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Redalyc.Total Protein Composition of Young and Adult Biomphalaria Revista de Biología Tropical ISSN: 0034-7744 [email protected] Universidad de Costa Rica Costa Rica Sadaka, Hayam A.; Abou-El-Naga, Iman F.; Amer, Eglal I.; Diab, Iman H.; Khedr, Safaa I. A. Total protein composition of young and adult Biomphalaria alexandrina snails with different compatibilities to Schistosoma mansoni infection Revista de Biología Tropical, vol. 64, núm. 4, 2016, pp. 1747-1757 Universidad de Costa Rica San Pedro de Montes de Oca, Costa Rica Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=44947539030 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative Total protein composition of young and adult Biomphalaria alexandrina snails with different compatibilities to Schistosoma mansoni infection Hayam A. Sadaka1, Iman F. Abou-El-Naga1*, Eglal I. Amer1, Iman H. Diab2 & Safaa I. A. Khedr1 1. Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] 2. Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; [email protected], [email protected] * Correspondence Received 04-XI-2015. Corrected 05-IV-2016. Accepted 06-V-2016. Abstract: Schistosomiasis remains a disease of major global public health concern since it is a chronic and debilitating illness. The widely distributed Schistosoma mansoni that causes intestinal schistosomiasis represents a great threat. Its world-wide distribution is permitted by the broad geographic range of the susceptible species of its intermediate host, Biomphalaria, which serves as an obligatory host for the larval stage, at which humans get infected. The objectives were to identify the proteins responsible for the snails’ compatibility outcome through differentiation between the total proteins among Biomphalaria alexandrina snails at different ages. The work was conducted on snails that differ in age and genetic backgrounds. Four subgroups (F1) from the progeny of self-reproduced susceptible and resistant snails (F0) were studied. Infection rates of these subgroups (young susceptible, adult susceptible, young resistant and adult resistant) were 90 %, 75 %, 40 % and 0 %, respec- tively. Using Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate Polyacrylamide Gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), differences in protein expression were evaluated between adult and young snails of different subgroups. Dice similarity coefficient was calculated to determine the percentage of band sharing among the experimental subgroups. The results showed that the combination of similarities between age and compatibility status of the snails, lead to the highest simi- larity coefficient, followed by the combination of similarities of both genetic origin and age, even though they differ in the compatibility status. On the other hand, the differences in the genetic background, age and compat- ibility status, lead to the least similarity index. It was also found that the genetic background in young snails plays a major role in the determination of their compatibility, while the internal defense system has the upper hand in determining the level of adult compatibility. In conclusion, the findings of the present work highlight the great impact of the snail age in concomitance with the genetics and the internal defense in the determination of B. alexandrina/S.mansoni compatibility. Future works are recommended, as further characterization of the shared protein bands among the studied subgroups is needed to clarify their role in host-parasite relationship. Rev. Biol. Trop. 64 (4): 1747-1757. Epub 2016 December 01. Key words: Biomphalaria alexandrina, Schistosoma mansoni, resistant, susceptible, age. Schistosomiasis remains a disease of million people all over the world and is rec- major global public health concern and is rated ognized as a major neglected tropical disease second to malaria in posing chronic and debili- (WHO, 2015). tating illness to population. Causing misery and The widely distributed Schistosoma man- decreasing productivity of the affected organ- soni that causes intestinal schistosomiasis rep- isms, it was nominated as a ‘silent pandemic’ resents a great risk. Its world-wide distribution (Morgan, DeJong, nyder, Mkoji, & Loker, is permitted by the broad geographic range of 2001; Bayne, 2009). It affects more than 249 the susceptible species of its intermediate host, Rev. Biol. Trop. (Int. J. Trop. Biol. ISSN-0034-7744) Vol. 64 (4): 1747-1757, December 2016 1747 Biomphalaria which serves as an obligatory El-Halim, 2010; Abou-El-Naga, Sadaka, Amer, host for the larval stage, by which humans get Diab, & Khedr, 2015). infected. Among many identified species of Many authors have described the genetic Biomphalaria, Biomphalaria alexandrina is variability related to the interaction between B. the intermediate host of S. mansoni in Egypt alexandrina snails and S.mansoni. They were (Morgan et al., 2001; Lotfy, DeJong, Black, able to determine the polymorphic markers that & Loker, 2005; Abou-El-Naga, El-Nassery, varied between snails susceptible and resistant Allam, Shaat, & Mady, 2011; Mohamed, El- to S.mansoni infection (Abdel-Hamid, Rawi, Din, Mohamed, & Habib, 2012). & Arafa, 2006; El-Nassery, Abou-El-Naga, Many control strategies are running for Allam, Shaat, & Mady, 2013). The relation schistosomiasis reduction, however, total between Biomphalaria snails’ age and the elimination of the disease has not yet been outcome of infection by S.mansoni has been achieved. Targeting the parasite’s intermediate also studied by many authors. It was found host snail can certainly break the chain of its that the resistance of B. glabrata to S. mansoni life cycle, and hence, decreases schistosomiasis infections appears to be age-dependent and transmission (Steinmann, Keiser, Bos, Tanner, controlled by at least four genes, each with several alleles, while in adulthood, there is only & Utzinger, 2006). a single dominant gene that determines this Molluscs have impressive capacities to trait (Richards & Shade, 1987; Richards et al., protect themselves against infections caused 1992). In B. tenagophila, two dominant genes by potential pathogens, which makes the resis- were found to determine adult resistance (Rosa, tance to infection the norm and susceptibility Godard, Azevedo, & Coelho, 2005). Recently, the exception (Bayne, 2009). This assumption Abou-El-Naga et al. (2015) have focused on explains why Biomphalaria species have dif- the significant impact of B. alexandrina age on ferent degrees of susceptibility with different the snails’ compatibility. The authors correlated internal defense system (IDS) and responses snails’ age, genetic background and internal against the invasive S. mansoni (Abou-El-Naga, defense together, and proved that the internal El-Nassery, Allam, & Mady, 2014). The snails defense of adult snails is more functional, lead- are polymorphic regarding their compatibility ing to more resistance in adult snails than in with S.mansoni, with susceptible and resistant young ones. The current work aims to study the variants (Coelho et al., 2004). The outcome of impact of age on the total protein composition the snail/schistosome interaction is governed of B. alexandrina snails with different genetic by the genetic make-up of both the snail and backgrounds, using the electrophoretic separa- parasite, with successful miracidial develop- tion approach. ment occurring only in susceptible/compatible but not resistant/incompatible snails (Lewis, MATERIALS AND METHODS Patterson, & Gizywarz, 2002).This consid- erable degree of intraspecific polymorphism Snails and parasites; collection and requires investigating variability related factors maintenance: S. mansoni strain was originally to susceptibility or resistance in Biomphalaria. harvested from shedding cercariae obtained Numerous genetic and physiological fac- from naturally infected B. alexandrina snails tors in both the snail and the parasite are critical collected from Abis village drainage ditch, for determining Biomphalaria susceptibility to Alexandria, Egypt in the year 2011. Since then, S. mansoni. Snail related factors include their all snails were maintained in aquaria containing genes, defense system, and age at the time of dechlorinated tap water (DTW) at a temperature exposure to miracidia (Richards, Knight, & of 25°C, and at darkness for the exposed snails Lewis, 1992; Abou- El-Naga & Radwan, 2012; to prevent cercarial shedding. Snails were Abou- El-Naga, Eissa, Mossallam, & Abd fed fresh green lettuce leaves, supplemented 1748 Rev. Biol. Trop. (Int. J. Trop. Biol. ISSN-0034-7744) Vol. 64 (4): 1747-1757, December 2016 with fish food and calcium carbonate. Water at the age of four months, and the size of change and food application were repeated 8-10 millimeters in diameter. Posterior to the twice weekly. Maintenance of S. mansoni life exposure of the 400 snails to miracidia (each cycles was conducted between our laboratory snail with 8-10 miracidia), infected snails of snails and Swiss strain albino mice (Abou- El- each of the subgroups Ia, Ib, IIa, and IIb Naga et al., 2010). All animal studies were were placed in separate plastic aquaria; one conducted at the animal experimentation facil- for each subgroup. Exposed snails of all sub- ity of the Medical Parasitology
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