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The Antimicrobial Peptide Pardaxin Exerts Potent Anti-Tumor Activity Against Canine Perianal Gland Adenoma

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The Antimicrobial Peptide Pardaxin Exerts Potent Anti-Tumor Activity Against Canine Perianal Gland Adenoma www.impactjournals.com/oncotarget/ Oncotarget, Vol. 6, No.4 The antimicrobial peptide pardaxin exerts potent anti-tumor activity against canine perianal gland adenoma Chieh-Yu Pan1, Chao-Nan Lin2, Ming-Tang Chiou2, Chao Yuan Yu3, Jyh-Yih Chen4 and Chi-Hsien Chien2 1 Department and Graduate Institute of Aquaculture, National Kaohsiung Marine University, Nanzih Dist., Kaohsiung, Taiwan 2 Graduate Institute and Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Neipu, Pingtung, Taiwan 3 Genomics BioSci & Tech Co., Ltd., Xizhi Dist., New Taipei, Taiwan 4 Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Jiaushi, Ilan, Taiwan Correspondence to: Chi-Hsien Chien, email: [email protected] Correspondence to: Jyh-Yih Chen, email: [email protected] Keywords: antimicrobial peptide, pardaxin, cancer treatment, perianal gland adenoma, canine, intratumoral treatment Received: October 25, 2014 Accepted: December 09, 2014 Published: December 10, 2014 This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. ABSTRACT Pardaxin is an antimicrobial peptide of 33 amino acids, originally isolated from marine fish. We previously demonstrated that pardaxin has anti-tumor activity against murine fibrosarcoma, both in vitro and in vivo. In this study, we examined the anti- tumor activity, toxicity profile, and maximally-tolerated dose of pardaxin treatment in dogs with different types of refractory tumor. Local injection of pardaxin resulted in a significant reduction of perianal gland adenoma growth between 28 and 38 days post-treatment. Surgical resection of canine histiocytomas revealed large areas of ulceration, suggesting that pardaxin acts like a lytic peptide. Pardaxin treatment was not associated with significant variations in blood biochemical parameters or secretion of immune-related proteins. Our findings indicate that pardaxin has strong therapeutic potential for treating perianal gland adenomas in dogs. These data justify the veterinary application of pardaxin, and also provide invaluable information for veterinary medicine and future human clinical trials. INTRODUCTION cancer, including histological morphology, molecular targets, and molecular mechanisms; furthermore, current For several years, nude mice have been used as therapies for human and dog cancer are similar [3, 4]. in vivo experimental models to study the effects of anti- Several investigations have developed novel treatment cancer agents. Working with nude mice allows fine control options for cancer (including urinary bladder cancer [5], of the experimental conditions in vivo, and the resulting canine osteosarcoma [6], B-cell lymphoma [7], prostatic findings are thus reliable and reproducible. However, hyperplasia [8], and solid tumor [9]) using dogs as models, the oncogenic processes in transplanted cancer cells in thus emphasizing the importance of studying naturally- mouse models and naturally-occurring cancers in humans occurring cancers in dogs for gaining insights into the are not the same, and consequently, differences in tumor biology of human cancer. development and responses are observed [1]. Therefore, it We previously reported that intratumoral injection of is important to study cancers that develop naturally in the certain antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) induces anti-tumor context of an immune system, as this enables observation responses [10, 11]. The intratumoral injection technique of tumor growth over long time periods within a syngeneic has undergone extensive development, and now enables host, metastasis to relevant distant sites, the development direct application of drugs to the tumor microenvironment, of recurrence, and the tumor microenvironment [2], all thereby reducing tumor size [12-14]. Following of which may play important roles in cancer treatment. intratumoral injection, AMPs may engage in electrostatic Cancer in dogs shares many features with human interactions with the cell membrane, thereby bringing www.impactjournals.com/oncotarget 2290 Oncotarget Table 1: Properties of dogs enrolled in this study. Number Medical record numbers Sex Age Breed Tumor 1 02-13-26 ♀ 7Y German Shepherd Dog Mammary gland tumor 2 02-15-02 ♀ 20Y Mix Mammary gland tumor 3 01-85-03 ♀ 4-5Y Golden Retriever Fibrosarcoma 4 02-14-61 ♀ 11Y Mix Squamous Cell Carcinoma 5 02-09-26 ♀ 10Y Maltese Mammary gland tumor 6 02-15-91 ♂ 8Y Mix Perianal gland adenoma 7 02-16-25 ♂ 3-4Y Mix Histiocytoma 8 02-16-06 ♀ 14Y Yorkshire Terrier Mammary gland tumor 9 02-21-80 ♀ 7Y Mix Malignant Mast Cell Tumor 10 02-22-62 ♂ 2Y American Pit Bull Terrier Histiocytoma 11 02-21-80 ♀ 7Y Mix Malignant Mast Cell Tumor 12 01-70-90-4 ♀ 9Y Mix Sarcoma 13 HW4989 ♂ 9Y Shih Tzu Perianal gland adenoma 14 02-29-90 ♂ 9Y Husky Perianal gland adenoma about membrane disruption and rapid necrotic cell death non-murine animal models. In order to elucidate the mode [12, 15-17]. Other studies reported that AMPs not only of action of pardaxin in more detail, we performed a pilot trigger necrosis through cell membrane lysis, but also study on the anticancer activities of pardaxin administered activate apoptosis in cancer cells via the mitochondrial to canine tumors. lytic effect in the presence of anionic lipids [18-20]. We evaluated the efficacy of pardaxin as an Pardaxin is an AMP originally isolated from a anticancer drug in vivo in a total of 14 dogs with naturally- marine fish species (Pardachirus marmoratus); pardaxin occurring cancer (nine with mammary gland tumors, one has been shown to permeabilize the virion membrane, with fibrocarcinoma, two with squamous cell carcinoma, perturb model membranes of phosphatidyl choline and four with perianal gland adenoma, two with histiocytoma, serine, stimulate calcium uptake in PC12 cells, exhibit three with malignant mast cell tumor, and one with ionic channel selectivity, and exert antibacterial and anti- sarcoma). In addition, the effect of pardaxin on tumor size, tumor activity [10, 21-25]. Synthetic pardaxin peptide immune-related gene expression, and blood biochemical inhibits the proliferation of HT1080 cells in a dose- parameters were delineated. dependent manner, and induces programmed cell death in HeLa cells [26]. Proteomic analysis revealed that pardaxin RESULTS triggers apoptotic signaling pathways in HeLa cells, which undergo cross-talk with the unfolded protein response (UPR), the c-Jun pathway, and reactive oxygen species Characteristics of dogs enrolled in this study (ROS). Pardaxin plays important roles in the scavenging of ROS to alleviate c-Jun activation; small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of c-Jun abrogates pardaxin- The dog patient demographics and tumor types are induced caspase activation and cell death, thereby listed in Table 1. A total of 14 dogs were enrolled into the implicating ROS and c-Jun in pardaxin-induced apoptosis dose escalation portion of the study. The patient population signaling [27]. Transcriptome analysis of pardaxin- consisted of dogs of various breeds: mixed breed (n = 7), treated HT-1080 cells revealed induction of the gene German Shepherd Dog (n = 1), Golden Retriever (n = 1), encoding c-FOS, an AP-1 transcription factor. Treatment Maltese (n = 1), Yorkshire Terrier (n = 1), American Pit with pardaxin increased cellular levels of calcium, and Bull Terrier (n = 1), Shih Tzu (n = 1), and Husky (n = blockage of cellular calcium signaling disrupts pardaxin- 1). The following tumor types were included in the study: induced cell death [28]. Injection of pardaxin into the mammary gland tumor (n = 9), fibrocarcinoma (n = 1), intratumoral space in mice significantly inhibited tumor squamous cell carcinoma (n = 2), perianal gland adenoma growth [10]. However, the anti-tumor effects of pardaxin, (n = 4), histiocytoma (n = 2), malignant mast cell tumor (n and their underlying mechanisms, have not been studied in = 3), and sarcoma (n = 1). www.impactjournals.com/oncotarget 2291 Oncotarget Figure 1: Change in tumor volume during treatment with pardaxin. (a) Five mammary tumors (of dogs #1, #2, and #5) were monitored for 20 days. (b) One fibrosarcoma tumor (of dog #3) was monitored for 28 days. (c) Two squamous cell carcinomas (of dog #4) were monitored for 28 days. (d) Three malignant mast cell tumors (of dogs #9 and #11) were monitored for 28 days. (e) One sarcoma tumor (of dog #12) was monitored for 28 days. Descriptions of tumor features and pardaxin treatment regimens are provided in Tables 1 and 2. The first day of pardaxin administration is labeled as day one. Each tumor of each dog was injected with a different concentration of pardaxin, and results are plotted using different colors. The tumor volumes (cm3) of individual tumors are shown. www.impactjournals.com/oncotarget 2292 Oncotarget Figure 2: Change in tumor volume during treatment with pardaxin. Four perianal gland adenomas (of dogs #6, #13, and #14) were monitored for 28 days. The first day of pardaxin administration is labeled as day one. Each tumor of each dog was injected with a different concentration of pardaxin, and results are plotted using different colors. The tumor volumes (cm3) of individual tumors are shown. Descriptions of tumor features and pardaxin treatment regimens are provided in Tables 1 and 2. www.impactjournals.com/oncotarget 2293 Oncotarget Drug administration
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