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Índice General Índice De Figuras ÍNDICE GENERAL ÍNDICE DE FIGURAS ................................................................................................ IV ÍNDICE TABLAS Y CUADROS .................................................................................. V DEDICATORIA .......................................................................................................... VI AGRADECIMIENTOS ............................................................................................... VII DATOS BIOGRÁFICOS ............................................................................................ IX RESUMEN GENERAL ................................................................................................ X ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................... XI CAPÍTULO 1 .................................................................................................................12 INTRODUCCIÓN GENERAL ........................................................................................12 Objetivo general .......................................................................................................15 Objetivos específicos ..............................................................................................15 CAPÍTULO 2 .................................................................................................................16 MARCO CONCEPTUAL ............................................................................................16 2.1 Antecedentes .....................................................................................................16 2.2 Zona de Estudio .................................................................................................18 2.3 Cercopidos .......................................................................................................21 2.3.1 Ocoaxos ........................................................................................................22 2.4 Amplificación de ADN por PCR .........................................................................25 2.4.1 Herramientas moleculares aplicadas al estudio de la diversidad....................25 CAPÍTULO 3 .................................................................................................................27 Contribution to Biology of Pine Spittlebug Ocoaxo assimilis (Hemiptera: Cercopidae) .................................................................................................................27 3.1 Abstract ..............................................................................................................28 3.2 Introduction ........................................................................................................29 3.3 Methodology .......................................................................................................33 3.4 Results ................................................................................................................41 3.5 Discussion ..........................................................................................................58 3.6 Acknowledgments ............................................................................................. 59 3.7 References Cited ................................................................................................64 3.8 Supplementary Data ..........................................................................................73 CONCLUSIONES GENERALES ...............................................................................75 LITERATURA CITADA ..............................................................................................76 ÍNDICE DE FIGURAS Figura 1 Huevos de O. cardonai. ……………………………………...……….……………..18 Figura 2 Mapa de localización………………………………………………..……...……….19 Figura 3 Adulto de Ocoaxo assimilis alimentándose en acículas de Pinus pseudostrobus var. apulcensis (Lindley) Martínez ……………………………………………………...…….24 Figuras 4-6 Male of O. assimilis..……………………………………….…….............42 Figura 7 Phylogenetic tree resulting from ML analysis of cytochrome oxidase I (COI). Bootstrap values after 1,000 pseudoreplicates are indicated at the nodes…………………………………………………………………….……………………...43 Figura 8 Principal components analysis………...……………….……………………45 Figura 9 Principal coordinate analysis…………………………...……………..……..45 Figuras 10-14 Body color patterns ventral view …………………………………......46 Figuras 15-19 Development wings, lateral and dorsal views.…………..…………..46 Figuras 20-23 Development wings, lateral and dorsal views by SEM.…...………..47 Figuras 24-31 Antennal development by SEM……………..…...…....………………48 Figuras 32-35 Changes in the metatarsi s and metatarsi spines. Ms, Metatarsi spines; Mt, Metatarsi; Pu, Pulvillo and Cl Claw ………….…….…………………………………...…49 Figuras 36-37 Genital plates. ……………………………….…….……………………52 Figuras 38-45 Development of the oral apparatus………..……….…….……………53 Figura 46 Location map …………….…………………………………………...……..54 Figura 47 Preference of arboreal host. ……………………..…….……………………..….58 Figuras S1-S8………………………………..…………………………………………...…….73 Figura S9 Climatic variables and abundance of nymphs of O. assimilis..……………...….74 ÍNDICE TABLAS Y CUADROS Tabla 1 Clasificación Taxonómica de O. asimilis. (Paladini et. al., 2018)…………23 Tabla 2 Morphometric characters of nymphs of O. assimilis. Data distribution: (*) Normal, (L) Left, (R) Right and (B) bimodal…………………………………………..50 Tabla 3 Weather conditions related to the appearance of nymphs and adults of O. assimilis during the year 2018…………………..………….………………………….55 DEDICATORIA A Dios por brindarme la vida y fuerza para seguir logrando mis metas. A mis hijos, Fátima Itzayana Gómez Cid y a mis dos angelitos que desde el cielo me cuidan y protegen, los amo hijos. A mis padres Isabel Muñoz Cid y Pedro Cid Muñoz por su apoyo incondicional, amor y paciencia, por enseñarme a nunca darme por vencida y luchar por mis sueños. A mi hermana Teresa Cid Muñoz por su apoyo en este proceso. A mi hermano (José Ignacio Cid Muñoz), tíos (Vicente, José, Lucila, Víctor, Silvia, Raymundo), primos (Deysi, Cristina, Jesús, Rafael) y demás familia por sus palabras de aliento y apoyo. A mis amigos: Jeraldine, Margarita, Suri, Ara, Gabo, Rosy, Ranulfo, Danny, Aldo, Norberto, Mariana, Aide y Alexander por sus consejos y paciencia. A mis ex alumnos: Gerardo Ángel, Herme, Luis, Andrés, Gerardo, Yazmin, Juan Carlos, Patricia, Alejandra y Jenny por sus porras y consejos. A mis compañeras de trabajo en UNAM: Monse, Jazmin y Alba. Y a todas y todos los que estuvieron involucrados voluntaria o involuntariamente en este trabajo. “Uno logra todo lo que se propone y por lo que lucha, aun que el proceso no es fácil y a veces quieres tirar la toalla al final te das cuenta que todo valió la pena”. Raquel Cid Muñoz VI AGRADECIMIENTOS Al Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología por la beca otorgada para la continuidad de mi preparación académica. A la Dirección General de Investigación y Posgrado por su financiamiento parcial para la realización de esta investigación. A la Coordinación de la Maestría en Ciencias en Ciencias Forestales, Dra. Ma. Amparo Borja y la Sra. Magaly por su apoyo. A la Dra. Emma Estrada Martínez por su apoyo en la identificación de las plantas asociadas a Ocoaxo assimilis. Al Dr. Francisco Rosas Hernández por los reactivos y equipos de laboratorio facilitados para la extracción de DNA durante la huelga y por los especímenes de mosca pinta. Al C. Moisés Contreras Hernández por permitirme realizar las colectas en su propiedad. Al Dr. José Luis Rodríguez de la O, Dr. Alejandro Monterroso Rivas, M. en C. Uriel M. Barrera Ruiz, Dr. Omar Alejandro Pérez Vera, Dr. Miguel Arcángel Rodríguez Yam, Dra. Adriana Avalos Vargas y Dra. Yolanda Franco Islas por sus conocimientos brindados. A las técnicas Lolita y Gisela, por su apoyo durante la realización de mis experimentos en toda mi estancia en el posgrado. A María Berenit Mendoza Garfias, Susana Guzmán, Laura Márquez y Nelly López, de los laboratorios de Microscopia y Fotografía de la Biodiversidad I y II y VII del laboratorio de Secuenciación Genómica de la Biodiversidad y de la Salud, LANABIO, por su apoyo en esta investigación. Y, por último, pero no menos importante a los miembros de mi comité: Dr. David Cibrián Tovar, Dra. Ernestina Valadez Moctezuma, Dr. Francisco Armendáriz Toledano y Dr. Antonio Villanueva Morales por su apoyo, paciencia y conocimientos brindados a lo largo de mi maestría y en la realización de este documento. A todos y todas mil gracias. “Si he visto más lejos es porque estoy sentado sobre los hombros de gigantes” Isaac Newton VIII DATOS BIOGRÁFICOS Raquel Cid Muñoz nació el 27 de marzo de 1987 en Nicolás Bravo, Puebla. Estudio su bachillerato en la Preparatoria Federal por Cooperación “Gilberto Martínez Gutiérrez” Área Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, en 2009 ingresa a la Universidad Tecnológica de Tehuacán en donde obtiene los títulos de Técnico Superior Universitario en Agrobiotecnología y el de Ingeniero en Biotecnología. En 2012 colaboró en el proyecto de investigación “El potencial biotecnológico de la diversidad microbiana en la agricultura y alimentos” en la Universidad Tecnológica de la Selva, realizando la colecta, aislamiento, purificación y pruebas fisicoquímicas a bacterias de los géneros Burkholdelia spp., Azospirillum spp, y algunas bacterias acido lácticas, así como la inoculación y evaluación de los beneficios de Azospirillum spp. en maíces criollos de la región Selva del estado
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