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The Distribution of Bulinus and Biomphalaria in Khartoum and Blue Nile Provinces, Sudan by S

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The Distribution of Bulinus and Biomphalaria in Khartoum and Blue Nile Provinces, Sudan by S DISTRIBUTION OF BULINUS AND BIOMPHALARIA IN THE SUDAN 949 The Distribution of Bulinus and Biomphalaria in Khartoum and Blue Nile Provinces, Sudan by S. N. WILLIAMS and P. J. HUNTER,a Department ofZoology, University ofKhartoum, Sudan The genera of aquatic snails Bulinus and Biom- Vegetation type: R=reeds; G = grass; W = water- phalaria are responsible for the transmission of hyacinth (Eichhornia); V =various (mainly fila- urinary and intestinal schistosomiasis in the Sudan. mentous algae and Potamogeton); 0 = no vegeta- The last survey of these snails in Khartoum and tion. Blue Nile Provinces was in 1958, b, C and there has Vegetation density: 0 =no vegetation; 1 =sparse since been considerable development and extension vegetation; 2 = medium; 3 = thick. of the irrigation systems. It therefore seemed that a Current speed: 0 = stagnant; 1= slow; 2 = medium; new survey was required. 3 =fast. The study area A total of 150 samples was taken and the results The area studied extended from Khogalab, 23 km are shown in Table 1. Results from the Blue Nile north of Khartoum on the main Nile, to Kosti, are not shown in this table, however, as no snails 280 km south of Khartoum on the White Nile, and were found. Other samples containing no snails are across to Sennar, 250 km south of Khartoum on the also not shown in Table 1 if they were from the same Blue Nile as shown in the accompanying figure. type of habitat as the samples that are recorded. Between the two rivers, south of Khartoum, lies the The accompanying figure shows the location of the Gezira irrigation scheme which draws water from the sampling sites. Blue Nile at Sennar. The Manaqil canal, completed Geographical species distribution 4 years ago, has extended the scheme further to the south-west and further development is taking place Khartoum. In the Khartoum North area (samples in the north-west. Smaller pump-irrigation systems 1-4 in Table 1) most of the canals in two small pump also take water from the Blue Nile, the White Nile schemes contained Bulinus truncatus (Audouin). A and the main River Nile. few Biomphalaria pfeifferi (Krauss) were also The area surveyed can be divided conveniently recorded. into the following regions: Khartoum, Blue Nile, In the Shambat area (samples 7-10 in Table 1) Gezira and White Nile. small pump schemes serve the Ministry of Agri- culture and University farms. A successful treatment Sampling and recording nmethods of canals with copper sulfate a has reduced the Snails were sampled by making 3 sweeps with a previously large number of Bulinus truncatus to the -sampling net (20 cm x 20 cm) from the side of the present occasional occurrence of this species. river or canal. Each sweep was made for a distance Large numbers ofBiomphalaria sudanica (Martens) of 1 metre along the bottom of the river. Where were found in a drain which carries excess irrigation possible, approximately 2 cm of mud were scooped water to the main Nile. Malekb, c recorded the up in the sample and then sifted to extract the snails. species as extending only as far north as Kosti (see The number of snails from the different sites was also section on White Nile). The drain carries recorded in one of 4 categories: (1) 1 snail; (2) varying amounts of water and frequently dries up for 2-5 snails; (3) 6-20 snails, and (4) > 20 snails. the greater part of its length. Snails were found Records of environmental characteristics were below the surface mud and rotting vegetation in dry noted as follows: regions of the drain. The non-vector species Bulinus forskalii (Ehren- a Present address: National Agricultural Advisory berg) was also found in the drain and to a lesser Service, Cambridge, England. extent in other canals of the scheme. b Malek, E. (1958a) Bull. Wld Hlth Org., 18, 691-734. c Malek, E. (1958b) Bull. Wld Hlth Org., 18, 785-818. d Malek, E. (1961) Bull. Wid Hith Org., 27, 41-58. 2274F 950 NOTES THE. SURVEY AREA, SHOWING THE LOCATION OF THE SAMPLING SITES 7771717177777 AGreen Belt Wad et Turabi Abu Quta*On\ Abu Meheiriba. OA ez Zaki Shubei k. Kilo! Eo®i)L Quardude* EXPLANAT ION Genus Butinus Genus Biomphalaria A B. truncatus 0 B. pfeifferi L B. forskalii O B. alexandrina A B. uaandae ( B. sudanica A B. fischerianus O Intermediate alex-pfeiff o 10 20 30 40 50 Miles 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 eo Kilometres TABLE I RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE DOMINANCE AND DENSITY OF SNAILS AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS Bulinus Bulinus Biomphalaria Biomphalaria Biomphalaria Bulinus Vegetation truncatus forskalii pfeifferi alexandrina sudanica ugandae Sample No. Current Den- Domi- Den- Domi- Den- Domi- Den- Domi- Den- Domi- Den- Domi- Den- Type sity nancel sity nancel sity nanc sity nancel sity nancel sity nance sity Khartoum 1 V 3 D 2 2 0 R 3 D 3 3 2 G 3 4 1 G 2 D 3 5 0 G 1 3 6 0 V 3 D 3 2 2 7 V 3 D 4 8 0 G 1 D~~~~~~~~~ 9 1 G 3 10 1 G 2 11 0 V 3 D 4 12 0 V 2 D 4 0 Gezira east 13 3 0 3 D 2 14 0 G 3 2 D 3 15 2 V 3 4 D 4 16 0 R 3 D 1 17 1 G 3 D 2 18 1 G 3 3 D 3 19 0 G 3 2 D 4 20 3 V 2 D 2 21 3 R 3 22 0 G 3 D 4 23 2 G 2 1 D 4 24 O V 3 D 4 4 25 2 V 2 D 4 24 26 G 3 D 3 4 27 G 3 4 D Gezira west 28 2 V 3 D 29 0 G 3 D 4 1a 30 G 3 D 2_a 31 2 V 3 3 D 3 32 2 V 3 D 4 33 0 G 2 2 D 4 34 G 2 3 D 4 35 G 3 D 2 D 2 36 2 V 3 D 2 D 2 37 V 3 D 4 2 38 2 V 3 D 2 39 1 G 2 D 4 3 40 2 G 3 D 2 2 41 0 R 2 D 4 1 42 2 V 2 D 3 1 1a 43 1 V 3 D 4 2 44 2 V 2 D 3 2 45 0 G 3 D 4 4 46 G 3 D 2 47 2 V 3 D 4 3 48 1 G 1 3 1 49 1 G 2 D 4 White Nile 50 0 G 2 2 51 0 0 0 D 2 52 0 W 3 D 4 3 3 2 53 V 3 D 2 54 0 W 3 D 3 2 3 55 G 3 D 2 56 20 W 3 2 D 3 57 0 R 0 58 2 W 3 D 4 2 3 59 W 3 D 3 60 1 W 3 D 4 3 61 2 G 2 2 2 62 0 V 3 D 3 2 D 3 D 3 D 3 63 1 V 2 D 2 64 0 V 3 D 65 0 W 3 D 3 66 0 G 0 1 67 0 W 2 D 3 D 2 68 0 W 2 2 D 3 69 0 G 3 D D a Intermediate B. alexandrinalpfeiffei types. 952 NOTES In the Khogalab region (samples 5-6 in Table 1) border to the confluence with the White Nile at pump-irrigation canals are present and were found Khartoum the river is fast-flowing and the banks are to contain B. truncatus, B. pfeifferi and also steep. The nature of the bottom varies from rocks B. forskalii. at Roseires to sands and silt nearer Khartoum. The In the Green Belt area (samples 11-12 in Table 1) absence of snails is probably due to the shifting the Forestry Department has a small plantation of nature of the river bed, which does not allow the trees 5 km south of Khartoum. At present the canal growth of plants or algae. Bulinus truncatus and system is not extensive and no snails were found in Biomphalaria pfeifferi were found in the Sennar the eastern sector which is irrigated from the Gezira. reservoir and in pump schemes alongside the river. In the western sector large populations of a White Nile. In contrast to the fast-moving, deep, " forskalii-type " bulinid snail were found. This and relatively confined waters of the Blue Nile, the was identified by Dr G. Mandahl-Barth as possibly wide, slow-moving White Nile with its low and Bulinus fischerianus (Bourguignat). Sewage water is often swampy banks provides an excellent snail used for irrigation in the canals in this sector. habitat. An isolated population of Bulinus ugandaec Most of the surveyed part of the river, except for (Mandahl-Barth) was found in a disused swimming- the 50 km from Jebel Aulia Dam to Khartoum, is bath in the centre of Khartoum. under the immediate influence of the Jebel Aulia Gezira. The Gezira has the highest incidence of reservoir. From Kosti to Jebel Aulia the banks are intestinal schistosomiasis in the Sudan. Canal-water covered with extensive masses of floating papyrus- is used for drinking and washing so that the parasite water-hyacinth swamp. The vegetation is more is easily transmitted between its two hosts. This is dense on the west bank, the direction in which the particularly so during the cotton-picking season, reservoir tends to flood.
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