotonin hydrocloride on mean serum LH concentration.
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