Nat Prod Resour Repos JANUARY 2011 Volume 2 No. 1 [email protected] NNaattuurraall PPrroodduuccttss aanndd RReessoouurrcceess RReeppoossiittoorryy

A Ouarterly Electronic Repository of Current Information on Natural Products and Resources

National Institute of Science Communication And Information Resources CSIR, New Delhi, INDIA

Website:http://www.niscair.res.in

From the Director’s Desk

India is one of the richest and most diversified countries as far as biodiversity, natural products and resources are concerned. Dissemination of information on various topics related to these subjects has acquired unprecedented prominence in the last two decades as every field, be it science, technology or engineering, look to natural resources as a safe source, both environmentally as well as technologically. The National Institute of Science Communication And Information Resources (NISCAIR), is a constituent establishment of Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), New Delhi which houses globally renowned publications such as, The Wealth of India–An Encyclopaedia of Indian Raw Materials, 17 scholarly research journals and 2 abstracting journals, viz . Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Abstracts (MAPA) and Indian Science Abstracts (ISA). Since, MAPA and ISA have vast coverage on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants and all science subjects, respectively, we have now decided to extend our services on all plant and animals based natural products in faster mode i.e. electronically. With immense pleasure we announce launching of Natural Products and Resources Repository (NPARR) with open access to adequately fulfill the information needs of teachers, scientists, scholars and entrepreneurs for research and commercial products development from natural resources. Another feature of this repository is that authors can be users and contributors to this repository at the same time by sending soft copies of abstracts of their published papers with full citation and address of corresponding authors and information on technologies/know-how developed at their institute/university for placing under respective group of products/technologies. I trust that this collection will also help researchers in searching core and non-core journals on specified products. I welcome all experienced authors, editors and publishers of national and international journals for their creative cooperation and enthusiastic involvement in this new endeavor. The NPARR allows free access to its contents and hence will enhance citation/visibility of papers/ technological know-how included in this repository. We look forward to provide you a comprehensive collection of quality information on natural products in coming years.

Gangan Prathap NAT PROD RESOUR REPOS, VOL. 2, NO. 1, 2011

NATURAL PRODUCTS AND RESOURCES REPOSITORY (NPARR) (A Quarterly Electronic Repository of Current Information on Natural Products and Resources)

This repository is produced by systematic survey of research and review papers published in primary journals and providing abstracts/summaries and bibliographic details of applied research. It is covering information on all aspects of natural products and resources of plants and animals. The abstracts are presented in various categories viz. Beverages, Cosmetics, Dyes, Essential oils, Fats/Oils, Feed/Fodder, Fibre, Flavour/Fragrance, Food, Fruits, Fuel, Gum/Rubber, Insecticides /Fungicides/Nematicides, Oils/Fats, Poultry, Pulp/Paper, Spices/Condiments, Therapeutics, Vegetables, Wood, etc. Title, journal, author(s), address of corresponding author (Asterisk marked) of the original paper are provided for scientific reference and citation. NPARR inserts new products and technologies developed forthcoming conferences or educational event, book reviews, projects completed and theses awarded.

Compilation/Editor: Dr (Mrs) Sunita Garg

Director Dr Gangan Prathap (ex-officio )

National Institute of Science Communication and Information Resources (NISCAIR), CSIR Dr K. S. Krishnan Marg, New Delhi-110012, INDIA Phone: 91-011-25846301 ext 258, 25846001; Fax: 91-011 2584 7062 Website; http://nopr.niscair.res.in E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]

The information on this site is intended for educational purposes and societal benefit and is available free of cost. It is a compilation from research journals and it is not a substitute for the advice of a qualified professional. The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, India does not endorse nor does it verify the content or claims made. Editor does not accept responsibility for the consequences of the use of the information. Every effort is made to present the information accurately; however, we assume no liability for any errors and omissions.

Information for Readers

We encourage readers to sign up for the publishing notification service for this repository. Use the Register link and register yourself. It will result in the readers receiving the E-mail alert for each new issue. This list also allows the NPARR to claim a certain level of support or readership. The Privacy Statement assures readers that their name and E-mail address will not be used for other purposes.

For including in respective categories, we would like to ask you to contribute soft copies of: (i) Abstract of your excellent papers published during the last one year or current year in any journal; (ii) New technologies/ Know-how Developed at your Institute or University; (iii) Books for review or book reviews for publication; (iv) Forthcoming events and Theses awarded in recent past. We certainly hope that more ground will be covered in future issues. The librarians are requested to list NPARR among their library's electronic journal holdings. You may send your above contributions to Dr (Mrs) Sunita Garg, on E-mail Id: [email protected]; [email protected] NAT PROD RESOUR REPOS, VOL. 2, NO. 1, 2011

NATURAL PRODUCTS AND RESOURCES REPOSITORY (NPARR) (A Quarterly Electronic Repository of Current Information on Natural Products and Resources)

C O N T E N T S Volume 2, No. 1 January 2011 Products Beverages 1 Cosmeceuticals 4 Dyes 6 Essential oils 8 Feed/Fodder 10 Fibres 14 Food 16 Fruits 19 Fuel 21 Gums/Rubber 25 Insecticides 28 Oils/Fats 32 Phytochemicals 34 Pulp/Paper 37 Spices/Condiments 40 Sugars 42 Therapeutics 44 Vegetables 51 Wood 53 Others Cultivation 55 Postharvest Technology 58

Book Review 60 Forthcoming events 61

NATURAL PRODUCTS AND RESOURCES REPOSITORY (NPARR)

BEVERAGES (incl. Juices, Tea /Coffee, minerals, sugar and orange flavor. Organic acids were Yoghurt and other natural soft drinks) also added as food additive. The antibacterial efficacy of reconstituted beverage was tested on three strains of enterobacteria ( Escherichia coli , Salmonella Typhi NPARR 2(1), 2011-01 Juice components and and Serratia liquefaciens ). The antibacterial efficacy antioxidant capacity of four Tunisian Citrus of beverage containing organic acids (ascorbic and varieties citric acids) as compared to the same beverage containing mineral acid was successfully Juices from four Citrus species of Tunisia were demonstrated. The greatest inhibitions of bacterial investigated mainly for quality parameters and growth were observed in the presence of organic antioxidant capacity. Citrus reticulata (mandarin) acids. The antibacterial activity was significant juice had the highest content of total flavonoids depending on initial bacterial concentration and time (85.33 mg CE L −1 ). The latter also occurred in high −1 of contact. However, S. liquefaciens was not detected quantity (82.01 mg CE L ) in Citrus lemon (lemon) in the beverage containing organic acids regardless of juice which was also marked by its richness in total −1 the bacterial concentration added. At a concentration aroma (70.16 µg mL ) and in total fatty acids (48.10 3 −1 of 10 cells/mL, the bacterial population of S. µg mL ). Mandarin and lemon juices had the highest liquefaciens , E. coli , S. Typhi and the mixture of the antioxidant activity, as determined b the β-carotene three bacteria reached an undetectable level in the bleaching assay (26.67% and 22.67%, respectively). beverage containing organic acids after 5, 180, 180 Citrus aurantium (bitter orange) juice was and 60 min of contact, respectively. The inhibitory characterized by the highest content of total effect of pathogenic bacteria was closely related to the polyphenols (784.67 mg GAE/l) and by the greatest reduction of the beverage pH and to the concentration inhibition of DPPH (96.10%). Citrus sinensis (blood of undissociated organic acids [Anne-Sophie Guenier, orange) juice was only marked by the high quantity of Stéphane Caillet, Blaise Ouattara, Louis Laleye and ascorbic acid (36.90 mg/ml). GC/MS analysis of juice Monique Lacroix* (INRS – Institut Armand-Frappier, aroma showed the predominance of limonene (48.85- Research Laboratories in Sciences Applied to Food, 69.59%) in mandarin and in bitter and blood oranges, 531, Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, Québec, H7V but of camphene (89.05%) in lemon. GC analysis of 1B7, Canada), Food Research International, 2010, juice fatty acids revealed their richness in oleic acid 43 (9), 2321-2328 ]. (23.13-39.52%). HPLC analysis of juice phenolics indicated the predominance of phenolic acids (73.13- 86.40%) [Moufida Saidani Tounsi*, Wissem Aidi NPARR 2(1), 2011-03, Ganoderma lucidum — Wannes, Ines Ouerghemmi, Sabrine Jegham, Yosra Medical mushroom as a raw material for beer with Ben Njima, Ghaith Hamdaoui, Hassene Zemni and enhanced functional properties Brahim Marzouk (Laboratoire de Physiologie Ganoderma lucidum among all other cultivated Moléculaire de Vigne, Centre de Biotechnologie au mushrooms is unique for its medicinal, rather than Technopôle de Borj-Cédria (CBBC), BP 90, 2050 nutritional value. A woody mushroom for centuries Hammam-lif, Tunisia), Journal of the Science of Food highly regarded in oriental folk medicine in recent and Agriculture , 2011, 91 (1), 142-151]. years came in to focus of numerous pharmacological and medical researchers. The paper gives a brief NPARR 2(1), 2011-02, Antibacterial capacity of a overview of the obtained results and state of the art of reconstituted fortified beverage used as a knowledge about its bioactive components and nutritional supplement pharmacological functioning indicating its possible use in brewing as a raw material for the production of A fortified beverage powder intended for beer with improved functional properties. It deals developing countries was composed of vitamins, with the procedure for Ganoderma extract production, 2 NAT PROD RESOUR REPOS, VOL. 2, NO. 1, 2011

determination of main bioactive substance contents, composition and organoleptic properties of apple procedure for beer enrichment and sensory evaluation juices by manipulating the pressing conditions of the final products. The consumer's acceptance test was carried out by 105 untrained young subjects. The Initial crushing and pressing operations have a results indicate that both male and female tasters major influence on the polyphenolic composition of evaluated the enriched beer similar or even better than apple juice, therefore, we have tested the impact of initial commercially produced Pilsner beer. Male variations of this step using three cider apple cultivars tasters especially showed great affinity for new of contrasting polyphenolic composition: Guillevic, sensory properties, particularly the body, liveliness, Kermerrien and Dous Moen. Under inert atmosphere, and taste. Female tasters evaluated both beers quite increased temperature (between 5 °C and 24 °C), similarly. According to their opinion, beer with increased the extraction of procyanidins from fruit to Ganoderma compared with initial beer differs juice. The crushed apples were also subjected to four statistically significantly better only by its bodiness [I. conditions of oxidation: preserved from oxidation as Leskosek-Cukalovic*, S. Despotovic, N. Lakic, M. above, short contact with air, short contact with air Niksic, V. Nedovic and V. Tesevic, (Department for and mixing, long contact with air and mixing. Food Technology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Oxidation decreased the concentrations of native Agriculture, Nemanjina 6, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia), polyphenols in the juices, especially for flavan-3-ols. Food Research International, 2010, 43 (9), 2262- The golden colour of the juices was initially enhanced 2269]. with increases in saturation C* and a shift of the hue angle from yellow to orange. However, for the highest oxidation state the colour became paler and more NPARR 2(1), 2011-04,, Distribution of C-and O- yellow. Bitterness and astringency decreased upon glycosyl flavonoids, (3-hydroxy-3- oxidation, probably due to increased retention of methylglutaryl)glycosyl and oxidized moieties [Catherine M.G.C. Renard*, J.-M. furocoumarins in Citrus aurantium L . juice Le Quéré, R. Bauduin, R. Symoneaux, C. Le

The qualitative and quantitative flavonoid and Bourvellec and A. Baron (INRA, UR117 Cidricoles & furocoumarin composition of crude sour orange Biotransformation des Fruits et Légumes, F-35650 Le (Citrus aurantium L.) juice was determined via Rheu, France), Food Chemistry , 2011, 124 (1), 117- reverse-phase LC–DAD–ESI–MS–MS analysis. In a 125]. single course, a comprehensive chromatographic profile of 14 compounds (furocoumarins, C- and O- NPARR 2(1), 2011-06, Phenol content, antioxidant glycosyl flavonoids) was obtained. Seven flavonoids activity and metal composition of Croatian wines and a furocoumarin were identified for the first time deriving from organically and conventionally in sour orange juice: three C- (lucenin-2, grown grapes vicenin-2 and lucenin-2, 4 ′-methyl ether), two O- (rhoifolin 4 ′- and 4 ′- The present study was performed to evaluate the glucoside), two 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl antioxidant capacity, the polyphenol and metal glycosides ( and ) and a content of conventionally and organically produced furocoumarin (epoxybergamottin). Furthermore, the wines, which underwent similar winemaking antioxidant activity of sour orange juice was assessed processes. The wine grapes were grown under well- by means of ABTS + and DPPH radical scavenging defined organic and conventional conditions from the assays [Davide Barreca, Ersilia Bellocco, Corrado two different wine-growing sub-regions of Croatia, Caristi, Ugo Leuzzi and Giuseppe Prigorje and Southern Dalmatia. The values of Gattuso*(Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e antioxidant activity, as evaluated by two free radical Biologica, Università di Messina, Viale F. Stagno methods, ABTS and DPPH, was found systematically d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy), Food higher in organic wines compared to conventional Chemistry , 2011, 124 (2), 576-582]. ones. In a reversed phase HPLC analysis, used in order to characterize the phenol fraction of wines, higher concentrations of chlorogenic acid, ferulic NPARR 2(1), 2011-05, Modulating polyphenolic acid, catechin, trans -resveratrol, all studied Beverages 3

hydroxybenzoic acids and flavonols were found in the Mirza Boji ć, Irena Žuntar, Gordana Mendaš and organically produced wines. No apparent trend was Marica Medi ć-Šari ć (Institute for Medical Research found in the metal contents of the wines, but ICP-MS and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10 001 analysis confirmed that both wine productions, Zagreb, Croatia), Food Chemistry , 2011, 124 (1), 354- organic and conventional, were well within the 361]. toxicological safety limits [Ivana Vinkovi ć Vr ček*, 4 NAT PROD RESOUR REPOS, VOL. 2, NO. 1, 2011

COSMECEUTICALS dermatologist prescribes medications and dermocosmetics together, an approach that is also found in managing other disorders such as atopic NPARR 2(1), 2011-07, Propolis as potential dermatitis. This mode of operation is part of a true cosmeceutical sunscreen agent for its combined healthcare protocol in which each part has its photoprotective and antioxidant properties importance, from daily hygiene to isotretinoin, to Propolis, bee glue, and its main polyphenolic ensure complete and individualized management [D. components show high antioxidant activity as found Guerrero*(Cabinet de Dermatologie, 34210 Beaufort, measuring their inhibitory action on lipid peroxidation France), Annales de Dermatologie et de Vénéréologie , of linoleic acid (LA) in sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) 2010, 137 (12), Supplement 2, 29-33]. micelles. Furthermore, these substances evidence effectiveness as broad spectrum UVB and UVA NPARR 2(1), 2011-09, Application of nutrigenomics photoprotection sunscreens, as it results by in skin health: nutraceutical or cosmeceutical? measurements of sun protection factor (SPF), the Nutrigenomics is a growing field related to universal indicator related primarily to UVB genetic testing based on the documentation of genetic radiations, and of the two parameters giving an mutations in an individual, giving us the ability to indication of the UVA absorbance properties, i.e. correct metabolic imbalances (personalized medicine) UVA/UVB ratio and critical wavelength. through specific dietary supplements or The combination of these characteristics moves nutraceuticals. An off-shoot of nutrigenomics called up propolis and its main polyphenolic components to dermagenetics (testing for selected genetic mutations the class of cosmeceuticals, as possible active related to skin health followed by advocating the use ingredient of sunscreen commercial formulations for of either nutraceuticals or skin creams enriched by their protective and preventive properties [Elena cosmeceuticals) is heading toward commercialization Gregoris, Sabrina Fabris, Mariangela Bertelle, Luigi at a rapid rate by directly targeting the public. Grassato and Roberto Stevanato *(Department of Although this growth represents an opportunity to Physical Chemistry, University Ca’ Foscari of explore the benefits of genetic advances in skin Venice, Dorsoduro 2137, 30123 Venice, Italy), health, it is essential that the science, product claims, International Journal of Pharmaceutics , 2011, 405 (1- and ethical standards be critically evaluated and clear 2), 97-101]. national guidelines be set in order to protect the consumer [Subbiah MT* (Department of Internal NPARR 2(1), 2011-08, Dermocosmetic approach to Medicine, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, acne by the dermatologist Cincinnati, Ohio, USA), J Clin Aesthet Dermatol , 2010, 3(11), 44-6]. Cosmetics contribute to the success of antiacne treatments, by providing optimal hygiene, NPARR 2(1), 2011-010, Phlorotannins from compensating the irritation and dryness induced by Ecklonia cava (Phaeophyceae): biological activities medications, and allowing use of adapted cosmetics and potential health benefits and sun protection. The most contemporary products can contribute directly to obtaining a therapeutic The importance of bioactive derivatives as benefit, either alone or with medications. functional ingredients has been well recognized due to their valuable health beneficial effects. Therefore, The dermatologist's advice is essential. The isolation and characterization of novel functional choices are guided by information from laboratories ingredients with biological activities from seaweeds and the efficacy and tolerance tested by use. Overall, have gained much attention. Ecklonia cava Kjellman cosmetology is considered by the dermatologist as is an edible seaweed, which has been recognized as a part of the management of acne devoid of notable side rich source of bioactive derivatives mainly, effects. phlorotannins. These phlorotannins exhibit various In day-to-day medical practice, the beneficial biological activities such as antioxidant, anticancer, antidiabetic, anti-human

Cosmeceuticals 5

immunodeficiency virus, antihypertensive, matrix residual total phenolic content and antioxidant activity metalloproteinase enzyme inhibition, hyaluronidase after storage at 4°C, 30°C and 40°C for 6months. The enzyme inhibition, radioprotective, and antiallergic effect of those formulations on skin irritation, activities. This review focuses on biological activities hydration level and wrinkle reduction was evaluated of phlorotannins with potential health beneficial in 10 healthy volunteers, aged 25-40 years. The shelf applications in functional foods, pharmaceuticals, and lives of E. purpurea cream and gel in terms of total cosmeceuticals [Wijesekara I, Yoon NY, Kim SK* phenolic content and antioxidant activity were only 2 (Marine Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of and 4 months respectively at 4°C and could be Chemistry, Pukyong National University, Busan, extended up to 7months by incorporation of α- Republic of Korea), Biofactors, 2010, 36 (6), 408-14]. tocopherol or disodium editate. The corneometer hydration indices increased up to 10.6 AU and 11.4 NPARR 2(1), 2011-011, Skin improvement and AU, and the wrinkles decreased 9.47% and 14.92% stability of Echinacea purpurea dermatological because of the application of E. purpurea cream and formulations gel for 1 month. Both formulations showed no irritation to skin. Echinacea purpurea cream and gel Echinacea purpurea contains many beneficial developed in this study were effective in improving constituents for protection of skin from oxidative skin hydration and reducing wrinkle, but showed low stress and for improving hydration of skin. This study storage stability [S. Yotsawimonwat, J. aimed to investigate the stability and dermatological Rattanadechsakul, P. Rattanadechsakul and S. efficacy of E. purpurea cream and gel. Echinacea Okonogi*(Society of Cosmetic Scientists and the purpurea extract was incorporated into suitable cream Société Française de Cosmétologie (ssue), and gel bases. Stability of the extract in the International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 2010, formulations was investigated by determining its 32 (5), 340-346]. 6 NAT PROD RESOUR REPOS, VOL. 2, NO. 1, 2011

DYES (incl. Food colorants) and lower for the larger bis-alkylated derivatives. Mono-alkylation with methyl-4-butanoate groups improved the dyeing properties of the dyes on PLA. NPARR 2(1), 2011-012, Irradiated beetroot extract All dyeings displayed excellent wash fastness and the as a colorant for cream cheese light fastness was improved in the case of the mono- A Brazilian ham-flavored cream cheese was alkylated derivatives owing to the removal of the developed using gamma-irradiated beetroot extract as photo-sensitive 2-hydroxy group [Ioannis Drivas, the colorant. An irradiation dose of 5.0 kGy was used Richard S. Blackburn* and Christopher M. Rayner based on previous studies that indicated no growth of (Green Chemistry Group, Centre for Technical moulds, yeasts and aerobic psychotropic Textiles, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK), microorganisms during 12 days at 5 °C, and with no Dyes and Pigments , 2011, 88 (1), 7-17]. changes in the structure of the pigment. One part of the cheese was colored with the irradiated beetroot NPARR 2(1), 2011-014 , High yield preparation of extract and the other part with carmine cochineal, purpurin-18 from Spirulina maxima which is a natural stable colorant but expensive and Purpurin-18, a derivative of chlorophyll, is an difficult to extract. Both portions were submitted to interesting dihydroporphyrin for generating sensory evaluation with 67 panelists. No significant photosensitizers such as purpurinimides which absorb differences were found in flavor and overall light in the 700–850 nm range and which display appearance. The cream cheese containing carmine efficient anti-tumor activity. To promote extensive cochineal was slightly preferred in regards to color. utilization of Pp-18 as a starting material for the However, being a new product, these results were preparation of new photosensitizers, a simple and encouraging and point towards the potential use of rapid method for obtaining this chlorin in high yield irradiated beetroot extract as a natural food colorant from Spirulina maxima is described. Optimized [Maria Paula Junqueira-Goncalves*, Lediana Pereira experimental conditions were determined using a Cardoso, Michele Silva Pinto, Rodrigo Magela Latin square design of experiments [Nicolas Drogat, Pereira, Nilda Ferreira Soares and Joseph Miltz Matthieu Barrière, Robert Granet*, Vincent Sol and (Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Department of Pierre Krausz, (Université de Limoges, Laboratoire de Food Science and Technology, Ecuador 3769, Chimie des Substances Naturelles, EA 1069, 123 Santiago, Chile), Radiation Physics and Chemistry , Avenue Albert Thomas, 87060 Limoges, France), 2011, 80 (1), 114-118]. Dyes and Pigments, 2011, 88 (1), 125-127]. NPARR 2(1), 2011-013, Natural anthraquinonoid NPARR 2(1), 2011-015, Effective natural dye colorants as platform chemicals in the synthesis of extraction from different plant materials using sustainable disperse dyes for polyesters ultrasound Natural anthraquinonoid dyes (alizarin and Dyes derived from natural sources have emerged purpurin) were used as platform chemicals to as an important alternative to synthetic dyes. synthesise sustainable alternatives to existing Therefore, there is a need for developing better solid– synthetic dyes by alkylation of hydroxy groups in the liquid extraction techniques for leaching natural 1- and 2-positions. In comparison with the parent colorants from plant materials for applications in plant compounds, the derivatised dyes were insensitive to research, food as well as dyeing industries. The pH change, insoluble in alkali and the λ for the max influence of ultrasound on natural colorant extraction mono-alkylated derivatives was unchanged and that from different potential dye yielding plant materials of the bis-alkylated derivatives was reduced by 53– has been studied in comparison with magnetic stirring 54 nm. Melting points decreased with derivatisation process as control. The color yielding plant materials as the ability of the dyes to form inter-molecular used in the present study include Green wattle bark, interactions decreased. Dye exhaustion and colour Marigold flowers, Pomegranate rinds, 4’o clock plant strength values for dyeings on PET were relatively flowers and Cocks Comb flowers. Analytical studies high for the parent and mono-alkylated derivatives such as UV–VIS spectrophotometry and gravimetric

Dyes 7

analysis were performed on the extract. The results [Venkatasubramanian Sivakumar*, J. Vijaeeswarri indicate there is a significant 13–100% improvement and J. Lakshmi Anna ( a Chemical Engineering in the extraction efficiency of the colorant obtained Division, Central Leather Research Institute (CLRI), from different plant materials due to the use of Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), ultrasound. Therefore, this methodology could be Adyar, Chennai 600 020, India), Industrial Crops and employed for extracting coloring materials from plant Products, 2011 , 33 (1), 116-122]. materials in a faster and effective manner 8 NAT PROD RESOUR REPOS, VOL. 2, NO. 1, 2011

ESSENTIAL OILS (incl. Flavour and and after storage using solid phase microextraction Fragrance) (SPME) fibres in conjunction with gas chromatography/mass spectrometer (GC–MS). Ninety-three volatile compounds were identified, 64 NPARR 2(1), 2011-015, Variations in essential oil of which had not been previously reported in rice. yield and composition during Cinnamomum cassia Differences were found in the volatile compounds of bark growth aromatic and non-aromatic rice besides 2-acetyl-1- pyrroline (2-AP). Most of the volatile compounds To extract essential oil for industrial use, the were present in freshly harvested rice and rice yields and compositions of bark oil during following storage, with very few new compounds Cinnamomum cassia growth (1–3 years old for the being identified only after storage. Dellrose, an branch bark; 5-12 years old for the stem bark) were aromatic cultivar, and Cocodrie, a non-aromatic determined. The branch bark fraction had a higher cultivar, had the most complex volatile profiles (over essential oil yield than the whole branch. The 64 volatiles). Sixteen compounds were found only in essential oil yield from branch bark varied within the aromatic cultivars, and some volatiles were found 2.70-3.11% (w/w), while that from stem bark was to be unique to specific aromatic cultivars. However, 0.41–2.61% (w/w) due to differences in age and no distinctive pattern was observed that would segment (top, center and lower) of the tree. There identify a cultivar as being derived from Basmati, were 41 volatile compounds identified in bark oil, Khao Dawk Mali 105 (i.e. jasmine), or other sources among which the majority presented high fluctuations of aroma. This study showed that there is a great in percentage of composition both in different growth diversity of volatiles in both aromatic and non- stages and segments. Variations in oil yields did not aromatic rice cultivars and, with further research, this present the same pattern as the percentages of trans- may lead to a better understanding of the combination cinnamaldehyde. The results suggest that choosing of compounds that gives a cultivar a unique flavour bark according to trees’ growth stages and separating [R.J. Bryant*and A.M. McClung (USDA-ARS, Dale stem barks into top, center and lower sections within a Bumpers National Rice Research Center, 2890 Hwy tree should significantly improve the extraction 130 E., Stuttgart, AR 72160, USA), Food Chemistry , efficiency. [Shilei Geng*, Zhaoxue Cui, Xinchao 2011, 124 (2), 501-513]. Huang, Yufen Chen, Di Xu and Ping Xiong, (College of Life Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou Guangdong 510642, China), Industrial NPARR 2(1), 2011-017, Supercritical fluid extracts Crops and Products , 2011, 33 (1), 248-252]. from the Brazilian cherry ( Eugenia uniflora L.): Relationship between the extracted compounds and the characteristic flavour intensity of the fruit NPARR 2(1), 2011-016, Volatile profiles of aromatic and non-aromatic rice cultivars using Supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO 2) SPME/GC–MS extractions of Brazilian cherry ( Eugenia uniflora L.) were carried out under varied conditions of pressure Rice ( Oryza sativa L.) is enjoyed by many and temperature, according to a central composite 2 2 people as a staple food because of its flavour and experimental design, in order to produce flavour-rich texture. Some cultivars, like scented rice, are extracts. The composition of the extracts was preferred over others due to their distinctive aroma evaluated by gas chromatography coupled with mass and flavour. The volatile profile of rice has been spectrometry (GC/MS). The abundance of the explored by other investigators, some of whom have extracted compounds was then related to sensory also determined a corresponding aroma using analysis results, assisted by principal component and GC/olfactometry. However, little research has been factorial discriminant analysis (PCA and FDA, done to determine if different aromatic rice cultivars respectively). The identified sesquiterpenes and produce different flavour volatiles that would make ketones were found to strongly contribute to the them more desirable than others when cooked. In this characteristic flavour of the Brazilian cherry. The study, seven aromatic and two non-aromatic cultivars extracts also contained a variety of other volatile were examined for their volatile profiles both before compounds, and part of the fruit wax contained long-

Essential oils 9

chain hydrocarbons that according to multivariate chromatography–mass spectrometry method. analysis, contributed to the yield of the extracts, but Significant differences in area counts of volatile not the flavour. Volatile phenolic compounds, to compounds were observed between the different which antioxidant properties are attributed, were also cultivars as well as in area counts of volatile present in the extracts in high proportion, regardless compounds of each cultivar grown in different crop of the extraction conditions [Felipe S. Malaman, Luiz years. Results showed significant reduction in total Alberto B. Moraes, Caroline West, Nilson J. Ferreira area counts (TAC) of volatile compounds after and Alessandra L. Oliveira *(Departamento de cooking and dehulling the seeds. Major differences Engenharia de Alimentos, Faculdade de Zootecnia e between whole seeds, cooked and dehulled seeds Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, were found in aldehydes, alcohols, and ketones. Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, 13635-900 Cooked–dehulled peas had the least TAC (7.83E±05) Pirassununga, SP, Brazil), Food Chemistry , 2011, of the volatile compounds compared to the milled- 124 (1), 85-92]. whole peas (6.36E±06), cooked-whole peas (2.00E±06) and milled–dehulled peas (4.33E±06). NPARR 2(1), 2011-018, Volatile flavour profile The results suggest that volatile flavour compounds of changes in selected field pea cultivars as affected different field peas were affected by the cultivar, crop by crop year and processing year as well as processing conditions [Sorayya Azarnia, Joyce I. Boye*, Tom Warkentin, Linda The objectives of this study were to evaluate the Malcolmson, Hassan Sabik and Anne Sophie Bellido effect of cultivar, crop year and processing (dry (Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Food Research milling, cooking and dehulling) on volatile flavour and Development Centre, St-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada compounds of field peas using an optimised J2S 8E3), Food Chemistry , 2011, 124 (1), 326-335]. headspace-solid phase microextraction gas 10 NAT PROD RESOUR REPOS, VOL. 2, NO. 1, 2011

FEED/FODDER supplementation (P ≤0.02). Results suggest that when supplementing medium quality hay with a blend of soyhulls and corn gluten feed, steers can be NPARR 2(1), 2011-019, Effect of frequency of supplemented as little as twice a week without supplementation of a soyhulls and corn gluten feed reducing performance [M.E. Drewnoski*, M.H. Poore blend on hay intake and performance of growing and G.A. Benson (Department of Animal Science, steers North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695- Feeding supplements less frequently can reduce 7621, United States), Animal Feed Science and labor costs and increase profitability. However Technology, 2011, 164 (1-2), 38-44 ]. reducing the frequency of delivery of grain based supplements can negatively affect fiber digestion in NPARR 2(1), 2011-020, Effects of different levels of the rumen because more grain must be fed per feeding coconut oil supplementation on performance, potentially causing decreased ruminal pH and/or an digestibility, rumen fermentation and carcass insufficiency of ruminal nitrogen. Using supplements traits of Malpura lambs that have a moderate crude protein (CP) level, and The influence of coconut oil (CO) that are low in starch, might alleviate negative effects supplementation (0, 25, 50 and 75 g/kg of on fiber digestion and therefore decrease negative concentrate) upon performance, nutrient utilization, effects associated with supplementing energy rumen fermentation, blood biochemistry and carcass supplements less frequently. Corn gluten feed and characteristics were assessed in lambs (4 males and 4 soybean hulls are high in metabolizable energy but females in each treatment) between 15 d of age and 6 low in fat and starch, and corn gluten feed is also a months. Lambs were allowed to suckle twice daily good source of ruminally degradable CP. The until 90 d of age. Concentrate and forage ( Ailanthus objective of this study was to determine effects of excelsa leaves) were provided ad libitum for the reducing supplementation frequency during a weekly duration of the experiment. Lambs were weighed at cycle on steer performance when supplementing weekly intervals, and a metabolism study was medium quality hay with a blend of soybean hulls and conducted on six representative lambs from each corn gluten feed (SH/CGF). The 86 d feeding group at 120 d of age to determine nutrient utilization experiment was replicated over 4 years. Each year, 40 and N balance. Blood samples and rumen liquor steers (BW = 263 ± 2.5, 281 ± 2.5, 271 ± 2.9, samples were drawn at 180 d to determine blood 229 ± 2.9 kg for years 1–4, respectively) were biochemical and rumen fermentation characteristics. stratified by body weight and assigned to 8 groups At 6 months of age all the male lambs were which were randomly assigned to treatment. During slaughtered and carcass traits were evaluated. years 1 and 2, treatments consisted of ad libitum Coconut oil intake was 7.1, 13.8 and 18.8 g/d in three medium quality fescue hay (70–100 g/kg CP and treatment groups compared to zero in control. Pre- 340–410 g/kg acid detergent fiber) that was either not and post-weaning gain was similar while dry matter supplemented (HAY), supplemented daily (7X) with intake was higher in both pre-weaning (L: P<0.001; 2.73 kg/hd, or supplemented on Monday, Wednesday Q: P<0.001) and post-weaning (L: P=0.001; Q: and Friday (3X) with 6.36 kg/hd. During years 3 and P=0.001) in control. Digestibilities of organic matter 4, an additional treatment was added in which steers (P=0.013) and neutral detergent fiber (P=0.062) were supplemented on Monday and Thursday with decreased and that of ether extract increased 9.55 kg/hd of SH/CGF (2X). Average daily gain was (P=0.001) linearly with increased CO higher (P<0.01) in supplemented steers compared to supplementation. The N retention decreased linearly non-supplemented steers, but did not differ due to (P=0.001) with increasing CO supplementation. supplementation frequency. Hay intake was reduced Concentration of total N and trichloroacetic acid (P<0.01) by supplementation and was higher (P<0.05) precipitable N decreased at a decreasing rate (Q: for 7X compared to both 3X and 2X, but hay intake P=0.051 and P=0.019, respectively) whereas did not differ between 3X and 2X. The gain to feed ammonia N in rumen liquor decreased at an ratio was increased by supplementation (P<0.01) and increasing rate (Q: P=0.003) with increased CO was further increased by less frequent supplementation. Coconut oil supplementation

Feed/Fodder 11

linearly (P=0.006) reduced rumen protozoa L22 (10.36 ± 0.274 kg versus 9.29 ± 0.272 kg) and population. Though the concentration of serum L66 (20.67 ± 0.490 kg versus 17.55 ± 0.493 kg). The glucose was similar, serum cholesterol and non- higher live weights (LW) were due to higher (P<0.05) esterified fatty acids increased linearly (P<0.05) with LW gains of Herb lambs between birth and L22 CO supplementation both pre- and post-weaning. Pre- (298 ± 10.8 g/day versus 245 ± 10.7 g/day) and slaughter weight, dressed weight, eye muscle area, between L39 and L66 (268 ± 16.2 g/day versus and body fat were similar in all the lambs. Coconut oil 179 ± 15.9 g/day). Herb triplet-bearing ewes produced supplementation up to 50 g/kg is optimum in lamb more (P<0.05) total lamb LW by L66 than Ryegrass rations due to improved feed conversion ratio and triplet-bearing ewes (45.70 ± 3.051 kg versus production of a carcass with acceptable 28.26 ± 3.203 kg, respectively). Results demonstrate characteristics. Higher levels of CO supplementation that a herb sward mix can improve multiple ewe and depressed growth and feed conversion due to its lamb performance compared to a ryegrass dominant suppression of rumen protozoa and reduced fiber sward [P.G. Hutton, P.R. Kenyon *, M.K. Bedi, P.D. digestibility [R.S. Bhatt, N.M. Soren*, M.K. Tripathi Kemp, K.J. Stafford, D.M. West and S.T. Morris, and S.A. Karim (Division of Animal Nutrition, (Sheep Research Centre, College of Sciences, Massey Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute, University, New Zealand), Animal Feed Science and Avikanagar, Via-Jaipur, Rajasthan 304501, India), Technology , 2011 , 164 (1-2), 1-7]. Animal Feed Science and Technology , 2011, 164 (2), 29-37]. NPARR 2(1), 2011-022, Effects of supplemental levels of and on egg quality, NPARR 2(1), 2011-021, A herb and legume sward serum traits and antioxidant activity of laying hens mix increased ewe milk production and ewe and lamb live weight gain to weaning compared to a Hesperetin and naringenin phytochemicals are ryegrass dominant sward naturally occurring flavanoids in citrus fruits. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of This study investigated the potential of a mixed supplementing different levels of extracted hesperetin herb sward to improve production of multiple-bearing and naringenin on egg quality, serum traits and ewes and their offspring compared to a ryegrass antioxidant activity in laying hens. Two experiments dominant sward. Forty four twin-bearing (twin) and were conducted, each for 10 weeks, in a completely 42 triplet-bearing (triplet) mixed-aged Romney ewes randomized experiment design. Each had 100 that were a maximum of 140 days pregnant (P140) Leghorn laying hens (26 weeks old) randomly were randomly allocated to one of two nutritional assigned into five groups ( n = 20) based on dietary treatments being: a mix of chicory, plantain, white categories of hesperetin 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 g/kg and and red clover (Herb), or a ryegrass dominant sward naringenin 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 g/kg. Experimental results (Ryegrass) to form the following groups: twin indicated that there was increased (P<0.05) egg Ryegrass n = 22, triplet Ryegrass n = 20, twin Herb production in the 1 g/kg naringenin-supplemented n = 22 and triplet Herb n = 22. Ewes and their lambs group, but lower (P<0.05) egg production in the remained on these herbage treatments until 66 days hesperetin- and naringenin-supplemented groups after the mid-point of lambing (L66). By L66, ewes given 4 g/kg. Cholesterol content (per gram yolk) and grazing the Herb treatment compared to ewes on the total cholesterol content (per egg) were lower Ryegrass treatment were heavier (P<0.05; (P<0.05) in the hesperetin- and naringenin- 70.9 ± 1.17 kg versus 66.1 ± 1.15 kg) and had higher supplemented groups as compared to the control (P<0.05) body condition scores (2.8 ± 0.07 versus group, and the 2 g/kg hesperetin- and naringenin- 2.4 ± 0.07, respectively). Ewes grazing the Herb supplemented groups showed the most significant treatment produced more milk (P<0.05) at each of the difference. Both serum cholesterol and triglyceride three sampling periods (3137 ± 161.3 versus concentrations were lower (P<0.05) in the 2 g/kg 2613 ± 148.1 at day 7, 3280 ± 148.8 versus hesperetin- and naringenin-supplemented groups. The − 2483 ± 153.1 at day 14 and 3237 ± 131.8 mL versus SOD and catalase activities, scavenging O 2 and iron- 2428 ± 136.2 mL at day 21). Lambs from ewes chelating abilities were higher (P<0.05) in the 2 g/kg grazing the Herb treatment were heavier (P<0.05) at hesperetin- and naringenin-supplemented groups, and 12 NAT PROD RESOUR REPOS, VOL. 2, NO. 1, 2011

the trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity was higher proportions of C18:2 cis -9,12 and C18:3 cis -9,12,15, (P<0.05) in the 2 g/kg naringenin-supplemented respectively, but supplementation with rapeseed oil group. The results confirmed that both hesperetin and did not increase C18:1 cis -9 in milk. Mammary SCD1 naringenin could lower serum and egg yolk expression was reduced by supplementation of cholesterol levels, and improve the antioxidant soybean oil compared with rapeseed oil and linseed activities, however the measured variables generally oil. In contrast, SCD5 expression did not differ among showed significant quadratic responses to increasing the 4 treatments. The C16 and C18 desaturation amounts of the compounds. The recommended indices, representing proxies for SCD activity, were supplementation level of hesperetin and naringenin is lower for the soybean oil diet compared with the diet 2 g/kg of the basal diet for reduced serum and yolk supplemented with a mixture of the 3 oils. In cholesterols contents and increased antioxidant conclusion, our study shows that mammary SCD1 capacity [S.Ting, H.S. Yeh and T.F. expression is significantly downregulated in dairy Lien*(Department of Animal Science, National cows by feeding unprotected soybean oil compared Chiayi University, 300 University Road, Luh Liau Li, with rapeseed oil or linseed oil, and this is partially Chiayi 600, Taiwan, ROC), Animal Feed Science and reflected by the lower desaturase indices in the milk. Technology , 2011, 163 (1), 59-66]. Furthermore, mammary SCD5 expression appears to be differently regulated than expression of SCD1 NPARR 2(1), 2011-023, Effects of feeding rapeseed [A.A.A. Jacobs*, J. van Baal, M.A. Smits, H.Z.H. oil, soybean oil, or linseed oil on stearoyl-CoA Taweel, W.H. Hendriks, A.M. van Vuuren and J. desaturase expression in the mammary gland of Dijkstra (Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen dairy cows University, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands), Journal of Dairy Science , 2011, 94 (2), Stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) is an important 874-887]. enzyme in the bovine mammary gland, and it 9 introduces a double bond at the location of NPARR 2(1), 2011-024, Replacing corn with primarily myristoyl-, palmitoyl-, and stearoyl-CoA. glycerol in diets for transition dairy cows The main objective of this study was to compare the effects of various fatty acids (FA) typically present in Expansion of the biofuels industry has increased dairy cow rations on the expression of SCD1 and the availability of glycerol as an alternative feed for SCD5 in the mammary gland of dairy cows. Twenty- dairy cows. The objective of this study was to eight Holstein-Friesian cows were randomly assigned determine the effects of glycerol on feed intake, milk to 1 of 4 dietary treatments. The dietary treatments production, rumen volatile fatty acids, and metabolic were a basal diet supplemented (dry matter basis) parameters in transition dairy cows. Multiparous with 2.7% rapeseed oil as a source of C18:1 cis -9; Holstein cows were fed diets containing either high- 2.7% soybean oil as a source of C18:2 cis -9,12; 2.7% moisture corn (n = 11) or glycerol (n = 12) from −28 linseed oil as a source of C18:3 cis -9,12,15; or 2.7% to +56 d relative to calving. Glycerol was included at of a 1:1:1 mixture of the 3 oils. The oil supplements 11.5 and 10.8% of the ration dry matter for the pre- were included in the concentrate, which was fed and postpartum diets, respectively. Prepartum feed together with corn silage and grass silage. In addition, intake was not changed by glycerol feeding (14.9 vs. cows were grazing on pasture, consisting mainly of 14.6 kg/d, control vs. glycerol) nor did postpartum perennial ryegrass, during the day. Biopsies from the feed intake differ (19.8 vs. 20.7 kg/d, control vs. mammary gland were taken and analyzed for mRNA glycerol). Overall milk yield did not differ (35.8 vs. expression of SCD1 and SCD5 by using quantitative 37 kg/d, control vs. glycerol) and milk composition, real-time PCR. Milk yield as well as milk protein and milk urea nitrogen, somatic cells, and energy balance fat contents did not differ among the 4 dietary were not different with glycerol feeding. Blood treatments. Dietary supplementation with rapeseed oil glucose content was decreased in cows fed glycerol and linseed oil increased proportions of C18:1 cis -9 during the prepartum period (59.1 vs. 53.4 mg/dL), and C18:3 cis -9,12,15 in blood plasma, respectively, and β-hydroxybutyrate concentration was increased compared with the other treatments. Supplementation (0.58 vs. 0.82 mmol/L, control vs. glycerol). with soybean oil and linseed oil increased milk FA Concentrations of blood nonesterified fatty acids did

Feed/Fodder 13

not differ between the treatment groups, and no glycerol) at the expense of acetate (61.4 vs. 51.5%, response to glycerol for blood metabolites during the control vs. glycerol). These data indicate that glycerol postpartum period was observed. Total rumen volatile is a suitable replacement for corn grain in diets for fatty acid concentrations (mmol/L) did not differ transition dairy cows [E.R. Carvalho, N.S. Schmelz- between treatments, but proportions of rumen Roberts, H.M. White, P.H. Doane and S.S. propionate and butyrate were greater for cows fed Donkin*(Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue glycerol (22.7 vs. 28.6% of propionate, control vs. University, West Lafayette, IN 47907), Journal of glycerol; and 11.5 vs. 15.3% of butyrate, control vs. Dairy Science, 2011, 94 (2), 908-916]. 14 NAT PROD RESOUR REPOS, VOL. 2, NO. 1, 2011

FIBRES (incl. Textile and other utility water without any chemicals as plasticizer fibres) Soyprotein–jute fiber composites developed using water without any chemicals as the plasticizer NPARR 2(1), 2011-025, Oil palm fiber (OPF) and show much better flexural and tensile properties than its composites: A review polypropylene–jute composites. Co-products of soybean processing such as soy oil, soyprotein Twenty first century has witnessed remarkable concentrate and soy protein isolates are inexpensive, achievements in green technology in material science abundantly available and are renewable resources that through the development of biocomposites. Oil palm have been extensively studied as potential matrix fiber (OPF) extracted from the empty fruit bunches is materials to develop biodegradable composites. proven as a good raw material for biocomposites. The However, previous attempts on developing soy-based cellulose content of OPF is in the range of 43%–65% composites have either chemically modified the co- and lignin content is in the range of 13%–25%. A products or used plasticizers such as glycerol. compilation of the morphology, chemical constituents Chemical modifications make the composites and properties of OPF as reported by various expensive and less environmentally friendly and researchers are collected and presented in this paper. plasticizers decrease the properties of the composites. The suitability of OPF in various polymeric matrices In this research, soyprotein composites reinforced such as natural rubber, polypropylene, polyvinyl with jute fibers have been developed using water chloride, phenol formaldehyde, polyurethane, epoxy, without any chemicals as plasticizer. The effects of polyester, etc. to form biocomposites as reported by water on the thermal behavior of soyproteins and various researchers in the recent past is compiled. The composite fabrication conditions on the flexural, properties of these composites viz ., physical, tensile and acoustic properties of the composites have mechanical, water sorption, thermal, degradation, been studied. Soyprotein composites developed in this electrical properties, etc. are summarized. Oil palm research have excellent flexural strength, tensile fiber loading in some polymeric matrices improved strength and tensile modulus, much higher than the strength of the resulting composites whereas less polypropylene (PP)–jute fiber composites. The strength was observed in some cases. The composites soyprotein composites have better properties than the became more hydrophilic upon addition of OPF. PP composites even at high relative humidity (90%) However treatments on fiber surface improved the [Narendra Reddy and Yiqi Yang*(Department of composite properties. Alkali treatment on OPF is Textiles, Clothing & Design, 234, HECO Building, preferred for improving the fiber–matrix adhesion University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583- compared to other treatments. The effect of various 0802, USA), Industrial Crops and Products, 2011, treatments on the properties of OPF and that of 33 (1), 35-41]. resulting composites reported by various researchers is compiled in this paper. The thermal stability, NPARR 2(1), 2011-027, Xylanase- and laccase- dielectric constant, electrical conductivity, etc. of the aided hexenuronic acids and lignin removal from composites improved upon incorporation of OPF. The specialty sisal fibres strength properties reduced upon weathering/degradation. Sisal fiber was reported as a This work was conceived to investigate for the good combination with OPF in hybrid composites [S. first time the effectiveness of the combined use of Shinoj R. Visvanathan, S. Panigrahi*and M. xylanase and laccase for the removal of hexenuronic Kochubabu (Department of Agricultural and acids (HexA) and lignin from sisal pulp fibres. To this Bioresource Engineering, University of end, xylanase (X) and laccase (L) treatments were Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK used in an XLQPo sequence (where Q denotes a S7N5A9, Canada), Industrial Crops and Products, chelating stage and Po an oxygen-reinforced peroxide 2011, 33 (1), 7-22]. multi-step treatment) that was applied to pulp in order to obtain sisal fibres with a high cellulose content. NPARR 2(1), 2011-026, Completely biodegradable The results of the XLQPo sequence were compared soyprotein–jute biocomposites developed using with those of an LQPo sequence. The L stage of both

Fibres 15

sequences was performed in the presence of either the The main objective of this study is to develop a natural compound sinapyl aldehyde (SLD) or the new approach for biofinishing of cellulose-containing synthetic compound violuric acid (VA), employed as fabrics using cellulases under pad-wet batch mediators, in order to compare their efficiency in conditions followed by washing cycle with a high aiding pulp bleaching and HexA removal. Changes in level of mechanical agitation to terminate the enzyme HexA content and the contributions of lignin and and to remove the weakened fuzz fibers and surface HexA to kappa number during each sequence were pills, i.e. biopolishing of the fiber's surface. The effect examined. The xylanase treatment was found to of enzyme dosage, wet-pickup, batching time and remove 47% of lignin, 15% of xylan and 27% of temperature as well as type of substrate on the HexA from the initial pulp, whereas the laccase–VA efficiency of enzymatic treatment as well as on the system removed 28% of HexA and exhibited higher performance and dyeing properties is discussed. efficiency than the laccase–SLD system in reducing Experimental results revealed that padding the used kappa number and increasing brightness. In any case, substrates in a bath containing acid-cellulases (20g/l) when the X treatment was applied, the sequence and nonionic wetting agent (2 g/L) to a wet-pickup including laccase–SLD treatment resulted in the 80% followed by batching at 50°C for 18h, and after strongest delignification effect. The effluents from washing under mechanical action (28 rpm, pH 9, each stage of the bleaching sequences were analysed temperature 75°C, LR 1/20, for 30min) could upgrade for COD, colour and toxicity, which peaked after the the final properties of the treated substrates especially L stage and were significantly higher with SLD than fabric handle, drapability as well as dyeability with with VA [Elisabetta Aracri and Teresa Vidal*(Textile minimal loss in strength. The extent of improvement and Paper Engineering Department, ETSEIAT, in the abovementioned properties is determined by the Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Colom 11, E- nature of the cellulose-containing fabric. SEM picture 08222 Terrassa, Spain), Carbohydrate Polymers , clearly shows that the surface of cellulases-treated 2011, 83 (3), 1355-1362]. cotton fabric appear smoother and softer than the untreated one [N.A. Ibrahim*, K. EL-Badry, B.M. Eid NPARR 2(1), 2011-028, A new approach for and T.M. Hassan (National Research Centre, Textile biofinishing of cellulose-containing fabrics using Research Division, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt), acid cellulases Carbohydrate Polymers , 2011, 83 (1), 116-121]. 16 NAT PROD RESOUR REPOS, VOL. 2, NO. 1, 2011

FOOD (incl. Dairy, Fishery, Poultry by-products due to the configuration of the and other Plant and Animal products) components in citrus juice extractors. In recent works, there appears to be a relationship between particle size and treatment, and the physiological functions of, NPARR 2(1), 2011-029, Thermal behaviour of at least, orange fibers. In this work, it was possible to lyophilized egg yolk and egg yolk fractions correlate the configuration (as fruit size adaptation of it) and characteristics of the fiber obtained from the Despite its importance from a technical point of by-products. The variety Hernadina has the highest view, the influence of temperature on rheological juice content and therefore has less peel, core and frit. behaviour of lyophilized egg yolk and egg yolk The Oroval variety has more frit content, two times fractions has not yet been studied. In this work, the more than Hernandina and Clemenville and three effect of temperature on rheological properties of times more than Fortuna. As regards crude fiber these products have been analysed by means of results it is clearly significant that the Oroval variety stationary and oscillatory measurements. Firstly, the has a higher content than the rest of varieties. Arrhenius equation was employed to assess the Regarding components, the core has the least fiber influence of temperature on viscosity. In addition to content and frit the highest. These results are useful to temperature effect, solid content showed to be support marketing strategies based on the high dietetic determinant on viscosity, while particle size, water fiber content of Clementines. This fiber could have a holding capacity and wettability influence on huge potential for food and pharmacy as an rheological behaviour of samples were not critical. alternative to cereal fiber, improving economical Secondly, rheological changes during heat-induced profits from the tangerine juice extraction process [N. gelation of the samples were also investigated by Martí*, D. Saura, E. Fuentes, V. Lizama, E. García, means of dynamic tests and the critical network M.J. Mico-Ballester and J. Lorente (Instituto de exponents at the gelation point were calculated. An Biología Molecular y Celular – JBT FoodTech R&D analysis of variance (ANOVA) was also performed Alliance, Universidad) Industrial Crops and using the Statgraphics Plus to evaluate experimental Products , 2011, 33 (1), 94-98]. data. Results show that proteins of egg yolk fractions possess a similar network structure before and after gelation, while egg yolk structure is clearly modified NPARR 2(1), 2011-031, Effect of debranning on the by gelation process. Composition and structure is the physico-chemical, cooking, pasting and textural main responsible of differences between samples [A. properties of common and durum wheat varieties Laca, B. Paredes and M. Díaz* (Department of The physico-chemical, pasting, cooking and Chemical Engineering and Environmental textural properties of common and durum wheat Technology, University of Oviedo, C/Julián, Clavería varieties were evaluated. The effect of debranning to s/n, 33071 Oviedo, Spain), Journal of Food the extent of 4 and 8% on these properties was also Engineering, 2011, 102 (1), 77-86]. studied. Durum wheat varieties had higher protein and lower L* value and b* values compared to common NPARR 2(1), 2011-030, Fiber from tangerine juice wheat. Debranning of grains increased L* value, gruel industry solids loss and decreased a* value, cooking time and textural parameters. Meals from debranned grains had The four main tangerine varieties (Oroval, pastes with higher peak viscosity, breakdown and Hernandina, Fortuna and Clemenville) processed in final viscosity; and lower pasting temperature. Meals the Mediterranean region were analyzed for juice from whole and debranned durum wheat showed yield, diverse by-products obtained in industrial lower breakdown viscosity compared to those of processing (peel, core and frit) and fiber content: common wheat. Durum wheat debranned to 4% level crude fiber (CF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and had better cooking and textural properties compared acid detergent fiber (ADF), from the by-products to that of common wheat, hence, better suited for (peel, core and frit) obtained in tangerine processing bulgur making [Sandeep Singh and Narpinder Singh in pilot plant tests. Not much work is reported which (Department of Food Science and Technology, Guru is related to the effect on the characteristics of citrus Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India), Food

Food 17

Research International , 2010 , 43 (9), 2277-2283]. NPARR 2(1), 2011-033, Effects of meat preheating and wrapping on the levels of polycyclic aromatic NPARR 2(1), 2011-032, Effect of high-fat diets hydrocarbons in charcoal-grilled meat supplemented with okara soybean by-product on The contamination of polycyclic aromatic lipid profiles of plasma, liver and faeces in Syrian hydrocarbons PAHs by thermally treated high-protein hamsters foods, such as charcoal-grilled meat products, is due The main components of okara, a by-product to the generation by direct pyrolysis of food nutrients from soybean, are dietary fibre and protein. In this and the direct deposition of PAHs from smoke study we fed okara based diets with different amounts produced through incomplete combustion of the of fibre, protein and isoflavones to determine their thermal agents. This study investigated the effects on effect on the lipid profile in the plasma, liver and the PAH (BaP, BbFln and Fln) contents by using two faeces of an animal model. Male golden Syrian different types of treatments, preheating (steam and hamsters were fed high-fat diets supplemented with microwave) and wrapping (aluminium and banana okara for 3 weeks. The supplemented diets contained leaf) of the meat samples prior to charcoal grilling. 13% or 20% of okara fibre (OK-13 and OK-20), low- PAHs were extracted through tandem solid-phase protein okara with 13% of fibre (OK1-13), and extraction. The results showed that the applied isoflavone-free okara with 13% of fibre (OK2-13). preheating and wrapping treatments on the samples Okara supplemented diets did not produce significant strongly affect the PAHs levels in the charcoal-grilled differences in the feed intake or body weight gain meat. No carcinogenic PAHs (BaP and BbFln) were (p > 0.05). The plasma levels of triglycerides, VLDL- detected in the samples after steam and microwave plus LDL cholesterol and total cholesterol in hamsters preheating or aluminium wrapping treatments. fed OK-20 decreased significantly ( p < 0.05) with Significant reductions of Fln content, of up to 46% respect to the 20% control group (C-20). However, no and 81% in beef and chicken samples, respectively, significant differences ( p > 0.05) were found in LDL- were observed in the study [A. Farhadian, S. Jinap*, and HDL-cholesterol plasma levels in all experiments. H.N. Hanifah and I.S. Zaidul (Centre of Excellence Total lipids, triglycerides, total and esterified for Food Safety Research (CEFSR), Faculty of Food cholesterol concentrations in liver were reduced by Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, OK-20 diet. Regarding the hamsters fed OK-13 diets, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia), Food Chemistry, the mean values of the total lipid, triglyceride and 2011, 124 (1), 141-146]. cholesterol in the plasma and liver decreased as compared to the control (C-13), but the differences NPARR 2(1), 2011-034, Edible film from squid were not statistically significant. All of the okara diets (Todarodes pacificus ) mantle muscle assayed increased the faecal excretion of total lipids, triglycerides, free cholesterol and total nitrogen Mantle muscle meat of Japanese common squid (p < 0.05) compared to their respective controls. Our (Todarodes pacificus ) was used to produce edible results suggest that the main components of okara, films in this study. The solubility of squid mantle dietary fibre and protein, could be related with the muscle proteins increased upon addition of NaCl and total lipids and cholesterol decrease in the plasma and organic salts (Na-citrate, Na-benzoate, Na-acetate and liver, as well as with the faecal output increase in Na-tartrate). At concentrations below 2%, among high-fat fed hamsters. Okara might play an interesting organic salts, Na-citrate appeared to have the highest role in the prevention of hyperlipidemia and could be ability to dissolve proteins. Film-forming solutions used as a natural ingredient or supplement for were prepared by dissolving squid mantle meat in functional food preparation [M.J. Villanueva*, W.H. 0.5% or 1% salt solutions at neutral pH. Physical Yokoyama, Y.J. Hong, G.E. Barttley and P. Rupérez properties and SDS–PAGE of the films were (Departament of Nutrition and Food Science, Facultad determined. The film-forming solution prepared with de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Ciudad 0.5% Na-citrate gave the transparent film with the Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain), Food Chemistry , highest tensile strength and least degradation of 2011, 124 (1), 72-79]. myosin heavy chain. Organic salt type at the same concentration had no significant effects ( p 0.05) on 18 NAT PROD RESOUR REPOS, VOL. 2, NO. 1, 2011

water vapour permeability (WVP) of the films. The changes were observed in the acylated 11S. films showed excellent UV barrier properties. In Furthermore, acylation decreased the surface addition, organic salts gave no significant effects hydrophobicity of APP. Thus, it was demonstrated (p 0.05) on light barrier properties and that saturated fatty acids with adequate chain length transparency of the films except for NaCl and Na- are suitable candidates for the preparation of tartrate which were crystallised during the drying functional lipoproteins from soy proteins [Athanasia process. These results suggested that Na-citrate is the O. Matemu, Hisataka Kayahara, Hisashi Murasawa, most useful for producing the edible films from squid Shigeru Katayama and Soichiro mantle muscle among the organic salts examined in Nakamura*(Department of Bioscience and this study [Akasith Leerahawong, Rika Arii, Biotechnology, Shinshu University, 8304 Munehiko Tanaka and Kazufumi Osako *(Department Minamiminowamura, Ina, Nagano 399-4598, Japan), of Food Science and Technology, Tokyo University Food Chemistry, 2011, 124 (2), 596-602]. of Marine Science and Technology, Konan 4-5-7, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan), Food Chemistry, NPARR 2(1), 2011-036, Defatted corn protein 2011, 124 (1), 177-182]. produces palatable gluten-free bread

NPARR 2(1), 2011-035, Improved emulsifying Agricultural Research Service chemists Scott properties of soy proteins by acylation with Bean and Tilman Schober, in the Grain Quality and saturated fatty acids Structure Research Unit in Manhattan, Kansas, had some success developing gluten-free pan bread from Effects of acylation on emulsifying properties of other grains, but they couldn’t make free-standing soy proteins were investigated using a variety of rolls because they spread out too much. The bread saturated fatty acids. Beta conglycinin (7S), glycinin was considered lower in quality than comparable (11S), and acid-precipitated protein (APP) were wheat bread. Gluten-free grains include corn, acylated with activated fatty acid esters (6C-18ºC) to sorghum, and rice. form covalent linkage between the carboxyl group of the fatty acid and the free amino groups of the protein. By removing additional fat from zein, dough Reduction in the free amino groups of acylated 7S, more similar to wheat dough and free-standing hearth- 11S and APP resulted into the dissociation of the type rolls that resemble wheat rolls can be obtained. protein, indicating a structural change, as evidenced Removing more of the fat from the protein’s surface by the fluorescence spectra and the degree of allows the proteins to stick to each other much like modification. It was shown that the emulsifying wheat proteins do—leading to the elastic nature of activity (EAI) and emulsion stability (ES) of 7S and wheat dough. Even better than corn for baked 11S were significantly improved ( p < 0.05) upon products, is sorghum—a gluten-free grain of choice as acylation with all saturated fatty acids, whereas no a wheat substitute. But since corn and sorghum are change in EAI and ES for the acylated APP was similar, they used the former as a research model. observed upon attachment of short and long chain This research may prove useful for the 2-3 fatty acids. The fluorescence intensity was also million Americans affected by celiac disease, a remarkably affected by acylation showing significant condition in which the human immune system changes in protein structure. Covalent attachment of erroneously attacks the intestine when gluten is fatty acids resulted into 1.4–2.2 and 1.1–1.8-fold ingested, causing severe diarrhea and inability to increase in the oil binding capacity (OBC) of 7S and absorb nutrients. Gluten-free palatable rolls from 11S respectively, however no changes in acylated corn, rice, and sorghum would be a welcome addition APP. Acylated 7S showed 3.0–9.4-fold increase in the to their diet [Scott Bean (Grain Quality and Structure water binding capacity (WBC), with no change in Research Unit, 1515 College Ave., Manhattan, KS acylated 11S, while acylated APP with longest chains 66502; (785) 776-2725), Agricultural Research showed low WBC. The surface hydrophobicity of 7S Magazine 2010, 58 (10)]. was significantly improved ( p < 0.05) by acylation; no

Fruits 19

FRUITS dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated that the polypeptides had low molecular weights ranging from 35 to 47 kDa. Isoelectric NPARR 2(1), 2011-037, Vegetative propagation of focusing revealed that the isoelectric point of most Cherry laurel ( Prunus laurocerasus L.) using semi- proteins was in the acidic range 4–6. These proteins hardwood cuttings are rich in aspartic acid, glutamic acid and serine. An This study was conducted to investigate the increase in pH (5–9) significantly ( P < 0.05) effects of different IBA doses on rooting capacity of decreased the denaturation enthalpy of these proteins. Among functional properties, albumin exhibited a Cherry laurel ( Prunus laurocerasus L.) types in −1 greenhouse conditions under mist propagation unit in much higher dispersibility index (810.3–869.6 g kg ) than globulin (227.8–245.4 g kg −1 ), glutelin (182.1– 2008 - 2009. This species has an economic and −1 −1 important value for medicinal and pharmaceutical 187.7 g kg ) and prolamin (162.3–177.7 g kg ). Digestibility was in the ranges 760.6–910.0 and industry. Determination of suitable conditions for −1 cutting propagation of different types is too important 765.5–888.5 g kg for Mateera and Sugar Baby for economic propagation. The cuttings collected in watermelon protein fractions respectively, while July were like semi hardwood cuttings and are treated surface hydrophobicity ranged from 126.4 to 173.2 with 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8 g/l Indole-3-butryric acid (IBA). and from 125.8 to 169.3 respectively. The foaming The results were taken after 90 days and were and emulsifying properties of albumin were better evaluated using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) than those of the other proteins studied [Ali Abas and Duncan test with a significance value P ≤ 0.05. Wani, Dalbir Singh Sogi*, Preeti Singh, Idrees The rooting rate (%), average root number Ahmed Wani, Uma S Shivhare and Dalbir Singh Sogi (roots/cutting) and average root length (cm) were (Department of Food Science & Technology, Guru determined. The results showed that rooting rate and Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India.), Journal of root quality were changeable according to types. The the Science of Food and Agriculture, 2011, 91 (1), maximum rooting rates were obtained with 2 or 4 g/l 113-121]. IBA for most of the types. 1 or 2 g/l IBA obtained the maximum root length and increased the rooting length NPARR 2(1), 2011-039, Effect of chitosan coating and root quality compared with control. The average on respiratory behavior and quality of stored litchi number of roots increased in 2 g/l IBA and high doses under ambient temperature of IBA resulted with breakable root formation that Litchi fruit were treated with 1% chitosan reduced the success rates in transplantation stages[M. solution and stored under ambient temperature to Sulusoglu* and A. Cavusoglu (Arslanbey Vocational study its change with respiration, temperature, quality School, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey), African etc. The respiration rate, sarcocarp temperature, the Journal of Agricultural Research , 2010, 5(23), 3196- activity of polyphenol oxidase and weight loss of 3202]. litchi with chitosan coating was lower than the uncoated litchi. The pericarp’s temperature was lower NPARR 2(1), 2011-038, Characterisation and than the ambient temperature because of litchi’s functional properties of watermelon ( Citrullus transpiration. The storage time of coated litchi was lanatus ) seed proteins 5 days longer than the uncoated. The chitosan film People in developing countries depend largely was characterized by Fourier transform infrared on non-conventional protein sources to augment the spectra and atomic force microscopy. The results availability of proteins in their diets. Watermelon seed showed that chitosan formed double-sides film on meal is reported to contain an adequate amount of litchi’s pericarp; one was more uniform and closely nutritional proteins that could be extracted for use as packed like a barrier, the other was rougher and better nutritional ingredients in food products. Osborne transport. Just as a plastic film, the coating can classification showed that globulin was the major restrain the respiration, reduce moisture loss and protein ( ≥500 g kg −1 ) present in watermelon seed lower the heat of respiration during storage [Baofeng meal, followed by albumin and glutelin. Sodium Lin, Yumin Du*, Xingquan Liang, Xiaoying Wang, Xiaohui Wang and Jianhong Yang (Department of 20 NAT PROD RESOUR REPOS, VOL. 2, NO. 1, 2011

Environmental Science, College of Resource and 124 (2), Pages 444-449]. Environmental Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China), Journal of Food Engineering, 2011, NPARR 2(1), 2011-041, Effect of chitosan coatings 102 (1), 94-99]. on the physicochemical characteristics of Eksotika II papaya ( Carica papaya L.) fruit during cold NPARR 2(1), 2011-040, Inhibition of polyphenol storage oxidase and peroxidase activities on fresh-cut apple by simultaneous treatment of ultrasound The effect of chitosan on the physicochemical and ascorbic acid characteristics of Eksotika II papaya fruit stored at 12±1 C and 85–90% relative humidity, was The effects of ultrasound and ascorbic acid on investigated. Chitosan provided an effective control in activity changes of polyphenol oxidase and reducing weight loss, maintained firmness, delayed peroxidase, of fresh-cut apple during storage, were changes in the peel colour and soluble solids investigated. The combined treatment of ultrasound concentration during 5 weeks of storage. The and ascorbic acid inactivated monophenolase, titratable acidity declined throughout the storage diphenolase, and peroxidase, whilst the individual period, though at a slower rate in the chitosan coated treatment of ultrasound or ascorbic acid had inverse fruit as compared to the control. Sensory evaluation and limited inhibitory effect on the enzymes. The results also confirmed the efficacy of chitosan. main protein bands had a molecular weight of Consequently, the internal gaseous concentrations of approximately 63 kDa. A diffuse band, lacking the CO 2 and O 2 also proved the usefulness of chitosan. electrophoretic mobility of proteins, was observed These findings suggest that chitosan can be used after combined treatment. This investigation revealed commercially for prolonging the storage life of that simultaneous treatment with ultrasound and Eksotika II papaya fruit [Asgar Ali*, Mahmud ascorbic acid had synergistic inhibitory effects on Tengku Muda Muhammad, Kamaruzaman Sijam and several enzymes related to enzymatic browning [Ji- Yasmeen Siddiqui (School of Biosciences, Faculty of Hyun Jang and Kwang-Deog Moon* (Department of Science, The University of Nottingham Malaysia Food Science and Technology, Kyungpook National Campus, Semenyih, 43500 Selangor, D.E., Malaysia), University, 1370 Sankyuk-dong, Buk-gu, Daegu 702- Food Chemistry, 2011, 124 (2), 620-626]. 701, Republic of Korea), Food Chemistry , 2011,

Fuel 21

FUEL (incl. Biogas, Biodiesel, Biomass contains many aromatic ring components, acidic polar energy, Ethanol etc.) fractions, few weak- and non-polar components. The results all show that the main compounds and functional groups in the various bio-oil fractions were NPARR 2(1), 2011-042, Dilute mixed-acid different and depended on the fractionation methods. pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse for ethanol The compositions of the bio-oil fractions were also production analyzed with a gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) method. The consistency of Integral utilisation of bagasse is a high priority the results obtained from the spectrometric methods for the diversification of the sugarcane industry. The with the GC/MS method indicates that the application of a biorefinery philosophy to bagasse spectrometric methods have a good potential for rapid utilisation requires its fractionation into its main and effective characterization of bio-oils [Rui Lu, components: cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin. The Guo-Ping Sheng*, Yan-Yun Hu, Ping Zheng, Hong first stage in that process is the pretreatment, in which Jiang, Yong Tang and Han-Qing Yu (Department of a considerable part of hemicelluloses is solubilised, Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of and cellulose is activated towards enzymatic China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei 230026, China), hydrolysis. In this work, a pretreatment method using Biomass and Bioenergy, 2011, 35 (1), 671-678]. a mixture of sulfuric and acetic acid is investigated. Two different solid-to-liquid ratios (1.5:10 and 1:10) were used in the pretreatment. Both conditions NPARR 2(1), 2011-044, Technoeconomic analysis of efficiently hydrolysed the hemicelluloses giving an integrated microalgae photobioreactor, removals above 90%. The extractive components biodiesel and biogas production facility were also effectively solubilised, and lignin was only As fossil fuel prices increase and environmental slightly affected. Cellulose degradation was below concerns gain prominence, the development of 15%, which corresponded to the low crystallinity alternative fuels from biomass has become more fraction. The analysis of the morphology of pretreated important. Biodiesel produced from microalgae is bagasse confirmed the results obtained in the becoming an attractive alternative to share the role of chemical characterization [George Jackson de Moraes petroleum. Currently it appears that the production of c Rocha*, Carlos Martin, Isaias Barbosa Soares , Ana microalgal biodiesel is not economically viable in Maria Souto Maior, Henrique Macedo Baudel and current environment because it costs more than Cesar Augusto Moraes de Abreu (Laboratório conventional fuels. Therefore, a new concept is Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol – introduced in this article as an option to reduce the CTBE, P.O. Box 6170, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, total production cost of microalgal biodiesel. The Brazil ), Biomass and Bioenergy , 2011, 35 (1), 663- integration of biodiesel production system with 670]. methane production via anaerobic digestion is proved in improving the economics and sustainability of NPARR 2(1), 2011-043, Fractional characterization overall biodiesel stages. Anaerobic digestion of of a bio-oil derived from rice husk microalgae produces methane and further be converted to generate electricity. The generated Bio-oils usually contain many types of electricity can surrogate the consumption of energy compounds with various chemical properties. A bio- that require in microalgal cultivation, dewatering, oil sample derived from rice husk through rapid extraction and transesterification process. From pyrolysis was fractioned using solvent- or solid- theoretical calculations, the electricity generated from extraction techniques based on their various methane is able to power all of the biodiesel properties. Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, three- production stages and will substantially reduce the dimensional excitation–emission matrix (EEM) cost of biodiesel production (33% reduction). The fluorescence spectroscopy and Fourier transform carbon emissions of biodiesel production systems are infrared spectroscopy were used to characterize their also reduced by approximately 75% when utilizing various spectral properties for further understanding biogas electricity compared to when the electricity is the characteristics of the bio-oil. Bio-oil mostly otherwise purchased from the Victorian grid. The 22 NAT PROD RESOUR REPOS, VOL. 2, NO. 1, 2011

overall findings from this study indicate that the characteristics of neat karanji biodiesel and its approach of digesting microalgal waste to produce methanol blend in a diesel engine biogas will make the production of biodiesel from algae more viable by reducing the overall cost of The increased focus on alternative fuels research production per unit of biodiesel and hence enable in the recent years are mainly driven by escalating biodiesel to be more competitive with existing fuels crude oil prices, stringent emission norms and the [Razif Harun*, Michael Davidson, Mark Doyle, concern on clean environment. The processed form of Rajprathab Gopiraj, Michael Danquah and Gareth vegetable oil (biodiesel) has emerged as a potential Forde (Bio Engineering Laboratory (BEL), substitute for diesel fuel on account of its renewable Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash source and lesser emissions. The experimental work University, Victoria 3800, Australia), Biomass and reported here has been carried out on a turbocharged, Bioenergy , 2011, 35 (1), 741-747]. direct injection, multi-cylinder truck diesel engine fitted with mechanical distributor type fuel injection pump using biodiesel-methanol blend and neat karanji NPARR 2(1), 2011-045, Bioethanol production oil derived biodiesel under constant speed and varying using genetically modified and mutant wheat and load conditions without altering injection timings. The barley straws results of the experimental investigation indicate that To improve the performance of wheat and barley the ignition delay for biodiesel-methanol blend is straws as feedstocks for ethanol biorefining, the slightly higher as compared to neat biodiesel and the genetic modifications of down regulating Cinnamoyl- maximum increase is limited to 1 deg. CA. The CoA reductase and low phytic acid mutation have maximum rate of pressure rise follow a trend of the been introduced into wheat and barley respectively. In ignition delay variations at these operating conditions. this study, total 252 straw samples with different However, the peak cylinder pressure and peak energy genetic background and location were collected from release rate decreases for biodiesel-methanol blend. In the field experiment based on a randomized complete general, a delayed start of combustion and lower block design. The fiber analysis (neutral detergent combustion duration are observed for biodiesel- fiber, acid detergent fiber, and acid detergent lignin) methanol blend compared to neat biodiesel fuel. A indicated that there were no significant differences maximum thermal efficiency increase of 4.2% due to between modified and wild type straw lines in terms 10% methanol addition in the biodiesel is seen at 80% −1 of straw compositions. However, the difference did load and 16.67 s engine speed. The unburnt exist among straw lines on fiber utilization. 16 straw hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions are samples were further selected to conduct diluted acid slightly higher for the methanol blend compared to pretreatment, enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation. neat biodiesel at low load conditions whereas at The data indicated that the phytic acid mutant and higher load conditions unburnt hydrocarbon emissions transgenic straws have changed the fiber structure, are comparable for the two fuels and carbon which significantly influences their hydrolysibility. monoxide emissions decrease significantly for the These results may lead to a possible solution of methanol blend. A significant reduction in nitric oxide mutant or genetic modified plant species that is and smoke emissions are observed with the biodiesel- capable to increase the hydrolysibility of biomass methanol blend investigated [K. Anand, R.P. Sharma without changing their compositions and sacrificing and Pramod S. Mehta*(Indian Institute of Technology their agronomy performance [Zhimin Li, Yan Liu, Madras, Chennai−600036, India), Biomass and Wei Liao, Shulin Chen* and Robert S. Zemetra Bioenergy , 2011, 35 (1), 533-541]. (Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, L.J. Smith 213, NPARR 2(1), 2011-047, Bioethanol production Pullman, WA 99163, USA), Biomass and Bioenergy , potential from Brazilian biodiesel co-products 2011, 35 (1), 542-548]. One major problem facing the commercial production of cellulosic ethanol is the challenge of NPARR 2(1), 2011-046, Experimental investigations economically harvesting and transporting sufficient on combustion, performance and emissions amounts of biomass as a feedstock at biorefinery plant

Fuel 23

scales. Oil extraction for biodiesel production, tinctoria , Butea monosperma , Zizyphus nummularia , however, yields large quantities of biomass co- S. urens , Boswellia serrata , A. indica , Grewia tenax , products rich in cellulose, sugar and starch, which in Syzygium cuminii , Tectona grandis and Dalbergia many cases may be sufficient to produce enough sissoo were shown to have promising fuelwood ethanol to meet the alcohol demands of the production [J.I. Nirmal Kumar*, Kanti Patel, Rita N. transesterification process. Soybean, castor bean, Kumar and Rohit Kumar Bhoi (P.G. Department of Jatropha curcas, palm kernel, sunflower and Environmental Science and Technology, Institute of cottonseed were studied to determine ethanol Science and Technology for Advanced Studies and production potential from cellulose found in the oil Research (ISTAR), Vallabh Vidyanagar 388 120, extraction co-products and also their capacity to meet Gujarat, India), Biomass and Bioenergy, 2011, 35 (1), transesterification alcohol demands. All crops studied 411-414]. were capable of producing enough ethanol for biodiesel production and, in the case of cottonseed, NPARR 2(1), 2011-049, Influence of process 470% of the transesterification demand could be met parameters and biomass characteristics on the with cellulosic ethanol production from oil extraction durability of pellets from the pruning residues of co-products. Based on Brazilian yields of the crops Olea europaea L. studied, palm biomass has the highest potential ethanol yield of 108 m3 km −2 followed by J. curcas The present work aims to investigate the with 40 m3 km −2 . A total of 3.5 hm 3 could be influence of the main process parameters (pressure produced from Brazilian soybean oil extraction co- and temperature) and biomass characteristics products [Evan Michael Visser, Delly Oliveira Filho*, (moisture content and particle size) on some Marcio Arêdes Martins and Brian L. Steward mechanical properties (density and durability) of olive (Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola, Universidade tree pruning residues pellets. By means of a lab scale Federal de Viçosa, Campus Universitário 36570-000 pellet press, able to control process parameters, the Viçosa, MG, Brazil), Biomass and Bioenergy , 2011, biomass, ground with three different hammer mill 35 (1), 489-494]. screen sizes (1, 2 and 4 mm) and conditioned at different moisture contents (5, 10, 15 and 20% w.b.), NPARR 2(1), 2011-048, An evaluation of fuelwood was pelletized at various process temperatures (60, properties of some Aravally mountain tree and 90, 120 and 150 C) and pressures (71, 106, 141 and shrub species of Western India 176 MPa). Compressed sample dimensions and mass were measured in order to calculate pellet density, The study analyses the fuelwood characteristics while compressive strength tests were carried out to of 26 trees including shrub species from the dry estimate the durability of the final biofuel. The deciduous forest in Aravally region, Rajasthan, relationships between the factor settings and the Western India was carried out to explore trees with responses (density, compression strength and modulus potential for fuelwood production. Fuelwood value of elasticity) were examined by univariate and index (FVI) based on the properties of calorific value, multivariate statistical analysis. Temperature resulted wood density and ash. Calorific value was ranged the most important variable influencing pellet between 18.54 ± 0.04 and 27.44 ± 0.09 KJ g−1 in mechanical properties, followed by the initial Jatropha curcus and Wrightia tinctoria respectively. moisture content and the particle size of the raw Wood density varied from 0.538 ± 0.01 to material. In particular, high process temperature, low 0.966 ± 0.07 g/cm 3 in J. curcus and Acacia nilotica . moisture contents and reduced particle sizes allowed Same way ash and moisture content was highest in J. obtaining good quality pellets. The effect of curcus (3.38 ± 0.19%) and Sterculia urens compression force resulted scarcely relevant [Maria (70.28 ± 7.52%) and lowest in Miliusa tomentosa Teresa Carone*, Antonio Pantaleo and Achille (0.85 ± 0.06%) and Azadirachta indica Pellerano (Department of Engineering and (30.7 ± 10.02%) respectively. On the basis, of the 26 Management of the Agricultural, Livestock and Forest species analyzed, M. tomentosa has the highest FVI, Systems, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Bari, followed by Lannea coromandelica , Acacia Via Amendola, 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy) , Biomass leucophloea , Madhuca indica , A. nilotica , W. and Bioenergy, 2011, 35 (1), 402-410]. 24 NAT PROD RESOUR REPOS, VOL. 2, NO. 1, 2011

NPARR 2(1), 2011-050, Pretreatment of Japanese increased the sugar yield to 35.7 and 40.8%, cedar wood by white rot fungi and ethanolysis for respectively. The best pretreatment conditions in bioethanol production terms of overall sugar yield including a soluble fraction were obtained by ethanolysis after the fugal Japanese cedar ( Cryptomeria japonica ) shares treatment with Phellinus sp. SKM2102, resulting in around 60% of plantation forests in Japan, and there is production of 42.2 g of total reducing sugars per a growing demand for thinning of the forest. 100 g of the fungus-pretreated biomass. After the However, the softwood is one of the most recalcitrant combined pretreatment, simultaneous saccharification wood species for hydrothermal and thermochemical and fermentation of the water-insoluble pulp fraction pretreatments for enzymatic saccharification. In the were carried out using Saccharomyces cerevisiae . present paper, we applied combined pretreatments by Ethanol production from undecayed Japanese cedar solvolysis and cultivation with white rot fungi to wood was negligible but pretreatments with the two develop environmentally benign pretreatment system fungi significantly increased the ethanol production, applicable to recalcitrant softwood. Due to the in combination with ethanolysis. The combined recalcitrance of the softwood, enzymatic pretreatment with solvolysis and Phellinus sp. saccharification yield from ethanolysis pulp was SKM2102 is attractive for biorefinery of the 10.2%, based on the weight of holocellulose. To recalcitrant softwood [Yasunori Baba, Toshiaki increase the sugar yield, the softwood was treated Tanabe, Nobuaki Shirai, Takahito Watanabe, Yoichi with selective white rot fungi prior to the ethanolysis. Honda and Takashi Watanabe*(Research Institute for Treatment of the softwood with a biopulping fungus, Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Ceriporiopsis subvermispora FP-90031 and a new Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan), Biomass and fungal isolate Phellinus sp. SKM2102 for 8 weeks Bioenergy, 35 (1), 320-324].

Gums/Rubber 25

GUM/RUBBER (incl. Latex, Resin, properties of oat starch pastes were investigated. Pectin, Mucilage, Cellulose, etc.) Pasting characteristics of 5.00% starch suspensions were performed. For acetylated and starch phosphate pasting curves had a similar course. The other group NPARR 2(1), 2011-051, Chemical characterization of pasting curves was created by viscosity profiles of pectin from green tea ( Camellia sinensis ) obtained for oxidized and native starches. Rheological properties of 4.00%, w/w starch pastes were evaluated From green tea leaves, two distinct pectin based on flow curves and results of equilibrium tests. fractions were obtained based on their solubility in Power law rheological models were fitted to the water. Polyphenols were detected only in the easily obtained data. All pastes were classified as shear water soluble fraction (P1). The estimated uronic thickened fluids. Flow index values were practically acids/neutral sugars ratio was 1.7 in the easily water temperature independent, with exception for native soluble pectin fraction (P1), and 1.0 in the less water starch paste. Yield stress values were calculated for soluble fraction (P2). Homogalacturonan sequences pastes at 20 °C, but were impossible to determine for (HGAs) corresponded to about 62% of the P1 pectin acetylated starch due to sample gelling. Rheological fraction but only 47% of the P2 fraction. After properties of starch pastes and pasting characteristics degradation of the two pectin fractions by pectin were compared. The viscosity oscillations of native lyase, chemical studies revealed rhamnogalacturonan and oat starch phosphate pastes were observed. RG I and RG II regions present in the P1 pectin Possible reasons of thixotropy behavior occurrence at fraction, whereas only RG I sequences were detected 20 °C, and its vanishing at 50 °C were discussed [W. in the P2 pectin fraction. The degree of substitution Berski*, A. Ptaszek, P. Ptaszek, R. Ziobro, G. was lower for HGAs of the P1 pectin fraction than P2. Kowalski, M. Grzesik and B. Achremowicz (Faculty Different acetylation patterns for the two fractions of Food Technology, Agricultural University in were observed. Polyphenols extracted simultaneously Krakow, PL-30-149 Krakow, ul. Balicka 122, with pectins were present only in HGA fractions from Poland), Carbohydrate Polymers, 2011, 83 (2), 665- P1.[Jean-Pierre Ele-Ekouna, Corinne Pau-Roblot*, 671 Bernard Courtois and Josiane Courtois (Laboratoire des Polysaccharides Microbiens et Végétaux, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, IUT d’Amiens, NPARR 2(1), 2011-053, Plasticization of corn starch dept GB, Avenue des Facultés, Le Bailly, 80025 by polyol mixtures Amiens cedex, France), Carbohydrate Polymers , Polyol mixtures including mixture of 2011, 83 (3), 1232-1239 ]. conventional plasticizer glycerol and higher molecular weight polyol (HP) such as xylitol, sorbitol and NPARR 2(1), 2011-052, Pasting and rheological maltitol were used to plasticize corn starch by melt- properties of oat starch and its derivatives blending method, and effect of the polyol mixture on the pocessibility, microstructures, thermal stability Modification of starch led to new product with and mechanical properties of these starch composites new desirable properties. Oat starch was subjected to (SC) were investigated. The introduction of HP different chemical modifications (acetylation, providing greater processing torque can dramatically oxidation and phosphorylation). These processes reduce the strong molecular chain interaction in starch greatly influenced physico-chemical properties of without obvious residual starch granules in the starch starch. There were observed shifts in molecular mass, composites. The increasing of the molecular weight as well as in amylose, lipid and phosphorus content. and content of HP in polyol mixture is beneficial for Also some changes were observed in gelatinization the significant enhancement of the thermal stability characteristics of starches, the most visible in case of and mechanical strength of the starch composite. acetylated starch. Introduction of functional groups Meanwhile, the addition of HP besides conventional greatly increased such starch properties, in glycerol increases the modulus and phase transition comparison to native one, like water binding capacity temperature of the starch composite too [Xiuying (WBC) and aqueous solubility (AS). Also the Qiao*, Zhongzhu Tang and Kang Sun ((State Key influence of chemical modifications on rheological Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai 26 NAT PROD RESOUR REPOS, VOL. 2, NO. 1, 2011

Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, content. Optimization study using response surface Shanghai, 200240, PR China), Carbohydrate methodology was performed and 3D response Polymers , 2011, 83(2), 659-664]. surfaces were plotted from the mathematical model. Two optimal conditions were given: condition (1) NPARR 2(1), 2011-054, Biochemical profiling of X1 = 80.0 °C; X2 = 3.93 h; X3 = 2.45, and condition (2) mucilage extracted from seeds of different citrus X1 = 67.7 °C; X2 = 3.67 h; X3 = 2.00. These optimum rootstocks conditions yielded pectic-polysaccharide of 12.0– 12.4%, uronic acid content of 20.2–21.1 mg/g, and Hetero-polysaccharide mucilage was extracted %DPPHsc/g extract of 225–252, respectively. Close from the seed coats of different citrus rootstocks viz. agreement between experimental and predicted values Rough lemon, Sachtion citrumelo and Yuma citrange was found. This could therefore be applied in for investigating its biochemical and molecular extraction of mangosteen-derived functional pectic- properties. Investigations showed that the mucilage polysaccharide in industry [Chee-Yuen Gan* and contained (mg/g) starch 3.13–5.04; maltose 3.23– Aishah A. Latiff (Doping Control Centre, University 4.31; glucosamine 0.017–0.289; d-xylose 0.059–0.107 Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM, Penang, Malaysia), and total soluble sugars 8.13–11.82. Specific enzyme Carbohydrate Polymers, 2011, 83(2), 600-607]. activities were 16.98–35.96, 30.60–98.45, 42.00– −1 73.98, 660.98–738.35 and 7.660–19.27 IU mg of NPARR 2(1), 2011-056, Flocculating and protein for protease, amylase, catalase, peroxidase and suspending properties of commercial citrus pectin superoxide dismutase, respectively. Proximate and pectin extracted from pomelo ( Citrus maxima ) analysis showed 12.85–13.94% moisture, 11.25– peel 14.06% crude protein, 0.31–0.86% crude lipid, 1.31– 2.69% crude fibre, 2.95–3.45% ash and 81.48– The aim of this study was to extend the 91.49 kJ 100 g−1 energy. The comparative application of pectin extracted from pomelo peel to characterization of the extractable proteins was pharmaceutical suspensions. Particularly, the profiled by SDS-PAGE and quantified using Bradford influence of pectin on the stability of indomethacin assay. Structural properties of samples were analyzed suspension was investigated. The use of cation, type and compared using Fourier transformation infrared and concentration of pectin, pH and temperature (FT-IR) spectroscopy [Summar A. Naqvi, M.M. influenced the flocculating activity of pectin in Khan, M. Shahid, M.J. Jaskani, Iqrar A. Khan, suspension. The extracted pectin has comparable Mohammad Zuber and Khalid Mahmood Zia*(Citrus activity to commercial pectins. Low concentration of Nursery Sanitation Laboratory, Institute of pectin and ferric ions allowed obtaining indomethacin Horticultural Sciences, University of Agriculture, suspensions with adequate properties, i.e., suitable Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan), Carbohydrate stability and redispersibility. The use of pectin as a Polymers , 2011, 83(2), 623-628 ]. suspending agent was achieved with higher concentration; the flocculated, redispersible and stable NPARR 2(1), 2011-055, Extraction of antioxidant indomethacin suspension could be produced. The pectic-polysaccharide from mangosteen ( Garcinia pharmaceutical suspension containing pectin as a mangostana ) rind: Optimization using response flocculating or suspending agent may be applied as surface methodology liquid drug delivery system for pediatric and geriatric patients [Suchada Piriyaprasarth and Pornsak Box-Behnken design (BBD) was employed to Sriamornsak*(Department of Pharmaceutical optimize the incubator temperature ( X1: 50–80 °C), Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn extraction time ( X2: 2–4 h) and pH ( X3: 2–4) to obtain University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand), a high antioxidant pectic-polysaccharide yield with Carbohydrate Polymers, 2011 , 83 (2), 561-568 high uronic acid content and antioxidant activity from mangosteen rind. Analysis of variance showed that NPARR 2(1), 2011-057, Preliminary study of the contribution of quadratic model was significant Anacardium occidentale gum as binder in for the extraction yield and antioxidant activity formulation of paracetamol tablets whereas linear model was significant for pectin

Gums/Rubber 27

An attempt was made to investigate the binding respectively. The decay in parameters of storage and efficacy of cashew nut tree gum in tablet formulation loss modulus model was also found along with the in comparison with standard binders such as acacia increasing homogenization pressure. Although no and polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP K-30). The effect of pressure on conductivity and gelling paracetamol granules were prepared with different temperature was significant, the clarity of the flaxseed concentration of the gum as binder by wet granulation gum was increased by increasing pressure. The method. The granules were evaluated and found to be activation and zeta potential of the flaxseed gum satisfactory for preparing compressed tablets. The showed similar trends with the homogenization tablets were prepared from the granules by hydraulic pressure, which were first increased then decreased hand press and evaluated for volume of tablet, from 30 MPa [Yong Wang, Dong Li*, Li-Jun Wang apparent density, porosity, relative density (or) and Jun Xue (College of Engineering, China packing fraction, percentage elastic recovery, tablet Agricultural University, P.O. Box 50, 17 Qinghua physical stability, content uniformity, weight Donglu, Beijing 100083, China), Carbohydrate variation, hardness, friability, disintegration time, in Polymers, 2011, 83 (2), 489-494]. vitro dissolution studies and surface analysis by SEM. Formulations containing the minimum concentration NPARR 2(1), 2011-059, Pectins from Canna edulis of 2.5% cashew nut tree gum as binding agent show Ker residue and their physicochemical short disintegration and fast dissolution including characterization good physico-mechanical properties. The result suggests that cashew nut tree gum can be used as an Water-soluble pectin (WSP), chelated-soluble alternative binder with 2.5% concentration to produce pectin (CSP) and acid-soluble pectin (ASP) were a tablet of better mechanical strength and dissolution sequentially extracted from Canna edulis Ker residue, profile of particular drug substance [K. a by-product after the extraction of starch, and their Gowthamarajan*, G. Kanaka Phani Kumar, Narayan physicochemical properties were studied. ASP was Babulal Gaikwad and B. Suresh (Department of further separated through preparative column Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, chromatography, leading to isolation of two fractions, Karpagam University, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, ASPI and ASPII, which chemical features were India), Carbohydrate Polymers , 2011, 83(2), 506- analyzed by GC, GC–MS and NMR. Moreover, their 511]. behaviors in the simulated gastric and intestinal fluid were monitored. The results exhibit that C. edulis NPARR 2(1), 2011-058, Effects of high pressure residue contains high amount of ASP derived from homogenization on rheological properties of the heteropolysaccharide with rhamnogalacturonan as flaxseed gum main chain. Furthermore, three pectins show gel formation and dissolution behaviors. It well suggests The effects of high pressure homogenization on that C. edulis residue can be exploited for a good the rheological properties of flaxseed gum solution source of pectin for functional materials [Juan Zhang, were analyzed in this study. The apparent viscosity of Zheng-Wu Wang*, Wen-Juan Yu and Jin-Hong Wu flaxseed gum was decreased by increasing (Department of Food Science and Technology, School homogenization pressure, while the temperature of the of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong solution was gradually increased at the same time. University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, The consistency index and the flow behavior index in Shanghai 200240, China), Carbohydrate Polymers , the Power Law model of apparent viscosity were also 2011, 83(1), 210-216 ]. modeled with Power Law and logarithm equations, 28 NAT PROD RESOUR REPOS, VOL. 2, NO. 1, 2011

INSECTICIDES (incl. Fungicides, main iridoid compounds (4a S,7 S,7a R) and Herbicides, Nematicides, Larvicides, (4a S,7 S,7a S)-nepetalactone, was assessed against (i) major Afro-tropical pathogen vector mosquitoes, i.e. etc.) the malaria mosquito, Anopheles gambiae s.s. and the Southern house mosquito, Culex quinquefasciatus , NPARR 2(1), 2011-060, Fungicide effect of banana using a World Health Organisation (WHO)-approved column juice on tomato southern blight caused by topical application bioassay (ii) the brown ear tick, Sclerotium rolfsii : Technical and economic Rhipicephalus appendiculatus , using a climbing efficiency repellency assay, and (iii) the red poultry mite, Dermanyssus gallinae , using field trapping The efficiency of banana column juice was experiments. Gas chromatography (GC) and coupled compared to that of the synthetic fungicide Maneb 80 GC–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis of two N. and urea in laboratory, in pots under shed and in the cataria chemotypes (A and B) used in the repellency field. In laboratory, the products underwent trials assays showed that (4a S,7 S,7a R) and (4a S,7 S,7a S)- conducted on the culture of Sclerotium rolfsii, in pots nepetalactone were present in different proportions, on artificially inoculated plants, and in the field on with one of the oils (from chemotype A) being plants installed in a completely randomized block dominated by the (4a S,7 S,7a R) isomer (91.95% by design with three repetitions on a naturally fungus GC), and the other oil (from chemotype B) containing infected field. The banana column juice, the urea and the two (4a S,7 S,7a R) and (4a S,7 S,7a S) isomers in the Maneb 80 inhibited the growth of the mycelium 16.98% and 69.83% (by GC), respectively. The and the germination of the sclerotia. The analysis of sesquiterpene hydrocarbon ( E)-(1 R,9 S)-caryophyllene the variance of the Area Under Disease Incidence was identified as the only other major component in Progress Curve (AUIPC) showed a highly significant the oils (8.05% and 13.19% by GC, respectively). difference among treatments. In the control of the Using the topical application bioassay, the oils disease, the benefit of the treatment with banana showed high repellent activity (chemotype A −2 column juice, Maneb 80 and urea resulted in the RD 50 = 0.081 mg cm and chemotype B −2 reduction of the incidence by 45.5, 31.6 and 38.2% RD 50 = 0.091 mg cm ) for An. gambiae comparable respectively and an increase of the yield of about with the synthetic repellent DEET −2 27.5, 25.5 and 10.5% respectively. The banana (RD 50 = 0.12 mg cm ), whilst for Cx. column juice was technically more efficient than quinquefasciatus , lower repellent activity was −2 Maneb 80 and urea. The banana column juice and the recorded (chemotype A RD 50 = 0.34 mg cm and −2 Maneb 80 were economically profitable only during chemotype B RD 50 = 0.074 mg cm ). Further the off-season. The simultaneous application of repellency testing against An. gambiae using the banana column juice and urea was an amendment purified (4a S,7 S,7a R) and (4a S,7 S,7a S)-nepetalactone harmful to tomato growing [Rachidatou Sikirou*, isomers revealed overall lower repellent activity,

Afio Zannou, Gualbert Gbèhounou, Félicien Tosso compared to the chemotype A and B oils. Testing of and Françoise Assogba Komlan (Laboratory of Crop binary mixtures of the (4a S,7 S,7a R) and (4a S,7 S,7a S) Protection, Agricultural Research Centre of isomers across a range of ratios, but all at the same Agonkanmey, National Institute of Agricultural overall dose (0.1 mg), revealed not only a synergistic Research of Benin (INRAB), 01 BP 128 Porto- effect between the two, but also a surprising ratio- Novo.), African Journal of Agricultural Research dependent effect, with lower activity for the pure 2010, 5(23), 3230 – 3238]. isomers and equivalent or near-equivalent mixtures, but higher activity for non-equivalent ratios. NPARR 2(1), 2011-061, Repellent activity of Furthermore, a binary mixture of (4a S,7 S,7a R) and catmint, Nepeta cataria , and iridoid nepetalactone (4a S,7 S,7a S) isomers, in a ratio equivalent to that isomers against Afro-tropical mosquitoes, ixodid found in chemotype B oil, was less repellent than the ticks and red poultry mites oil itself, when tested at two doses equivalent to 0.1 and 0.01 mg chemotype B oil. The three-component The repellent activity of the essential oil of the blend including ( E)-(1 R,9 S)-caryophyllene at the level catmint plant, Nepeta cataria (Lamiaceae), and the

Insecticides 29

found in chemotype B oil had the same activity as by other methods and their germ tubes were longer chemotype B oil. In a tick climbing repellency assay after 12 h growth than those induced under white using R. appendiculatus , the oils showed high light. To our knowledge this is the first report of repellent activity comparable with data for other exogenous application of a PvFRIL or another repellent essential oils (chemotype A purified protein from a plant inducing conidia RD 50 = 0.005 mg and chemotype B formation in a fungus [Hossein Alizadeh, David RD 50 = 0.0012 mg). In field trapping assays with D. W.M. Leung*and Anthony L.J. Cole (School of gallinae , addition of the chemotype A and B oils, and Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private a combination of the two, to traps pre-conditioned Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand), with D. gallinae , all resulted in a significant reduction Phytochemistry, 2011, 72 (1), 94-99]. of D. gallinae trap capture. In summary, these data suggest that although the nepetalactone isomers have NPARR 2(1), 2011-063, Tomato-produced 7- the potential to be used in human and livestock epizingiberene and R-curcumene act as repellents protection against major pathogen vectors, intact, i.e. to whiteflies unfractionated, Nepeta spp. oils offer potentially greater protection, due to the presence of both How whiteflies ( Bemisia tabaci ) make the nepetalactone isomers and other components such as choice for a host plant prior to landing, is not (E)-(1 R,9 S)-caryophyllene [Michael A. Birkett*, precisely known. Here we investigated whether they Ahmed Hassanali, Solveig Hoglund, Jan Pettersson respond to specific volatiles of tomato. Zingiberene and John A. Pickett (Biological Chemistry and curcumene were purified from Solanum Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, habrochaites (PI127826), characterised by NMR and Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK), Phytochemistry, X-ray analysis and identified as 7-epizingiberene and 2011, 72 (1), 109-114]. R-curcumene. In contrast, oil from Zingiber officinalis contained the stereoisomers zingiberene and S- NPARR 2(1), 2011-062, Conidiogenic effects of curcumene, respectively. Using a combination of free- mannose-binding lectins isolated from cotyledons choice bio-assays and electroantennography, 7- of red kidney bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris ) on epizingiberene and its dehydrogenated derivative R- Alternaria alternata curcumene were shown to be active as semiochemicals to B. tabaci adults, whereas the Effect of proteinaceous extracts from red kidney stereoisomers from ginger were not. In addition, R- bean cotyledons on mycelium of Alternaria alternata curcumene elicited the strongest growing on potato dextrose agar (PDA) plates was electroantennographic response. Bio-assays showed investigated. Unexpectedly, conidia formation was that a cultivated tomato could be made less attractive induced in response to applied crude extracts. A PDA to B. tabaci than its neighbouring siblings by the disc method was developed to quantify conidia addition of the tomato stereoisomer 7-epizingiberene formed. A purified fraction retaining conidiation or its derivative R-curcumene. These sesquiterpenes inducing effect (CIE) was obtained following several apparently repel adult whiteflies prior to landing, protein purification procedures including the last step presumably because it informs them that after landing of eluting bound proteins from an Affi-gel blue gel they, or their offspring, may be exposed to higher and column. Based on MALDI (matrix assisted laser lethal concentrations of the same compounds [Petra desorption/ionization) mass spectrometric analysis, a M. Bleeker*, Paul J. Diergaarde, Kai Ament, Stefan previously identified mannose-binding lectin (MBL) Schütz, Bettina Johne, Jan Dijkink, Henk Hiemstra, called PvFRIL ( Phaseolus vulgaris fetal liver tyrosine René de Gelder, Michiel T.J. de Both, Maurice W. kinase 3-receptor interacting lectin) was present in Sabelis, Michel A. Haring and Robert C. Schuurink this conidiation inducing fraction. The PvFRIL was (University of Amsterdam, Dept. of Plant Physiology, subsequently purified using a single step mannose– Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The agarose affinity column chromatography. When the Netherlands), Phytochemistry , 2011, 72 (1), 68-73]. lectin was applied exogenously to A. alternata , increased conidiation resulted. The conidia produced NPARR 2(1), 2011-064, Weed control in sunn hemp in response to the MBL were similar to those induced 30 NAT PROD RESOUR REPOS, VOL. 2, NO. 1, 2011

and its ability to suppress weed growth and buffer zones set by the California Department of Pesticide Regulation for 1,3-D+Pic restrict a more Sunn hemp is a tropical, herbaceous annual complete replacement of MB. Due to the regulatory legume that has potential as a cover crop during the constraints and public resistance to fumigant use, it is summer in temperate climates. Due to the recent necessary to develop fumigant-free strawberry increased interest in sunn hemp breeding and seed production systems. Trials were conducted during the production for temperate climates, there is a need for 2007/2008 and 2008/2009 strawberry growing weed control in sunn hemp production. No herbicide seasons at Salinas and Watsonville, California. Non- product currently on the market specifically identifies fumigant treatments including steam, mustard seed sunn hemp as a tolerant crop. The aims of this meal (MSM), Muscodor albus , and furfural, fertilizers research were 1) to evaluate herbicides with the intent including Mustard Products & Technologies fertilizer of identifying a herbicide program that can assure and stabilised urea, and fungicide treatments near weed free sunn hemp intended for seed harvest including AG3(NP), fludioxonil + mefenoxam (mfx), and 2) to demonstrate and quantify sunn hemp-weed and mfx + thiophanate-methyl were evaluated for suppression. Pre-emergence applied treatments weed control and strawberry fruit yield, and compared consisted of pendimethalin alone, imazethapyr alone, to MB + Pic (MBPic) standard soil fumigation and an and pendimethalin plus imazethapyr. Pendimethalin untreated control. Steam treatment applied pre-plant alone provided consistent effective weed control and to achieve soil temperature of ≥70 °C for 20 min up to maximum sunn hemp biomass, but when yellow 25 cm soil depth consistently provided weed control nutsedge was present, imazethapyr was required for similar to the MBPic standard soil fumigation. Use of effective control and greater sunn hemp biomass. The oxyfluorfen herbicide prior to fungicide applications combination of pendimethalin and imazethapyr was in 2008/2009 also controlled weeds similar to the detrimental to sunn hemp biomass yield. Results also MBPic standard soil fumigation. Strawberry yields in established that sunn hemp is tolerant of 2,4-DB steam-treated plots with the exception of steam alone applied post-emergence, but was not necessary for in 2007/2008 at Salinas, were comparable to MBPic. weed control in these studies because of the lack of At Watsonville in 2008/2009, treatment effect on broadleaf weed pressure. In a separate study with strawberry yields was insignificant. Yields in furfural variable sunn hemp densities, weed biomass and MSM treatments were comparable to MBPic only reductions of ≥50% were obtained with sunn hemp −2 in some years or sites. With the exception of steam, densities of only 20 to 50 plants m . This degree of none of the treatments can be considered viable weed suppression obtained from relatively modest replacement to MB [Jayesh B. Samtani, Husein A. sunn hemp densities is likely indicative of the ability Ajwa, John B. Weber, Gregory T. Browne, Susanne of sunn hemp to grow faster and taller than other Klose, Jonathan Hunzie and Steven A. Fennimore* plants [Jorge A. Mosjidis* and Glenn Wehtje (Dept. (Department of Plant Sciences, University of Agronomy and Soils, Auburn University, Auburn, California-Davis, 1636 East Alisal St., Salinas, CA 202 Funchess Hall, AL 36849, USA), Crop 93905, USA), Crop Protection, 2011, 30 (1), 45-51]. Protection, 2011, 30, (1), 70-73]. NPARR 2(1), 2011-066, Evaluation of post- NPARR 2(1), 2011-065, Evaluation of non-fumigant emergence herbicides for the control of wild oat alternatives to methyl bromide for weed control (Avena fatua L.) in wheat and barley in Argentina and crop yield in California strawberries ( Fragaria ananassa Linn.) Wild oat ( Avena fatua L.) is the most troublesome weed in cereal crops in Argentina. With In California, USA, agricultural fumigant use the aim of studying the effects of different herbicides, regulations hinder the complete transition from doses, and wild oat growth stage at application on methyl bromide (MB) to alternative fumigants. weed control and crop yield, field experiments were Alternative fumigants such as 1,3-dichloropropene conducted in wheat and barley crops during three (1,3-D) and chloropicrin (Pic) are being used on growing seasons in the south of Buenos Aires approximately half of California conventional Province, Argentina. Treatments were post- strawberry production fields. Geographic use limits emergence applications of new herbicide,

Insecticides 31

pinoxaden + cloquintocet mexyl (5%–1.25%), at organic solvent of plant extracts for protection of doses that ranged from 20 g to 60 g lupine plants against damping-off and wilt diseases a.i. pinoxaden ha −1 , applied at two to three leaves and caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lupini , F. the beginning of tillering of wild oat. In addition, oxysporum f. sp. lupini Snyder & Hansen was isolated standard treatments were included and applied at the from diseased lupine roots collected from different same wild oat growth stages. Diclofop methyl at locations of Minia, Assiut and New Valley 511 g a.i. ha −1 and fenoxaprop-p-ethyl at 55 g a.i. ha −1 governorates. Water leaf extracts of Calotropis were applied in barley. In wheat, diclofop methyl was procera , Nerium oleander , Eugenia jambolana , replaced by clodinafop-propargyl + cloquintocet Citrullus colocynthis , Ambrosia maritime , Acacia mexyl (24%–6%) at 36 g a.i. clodinafop- nilotica and Ocimum basilicum and fruit extracts of C. propargyl + 9 g cloquintocet mexyl ha −1 and in colocynthis , C. procera and E. jambolana reduced 2008/09 wheat experiments, iodosulfuron plus damping-off and wilt diseases caused by F. metsulfuron methyl (5%–60%) at oxysporum f. sp. lupini . Water extracts of E. 3.75 g a.i. ha −1 + 3 g a.i. ha −1 also was included. In jambolana leaves, C. colocynthis fruits and N. both crops, pinoxaden at 30 g a.i. ha −1 and at higher oleander leaves were the most effective ones for rates, fenoxaprop-p-ethyl and clodinafop-propargyl controlling such diseases. In contrast, A. nilotica and gave the best control of wild oat. In 2006/07 wheat O. basilicum extracts were the least effective ones. crops, treatments applied at tiller initiation provided Organic solvent extracts of tested plants reduced better control than the early timing averaged across damping-off and wilt diseases than water extracts. herbicides. However, wheat yield generally was Butanolic and ethereal extracts were highly effective greater with early application. In barley, wild oat in reduction of diseases than the other tested extracts. control and crop yield were similar regarding time of Under field conditions, during winter growing seasons application. Variations in crop yield were correlated 2008/09 and 2009/10, ethereal and butanolic extracts with grain number m−2 both in wheat and barley, but of N. oleander and E. jambolana leaves and C. relationships between both grain number and colocynthis fruits significantly reduced the percentage spikes m−2 and with grains per spike were identified of wilt severity as well as improved growth only in wheat [J.A. Scursoni*, Andrés Martín, María parameters (plant height, number of branches, pods P. Catanzaro, Julieta Quiroga and Florencia Goldar and seeds per plant) and increased seed index, total (Cátedra de Producción Vegetal, FAUBA, Av. San seed yield/hectare compared with control treatment, Martín 4453 (1417), Buenos Aires, Argentina), Crop while protein content in seeds was not effected. In Protection , 2011, 30 (1), 18-23]. conclusion, our study demonstrated that some plant extracts can be used for biocontrol of lupine damping- NPARR 2(1), 2011-067, Effectiveness of plant off and wilt diseases [MF Abdel-Monaim, KAM Abo- extracts on suppression of damping-off and wilt Elyousr*and KM Morsy (Plant Pathology Dept., diseases of lupine ( Lupinus termis Forsik) Faculty of Agric., Assiut Univ., 71526 Assiut, Egypt ), Crop Protection , 2011, 30 (2), 185-191]. The aim of this study was to evaluate water and 32 NAT PROD RESOUR REPOS, VOL. 2, NO. 1, 2011

OILS/FATS (incl. Edible oils, than that with carbon dioxide. The characteristics of the extracted oil, that is, the oxidative stability Butter NPARR 2(1), 2011-068, Freshwater algae determined by DSC and the chemical profile of fatty as potential source of polyunsaturated fatty acids: acids determined by gas chromatography, were Review similar for the two solvents. The overall extraction Polyunsaturated fatty acids form an elite class of curves were well described by the Sovová model food constituents that exhibit large spectrum of [Márcia Mantovani Pederssetti, Fernando Palú, Edson crucial functions in biological systems. Investigations Antonio da Silva*, Jurandir Hillmann Rohling, Lúcio over the past two decades have revealed their roles Cardozo-Filho and Cláudio Dariva (Universidade and those of their eicosanoid metabolites, and have Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, UNIOESTE, Rua da highlighted their homeostatic functions in mammals. Faculdade, 645, 85903-000 Toledo, Paraná, Brazil), A growing interest in the nutritional and Journal of Food Engineering , 2011, 102 (2), 189-196]. pharmaceutical importance of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) has created an increasing demand for NPARR 2(1), 2011-070, Nanofiltration process for purified PUFAs. As the traditional sources are the nutritional enrichment and refining of rice inadequate for fulfilling this demand, alternative bran oil sources are being sought. Algae are a great source of highly valuable products and they are considered as Crude rice bran is a natural source of γ-oryzanol, potential alternative for the large scale production of a nutritionally valuable phytochemical with PUFAs. Various investigations have been actively antioxidant properties. In the present paper the carried out for screening of potential microalgal refining and γ-oryzanol enrichment of rice bran oil strains and development of feasible culture techniques was investigated through solvent extraction for the commercial production of these vital optimization and nanofiltration processing. Several compounds. In this review, we provide the combined solvent resistant nanofiltration membranes were information from various reports on freshwater algae screened and successfully applied in a two step membrane cascade with fluxes between 39 and as source of important PUFAs. This review −2 −1 recommends the freshwater algae over marine algae 53Lm h . A first membrane stage operation as an uncontaminated source of PUFAs [Rahul A. provided the separation between glycerides and γ- Bhosale and B. B. Chaugule (Institute of oryzanol, promoting the oil enrichment in this Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, University of phytochemical. In the second membrane stage the oil Pune, India), International Journal of Algae , 2010, could be refined to acceptable consumption levels 12 (4), 335-356] (FFA<0.20wt.%) and its γ-oryzanol content was further enhanced. Overall, the integrated process provided a RBO γ-oryzanol enrichment from 0.95 to NPARR 2(1), 2011-069, Extraction of canola seed 4.1 wt.% in oil, which corresponded to more than a (Brassica napus ) oil using compressed propane and two fold increase in the oil’s antioxidant capacity. supercritical carbon dioxide These results demonstrate the potential of organic This study aimed to investigate the extraction of solvent nanofiltration as a technology to enrich and canola seed ( Brassica napus ) oil using supercritical refine oil based products [I. Sereewatthanawut, I.I.R. carbon dioxide and compressed propane as solvents. Baptista, A.T. Boam, A. Hodgson and A.G. The extractions were performed in a laboratory scale Livingston*(Dept of Chemical Engineering and unit at temperatures and pressures of 40, 50 and 60 °C Chemical Technology, Imperial College London, and 20, 22.5 and 25 MPa for carbon dioxide and 30, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, United 45 and 60 °C and 8, 10 and 12 MPa for propane Kingdom), Journal of Food Engineering , 2011, extractions, respectively. The results indicated that 102 (1), 16-24]. pressure and temperature were important variables for the CO 2 extraction, while temperature is the most NPARR 2(1), 2011-071, Characteristics, chemical important variable for the extraction yield with composition and utilisation of Albizia julibrissin propane. The extraction with propane was much faster seed oil

Oils/Fats 33

The physicochemical characteristics, fatty acid NPARR 2(1), 2011-072, Utilisation of red palm olein and triacylglycerol compositions, DSC profile and in formulating functional chocolate spread UV/vis spectrum of oil extracted from Albizia julibrissin seeds were determined in this study. The Novel functional chocolate spreads were oil content and the moisture of the seeds were 10.50% formulated by replacing butter fat in conventional and 1.56%. The free fatty acid, the peroxide value, the chocolate spread by red palm olein at 20%, 40%, p-anisidine value, the saponification value, the iodine 60%, 80% and 100% levels. Sensory evaluation revealed that chocolate spread made from 20% red value were 2.54%, 6.61mequiv. O 2/kg of oil, 1.98, 190.63 (mg KOH/g) and 111.33 (g/100g of oil), palm olein (RPOL) and 80% butter fat was accepted as the conventional chocolate spread (100% butter respectively. The specific extinction coefficients K232 , K were 7.55 and 0.96, respectively. Linoleic acid fat). Hence, the former two chocolate spreads were 268 selected for further study. Samples were stored at (C 18:2 , 58.58%), palmitic acid (C 16 , 13.86%) and oleic room temperature and fridge for 6 months and acid (C 18:1 , 10.47%) were the dominant fatty acids in the A. julibrissin seed oil. LLL (36.87%), OLL monitored for their physical properties, fat stability, (21.62%), PLL (16.69%) and PLO + SLL (8.59%) fatty acid composition and natural antioxidants. were the abundant triacylglycerol representing>83% The data revealed that the replacement of butter of the seed oil (L: linoleic, O: oleic, P: palmitic, S: fat in functional chocolate spread led to a significant stearic). The DSC melting curves reveal that: melting increment in tocopherols and tocotrienols (3.7 folds) point= −14.70° C and melting enthalpy = 54.34 J/g. A. and carotenes (19.8 folds), as compared to the control. julibrissin seed oil showed some absorbance in the The functional chocolate spreads could be stored at UV-B and UV-C ranges. The results of the present room temperature for 6 months without any analytical study show that A. julibrissin is a promising deteriorative effects on their quality [Nesma N.M. El- oilseed crop, which can be used for making soap, hair Hadad, Mohammed M. Youssef*, Mohammed H. shampoo and UV protectors. Furthermore, the high Abd El-Aal and Hani H. Abou-Gharbia (Food Science level of unsaturated fatty acids makes it desirable in and Technology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, terms of nutrition [ I. Nehdi*(King Saud University, Alexandria University, 21545 El-Shatby, Alexandria, College of Science, Chemistry Department, Riyadh Egypt), Food Chemistry, 2011, 124 (1), 285-290]. 1145, Saudi Arabia), Industrial Crops and Products , 2011, 33 (1), 30-34]. 34 NAT PROD RESOUR REPOS, VOL. 2, NO. 1, 2011

PHYTOCHEMICALS were obtained upon ammonium sulfate precipitation and hydrophobic and ion exchange chromatography; PPO 1 was purified up to 6.6-fold with 0.28% yield, NPARR 2(1), 2011-073, Isolation of anxiolytic while PPO 2 could not be characterized as enzyme principle from ethanolic root extract of activity was completely lost after 24 h of storage. Cardiospermum halicacabum PPO 1 molecular weight was estimated to be 16.1 and Cardiospermum halicacabum roots have been 18 kDa by gel filtration and SDS–PAGE, used traditionally for the treatment of epilepsy and respectively, indicating that the native state of the anxiety disorders. The purpose of this study was to PPO 1 is a monomer. The optimum pH for PPO 1 characterize the putative phytoconstituents present in activity was 7. The PPO 1 was determined to be the ethanolic root extract having anxiolytic activity maximum thermally stable up to 35 °C. Kinetic using an elevated plus-maze (EPM) and light dark constants for PPO 1 were Km = 44 mM and transition model. Control mice were orally treated Km = 1.3 mM using catechol and pyrogallol as with an equal volume of vehicle (4% gum acacia), substrate, respectively. The best substrates for PPO 1 and positive control mice were treated with diazepam were pyrogallol, 4-methylcatechol and catechol, while (1 mg/kg). In the EPM test, out of pool of 19 master ascorbic acid and sodium metabisulfite were the most fractions (MF) only MF-14, 16 and 17 significantly effective inhibitors [Gisela Palma-Orozco*, Alicia (30 mg/kg, p < 0.05, p < 0.01 and p < 0.001) Ortiz-Moreno, Lidia Dorantes-Álvarez, José G. increased the number of entries in the open arm. MF- Sampedro and Hugo Nájera (Escuela Nacional de 14, 16 and 17 (10, 20 and 30 mg/kg) had also Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Ingeniería increased the time spent by mice in illuminated part of Bioquímica Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México, the box significantly ( p < 0.05, p < 0.01 and D.F., Mexico), Phytochemistry, 2011, 72 (1), 82-88 ]. p < 0.001), as compared to control. However, significant changes ( p < 0.05, p < 0.01 and p < 0.001) NPARR 2(1), 2011-075, Gorse ( Ulex europæus ) as a were recorded in other parameters, e.g., rearing, time possible source of xylans by hydrothermal spent in the closed arm and dark zone in both the treatment models. These results suggested that C. halicacabum Autocatalytic hydrothermal process conditions root is an effective anxiolytic agent. The were used to study Ulex europæus (Gorse) as a source phytoconstituent responsible for the observed central of xylan compounds. The aim was to study the effects was isolated from MF-14 and identified as possibilities for using this unutilised biomass material well-known compound, Cardiospermin, a cyanogenic to produce xylans. Ulex is an evergreen shrub that glucoside [Rajesh Kumar, G. Murugananthan, K. grows in the northwest of Spain and has no economic Nandakumar , and Sahil Talwar (Department of value. Therefore, Ulex is considered a promising Pharmacognosy, PES College of Pharmacy, 50 Feet candidate as a biomass source. Ulex showed a total Road, Hanumanthnagar, Bangalore, Karnataka, xylose content of 12%, thus qualifying it as a suitable India), Phytomedicine, 2011, 18 (2-3) 219-223 ]. material to extract xylan-derived compounds. Autohydrolysis was applied to extract xylans from NPARR 2(1), 2011-074, Purification and partial Ulex . To find the best conditions for xylan extraction, biochemical characterization of polyphenol samples of Ulex were subjected to different oxidase from mamey ( Pouteria sapota ) temperatures and time conditions. Results indicate While a long shelf life for fruit products is that autohydrolysis is a suitable method to selectively highly desired, enzymatic browning is the main cause extract xylans at temperatures between 160 and of quality loss in fruits and is therefore a main 190 °C for 5–30 min, reaching a maximum xylan problem for the food industry. In this study recovery of almost 63% of the initial xylan at 180 °C for 30 min, with only small effects on cellulose and polyphenol oxidase (PPO), the main enzyme , responsible for browning was isolated from mamey lignin contents. [Pablo Ligero*, Alberto de Vega fruit ( Pouteria sapota ) and characterized Johannes C. van der Kolk and Jan E.G. van Dam biochemically. Two isoenzymes (PPO 1 and PPO 2) (Department of Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences, University of A

Phytochemicals 35

Coruña, Alejandro de la Sota, 1, 15004 A Coruña, SPI (399). Electrophoretograms of BMSPI showed Spain), Industrial Crops and Products, 2011 , 33(1), bands at 40 and 55 kDa, and at 22, 25, and 35 kDa in 205-210]. non-reducing and reducing buffers, respectively. BMSPI had most of the essential amino acids and NPARR 2(1), 2011-076, High value triterpenic hence could be considered as a high quality protein. compounds from the outer barks of several BMSPI had a single denaturation temperature Eucalyptus species cultivated in Brazil and in (113.1 °C) while SPI had two denaturation Portugal temperatures (78.0 and 94.8 °C). The proteins exhibited U-shaped curves with solubilities ranging The chemical composition of the lipophilic from 62.0% to 67.5% for BMSPI and 86.7% to 90.1% extracts of the inner and outer bark fractions of for SPI at pH 7.0. BMSPI had lower emulsifying Eucalyptus grandis and Eucalyptus urograndis ( E. activity (0.36 vs. 0.73), foaming capacity (39.6 vs. grandis × Eucalyptus urophylla ) cultivated in Brazil 61.0 ml), and foaming stability (21.5 vs. 25.5 min) and Eucalyptus maidenii , cultivated in Portugal was than had SPI [Ronny Horax, Navam Hettiarachchy*, studied by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. A. Kannan and Pengyin Chen (Department of Food The extracts were shown to be mainly composed of Science, University of Arkansas, 2650 North Young triterpenic compounds (along with mono and Avenue, Fayetteville, AR 72704, USA), Food sesquiterpenes in E. maidenii ) followed smaller Chemistry , 2011, 124 (2), 545-550 ]. amounts of fatty acids, fatty alcohols, and aromatic compounds. Triterpenic acids (mainly ursolic, NPARR 2(1), 2011-078, Amino acid composition, betulinic and oleanolic acids), are particularly molecular weight distribution and antioxidant abundant in outer barks representing 5.2 g/kg, activity of protein hydrolysates of soy sauce lees 5.7 g/kg and 9.3 g/kg in E. urograndis , E. grandis and E. maidenii outer barks, respectively. Although these The proteins of soy sauce lees (SSLP) were compounds were found in considerably smaller hydrolysed by Alcalase in the presence of ultrasound amounts than those previously reported for or traditional water bath to obtain hydrolysates S2– Eucalyptus globulus , the total amounts of bark S6. The analysis of protein content indicated that generated every year in South American pulp mills enzymatic hydrolysis could significantly improve the using E. urograndis and E. grandis , as well as the extraction efficiency of proteins. By determination of growth potential of E. maidenii plantations, the bark molecular weight distribution, >10 and 5–10 KDa residues from these species are obvious candidates for fractions of native SSLP (S1) decreased during the extraction of valuable triterpenic compounds hydrolysis, whilst 3–5 KDa fraction increased. [R.M.A. Domingues, G.D.A. Sousa, C.M. Silva, Gradual increases of free, total and antioxidant amino C.S.R. Freire, A.J.D. Silvestre*and C. Pascoal Neto acids were observed for S1–S4, and the differences (CICECO and Department of Chemistry, University between S4 and S6 were slight. Tyrosine was the of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal), Industrial major free amino acid of S1–S6, whilst glutamic acid Crops and Products, 2011, 33 (1), 158-164]. had the highest amount in total amino acid composition. S2–S6 showed stronger DPPH radical NPARR 2(1), 2011-077, Protein extraction scavenging activities in a dose-dependent manner optimisation, characterisation, and functionalities than S1. All the results suggested that ultrasound of protein isolate from bitter melon ( Momordica treatment showed an inhibition behaviour on the charantia ) seed enzymatic hydrolysis of SSLP [Bao Yang, Hongshun Yang, JingLi, Zhenxing Li and Yueming Jiang*(Key Bitter melon seeds are a rich source of protein. Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Optimum conditions for protein extraction from the Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical seeds, determined using a response surface design, Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou were at a pH 9.0 and 1.3 M NaCl. Soy protein isolate 510650, China), Food Chemistry, 2011, 124 (2), 551- (SPI) was included for comparison. Surface 555]. hydrophobicity of bitter melon seed protein isolate (BMSPI) (690) was significantly higher than that of 36 NAT PROD RESOUR REPOS, VOL. 2, NO. 1, 2011

NPARR 2(1), 2011-079, Chemical composition and glycosides ( 1 and 2). In addition, five kaempferol anti-inflammatory activity of a pectic glycosides ( 3–7) and their aglycone, kaempferol ( 8), polysaccharide isolated from sweet pepper using a were also obtained, in addition to gallic acid ( 9). Their simulated gastric medium structures were determined by the detailed spectroscopic analysis and acidic hydrolysis. The new A pectic polysaccharide named capsicuman compounds were characterised as kaempferol-3-O- (CA) was isolated from fresh sweet pepper by [4 ′′′′ -O-acetyl-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 →6)]-[β-d- extraction with a saline solution containing glucopyranosyl-(1 →2)]-β-d-glucopyranoside ( 1) and hydrochloric acid (pH 1.5) and pepsin at 37 °C for kaempferol-3-O-[4 ′′′′ -O-acetyl-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl- 4 h. Capsicuman was shown to consist of d- (1 →6)]-[β-d-xylopyranosyl-(1 →2)]-β-d-gluco- galacturonic acid (GalA, 74.0%), (Rha, pyranoside ( 2), respectively. The DPPH radical 1.6%), arabinose (Ara, 2.6%) and galactose (Gal, scavenging activity of all the isolated compounds was 2.4%) residues. This polysaccharide was digestible described [Da-Fang Gao, Min Xu, Ping Zhao, Xiao- with 1,4-alpha-d-galacturonase to yield d-GalA, thus Yuan Zhang, Yi-Fei Wang, Chong-Ren Yang and confirming capsicuman as a pectic polysaccharide. Ying-Jun Zhang*(State Key Laboratory of Partial acid hydrolysis of capsicuman revealed Phytochemistry and Plant Resources of West China, galacturonan to be the core of the macromolecule. Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Purified capsicuman (CA-2) was obtained from CA Sciences, Kunming 650204, PR China), Food by ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. Chemistry , 2011, 124(2), 432-436]. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra indicated that the backbone of capsicuman contained 1,4-alpha- NPARR The content of protein and d-galacturonan partially substituted with methyl and 2(1), 2011-081, non-protein (free and protein-bound) tryptophan O-acetyl ester groups. After oral administration to mice, capsicuman CA, CA-2 and the galacturonanic in Theobroma cacao beans fragment of CA (CA-H) were found to decrease The contents of protein and non-protein (free tumour necrosis factor-alpha TNF-alpha release and and protein-bound) tryptophan and of proteins in to increase production of interleukin-10 (IL-10) in cocoa beans of various origin were determined. lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated whole blood. Protein concentrations varied from 11.8 g/100 g in This pectin was also shown to improve the survival of beans from the Dominican Republic to 15.7 g/100 g mice that were subjected to a lethal dose of LPS The in roasted beans from the Ivory Coast. The highest present study demonstrates that the pectin capsicuman protein tryptophan content was found in cocoa beans CA, which possesses anti-inflammatory properties, from Ecuador. Madagascar beans had the highest can be isolated from fresh sweet peppers using value of free tryptophan and Echeandia the lowest extraction with simulated gastric media [Sergey V. (17.26 and 6.39 mg/100 g, respectively). Tryptophan Popov*, Raisa G. Ovodova, Victoria V. Golovchenko, was bound to water-soluble proteins as well as to Galina Yu. Popova, Feodor V. Viatyasev, Alexandre proteins soluble in buffer solution (pH 8.9) and in S. Shashkov and Yury S. Ovodov (Institute of 70% ethanol. In particular, Dominican Republic Physiology, Komi Science Centre, The Urals Branch cocoa contained the highest amount of tryptophan of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 50, bound to water-soluble proteins. Very little Pervomaiskaya str., Syktyvkar 167982, Russia), Food tryptophan was linked to proteins soluble in alkaline Chemistry, 2011, 124 (1), 309-315 or ethanol solutions, and values ranged from 0.96 to 3.04 and from 0.24 to 1.21 mg/100 g of dry defatted NPARR 2(1), 2011-080, Kaempferol acetylated cocoa sample, respectively [Antonella Bertazzo*, glycosides from the seed cake of Camellia oleifera Stefano Comai, Ilaria Brunato, Mirella Zancato and Carlo V.L. Costa (Department of Pharmaceutical The seed cake is a big by-product after crushing Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 5, I- cooking oil from the seeds of Camellia oleifera Abel. 35131 Padova, Italy), Food Chemistry , 2011, 124 (1), Chemical investigation on the seed cake of C. oleifera 93-96]. led to the isolation of two new kaempferol acetylated

Pulp/Paper 37

PULP/PAPER material, moreover natural rubber latex jute composite gives higher sound transmission class value than jute felt/cloth. Results were also compared with NPARR 2(1), 2011-082, Treatment of pulp and commercially available synthetic, non-biodegradable, paper industry bleaching effluent by glass fibre which indicates that the noise reduction electrocoagulant process coefficient value and sound transmission class rating The experiments were carried out in an of natural rubber latex jute felt are comparable to that electrocoagulation reactor with aluminum as of the popular fibre glass. Fire retardant tests show sacrificial electrodes. The influence of electrolysis composite’s high limiting oxygen index value as time, current density, pH, NaCl concentration, compared to fibreboard and other natural sound rotational speed of the stirrer and electrode distance absorbing material, wool, low smoke density rating on reduction of color, COD and BOD were studied in and low light absorption with respect to fibre glass as detail. From the experimental results, 15 mA/cm 2 well as self fire extinguishing ability [S. Fatima and current density, pH of 7, 1g/l NaCl, 100 rpm, 28°C A.R. Mohanty*(Department of Mechanical temperature and 3cm electrode distance were found to Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, be optimum for maximum reduction of color, COD Kharagpur, West Bengal 721 302, India), Applied and BOD. The reduction of color, COD and BOD Acoustics, 2011, 72(2-3), 108-114]. under the optimum condition were found to be 94%, 90% and 87% respectively. The electrode energy NPARR 2(1), 2011-084, Completely biodegradable consumption was calculated and found to be varied soyprotein–jute biocomposites developed using from 10.1 to 12.9 kWh/m 3 depending on the operating water without any chemicals as plasticizer conditions. Under optimal operating condition such as Soyprotein–jute fiber composites developed 15mA/cm 2 current density, pH of 7, 1g/l NaCl, using water without any chemicals as the plasticizer 100 rpm, 28 °C temperature and 3cm electrode show much better flexural and tensile properties than distance, the operating cost was found to be 1.56 US polypropylene–jute composites. Co-products of $/m 3. The experimental results proved that the soybean processing such as soy oil, soyprotein electrocoagulation is a suitable method for treating concentrate and soy protein isolates are inexpensive, bleaching plant effluents for reuse [R. Sridhar, V. abundantly available and are renewable resources that Sivakumar*, V. Prince Immanuel and J. Prakash have been extensively studied as potential matrix Maran (Department of Chemical Engineering, Kongu materials to develop biodegradable composites. Engineering College, Perundurai, Erode 638052, TN, However, previous attempts on developing soy-based India ), Journal of Hazardous Materials , 2011, 186 (2- composites have either chemically modified the co- 3), 1495-1502]. products or used plasticizers such as glycerol. Chemical modifications make the composites NPARR 2(1), 2011-083, Acoustical and fire- expensive and less environmentally friendly and retardant properties of jute composite materials plasticizers decrease the properties of the composites. This research aims to study the acoustical and In this research, soyprotein composites reinforced flammability properties of biodegradable and easily with jute fibers have been developed using water disposable natural fibre jute and its composite for without any chemicals as plasticizer. The effects of noise reduction in house hold appliances, automotive water on the thermal behavior of soyproteins and and architectural applications. Acoustical properties composite fabrication conditions on the flexural, of jute fibre and felt (natural rubber latex jute tensile and acoustic properties of the composites have composite) were measured in terms of normal specific been studied. Soyprotein composites developed in this sound absorption coefficient and sound transmission research have excellent flexural strength, tensile loss whereas fire retardant tests included limiting strength and tensile modulus, much higher than oxygen, flame propagation and smoke density test. polypropylene (PP)–jute fiber composites. The The results illustrate that low density jute is a better soyprotein composites have better properties than the sound absorber as compared to high density jute PP composites even at high relative humidity (90%) [Narendra Reddy and Yiqi Yang*( Department of 38 NAT PROD RESOUR REPOS, VOL. 2, NO. 1, 2011

Textiles, Clothing & Design, 234, HECO Building, biocomposites hydrophobicity, the linseed oil was University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583- added to the initial formulation, mixed with the fibres 0802, USA), Industrial Crops and Products, 2011, and finally dried after the moulding process. Thus, the 33 (1), 35-41]. average water absorption of 10–40/140 g/g oil/fibres samples was reduced up to 10 times during the first

NPARR 2(1), 2011-085, Nano-SiO 2 filled rice hour of immersion, compared to the reference oil-free husk/polypropylene composites: Physico- materials. Moreover, the linseed oil polymerization mechanical properties inside the lignocellulosic matrix, which occurred after 20 days of drying at 50 °C, also improved mechanical In this research, reinforcing effect of hybrid and thermal behaviour of biocomposites. Spontaneous filler including rice husk (RH), beech bark (BB) and combustion phenomena related to the exothermic nano-SiO 2, in polypropylene has been investigated. In oxidation–polymerization of linseed oil were the sample preparation, four levels of filler loading described as well. Therefore, the process parameters were used for waste lignocellulosic materials (55– such as oil/fibres ratio, drying time and temperature, 58 wt.%) and nano-SiO 2 (0–4 wt.%). In order to were optimized to ensure the safety of the process and increase the interphase adhesion, polypropylene to avoid self ignition of the lignocellulosic fraction at grafted with maleic anhydride was added as a temperatures below 200 C [J. Lazko*, B. Dupré, R.M. coupling agent to all the composites studied. The Dheilly and M. Quéneudec (Laboratoire des physical properties, viz. the thickness swelling and Technologies Innovantes (EA 3899), Université de water absorption, and mechanical properties, namely, Picardie Jules Verne, CODEM Picardie, 41, rue Paul the tensile, flexural and notched Izod impact Claudel, 80480 Dury, France), Industrial Crops and strengths, of the composites were determined. Products , 2011, 33(2), 317-324]. Generally, high amount of filler content in composites can lead to the reduction of interfacial adhesion NPARR 2(1), 2011-087, Oil palm fiber (OPF) and between matrix polymer and filler, and it limits their its composites: A review applications. The results showed that while flexural properties and elongation at break were moderately Twenty first century has witnessed remarkable improved by the increase in the amount of filler in the achievements in green technology in material science matrix, tensile and Izod impact strengths decreased through the development of biocomposites. Oil palm dramatically. However, the composites had acceptable fiber (OPF) extracted from the empty fruit bunches is mechanical strength levels. The mechanical properties proven as a good raw material for biocomposites. The of composites filled with RH are generally greater cellulose content of OPF is in the range of 43%–65% than BB composites. The thickness swelling and and lignin content is in the range of 13%–25%. A water absorption of the composites increased with the compilation of the morphology, chemical constituents increase in the filler loading, but to a negligible extent and properties of OPF as reported by various as compared with the wood-based composites and the researchers are collected and presented in this paper. solid woods. Nano-SiO 2 addition showed little The suitability of OPF in various polymeric matrices positive [Amir Nourbakhsh, Foad Farhani Baghlani such as natural rubber, polypropylene, polyvinyl and Alireza Ashori* (Department of Chemical chloride, phenol formaldehyde, polyurethane, epoxy, Technologies, Iranian Research Organization for polyester, etc. to form biocomposites as reported by Science and Technology (IROST), P.O. Box 15815- various researchers in the recent past is compiled. The 3538, Tehran, Iran), Industrial Crops and Products , properties of these composites viz ., physical, 2011, 33 (1), 183-187]. mechanical, water sorption, thermal, degradation, electrical properties, etc. are summerised. Oil palm NPARR 2(1), 2011-086, Biocomposites based on fiber loading in some polymeric matrices improved flax short fibres and linseed oil the strength of the resulting composites whereas less strength was observed in some cases. The composites Insulating materials based on flax short fibres became more hydrophilic upon addition of OPF. were prepared and their functional properties However treatments on fiber surface improved the enhanced using linseed oil. In order to improve composite properties. Alkali treatment on OPF is

Pulp/Paper 39

preferred for improving the fiber–matrix adhesion growth was selected as the most suitable material for compared to other treatments. The effect of various pulp and papermaking. Pulping of L. diversifolia by treatments on the properties of OPF and that of soda–ethanol was studied using an experimental resulting composites reported by various researchers design in order to investigate the effects of cooking is compiled in this paper. The thermal stability, variables: temperature, time, soda concentration, dielectric constant, electrical conductivity, etc. of the ethanol concentration and wash-disintegrate composites improved upon incorporation of OPF. The temperature on the chemical composition of the strength properties reduced upon obtained pulps (yield, kappa number, viscosity, weathering/degradation. Sisal fiber was reported as a solubles substances, lignin, holocellulose and α- good combination with OPF in hybrid composite [S. cellulose contents) and the physico-chemical Shinoj, R. Visvanathan, S. Panigrahi*and M. characteristics of paper sheets (tensile index). The Kochubabu (Department of Agricultural and results were evaluated using the response surface Bioresource Engineering, University of methodology. The optimum pulping conditions were Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK established for this lignocellulosic material, using the S7N5A9, Canada), Industrial Crops and Products , model predictions. The pulp obtained at these 2011, 33 (1), 7-22]. conditions has suitable chemical (pulp) and physical (paper sheets) characteristics: yield (46.5%), NPARR 2(1), 2011-088, Cellulosic pulp from 1%NaOH solubles (3.04%), hot water solubles Leucaena diversifolia by soda–ethanol pulping (0.63%), ethanol–benzene extractives (0.44%), process holocellulose contents (96.7%), α-cellulose contents (75.8%), lignin contents (0.85%), viscosity (1367) A selection of the best wood raw materials for kappa number (15.2) and tensile index cellulose pulp and papermaking from five varieties of (19.2 kN m/kg) [F. López, A. Pérez*, J.C. García, the Leucaena has been made ( Leucaena diversifolia , M.J. Feria, M.M. García and M. Fernández Leucaena collinsii and three varieties of Leucaena (Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of leucocephala ) with growth periods of one, two and Experimental Sciences, University of Huelva, three years. In accordance with biomass production Campus of Carmen, Huelva, Spain), Chemical and the features of the raw materials and cellulose Engineering Journal, 2011, 166 (1), 22-29]. pulp obtained, L. diversifolia in its second year of 40 NAT PROD RESOUR REPOS, VOL. 2, NO. 1, 2011

SPICES/CONDIMENTS India), Food and Bioproducts Processing, 2011, 89 (1), 1-9 ]. NPARR 2(1), 2011-089, Antioxidant and NPARR 2(1), 2011-091, Application of the EN 1788 bioadhesive properties of onions ( Allium Linn., European standard for the control of saffron, Alliaceae) processed under acidic conditions pepper and blends Antioxidant and bioadhesive properties of onion, Twenty-five samples of saffron (11), pepper (9) garlic, leek, and ramsons, processed under low pH and herbs, seasonings and spice blends (5) from Asia, conditions were investigated. For investigation of South America, Africa and Europe have been antioxidant activity DPPH free radical scavenging analyzed by means of the EN 1788 protocol. The activity and reducing power were used. The most thermoluminescence (TL) emission of minerals active radical scavenger (EC = 2.07 mg/ml) and 50 isolated from the foodstuffs allows us to differentiate reductant was the ethanolic extract of leek leaf. between irradiated (1) and non-irradiated (24) Positive correlation between antioxidant activity and samples. According to the X-ray diffraction and phenol content in the extracts ( P< 0.01) was found. environmental scanning microscope, the To determine bioadhesive properties of the extracts, mineralogical composition adhered to the samples is tensile studies were performed and work of adhesion mainly made up of different amounts of quartz, (W ) was measured. The most pronounced a calcite, mica, gypsum, K and Na-rich feldspars, bioadhesive properties were determined for garlic and kaolinite, clinochlore and (only in mixtures) halite. ramsons bulbs extracts (W > 8 µJ) [Marijana Zovko a All of them are sensitive to ionizing radiation, exhibit Kon* and Mario Jug (Faculty of Pharmacy and enough TL intensity, have high stability of the TL Biochemistry, Zagreb, Croatia), International Journal signal during the storage of the material, and are of Food Properties , 2011, 14 (1), 92-101]. thermally and chemically stable. The EN 1788 European Standard arises as a reasonable protocol to NPARR 2(1), 2011-090, Vacuum dehydration discriminate among irradiated and non-irradiated kinetics of onion slices food; nevertheless, it has some limitations that are discussed in the paper [V. Correcher*and J. Garcia- Onion slices were dried in a single layer of thickness varying from 1 to 5 mm in the temperature Guinea (CIEMAT, Av. Complutense 22, Madrid range of 50-70 C in a laboratory scale vacuum dryer. 28040, Spain), Food Control, 2011, 22 (2), 173-179]. The effect of pretreatment, drying temperature and slice thickness on the drying kinetics of onion slices NPARR 2(1), 2011-092, Variations in essential oil was studied. Four thin layer drying models namely yield and composition during Cinnamomum cassia Lewis model, logarithmic model, Page model and Blume bark growth Fick's law model were applied on the experimental To extract essential oil for industrial use, the moisture loss data with respect to time to predict the yields and compositions of bark oil during drying pattern properly on the basis of coefficient of Cinnamomum cassia growth (1-3 years old for the determination and standard error. The Page model branch bark; 5-12 years old for the stem bark) were showed better fit to the experimental data compared determined. The branch bark fraction had a higher to other models. Effective moisture diffusivity of the essential oil yield than the whole branch. The slice was measured using Fick's second law of essential oil yield from branch bark varied within unsteady state diffusion. The diffusivity values were 2.70-3.11% (w/w), while that from stem bark was found ranging from 1.32E-10 to 1.09E-09 m2/s for 0.41–2.61% (w/w) due to differences in age and untreated and 1.32E-10 to 1.09E-01 m2/s for treated segment (top, center and lower) of the tree. There onion slices. Effective moisture diffusivity showed were 41 volatile compounds identified in bark oil, increasing trend with increase in temperature and among which the majority presented high fluctuations thickness [J. Mitra*, S.L. Shrivastava and P. Srinivasa in percentage of composition both in different growth Rao (Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, stages and segments. Variations in oil yields did not Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, present the same pattern as the percentages of trans-

Spices/Condiments 41

cinnamaldehyde. The results suggest that choosing Huang, Yufen Chen, Di Xu and Ping Xiong (College bark according to trees’ growth stages and separating of Life Science, South China Agricultural University, stem barks into top, center and lower sections within a Guangzhou Guangdong 510642, China), Industrial tree should significantly improve the extraction Crops and Products, 2011, 33 (1), 248-252]. efficiency [Shilei Geng*, Zhaoxue Cui, Xinchao 42 NAT PROD RESOUR REPOS, VOL. 2, NO. 1, 2011

SUGARS (incl. Natural sweeteners, liquid-to-solid ratio, temperature, and reaction time, Jaggery, Palm sugar, Honey, etc.) on the efficiency of hydrolysis. SCG was found to be rich in sugars (45.3%, w/w), among of which hemicellulose (constituted by mannose, galactose, and NPARR 2(1), 2011-093, Comparison of alkaline arabinose) and cellulose (glucose homopolymer) pulping with steam explosion for glucose correspond to 36.7% (w/w) and 8.6% (w/w), production from rice straw respectively. Optimal conditions for hemicellulose sugars extraction consisted in using 100 mg acid/g dry Agricultural residues, such as rice straw, are matter, 10 g liquid/g solid, at 163 °C for 45 min. renewable, largely unused, and abundantly available Under these conditions, hydrolysis efficiencies of resources. They contain cellulose and hemicellulose, 100%, 77.4%, and 89.5% may be achieved for which could be used to produce ethanol and many galactan, mannan, and arabinan, respectively, other value-added products. The current research corresponding to a hemicellulose hydrolysis investigates the utilization of rice straw as a efficiency of 87.4% [Solange I. Mussatto*, Livia M. lignocellulosic biomass feedstock to produce a value- Carneiro, João P.A. Silva, Inês C. Roberto and José added product. Investigation was carried to convert A. Teixeira (IBB - Institute for Biotechnology and the rice straw into glucose which can be further Bioengineering, Centre of Biological Engineering, fermented to produce ethanol. Different pretreatment University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 methods, such as chemical pretreatment process using Braga, Portugal), Carbohydrate Polymers, 2011, alkaline pulping and steam explosion were applied in 83 (2), 368-374]. this study to pretreat the lignocellulosic biomass. A Spezyme CP ® cellulase enzyme was used in the experiment to hydrolyze the pretreated material into NPARR 2(1), 2011-095, Residues of organochlorine glucose. The total reducing sugars produced from the pesticides in honeys from different geographic enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose was measured by regions the dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) method. The data from Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) are of the enzyme hydrolysis time study were analyzed to concern due to their presence in foods. provide information on enzyme hydrolysis rates. The Hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), results indicated that 28.9–58.4 g/L of glucose can be dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs), chlordane produced from rice straw depending on the and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) in 38 honey samples pretreatment method [Maha M. Ibrahim*, Waleed K. from different geographic regions were analyzed with El-Zawawy, Yasser R. Abdel-Fattah, Nadia A. gas chromatography/ion trap mass spectrometry after Soliman and Foster A. Agblevor (National Research accelerated solvent extraction. Mean concentrations Center, Cellulose and Paper Department, El-Tahrir of total HCHs (SHCHs), SDDTs, Schlordanes, and St., Dokki, Cairo, Egypt), Carbohydrate Polymers , HCB in tested honeys were 2.23, 1.14, 0.45, and 0.17 2011 , 83 (2), 720-726]. ng g –1, respectively. Concentration ranges of SHCHs, SDDTs, and Schlordanes and HCB were 0.21–8.70, NPARR 2(1), 2011-094, A study on chemical 0.10–4.35, 0.02–3.75, and nd–1.16 ng g –1, constituents and sugars extraction from spent respectively, in the 38 honey samples. Honey samples coffee grounds from developing countries generally contained higher concentrations of ΣHCHs, ΣDDTs, Σchlordanes, and Spent coffee grounds (SCG), the residual HCB than those from developed countries. A materials obtained during the processing of raw coffee comparison of the ratios of highest and lowest powder to prepare instant coffee, are the main coffee concentrations of ΣHCHs, ΣDDTs, Σchlordanes, and industry residues. In the present work, this material HCB in those honeys showed relative evenness of was chemically characterized and subsequently concentrations of the OCPs in honeys from submitted to a dilute acid hydrolysis aiming to developing countries and large variation in honeys recover the hemicellulose sugars. Reactions were from developed countries [Jun Wang, Michael M. performed according to experimental designs to verify Kliks, Soojin Jun and Qing X. Li* (Department of the effects of the variables H 2SO 4 concentration, Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering,

Sugars 43

University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii Jiangnan University, Jiangsu Wuxi 214122, China), 96822, United States), Food Research International , Food Research International, 2010, 43 (9), 2284- 2010, 43 (9), 2329-2334]. 2288].

NPARR 2(1), 2011-096, Effect of honey powder on NPARR 2(1), 2011-097, Determination of royal jelly dough rheology and bread quality acids in honey The effects of honey powder on dough rheology In the present work we report on the compounds and bread quality were studied using sugar as characteristic of larval food (royal jelly, RJ) of the controls. Farinographic studies showed that there honeybee ( Apis mellifera L.) that were identified in 34 were higher water absorption, shorter development different samples of genuine honey and in 3 sugar- time and stability time as honey powder increased, adulterated “herbal honeys” by using solid-phase and small degree of softening were obtained for the extraction and gas chromatography–mass dough containing 5% honey powder. Extensograph spectrometry (SPE/GC–MS). The unique feature of measurements showed that resistance to extension and RJ is a set of C 8, C 10 and C 12 hydroxy fatty acids. In R/E increased while energy value and extensibility all, ten acids characteristic of this bee product were decreased at level of 10% honey. Sensory evaluation identified in different combinations in the analysed showed that the largest total scores were obtained at honey samples, namely: 7- and 8-hydroxyoctanoic, 3- level of 10% honey. Texture analysis showed that hydroxydecanoic, 9-hydroxydecanoic, 9-hydroxy-2- honey breads had low hardness, adhesiveness, decenoic, 10-hydroxydecanoic, 10-hydroxy-2- gumminess, chewiness and high springiness, decenoic (10-HDA), 3,10-dihydroxydecanoic, 2- cohesiveness. The differences of the crust and crumb octene-1,8-dioic and 2-decene-1,10-dioic acids. The colour between honey breads and the control were higher relative abundance of these compounds was significant (P<0.05). In conclusion, honey powder determined in genuine honeydew and heather honeys, could be potentially a useful ingredient as a dough and in “herbal honeys” (23.8–40.8, 18.2–48.5, and improver. Honey usage in the bread formulation 27.0–48.4 g/g, respectively). Since RJ is known to supported an improvement in dough rheology, better have strong antibiotic efficacy, our results suggest sensory and texture properties of bread as compared that a part of the non-peroxide antibacterial activity of to control formulation. Addition of 5%–10% honey honey might be of bee origin [V.A. Isidorov*, U. powder significantly improved the baking quality of Czy Ŝewska, E. Jankowska and S. Bakier (Institute of breads [Qunyi Tong*, Xiaoyu Zhang, Fang Wu, Chemistry, Białystok University, 15-399 Białystok, Jingjing Tong, Pinping Zhang and Jing Zhang (State Poland), Food Chemistry , 2011, 124 (1), 387-391]. Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, 44 NAT PROD RESOUR REPOS, VOL. 2, NO. 1, 2011

THERAPEUTICS hepatocarcinoma cell growth. The growth inhibition of HepG2 cells in vitro and in vivo was determined in the presence of SNPE. We found 1 µg mL −1 SNPE- NPARR 2(1), 2011-098, Moringa oleifera induced fed mice showed decreased tumor weight and tumor potentiation of serotonin release by 5-HT3 volume by 90%. Notably, 2 µg mL −1 SNPE resulted receptors in experimental ulcer model in almost complete inhibition of tumor weight as well as tumor volume. In line with this notion, SNPE Moringa oleifera (Moringaceae), a perennial plant is reduced the viability of HepG 2 cells in a dose- widely cultivated throughout the world. Extensive dependent manner. HepG 2 cells were arrested in the pharmacological studies revealed its promising role in G2/M phase of the cell cycle; meanwhile, the protein modulation of various disorders like antispasmodic, levels of cell CDC25A, CDC25B, and CDC25C were diuretic, abortifacient, antimicrobial antibacterial, clearly reduced. Moreover, sub-G1 phase antitubercular, antiviral, antifertility, depressant, anti- accumulation and caspases-3, 8, and 9 cleavages were inflammatory and anticancer property which induced by SNPE. This study shows that SNPE is a promoted us to conduct the study to elucidate its role potent agent for HCC treatment through targeting on experimental gastric ulceration. The aim of the G2/M arrest and apoptosis induction, achieving cell present study was to assess the efficacy of its aqueous growth inhibition [Hsueh-Chun Wang, Pei-Jun leaf extract on protection of gastric ulceration and Chung, Cheng-Hsun Wu, Kuang-Ping Lan, Mon- characterize the possible modulatory mechanism Yuan Yang , Chau-Jong Wang * (Institute of underlying the phenomenon.Adult Holtzman strain Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Chung Shan albino rats (weight 150–200 g) of either sex were used Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC), for the study. Ulceration was induced using aspirin Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 2011, (500 mg/kg body weight) and using Moringa oleifera 91 (1), 178–185]. (MO), a herbal formulation, the modulatory mechanism has been studied and compared with a NPARR 2(1), 2011-0100, Screening of Caesalpinia commonly used antagonist of 5-HT 3 receptors, bonduc leaves for antipsoriatic activity ondansetron by assessing parameters like mean ulcer index, 5-HT content, EC cell count and mucosal Leaves of Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) Roxb. thickness. The results of our study suggest that MO (Caesalpiniaceae) have been used by traditional protects ulcer formation by modulating 5-HT Siddha healer of Malabar region for psoriasis secretion through EC cell via 5-HT 3 receptors in treatment. To evaluate the Caesalpinia bonduc gastrointestinal tract [Siddhartha Debnath* , Debasis decoction (CBD), Caesalpinia bonduc hydroalcoholic Biswas, Koushik Ray and Debjani Guha (S. N. extract (CBHA) for antipsoriatic activity, mouse tail Pradhan Centre for Neurosciences, University of test for psoriasis was used for the evaluation of Calcutta, 244B A.J.C. Bose Road, Kolkata 700020, antipsoriatic activity. Extracts were tested at a dose of India), Phytomedicine, 2011, 18 ,(2-3), 91-95 ]. 500mg/kg b.w. and fractions at 250mg/kg b.w. in Swiss albino mice. Parameters studied in the mouse NPARR 2(1), 2011-099, Solanum nigrum Linn. tail test were changes in epidermal thickness and polyphenolic extract inhibits hepatocarcinoma cell percentage orthokeratotic values. In vitro growth by inducing G2/M phase arrest and antiproliferant assay on HaCaT cell lines and in vitro apoptosis lipoxygenase inhibition were also carried out. Butanol fraction of Caesalpinia bonduc hydroalcoholic extract Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a rapidly (CBHAB) and water fraction of Caesalpinia bonduc progressive cancer with poor prognosis. However, hydroalcoholic extract (CBHAW) produced there have been no significant new developments in significant orthokeratosis ( p < 0.001). In relative treating liver cancer. To search for an effective agent epidermal thickness, a significant ( p < 0.05) reduction against HCC progression, we prepared a polyphenolic with respect to control was observed in groups treated extract of Solanum nigrum L. (SNPE), a herbal plant with retinoic acid, CBD, butanol fraction of indigenous to Southeast Asia and commonly used in Caesalpinia bonduc decoction (CBDB), water oriental medicine, to evaluate its inhibitive effect on fraction of Caesalpinia bonduc hydroalcoholic extract

Therapeutics 45

(CBHAW). Maximum antiproliferant activity was phentolamine were also present. The increase in MAP shown by CBHA (IC 50 , 77.5 ± 12.7 g/ml). In was potentiated by propranolol and ICI-118,551, but lipoxygenase inhibition assay, water fraction of was inhibited by phentolamine. The T. crispa extract Caesalpinia bonduc decoction (CBDW) showed had a dual effect on heart rate in the normal rat: a maximum activity with an IC 50 value of small transient decrease, followed by an increase in 164.71 ± 4.57 g/ml. Among all the tested samples heart rate. The positive chronotropic effect of T. only CBHAW showed good activity in the mouse tail crispa extract was inhibited by propranolol, test, antiproliferant activity in HaCaT cells and phentolamine and atenolol, but not by ICI-118,551, lipoxygenase inhibition assay. Other extracts and atropine or hexamethonium. Reserpine potentiated the fractions showed varying degrees of activity. The positive chronotropic effect of the T. crispa extract present study supports the traditional use of and this effect was inhibited by propranolol, atenolol Caesalpinia bonduc leaves for psoriasis treatment [N. and ICI-118,551, but not by phentolamine. From Muruganantham* , K.H. Basavaraj, S.P. Dhanabal , these results we suggest that T. crispa extract T.K. Praveen, N.M. Shamasundar and K.S. Rao possesses at least three different cardiovascular-active (Department of Phytopharmacy and Phytomedicine components that act directly via (1) β2-adrenergic (TIFAC CORE HD), JSS College of Pharmacy, receptors to cause a decrease in blood pressure, and Rocklands, Ooty, India), Journal of β1- and β2-adrenergic receptors to cause an increase in Ethnopharmacology, 2011, 133 (2), 897-901]. heart rate, (2) α-adrenergic receptors to cause an increase in blood pressure and heart rate, and (3) a NPARR 2(1), 2011-0101, Effects of an n-butanol non-adrenergic and non-cholinergic pathway to cause extract from the stem of Tinospora crispa on blood a decrease in MAP and heart rate. These findings pressure and heart rate in anesthetized rats provide scientific support for the tradition of using this plant to modify the actions of the human Tinospora crispa has been used in folkloric cardiovascular system [Siwaporn Praman*, Michael J. medicine for control of blood pressure, as an Mulvany, Yves Allenbach, Andrew Marston, Kurt antipyretic, for cooling down the body temperature Hostettmann, Poungpen Sirirugsa and Chaweewan and for maintaining good health. Present study was Jansakul (Department of Physiology, Faculty of done to investigate the effects and mechanisms of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat-Yai, action of an n-butanol extract from the stems of Songkhla 90112, Thailand), Journal of Tinospora crispa ( T. crispa extract) on blood pressure Ethnopharmacology, 2011, 133 (2), 675-686]. and heart rate in anesthetized rats. Air-dried stems of T. crispa were extracted with water, followed by NPARR 2(1), 2011-0102, Anti-malarial herbal partitioned extract with chloroform, ethyl acetate, and remedies of northeast India, Assam: An finally by n-butanol. The n-butanol soluble part was ethnobotanical survey evaporated under reduced pressure and lyophilization to obtain a crude dried powder ( T. crispa extract). The Malaria is a serious public health problem in the effects and mechanisms of the T. crispa extract on north-eastern region of India including Assam, in blood pressure and heart rate were studied in view of development of chloroquine resistant anesthetized normal and reserpinized rats in vivo in Plasmodium falciparum . There is need for alternative the presence of different antagonists. T. crispa extract and affordable therapy. This study was conducted to (1–100 mg/kg, i.v.) caused a decrease in mean arterial document indigenous knowledge, usage customs and blood pressure (MAP) and this effect was inhibited by practices of medicinal plant species traditionally used propranolol, phentolamine, atenolol and/or the β2- by the residents of Sonitpur district of Tezpur, Assam antagonist ICI-118,551, but not by atropine or to treat malaria and its associated symptoms. A total hexamethonium. In reserpinized rats, the T. crispa of 50 randomly selected sampling represented by extract had a dual effect: reduction in hypotensive male (38.76%) and female respondents (12.24%) activity, followed by a small increase in blood were interviewed using a semi-structured pressure. The decrease in MAP in reserpinized rat was questionnaire. The present ethno-botanical survey slightly potentiated by phentolamine, but inhibited by revealed 22 species of plants belonging to 17 propranolol or ICI-118,551 only if atenolol and botanical families were reported to be used 46 NAT PROD RESOUR REPOS, VOL. 2, NO. 1, 2011

exclusively in this region for the treatment of malaria. duration of wound contraction and lysyl oxidase when Verbenaceae (three species), Menispermaceae (two compared to control at 2.98 ± 0.10 mg. SM treated species), and Acanthaceae (two species) botanical rats showed a significant ( p < 0.05) rise in families represented the species that are most hydroxyproline levels at 6.45 ± 0.45 mg when commonly cited in this survey work and the detailed compared to control at 1.75 ± 0.20 mg. These results use of plants has been collected and described. The indicate that sesamol could be a promising drug in most serious threat to the existing knowledge and normal as well as delayed wound healing processes practice on traditional medicinal plants included [Rekha R. Shenoy*, Arun T. Sudheendra, Pawan G. cultural change, particularly the influence of Nayak, Piya Paul, N. Gopalan Kutty and C. modernization and lack of interests shown by the next Mallikarjuna Rao (Department of Pharmacology, younger generations were the main problems reported Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal by the informants during the field survey. Hence, the University, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India), proper documentation of traditional medicinal plants Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2011, 133 (2), 608- being used as anti-malarial agents and related 612]. indigenous knowledge held by the tribal community is an important approach to control the spread of vector- NPARR 2(1), 2011-0104, Randomized and double- borne diseases like malaria reported in this survey blinded pilot clinical study of the safety and anti- * work [Nima D. Namsa , M. Mandal and S. Tangjang diabetic efficacy of the Rauvolfia-Citrus tea, as (Department of Molecular Biology and used in Nigerian Traditional Medicine Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Tezpur 784 028, Assam, India), Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2011, The aim of this randomized and double blinded 133 (2), 565-572]. pilot clinical trial was to investigate the anti-diabetic efficacy of the Rauvolfia-Citrus (RC) tea in humans. NPARR 2(1), 2011-0103, Normal and delayed We have earlier shown that a combination of calorie- wound healing is improved by sesamol, an active restriction and chronic administration of the RC tea to constituent of Sesamum indicum (L.) in albino rats the genetic diabetic (BKS-db ) mice resulted in the normalization of blood sugar, reduction in lipid The seeds of Sesamum indicum Linn. accumulated in the mice eyes and prevention of the (Pedaliaceae) has been used traditionally for the degeneration of the otherwise brittle BKS-db treatment of wounds in Buldhana district of pancreas. The tea is made by boiling foliage of Maharashtra state. Sesamol is the main anti-oxidative Rauvolfia vomitoria and fruits of Citrus aurantium constituent contained mainly in the processed sesame and is used to treat diabetes in Nigerian folk seed oil which has not been explored scientifically for medicine. The RC tea was produced using the its wound healing activity. Present study was done to Nigerian traditional recipe and tested in the traditional investigate the influence of sesamol (SM) on wound dosage on 23 Danish type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients. repair, both in normal and dexamethasone (DM) The participants were divided into two equivalent delayed healing processes in albino rats. Incision, groups after stratification by sex, age and BMI, in a 4- excision and dead space wounds were inflicted on month double-blinded, placebo-controlled and albino rats (180–220 g) of either sex, under ketamine randomized clinical trial. Most of the study subjects anaesthesia. Group I served as control, group II (19/23) were using oral anti-diabetic agents (OADs). received SM 50 mg/kg i.p., group III was treated with Mean disease duration was 6 ± 4.6 years, mean age dexamethasone (DM) i.m. (0.17 mg/kg) and was 64 ± 7 years and mean BMI was SM + DM was given to group IV. The tensile 28.7 ± 3.8 kg/m 2. Prior to starting the treatment, the strength, wound contraction, hydroxyproline, lysyl participants received individual dietician oxidase and total RNA and DNA levels (in consultations. At the end of the 4-month treatment granulation tissue) were measured. The tensile period, the treated group showed an 11% decrease in strength significantly ( p < 0.05) increased with SM at 2-h postprandial plasma glucose relative to the 3% 471.40 ± 14.66 g when compared to control at increase in the placebo group ( p = 0.004). The 300.60 ± 9.16 g in normal and DM suppressed improvement in blood glucose clearance with RC tea healing. No significant change was observed in treatment was reflected in a 6% reduction in HbA 1c

Therapeutics 47

(p = 0.02) and in a 10% reduction in fasting plasma induced in overnight fasted rats by intramuscular glucose ( p = 0.02), when comparing the post 4-month injection (IMI) of 60 mg/kg STZ and 120 mg/kg of treatment to pre-treatment baseline values. Though nicotinamide after 5 min interval. Blood glucose was the basal levels of phosphorylated acetyl CoA assessed by a glucometer, serum urea and creatinine carboxylase enzyme in skeletal muscle were levels were determined by diacetylmonooxime significantly reduced in the treated group ( p = 0.04), method and Jaffe reaction respectively. Kidney as compared to the placebo, only the pattern of sections were taken and stained with Masson's tri-dye reductions in the tissue fatty acids (FAs) differed in and Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) and examined for the two groups. While all types of FAs were reduced structural changes. Also lipid peroxidation product in placebo, only saturated (SFA) and (LPP) levels were determined as thio barbituric acid monounsaturated (MUFA) FAs were reduced with reactive substance levels (TBARS) method. On treatment. Interestingly, a modest increase in the administration of 5 mg/kg of plant extract, blood polyunsaturated FAs fraction was observed in the RC glucose levels of the NIDDM rats showed 62.00 and treated group. In addition, the reduction in SFA and 76.29% decrease in the blood glucose levels on day 0 MUFA with RC tea treatment came solely from the and day 30 respectively. Damages caused to the triglyceride fractions, as there was an increase in the kidney tissue were negligible or not seen. Serum urea skeletal muscle phospholipids. Chronic administration and creatinine levels showed 61.49 and 70.96% of the RC tea to overweight T2D on OADs caused decrease on day 30. LPP levels of kidney and significant improvements in markers of glycaemic pancreas showed 70.58 and 77.41% decrease control and modifications to the fatty acid profile of respectively. These results demonstrate significant skeletal muscle, without adverse effects or antidiabetic and regenerative potential of the Nervilia hypoglycaemia. Further exploration of the anti- plicata , justifying the use of plant in the indigenous diabetic effects of the RC tea is warranted [Joan I.A. system of medicine. Isolation and characterisation of Campbell-Tofte* , Per Mølgaard, Knud Josefsen, the compound(s) playing pivotal role in the cure Zostam Abdallah, Steen Honoré Hansen, Claus would open new vistas in the therapy of type 2 Cornett, Huiling Mu, Erik A. Richter, Henning diabetes [E.K. Dilip Kumar* and G.R. Janardhana Willads Petersen, Jens Christian Nørregaard and Kaj (Phytopharmacology Laboratory, Department of Winther (Dept. of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Studies in Botany, University of Mysore, Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Manasagangotri, Mysore 570006, Karnataka, India), Universtitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark), Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2011, 133 (2), 480- Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2011, 13 3(2), 402- 483] 411]. NPARR 2(1), 2011-0106, Hypotensive effect of NPARR 2(1), 2011-0105, Antidiabetic activity of aqueous extract of Averrhoa carambola L. alcoholic stem extract of Nervilia plicata in (Oxalidaceae) in rats: An in vivo and in vitro streptozotocin-nicotinamide induced type 2 approach diabetic rats Averrhoa carambola L. (Oxalidaceae) leaves are Nervilia plicata (Orchidaceae) has long been used in Brazilian traditional medicine to treat used in the antidiabetic medicinal preparations of hypertension. This study was conducted to evaluate traditional healers of Wayanad (Kerala), but the hypotensive effect of the aqueous extract of recuperative potential of the plant was remained Averrhoa carambola (AEAc) and its underlying undefined. We demonstrated the regenerative mechanisms in the isolated rat aorta. The effect of potential of the plant extract on kidney affected by AEAc on the mean arterial pressure (MAP) was type 2 diabetes besides lowering blood glucose. The determined in vivo in anesthetized rats. In vitro , aim of the current study was to investigate the thoracic aortic rings were isolated and suspended in recuperative and regenerative potential of alcoholic organ baths, and the effects of AEAc were studied by stem extract of Nervilia plicata on streptozotocin- means of isometric tension recording experiments. In nicotinamide induced type 2 diabetic models. Non HPLC analysis, the fingerprint chromatogram of insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) was AEAc was established. In normotensive rats, AEAc 48 NAT PROD RESOUR REPOS, VOL. 2, NO. 1, 2011

(12.5–50.0 mg/kg, i.v.) induced dose-dependent as compared to control. We believe that the hypotension. In vitro , AEAc caused a depression in antiarthritic activity of CLHE was due to its the Emax response to phenylephrine without a change modulatory effect on the expression of in sensibility. Also, in a depolarized Ca 2+ -free proinflammatory cytokine in the synovium. Our medium, AEAc inhibited CaCl 2-induced contractions results contribute towards validation of the traditional and caused a concentration-dependent rightward shift use of CL in the treatment of RA and other of the response curves, indicating that AEAc inhibited inflammatory joint disorders [Vinod Nair, Surender the contractile mechanisms involving extracellular Singh and Y.K. Gupta* ( Department of Ca 2+ influx. These results demonstrate the Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences hypotensive effects of AEAc, and these effects may, (AIIMS), Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India), in part, be due to the inhibition of Ca 2+ , which Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2011, 133 (2), 303- supports previous claims of its traditional use [Roseli 307]. Soncini *, Michael B. Santiago, Lidiane Orlandi, Gabriel O.I. Moraes, André Luiz M. Peloso, Marcelo NPARR 2(1), 2011-0108, Bronchospasm H. dos Santos, Geraldo Alves-da-Silva, Valdemar A. potentiating effect of methanolic extract of Ficus Paffaro Jr, Antonio C. Bento and Alexandre Giusti- religiosa fruits in guinea pigs Paiva ( Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University The sacred tree Peepal ( Ficus religiosa family: of Alfenas, Alfenas-MG, Brazil), Journal of Moraceae) has numerous therapeutic utility in folk Ethnopharmacology , 2011, 133 (2), 353-357]. medicine. It has been reported to be used in ethno medical treatment of asthma and also in epilepsy due NPARR 2(1), 2011-0107, Evaluation of the disease to its high serotonin content, which has been modifying activity of Colchicum luteum Baker in implicated in pathophysiology of asthma, this led us experimental arthritis to carry out the present study. The in vivo studies of histamine induced bronchospasm in guinea pigs and Colchicum luteum (CL) has been traditionally in vitro isolated guinea pig tracheal chain and ileum used in the Unani system of medicine as a chief preparation. Pre-treatment of guinea pigs with ingredient of many polyherbal formulations for the ketotifen (1 mg/kg, p.o.) has significantly delayed the treatment of joint pain and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). onset of histamine aerosol induced pre-convulsive The present study was done to evaluate the dyspnea, compared with vehicle control antiarthritic activity of CL hydroalcoholic extract (281.8 a ± 11.7 vs. 112.2 ± 9.8). The administration of (CLHE) in formaldehyde and complete Freund's methanolic extract (125, 250 and 500 mg/kg, p.o.) did adjuvant (CFA) induced arthritis. Arthritis was not produced any significant effect on latency to induced by administration of either formaldehyde (2% develop histamine induced pre-convulsive dyspnea. v/v) or CFA into the subplantar surface of the hind On the other hand, methanolic extract of the fruits at paw of the animal. Joint swelling was measured on the doses employed (i.e., 0.5, 1 and 2 mg/ml) has days 8, 9 and 10 in formaldehyde induced arthritis significantly potentiate the EC 50 doses of both and days 3, 7, 14 and 21 in CFA induced arthritis. In histamine and acetylcholine in isolated guinea pig order to evaluate the effect of CLHE on disease tracheal chain and ileum preparation. In addition, progression, serum TNF-α level and synovial HPLC analysis of the methanolic extract showed the expression of proinflammatory mediators (TNF-R1, presence of high amounts of serotonin (2.89%, w/w). IL-6 and IL-1β) was determined in CFA induced On the basis of data, it may be concluded that Ficus arthritis. CLHE produced a significant and dose religiosa fruits have been found to be ineffective dependent inhibition of joint swelling during the against histamine induced bronchospasm in guinea entire duration of the study in both, formaldehyde and pigs. In addition, methanolic extract of the fruits have CFA induced arthritis. Serum TNF-α level was also shown to potentiate the bronchoconstriction induced reduced significantly in a dose dependent manner in by both histamine and acetylcholine on guinea pig all the CLHE treated groups. The expression of tracheal chain preparation [Deepti Ahuja*, Krishna proinflammatory mediators (TNF-R1, IL-6 and IL-1β) Reddy V. Bijjem and Ajudhia N. Kalia (Department was also found to be less in the CLHE treated group of Pharmacognosy, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga

Therapeutics 49

142 001, Punjab, India), Journal of The aim of this study was to investigate the anti- Ethnopharmacology, 2011, 133 (2), 324-328]. inflammatory effects of the crude extract (CE) of Rosmarinus officinalis L . its derived fractions: hexane NPARR 2(1), 2011-0109, Optimization of extraction (HEX), ethyl acetate (AcOEt), and ethanolic (ET), conditions of antioxidants from sunflower shells and isolated compounds: carnosol, betulinic acid and (Helianthus annuus L.) before and after enzymatic ursolic acid, in the mouse pleurisy model induced by treatment carrageenan. Swiss mice were used in the in vivo experiments. The CE and its derived fractions and The effects of three independent variables: isolated compounds inhibited leukocytes, exudation, solvent polarity, temperature and extraction time on interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and tumour necrosis factor- the antioxidant capacity, total phenolic content and alpha (TNF-α) levels, myeloperoxidase activity phenolic acid composition in extracts obtained from (MPO), and nitrite/nitrate production (NO x) sunflower shells before and after enzymatic treatment (p < 0.05). R. officinalis L. showed an important anti- were studied. Response surface methodology based inflammatory activity by inhibition not only of on three-level, three-variable Box–Behnken design leukocytes and exudation, but also of a pro- was used for optimization of extraction parameters inflammatory enzyme and mediators (MPO, NO x, IL- and evaluation of their effect on antioxidant capacity 1β, and TNF-α). The present study showed that and total phenolic content in shell extracts. The carnosol, betulinic acid and ursolic acid compounds average antioxidant capacities of extracts from could be responsible for this anti-inflammatory effect sunflower shells without enzymatic treatment (368.1– [Jucélia Pizzetti Benincá*, Juliana Bastos Dalmarco, 1574.4 mol TE/100 g) were higher than those for Moacir Geraldo Pizzolatti and Tânia Silvia Fröde cellulolytic and pectolytic enzymes-treated shells (Department of Clinical Analysis, Center of Health (222.7–1419.0 and 270.7–1570.7 mol TE/100 g, Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, respectively). The content of total phenolic Campus Universitário – Trindade, 88040-970 compounds ranged between 58.2–341.2 mg Florianópolis, SC, Brazil), Food Chemistry, 2011, CGA/100 g, 26.7–277.3 mg CGA/100 g and 51.4– 124 (2), 468-475] 301.5 mg CGA/100 g for extracts obtained from shells without enzyme and treated with cellulolytic NPARR 2(1), 2011-0111, Moringa oleifera induced and pectolytic enzymes, respectively. Total phenolic potentiation of serotonin release by 5-HT3 content (TPC) in the studied shell extracts correlated receptors in experimental ulcer model significantly ( p < 0.0001) positively with their antioxidant capacity determined by the ferric reducing Moringa oleifera (Moringaceae), a perennial antioxidant power (FRAP) method ( r = 0.9275). plant is widely cultivated throughout the world. Results of FRAP, TPC and phenolic acid composition Extensive pharmacological studies revealed its in the studied shell extracts depend on the extraction promising role in modulation of various disorders like conditions (solvent polarity, temperature, time), but antispasmodic, diuretic, abortifacient, antimicrobial they are independent on the addition of enzyme antibacterial, antitubercular, antiviral, antifertility, solutions. The antioxidant capacity and total phenolic depressant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer property content in the resulting extracts increased with a line which promoted us to conduct the study to elucidate in extraction temperature and solvent polarity its role on experimental gastric ulceration. The aim of [Aleksandra Szydłowska-Czerniak* , Konrad the present study was to assess the efficacy of its Trokowski and Edward Szłyk (Faculty of Chemistry, aqueous leaf extract on protection of gastric ulceration Nicolaus Copernicus University, 7 Gagarin Street, 87 and characterize the possible modulatory mechanism – 100 Toru ń, Poland), Industrial Crops and Products , underlying the phenomenon. Adult Holtzman strain 33 (1), 123-131]. albino rats (weight 150–200 g) of either sex were used for the study. Ulceration was induced using aspirin NPARR 2(1), 2011-0110, Analysis of the anti- (500 mg/kg body weight) and using Moringa oleifera inflammatory properties of Rosmarinus officinalis (MO), a herbal formulation, the modulatory L. in mice mechanism has been studied and compared with a commonly used antagonist of 5-HT 3 receptors, 50 NAT PROD RESOUR REPOS, VOL. 2, NO. 1, 2011

ondansetron by assessing parameters like mean ulcer Thippeswamy, V.P. Veerapur and S. Badami * ( J.S.S. index, 5-HT content, EC cell count and mucosal College of Pharmacy, Ootacamund 643 001, TN, thickness. The results of our study suggest that MO India), Phytomedicine, 2011, 18 (2-3), 186-188]. protects ulcer formation by modulating 5-HT secretion through EC cell via 5-HT 3 receptors in NPARR 2(1), 2011-0113, Isolation of anxiolytic gastrointestinal tract. MO showed maximum principle from ethanolic root extract of protective activity at a dose of 300 mg/kg body Cardiospermum halicacabum weight against above-mentioned experimental rat ulcer model by modulating 5-HT secretion through Cardiospermum halicacabum roots have been EC cell via 5-HT 3 receptors in gastrointestinal tract used traditionally for the treatment of epilepsy and which has given a glimpse of a therapeutic approach anxiety disorders. The purpose of this study was to for gastric ulcer management, which may be characterize the putative phytoconstituents present in beneficially used in contrast to the classical antacid, the ethanolic root extract having anxiolytic activity antihistamine or surgical treatment. Further using an elevated plus-maze (EPM) and light dark investigations and proper screening regarding various transition model. Control mice were orally treated phytochemicals, alkaloids present within MO leaf will with an equal volume of vehicle (4% gum acacia), help to formulate effective herbal preparation that will and positive control mice were treated with diazepam be used to combat gastrointestinal disorders in (1 mg/kg). In the EPM test, out of pool of 19 master future[Siddhartha Debnath *, Debasis Biswas, Koushik fractions (MF) only MF-14, 16 and 17 significantly Ray and Debjani Guha [(S. N. Pradhan Centre for (30 mg/kg, p < 0.05, p < 0.01 and p < 0.001) Neurosciences, University of Calcutta, 244B A.J.C. increased the number of entries in the open arm. MF- Bose Road, Kolkata 700020, India, Defence Institute 14, 16 and 17 (10, 20 and 30 mg/kg) had also of Physiology & Allied Sciences, DRDO, Timarpur, increased the time spent by mice in illuminated part of Delhi 54, India), Phytomedicine,2011, 18(2-3), 91- the box significantly ( p < 0.05, p < 0.01 and 95]. p < 0.001), as compared to control. However, significant changes ( p < 0.05, p < 0.01 and p < 0.001) NPARR 2(1), 2011-0112, Anticonvulsant activity of were recorded in other parameters, e.g., rearing, time embelin isolated from Embelia ribes spent in the closed arm and dark zone in both the models. These results suggested that C. halicacabum Anticonvulsant activity of embelin (2.5, 5 and root is an effective anxiolytic agent. The 10 mg/kg, i.p.) was studied. It showed a significant phytoconstituent responsible for the observed central inhibition of the seizures induced by electroshock and effects was isolated from MF-14 and identified as pentylenetetrazole in a dose dependent manner and well-known compound, Cardiospermin, a cyanogenic the activity was comparable to phenytoin and glucoside [Rajesh Kumar *, G. Murugananthan, K. diazepam. Significant decrease in locomotion Nandakumar and Sahil Talwar (Department of revealing its CNS depressant activity was observed. Pharmacognosy, PES College of Pharmacy, 50 Feet The findings suggest that embelin possess Road, Hanumanthnagar, Bangalore, Karnataka, anticonvulsant activity against both grand mal and India), Phytomedicine, 2011, 18 (2-3), 219-223]. petit mal epilepsy [S. Mahendran*, B.S.

Vegetables 51

VEGETABLES various varieties of tomato fruit genetically developed by breeders might exhibit the desired quality or biomechanical characteristics, but at the same time, NPARR 2(1), 2011-0114, Fresh-cut broccoli florets might produce types of peel that do not always meet shelf-life as affected by packaging film mass the requirements of the canneries or the fresh-fruit transport properties market. The present study evaluated the morphology In this work, the influence of packaging film and mechanical characteristics of the fruit skin and its mass transport properties on the quality loss of fresh- integrated cuticular membranes, and determined their cut broccoli florets is addressed. The work was suitability for industrial processing and/or human divided into two subsequent experimental steps; first, consumption. The biomechanical and anatomical the selection of potential packaging films was carried properties of fruit peels of five tomato ( Lycopersicon out by monitoring the headspace gas concentrations in esculentum ) cultivars were investigated. The package of broccoli. Then, the mass transport mechanical properties of ripe tomato peel under axial properties of some previous selected films were tension were characterized by measuring strength, assessed on product shelf-life. To this aim, elastic modulus, failure stress, overall stiffness and unpackaged fresh-cut broccoli and intact broccoli degree of stiffening, by means of deformation and wrapped in polyvinyl chloride were used as controls. puncture testing of flat strip and circular disk samples, Headspace gas concentration, mass loss, sensorial respectively, with a Universal Testing Machine. Data quality and spoilage microbial growth were were collected by two testing methods for each peel monitored. The micro-perforated films were the most sample from up to 15 fruit of each of five cultivars. effective in reducing mass loss, wilting and The results were analyzed statistically to determine maintaining sensory quality for a longer period. In the instantaneous elastic strains, breaking stress particular, the micro-perforated film that had the (strength), and work of fracture the peels. The overall lowest OTR value showed the best performance in stiffness and the extent to which the stress–strain prolonging of the product shelf-life if compared to curve deviated from a straight line were calculated. either control samples and fresh-cut broccoli The results suggested a standard measure for each packaged in the non-perforated film. The results tomato variety, based on its mechanical integrity and highlighted that an approximately 50% shelf-life suitability for processing or fresh consumption increase of fresh-cut florets broccoli compared to [Amots Hetzroni, Arie Vana and Amos whole broccoli, and of about 30% respect to the Mizrach*(Institute of Agricultural Engineering, ARO, unpackaged fresh-cut produce was obtained [A. The Volcani Center, P.O. Box 6, Bet Dagan 50250, Lucera, C. Costa, M. Mastromatteo, A. Conte and Israel), Postharvest Biology and Technology , 2011, M.A. Del Nobile* (Istituto per la Ricerca e le 59 (1), 80-84]. Applicazioni Biotecnologiche per la Sicurezza e la Valorizzazione dei Prodotti Tipici e di Qualità, NPARR 2(1), 2011-0116, Viscoelasticity and BIOAGROMED, Via Napoli 52, 71122 Foggia, microstructure of inulin-enriched mashed Italy), Journal of Food Engineering , 2011, 102 (2), potatoes: Influence of freezing and cryoprotectants 122-129 ]. The effect of the addition of inulin (0%, 1.5%, 3%, 4.5% and 6%) on viscoelastic properties and NPARR 2(1), 2011-0115, Biomechanical microstructure of fresh and frozen/thawed mashed characteristics of tomato fruit peels potatoes (FMP and F/TMP, respectively) formulated Mechanical properties, such as strength and without and with added cryoprotectants (kappa- elasticity, of tomato peel (exocarp) are important in carrageenan ( κ-C) and xanthan gum (XG)) was fruit used both for industrial processing and for fresh investigated. Results showed that inulin concentration consumption, and, therefore, are also of vital interest was the factor that set the minor difference among to breeders. The food industries prefer peel to be thick most of rheological properties, firmness and overall and stiff for easy peeling, whereas consumers of fresh acceptability (OA) of the samples, whereas addition produce prefer thin, soft peel, for easy eating. The of κ-C and XG resulted in main differences between samples. Inulin effect on the thickening of the product 52 NAT PROD RESOUR REPOS, VOL. 2, NO. 1, 2011

was limited, which is mainly ascribed to a high this biopolymer blend to impart freeze/thaw stability heating temperature reached by the product during [M. Dolores Alvarez*, Cristina Fernández, M. Teresa manufacture process inducing inulin hydrolysis. FMP Solas and Wenceslao Canet (Department of Plant samples presented more rigid structure than their Foods Science and Technology, Instituto del Frío F/TMP counterparts, although either inulin (CSIC), José Antonio Novais 10, 28040 Madrid, concentration or processing had much less significant Spain), Journal of Food Engineering , 2011, 102 (1), effect on the viscoelasticity of the mashed potatoes 66-76]. containing cryoprotectants, evidencing the ability of

Wood 53

WOOD species was established at one relatively dry site in Niger, and evaluated at 13 years. Gross calorific value of the wood was determined for a random sample of NPARR 2(1), 2011-0117, Optimum stand density of trees in each test: gross CV and CVm 3 = gross Leucaena leucocephala for wood production in calorific value in MJ kg −1 and MJ m−3 , respectively. Andhra Pradesh, Southern India The major objectives were to determine if gross CV was positively correlated with wood density and tree Leucaena leucocephala is widely used as raw 3 material for the manufacture of paper and packaging growth, and if gross CV and/or CVm varied with material and in biomass based power plants in the rainfall gradients in the sample region. Provenances state of Andhra Pradesh, Southern India. Experiments were grouped into a drier and more humid zone, and were conducted to study the affect of tree density on correlations were computed among all trees and the growth, biomass partitioning and wood separately in each zone. Results indicated that gross productivity. Six treatments 1 × 1 m, 1.3 × 1.3 m, CV was not significantly correlated with density in 3 × 0.75 m, 3 × 1 m, 5 × 0.8 m and 3 × 2 m either species. Gross CV was positively correlated with growth of P. africana (but not B. aegyptiaca ) corresponding to a tree density of 10,000, 6666, 4444, 3 3333, 2500 and 1666 were evaluated with leucaena only in the drier zone. Gross CVm was positively variety K636. At 51 months after planting, spacings correlated with growth of both species, and the significantly influenced tree height, diameter at breast correlations were stronger in the drier zone. Multiple height (DBH), number of branches and biomass regressions with provenance latitude, longitude and partitioning. Wider tree rows resulted in greater tree elevation indicated that provenance means for gross CV increased, in general, from the drier to the more height and diameter growth resulting in higher per 3 plant productivity. At harvest, 70% of trees in 3 × 2 m humid zones. Regressions with gross CVm were not attained a diameter of more than 7.5 cm, while 35% significant. Results are compared with earlier research of the trees attained the same DBH in 1 × 1 m reports from the provenance/progeny tests and with spacing. Increased spacing levels decreased the other tropical hardwood species; and practical relative amount of growth allocated to the bole of the implications are presented for tree improvement and tree. Marketable biomass yield was highest with conservation programs in the region [Carmen Sotelo 1 × 1 m spacing. Spacing of 3 × 0.75 m produced Montes*, Dimas Agostinho da Silva, Rosilei A. Garcia, Graciela Inês Bolzón de Muñiz , and John C. marketable biomass comparable to that of 1 × 1 m and greater proportion of stems with more than 5 cm Weber (World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Sahel diameter. Leucaena can be grown at 3 × 0.75 m Office, B.P. E 5118 Bamako, Mali), Biomass and spacing either for pulpwood or fuelwood depending Bioenergy, 2011, 35 (1), 346-353]. on the prevailing market prices and demand [J.V.N.S. Prasad* ,, G.R. Korwar, K.V. Rao, U.K. Mandal, NPARR 2(1), 2011-0119, Extraction of condensed G.R.Rao, I. Srinivas, B. Venkateswarlu, S.N. Rao and tannins from grape pomace for use as wood H.D. Kulkarni (Central Research Institute for Dryland adhesives Agriculture, Santoshnagar, Hyderabad-500059, The extraction of condensed tannins from grape India), Biomass and Bioenergy, 2011, 35(1), 227- pomace was examined using a mixture water–sodium 235]. hydroxide at 120 °C. The extracts were characterized by solution 13 C NMR and have showed characteristic NPARR 2(1), 2011-0118, Calorific value of Prosopis consistent with that of condensed tannins with africana and Balanites aegyptiaca wood: dominant procyanidin units. The tannin fractions Relationships with tree growth, wood density and reactivity toward formaldehyde was studied by gel rainfall gradients in the West African Sahel time analysis and thermomechanical analysis in Prosopis africana and Balanites aegyptiaca are bending. It has been demonstrated that the extracts native tree species in the West African Sahel and obtained by using 10% of NaOH (w/w) displayed promising properties for adhesive applications [Lan provide wood for fuel, construction and other ,,, essential products. A provenance/progeny test of each Ping*, Nicolas Brosse LaurentChrusciel, Paola Navarrete and Antonio Pizzi (College of Wood 54 NAT PROD RESOUR REPOS, VOL. 2, NO. 1, 2011

Science and Technology, Nanjing Forestry the untreated samples failed after 3-month of outdoor University, Nanjing 210037, China), Industrial Crops exposure. Treated specimens exposed for 12-month and Products, 2011, 33 (1), 253-257]. had the MOE, MOR, and compression strength values of 14,253 N/mm 2, 101.3 N/mm 2, and 34.63 N/mm 2, NPARR 2(1), 2011-0120, Effect of outdoor exposure respectively. Surface quality of both treated and on some properties of resin-treated plybamboo untreated samples was adversely influenced as the function of outdoor exposure time, based on The objective of this investigation was to numerical values obtained from a stylus type evaluate some of the physical and mechanical equipment. Overall properties of treated samples properties of resin-treated plywood type panels tested in work resulted in higher values than those of manufactured from bamboo strips ( Gigantochloa untreated samples. It appears that resin impregnation scortechinii ). Experimental plybamboo samples were could be considered as an alternative method to made from low molecular weight phenol enhance the characteristics of plybamboo exposed to formaldehyde (LMwPF) treated bamboo strips. They environmental conditions as can be concluded from were exposed to outdoor condition ranging from 1 to the results of this study [U.M.K. Anwar* , Salim 12 months. Modulus of elasticity (MOE), modulus of Hiziroglu, H. Hamdan , and M. Abd.Latif (Forest rupture (MOR), compression strength, and surface Products Division, Forest Research Institute Malaysia, roughness of treated and untreated samples were 52109 Kepong, Malaysia), Industrial Crops and evaluated. Resin impregnated samples had the highest Products , 2011, 33 (1), 140-145 bending and compression strength properties. While

Cultivation 55

OTHERS (incl. Cultivation, parameters on picking properties for chamomile Distribution, New species, Post harvest flowers ( Matricaria recutita ) Technologies, Packaging Technology, Tools in the form of a comb are generally used New technologies/Know How to harvest chamomile flowers. The combs can be Developed, Book reviews, Forthcoming hand-operated or machine-based. To achieve good events) picking quality and low losses, the comb parameters have to be optimized. In this paper, the influence of comb thickness (0.5 mm, 1.0 mm and 2 mm) and the CULTIVATION shape of the gap between the tines (3 variants) on picking force and remaining stalk length was NPARR 2(1), 2011-0121, Global warming has been investigated for German chamomile ( Matricaria affecting some morphological characters of recutita ) under lab conditions. To ensure that the Pistachio trees ( Pistacia vera L.) stalks glide along the gap to the ground of the picking blade, the inclination angle was adjusted to be 45° Climate changes have already affected species from the blade plane in the direction of movement. distribution shifts in many parts of the world. The For each of the 9 variants, 100 breaking tests were data, on which this research is based on, were performed. To estimate the breaking force, a specific collected and studied in Kerman province. The tensile force measuring instrument was used. The meteorology data were on four months (December, mean breaking strength of the stalks for the January, February and March) from 1991 until 2008 investigated 9 variants ranged from 3.62 N mm −2 to and the phenology data were on six pistachio cultivars 4.66 N mm −2 . In about 50% of the tests, the comb that were ranked in three groups: early flowering, mid parameters had no influence because stalks broke flowering and late flowering collected during the outside of the contact point with the comb at the summers in the following years: 1997, from 2001 weakest section of the stalk. In conclusion, the until 2005 and 2007. The evaluated factors included picking quality of involved test blades was partially leaf area, normal and abnormal leaves. The results influenced by the thickness of the blade, the shape of showed the mean temperature in March has the gap between the teeth and substantially by the significantly increased during the monitored period strength of the individual chamomile stalks [Detlef and that fluctuations between the years have increased Ehlert*, Rolf Adamek, Antje Giebel and Hans- since 1999, in December, January and February. The Juergen Horn (Leibniz-Institute for Agricultural abnormality of the leaves in early and late flowering Engineering Potsdam-Bornim e.V, Max-Eyth-Allee cultivars had the negative correlation with the mean 100, 14469 Potsdam, Germany), Industrial Crops and temperature measured in December during the Products, 2011, 33(1), 242-247]. monitored period of time and that the mid flowering cultivars had the positive correlation with the mean NPARR 2(1), 2011-0123, Foliar application of temperature measured in February during that same chitosan activates artemisinin biosynthesis in period of time. The changes of leaf area on Artemisia annua Linn. Ahamadaghaei cultivar were less than in other cultivars but Kallehghoochi and Akbari had the There has been much interest in artemisinin highest range which can probably be used as a good owing to its excellent activity against malaria, an marker for determining effects of temperature infectious disease threatening the tropical world. changes in winter on the production level [Amanollah However, the low artemisinin content (0.01–0.8%, Javanshah (Horticulture Department, Iran Pistachio DW) in Artemisia annua , which is the only Research Institute, P. O. Box 77175/435, Rafsanjani, commercial source of artemisinin, makes artemisinin Iran), African Journal of Agricultural Research , 2010, expensive to produce and not yet available on a global 5(24), 3394-3401]. scale. Here we show that foliar application of 100 mg l−1 chitosan improved artemisinin NPARR 2(1), 2011-0122, Influence of comb biosynthesis in A. annua . The content of 56 NAT PROD RESOUR REPOS, VOL. 2, NO. 1, 2011

dihydroartemisinic acid and artemisinin in chitosan- germinated in dark for 3 days and explants cultured in treated leaves increased by 72% and 53% compared light, gave the best regeneration frequency (over with control values, respectively. Chitosan induced 95%). The results also suggest that reducing the + − + the expression of ADS and DBR2, which could content of NH 4 or keeping a suitable NO 3 /NH 4 ratio explain the increase in level of artemisinic in the regeneration medium would be crucial to metabolites. After chitosan treatment, the amounts of Crambe shoot regeneration [Xueyuan Li, Annelie − hydrogen peroxide (H 2O2) and superoxide anion (O 2 ) Ahlman, Helén Lindgren and Li-Hua Zhu* in leaves of A. annua were 1.4 and 3.0 times higher (Department of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, than those of the control, respectively. Accumulation Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box of reactive oxygen species (ROS) probably 102, 230 53 Alnarp, Sweden), Industrial Crops and accelerated the conversion of dihydroartemisinic acid Products , 2011, 33 (1), 170-175]. to artemisinin. Foliar application of 100 mg l−1 chitosan had no harmful effect on A. annua growth. NPARR 2(1), 2011-0125, In vitro regeneration from The simple method described here could be an petiole explants of non-toxic Jatropha curcas effective method to improve artemisinin production in A. annua field cultivation [Caiyan Lei, Dongming Jatropha curcas , a multipurpose shrub has Ma, Gaobin Pu, Xiaofang Qiu, Zhigao Du, Hong acquired significant economic potential as biodiesel Wang*, Guofeng Li, Hechun Ye and Benye Liu (Key plant. The seeds or pressed cake is toxic due to the Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Environmental presence of toxic substances and is not useful as Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, The food/fodder despite having the best protein Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanxincun 20, composition. A simple, efficient, and reproducible Haidian District, Beijing 100093, China), Industrial method for plant regeneration through direct Crops and Products , 2011, 33 (1), 176-182]. organogenesis from petiole explants of non-toxic J. curcas was developed using Murashige and Skoog NPARR 2(1), 2011-0124, Highly efficient in vitro (MS) medium supplemented with different regeneration of the industrial oilseed crop Crambe concentrations of thidiazuron (TDZ). The best abyssinica induction of shoot buds (57.61%), and number of shoot buds (4.98) per explant were obtained when in A highly efficient regeneration protocol for vitro petiole explants were placed horizontally on MS oilseed crop Crambe abyssinica has been developed medium supplemented with 2.27 M TDZ. The using hypocotyls as explants in this study. Crambe is Induced shoot buds were transferred to MS medium a potential engineering oilseed crop for industrial containing 10 M kinetin (Kn), 4.5 M 6-benzyl purposes as it contains 55–60% erucic acid in its oil aminopurine (BA), and 5.5 M α-naphthaleneacetic and, more importantly, it does not outcross with any acid (NAA) for shoot proliferation and subsequent food oil seed crops. However, the low regeneration elongation was achieved on MS medium frequency with the currently available protocols is supplemented with 2.25 M BA and 8.5 M IAA. still a limiting factor for genetic modification of The elongated shoots could be rooted on half-strength Crambe . In this study, we investigated the effects of MS medium with 15 M IBA, 11.4 M IAA and N-source, C-source, AgNO 3, cultural conditions as 5.5 M NAA with more than 90% survival rate well as the concentration and combination of plant [Nitish Kumar*, K.G. Vijay Anand and Muppala P. growth regulators (PGR) on the regeneration Reddy (Discipline of Wasteland Research, Central frequency of C. abyssinica . The results showed that Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute, all these factors, especially the N-source and PGR Bhavnagar, Gujarat 364002, India), Industrial Crops concentrations and combinations, played an important and Products , 2011, 33 (1), 146-151]. role in shoot regeneration. Among all the factors tested, the combination of using hypocotyls from C. NPARR 2(1), 2011-0126, Impact of intercropping of abyssinica cv. galactica, the Lepiovre basal medium medicinal and aromatic plants with organic −1 −1 supplemented with 16 g l glucose, 0.5 g l AgNO 3, farming approach on resource use efficiency in −1 −1 2.2 mg l thidiazuron (TDZ), 0.5 mg l α- arecanut ( Areca catechu Linn.) plantation in India naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), 2.5 g l−1 Gelrite, seeds

Cultivation 57

The present investigation was conducted at Increasing NaCl levels to 75 mM reduced Vittal, Karnataka, India during 2004–2007 to study significantly the fruit yield by 36%. The essential oil the feasibility of intercropping of medicinal and yield was 0.30%, based on the dry weight; it increased aromatic plants (MAPs) in arecanut plantation. The by 77% and 84% at 50 and 75 mM NaCl, results revealed that MAPs can be successfully grown respectively, in comparison to the control. The major as intercrops in arecanut plantation with increased constituents were linalool and camphor, whose productivity and net income per unit area. Kernel amounts increased with increasing NaCl equivalent yield of MAPs varied between 272 kg ha −1 concentrations. Antioxidant activities of the methanol in case of Piper longum to 1218 kg ha −1 in extracts were determined by three different test Cymbopogon flexuosus . Pooled data indicated that systems, namely DPPH, β-carotene/linoleic acid and Asparagus racemosus produced fresh root yield of reducing power assays. In these three test systems, the 10,666 kg ha −1 of arecanut plantation and contributed highest activity was exhibited in control plants and to maximum kernel equivalent yield of 1524 kg ha −1 was reduced significantly with increasing NaCl levels. among all medicinal and aromatic plants. In control plants, the total phenolic amount was Intercropping of MAPs in arecanut was found 1.04 mg GAE/g DW which decreased by 43% and economical. The net return per rupee investment was 66% at 50 and 75 mM NaCl, respectively [Manel highest in C. flexuosus (4.25) followed by Bacopa Neffati*, Jazia Sriti, Ghaïth Hamdaoui, Mohamed monnieri (3.64), Ocimum basilicum (3.46) and Elyes Kchouk and Brahim Marzouk (Aromatic and Artemisia pallens (3.12). The total system Medicinal Plants Unit, Biotechnologic Centre Borj- productivity of arecanut + MAPs intercropping Cedria Technopark, B.P. 901, 2050 Hammam-Lif, system varied from 2990 to 4144 kg ha −1 . Tunisia), Food Chemistry , 2011, 124 (1), 221-225]. Arecanut + O. basilicum intercropping system registered significantly higher production efficiency NPARR 2(1), 2011-0128, Effect of cultural system −1 −1 8.2 kg ha day than other systems. Intercropping of and storage temperature on antioxidant capacity MAPs had more positive effect on soil pH in arecanut and phenolic compounds in strawberries based cropping system. The soil pH was 5.6 in 2004 and it was 0.3–0.9 units higher in 2007. Soil organic The effects of cultural systems and storage carbon (SOC) content varied significantly due to temperatures on antioxidant enzyme activities and non- intercropping of MAPs at the end of experiment. The enzyme antioxidant components in two cultivars SOC content increased in Aloe vera , A. pallens , P. (‘Earliglow’ and ‘Allstar’) of strawberries were longum and B. monnieri , while it depleted in grasses investigated. Fruit samples were hand-harvested from and rhizomatic MAPs. Based on demand and organic and conventional farms in Maryland, USA, and marketing opportunities for MAPs, farmers are were stored at 10, 5 and 0 °C. The results from this study advised to grow aromatic plants in large areas on a showed that strawberries grown from organic culture community basis to meet huge industrial demand and exhibited generally higher activities in antioxidant variety of medicinal crops in small areas to meet the enzymes. Moreover, the organic culture also produced fruits with higher level of antioxidant contents. requirement of traditional systems of medicine [S. Strawberries stored at higher temperature (10 °C) had Sujatha*, Ravi Bhat, C. Kannan and D. Balasimha higher activities of antioxidant enzymes and antioxidant (Central Plantation Crops Research Institute, Regional capacities than those stored at lower temperatures (0 or Station, Vittal 574 243, Karnataka, India), Industrial 5 °C), in both organic and conventional cultural systems. Crops and Products, 2011, 33 (1), 78-83]. In conclusion, strawberries produced from organic culture contained significantly higher antioxidant NPARR 2(1), 2011-0127, Salinity impact on fruit capacities and flavonoid contents than those produced yield, essential oil composition and antioxidant from conventional culture, and even though low storage activities of C oriandrum sativum fruit extracts temperatures retarded decay, they also reduced the This study is designed to examine the fruit increase in antioxidant activities [Peng Jin, Shiow Y. essential oil composition, the total phenolic amounts Wang, Chien Y. Wang*and Yonghua Zheng (Food and the antioxidant activities in methanolic extracts of Quality Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705, Coriandrum sativum under saline conditions. USA), Food Chemistry, 2011, 124 (1), 262-270]. 58 NAT PROD RESOUR REPOS, VOL. 2, NO. 1, 2011

POSTHARVEST TECHNOLOGIES maintaining sensory quality for a longer period. In particular, the micro-perforated film that had the lowest OTR value showed the best performance in NPARR 2(1), 2011-0129, Effect of different harvest prolonging of the product shelf-life if compared to methods on olive yield and work capacity either control samples and fresh-cut broccoli In this research, olives were harvested by four packaged in the non-perforated film. The results different methods (wood rake, wood stick, mechanical highlighted that an approximately 50% shelf-life bough shaker + wood stick and electronic harvesting increase of fresh-cut florets broccoli compared to rake + wood stick) and an effort was made to whole broccoli, and of about 30% respect to the determine their effect on olive yield. From the data unpackaged fresh-cut produce was obtained [A. Lucera, C. Costa, M. Mastromatteo, A. Conte and obtained during a two year period, the method with the highest work capacity was determined to be the M.A. Del Nobile* (Istituto per la Ricerca e le third method (mechanical bough shaker + wood Applicazioni Biotecnologiche per la Sicurezza e la stick), and the lowest work capacity was obtained Valorizzazione dei Prodotti Tipici e di Qualità, from the first method (wood rake). When the average BIOAGROMED, Via Napoli 52, 71122 Foggia, work capacities for two years are examined, the Italy), Journal of Food Engineering , 2011, 102 (2), highest work capacity was obtained for the 3rd 122-129]. method (51.53 kg/man hour), followed by the 2nd method (31.43 kg/man hour), 4th method (28.01 NPARR 2(1), 2011-0131, Effects of passive and kg/man hour) and the 1st method (19.19 kg/man active modified atmosphere packaging conditions hour), respectively. When the yield averages for two on ready-to-eat table grape years are examined, the highest yield was obtained for The effects of passive and active modified the 3rd method (21.64 kg), followed by the 4th atmosphere packaging conditions (MAP) on quality method (14.06 kg), 2nd method (13.64 kg) and 1st of packaged table grape were investigated. To this method (19.19 kg), respectively [G. Cicek*, S. K. aim, three films made up of oriented polypropylene Sumer and H. Kocabiyik (Department of Agricultural and characterized by a different thickness (20, 40 and Machinery, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, 80 m, respectively) were used to package the grape 17020 Canakkale, Turkey), African Journal of in air (passive MAP) and under three different initial Agricultural Research 2010, 5(23), 3246-3250]. headspace gas compositions (active MAP). As controls, grape samples were also stored without NPARR 2(1), 2011-0130, Fresh-cut broccoli florets packaging. During a prolonged storage period at shelf-life as affected by packaging film mass refrigerated temperature (5 °C) the headspace gas transport properties concentrations, the mass loss, the microbiological In this work, the influence of packaging film stability and the sensory acceptability were mass transport properties on the quality loss of fresh- monitored. Results obtained highlight that all selected cut broccoli florets is addressed. The work was packaging films significantly prevent product decay, divided into two subsequent experimental steps; first, thus promoting a substantial shelf life prolongation, if the selection of potential packaging films was carried compared to the unpackaged product. In particular, out by monitoring the headspace gas concentrations in the best results were recorded with the thickest package of broccoli. Then, the mass transport polymeric matrix sealed in air, that assured a shelf life properties of some previous selected films were more than 70 days. The active MAPs were not found assessed on product shelf-life. To this aim, significant for a shelf life prolongation, due to the fast unpackaged fresh-cut broccoli and intact broccoli equilibrium of gas reached in the bags and due to a wrapped in polyvinyl chloride were used as controls. more pronounced product dehydration [C. Costa, A. Headspace gas concentration, mass loss, sensorial Lucera, A. Conte, M. Mastromatteo, B. Speranza, A. quality and spoilage microbial growth were Antonacci and M.A. Del Nobile *( Istituto per la monitored. The micro-perforated films were the most Ricerca e le Applicazioni Biotecnologiche per la effective in reducing mass loss, wilting and Sicurezza e la Valorizzazione dei Prodotti Tipici e di Qualità, BIOAGROMED, Università degli Studi di

Postharvest Technology 59

Foggia, Via Napoli, 25 – 71100 Foggia, Italy), with the exception of vacuum packaging (score 5, Journal of Food Engineering, 2011, 102 (2), 115-121]. fair/poor, on a 1–9 scale), due to water loss (about 4%) colour loss and a glassy appearance. In general, NPARR 2(1), 2011-0132, Flavonoids changes in after storage in the dark, a slight increase in flavonols fresh-cut onions during storage in different was observed, whereas a clear decrease in the packaging systems relatively low amounts of anthocyanins was evident. However, the best performance was obtained when Consumers demand healthy, natural and fresh the more transparent polystyrene cups were stored foods, which require only a minimum amount of under light. Both types of flavonoids increased, with effort and time for preparation. This was the reason an enhanced increase of total flavonols by 58%, and for comparing the effects of different mild an increase in total anthocyanins of 39% [M.R. Pérez- preservation technologies on onion flavonoids. Gregorio, M.S. García-Falcón and J. Simal- Onions were minimally processed to produce fresh- Gándara*(Nutrition and Bromatology Group, sliced onions, which were packed either in closed Analytical and Food Chemistry Department, Faculty plastic cups or under vacuum conditions, taking into of Food Science and Technology, Ourense Campus, account the effect of light exposure. In all cases, the University of Vigo, E-32004 Ourense, Spain), Food commodity was acceptable after the storage period, Chemistry, 2011, 124 (2), 652-658].

60 NAT PROD RESOUR REPOS, VOL. 2, NO. 1, 2011

Book Review

Advances in Natural Products: Importance in Health and Economy, Edited by Zaheer Ahmed and Ahsana Dar, Daya Publishing House, Delhi- 110 035, India, 2008, Hardbound, ISBN : 10-81- 7035-530-3; ISBN: 13 978-81-7035-530-4; Price: $27.00, Pages : 250

Natural products, including plants, animals and minerals have been the basis of treatment of human diseases and have been exploited for human use for thousands of years. Plants used in traditional medicine have provided lead references to encourage further clinical and pharmacological studies. By utilizing modern techniques many biologically active constituents from natural sources have been isolated and characterized.

The developing world is performing extensive work in identifying enormous natural resources which can be exploited to produce herbal medicines for the treatment of deadly ailments. There has been a renewed interest in natural product research throughout the world. India being a reservoir of biodiversity and natural resources has great scope to work on natural molecules. The Non-Aligned and other countries are carrying out technical and scientific cooperation programmers of mutual benefit.

The publication contains chapters on the recent developments in natural products research related fields through a collection of 25 selected papers discussed during the International Workshop on Natural products, Drugs, Pharmaceuticals and Nutraceuticals for the benefit of mankind held in Karachi, Pakistan, during 10-19 February, 2006.

The papers have been classified in three major parts, viz. scientific studies on medicinal herbs, aproaches towards the development of useful products from natural products and status of herbal medicines and botanical in different countries. Detailed papers have been included in respective parts as separate chapters. Some interesting ones are: Investigation and Development of New Medicines from the Biodiversity: An Urgent Necessity in Developing Countries, Role of a Poly Herbal Formulation in the Prevention and Management of Coronary Heart Disease, Importance of Ethnobotany in Nature-based Drug Discovery, Enhancing Domestic Drug Production Capacity in Developing Countries: Approaches, Prospects and Constraints, etc.

The material presented herein would surely serve as a valuable reference material for the professionals and the persons who are actively involved in research and application of natural products as drugs, pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals. The hardbound, attractive cover and good printing quality has made this book a handy reference book for further research

Dr (Mrs.) Sunita Garg

NAT PROD RESOUR REPOS, VOL. 2, NO. 1, 2011 61

Forthcoming Conferences, Seminars, Exhibitions and Trainings

1. 9th Asian Fisheries and Aquaculture Forum, 21 to 25 April 2011, Shanghai, China; Website: http://www.9afaf.org

2. International Conference on Environmental and Agriculture Engineering (ICEAE 2011), 29 to 31 July 2011, Chengdu, China; Website: http://www.iceae.org/

3. 12th International Coral Reef Symposium, 9 to 13 July 2012, Cairns, Queensland, Australia; Website: http://www.icrs2012.com

4. Innovative and Modern Technologies for Agricultural Productivity, Food Security and Environmental Management, 21 & 22 April 2011, Hotel Bari International, B/6, N-4 Area, IRC Village, Bhubaneswar 741015, Odisha, Website: http://www.gugly.org/GCBR- SAB%202011/About%20Symposium.htm

5. Krishi-Dhan Conference, 28 to 30 April 2011 Mumbai, Maharashtra, India Website: http://www.teriin.org/events/krishidhan

6. 16th World Congress on Clinical Nutrition, 10 to 13 September 2011, New Delhi, India , Website: http://16thwccnindia.com

7. 6th International Congress on Cardiovascular Diseases (6th ICCD), 11 to 13 September 2011, New Delhi, Delhi, India; Website: http://www.iccsk.org/events.htm

8. International Conference on Bioresources and Human Sustenance, 20 to 22 October 2011, Guwahati, Assam, India; Website: http://www.zsa.org.in/RCR%20Seminar_final.pdf

9. International congress on Life Science, 10 to 13 November 2011, AMBAJI, Gujarat, India , Website: http://lsic.blogspot.com/

10. 4th International Congress of Environmental Research (ICER-11), 15 to 18 December 2011, Surat, Gujarat, India, Website: http://www.icer11.jerad.org

11. The International Congress on Science and Technology, 16 to 18 December 2011, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India, Website: http://sites.google.com/site/intcongressonsciandtech/

12. National Conference on Environment and Biodiversity of India, 20 to 22 December 2011, New Delhi, Delhi, India, Website: http://www.neceer.org.in/p/national-conference-ebi-2011.html

62 NAT PROD RESOUR REPOS, VOL. 2, NO. 1, 2011

Announcements

Original research Papers and Reviews on topics dealt within this repository are invited for publication in peer reviewed, quarterly journal (March, June, September and December), Indian Journal of Natural Products and Resources (Formerly known as Natural Product Radiance). For details visit [email protected]. The papers may be sent to Dr (Mrs) Sunita Garg, Editor or to Mrs Parmod Singla, Associate Editor, Periodicals Division, National Institute of Science Communication and Information Resources (NISCAIR), CSIR, Dr K. S. Krishnan Marg (Inside Pusa Campus). New Delhi-110012; Phone: (091)-11-25846001, (091)-11-25846304-07, Ext.258, 255. Fax: (091)-11-2584 7062. E-mail: [email protected] ; [email protected] ; [email protected]