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Walker, Sharon Irene Tyranny, Complaint and Redress: The Evidence of the Petitions Presented to the Crown C. 1320 to 1335 Sharon Irene Walker, BA BSc. MA Thesis submitted to the University of Nottingham for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy December 2013 For my Father, Stanley Wood, 1927-1984. Love you Dad. Abstract This thesis offers a new approach to the understanding of the recurrent crises of the period c.1320 to 1335, covering the final years of Edward II’s turbulent reign, the deposition, and its repercussions into the period of the Regency and the first years of the majority rule of Edward III. This has been achieved through an archive led study of the accounts of the ‘complaint and redress’ encompassed in the records of the Ancient Petitions presented to the Crown, held by The National Archives and designated as the SC 8 series. These records contain some of the most vivid contemporary and individual records of the lives and concerns of the king’s subjects during this turbulent period. This thesis illustrates that these records contain the genuine ‘voice’ of the petitioners, and can be used to reveal the impact on those seeking the king’s justice during the recurring crises of this defining moment in late medieval English history. Although there has been much interest in the events leading to the deposition and death of Edward II, research to date has focused mainly on its effect on the noble members of society, their place in administrative and governmental history, and the workings of the judicial system. In contrast, this study considers the nature of these complaints and requests in order to illustrate specific events. It places them in historical, social and political context to further illustrate Michael Prestwich’s assertion that ‘personalities mattered more [in the fourteenth century] than abstract principles of reform’.1 This fresh approach to the study of the petitions examines how the changing fortunes of Thomas 2nd earl of Lancaster, Hugh Despenser the younger, his father Hugh Despenser the elder, Edward II’s queen, Isabella and her partner Sir Roger Mortimer of Wigmore affected the lives of those seemingly unimportant people that made up the majority of the king’s subjects. 1 M. Prestwich, The Three Edwards: War and State in England, 1272-1377, 2nd ed. (London, 2003), p. 100. Acknowledgments I would like to thank all the staff of the History department of the University of Nottingham, but particularly those who, like me, love medieval history. Thank you for your encouragement and support in the completion of my ‘plan’. But I would particularly like to thank my doctoral supervisor, Dr Gwilym Dodd, for his seemingly endless patience, friendship, stock of red pens and for banning the word ‘tyranny’. Christopher, Jennifer, Mum, Margaret and Barry, you never once wavered in your belief in me, thank you. I love you all so much. Richard, thank you for…well, for everything really. Everything I am is because of you. Contents LIST OF GRAPHS ............................................................................................... i ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................................... ii INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................ 1 CHAPTER 1: Thomas, 2nd Earl Of Lancaster 1.1 A Loyal Cousin and Traitor? ...................................................................... 19 Death of a Royal Cousin and a Council of War ............................................... 22 1.2 Thomas of Lancaster - Saint or Sinner? ..................................................... 31 1.3 Revolution and Rehabilitation……………………………………… ........ 51 1.4 Conclusion………………………………………………………………...57 CHAPTER 2: Hugh Despenser, Earl of Winchester and Hugh Despenser the Younger 2.1 Tyranny, Revenue and Administrative Reform .......................................... 64 2.2 ‘The Despensers’ – A Father and Son Alliance? ........................................ 72 2.3 Hugh Despenser the Elder ‘A King’s Man in Every Sense of the Word’? 80 2.4 Hugh Despenser the Younger: The Architect of his own Downfall? ......... 91 2.5 Conclusion .............................................................................................. 102 CHAPTER 3: Queen Isabella and Sir Roger Mortimer of Wigmore 3.1 The Queen and the Rebel .......................................................................... 109 3.2 Roger Mortimer: ‘The King’s Notorious Enemy’ .................................... 113 The ‘Kynge of Folye’ ..................................................................................... 123 3.3 Queen Isabella: ‘Jezebel’, ‘She-Wolf’ or ‘Fairy-Tale Princess’? ............. 138 The ‘She-Wolf’ Returns ................................................................................. 147 3.4 Conclusion .............................................................................................. 155 CONCLUSION ............................................................................................. 161 APPENDIX A Introduction to Appendix A ……………………………………………….172 A1: Chapter 1 - Thomas of Lancaster............................................................. 174 A2: Chapter 2 - Hugh Despenser the Elder and Younger .............................. 186 A3: Chapter 3 - Queen Isabella and Sir Roger Mortimer of Wigmore .......... 198 APPENDIX B Members of the Panels of ‘Triers’ of Petitions, 1320-1335 ........................... 206 BIBLIOGRAPHY ......................................................................................... 210 LIST OF GRAPHS 1.1 The Distribution of petitions relating to Thomas, 2nd earl of Lancaster……………………………………………………………….. 21 2.1 The petitions related to both Despensers, split by period, 1320 to c.1335……………………………………………................................. 65 2.2 The Distribution of Petitions relating to Hugh Despenser the elder and younger, 1320 to c.1335, with an illustration of reallocated single Despenser petitions...…………………………………………………... 79 2.3 The Distribution of petitions naming Hugh Despenser the elder……….………………………………..……………..................... 81 2.4 The distribution of petitions naming Hugh Despenser the younger……………………………………..…………………………. 95 3.1 The Split of petitions directly relating to Queen Isabella and/or Roger Mortimer, c.1320-c.1335. ……………………………………………. 111 3.2 A Comparison of the number of petition presented to the main characters under discussion c.1320 – c.1335………………………… 112 3.3 The Distribution of petitions relating to Roger Mortimer c.1320 - c.1335... ………………………………………………………………. 125 3.4 The Distribution of petitions relating to Queen Isabella, c.1320 - c.1335... …………………………………………................................ 139 i ABBREVIATIONS Primary Sources Annales Paulini: Stubbs, W. (ed.), ‘Annales Paulini’ in Chronicles of the Reign of Edward I and II (London, 1882-3). Anonimalle: Child, W. and Taylor, J. (eds), The Anonimalle Chronicle, 1307- 1334, from the Brotherton Collection Ms. 29 (Leeds, 1991). Bridlingtoniensi: Stubbs, W. (ed.), ‘Gesta Edwardi de Carnarvan Auctore Canonico Bridlingtoniensi’ in Chronicles of the Reign of Edward I and II (London, 1882-3). Brut: Brie, F. W. D. (ed.), The Brut or, the Chronicles of England, 2 vols (London, 1906). CCh.R: Calendar of Charter Rolls Preserved in the Public Record Office (London, 1903-1927) CCh.W: Calendar of Chancery Warrants Preserved in the Public Record Office, 1244-1326 (London, 1927). CCR: Calendar of the Close Rolls Preserved in the Public Record Office (London, 1896-1913). CFR: Calendar of Fine Rolls, Preserved in the Public Record Office (London, 1912). CIM: Calendar of Inquisitions Miscellaneous, Chancery, Preserved in the Public Record Office Prepared Under the Superintendence of the Deputy Keeper of the Records Edward II – Edward III, 1307-1349, vol. 2 (London, 1916-1968). CIPM: Calendar of Inquisitions Post-Mortem and Other Analogous Documents, Preserved in the Public Record Office (London, 1908). CPR: Calendar of the Patent Rolls Preserved in the Public Record Office (London, 1891-1986). Flores Historiarum: Luard, H. R. (ed.), Flores Historiarum, vol. 3, 1265-1326 (London, 1890). Froissart: Brereton, G. (ed.), Froissart Chronicles (Middlesex, 1968). Galfridi: Thompson, E. M. (ed.), Chronicon Galfridi le Baker de Swynbroke (Oxford, 1889). Lanercost: Maxwell, H. (ed.), The Chronicle of Lanercost, 1272-1346 (Glasgow, 1913). ii Malmesberiensis Stubbs, W. (ed.), ‘Monachi cujusdam Malmesberiensis vita Edwardi II’ in Chronicles of the Reign of Edward I and II (London, 1882-3). Modus Tenendi Parliamentum: Hardy, T. D. (ed.), Modus Tenendi Parliamentum: An Ancient Treatise on the Mode of Holding the Parliament in England (London, 1846). Murimuth: Thompson, E. M. (ed.), Adae Murimuth Continuatio Chronicarum. Robertus de Avesbury de Gestis Mirabilibus Regis Edwardi Tertii (London, 1889). Polychronicon: Lumby, J. R. (ed.), Polychronicon Ranulphi Higden Monachi Cestrensis: Together with the English Translations of John Trevisa and of an Unknown Writer of the Fifteenth Century (London, 1865-86). Parliamentary Writs: Palgrave, F. (ed.), The Parliamentary Writs and Writs of Military Summons: Together with the Records and Muniments Relating to the Suit and Service Due and Performed to the King's High Court of Parliament and the Councils of the Realm, or Affording Evidence of Attendance given at Parliament and Councils, 2 vols (London, 1827-34). Rot. Parl.: Strachey, J. (ed.), Rotuli Parliamentorum; ut et Petitiones, et Placita in Parliamento, (1278-1325) (London, 1767-1777).
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