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Univerza V Mariboru Fakulteta Za Strojništvo UNIVERZA V MARIBORU FAKULTETA ZA STROJNIŠTVO Primož VERONIK ANALIZIRANJE OHIŠJA MOTORNEGA KOLESA Magistrsko delo študijskega programa 2. stopnje Strojništvo Maribor, december 2017 ANALIZIRANJE OHIŠJA MOTORNEGA KOLESA Magistrsko delo Študent(ka): Primož VERONIK Študijski program: študijski program 2. stopnje Strojništvo Smer: Konstrukterstvo Mentor: doc. dr. Boštjan HARL Somentor: izr. prof. dr. Marko KEGL Maribor, december 2017 I Z J A V A Podpisani Primož Veronik, izjavljam, da: je magistrsko delo rezultat lastnega raziskovalnega dela, predloženo delo v celoti ali v delih ni bilo predloženo za pridobitev kakršnekoli izobrazbe po študijskem programu druge fakultete ali univerze, so rezultati korektno navedeni, nisem kršil-a avtorskih pravic in intelektualne lastnine drugih, soglašam z javno dostopnostjo magistrskega dela v Knjižnici tehniških fakultet ter Digitalni knjižnici Univerze v Mariboru, v skladu z Izjavo o istovetnosti tiskane in elektronske verzije zaključnega dela. Maribor,_____________________ Podpis: ________________________ II ZAHVALA Zahvaljujem se mentorjema doc. dr. Boštjanu Harlu in izr. prof. dr. Marku Keglu za pomoč in vodenje pri opravljanju magistrskega dela. Zahvaljujem se tudi mami, ki me je podpirala skozi celotni cikel izobraževanja. Sestri Karolini in dekletu Petri za pomoč in moralno podporo. III ANALIZIRANJE OHIŠJA MOTORNEGA KOLESA Ključne besede: motocross enosledna vozila, analiziranje, okvir, metoda končnih elementov. UDK: 39.4:629.326.023(043.2) POVZETEK Naloga obsega analiziranje okvirja enoslednega motocross motocikla. Najprej bodo predstavljeni sklopi in delovanje sestavnih delov motocikla. Prikazani bodo izrisani virtualni modeli, ki smo jih uporabili pri analizi okvirja. Izračunane spremenljivke, ki smo jih potrebovali pri numeričnemu preračunu. Opravljena bo trdnostna analiza okvirja motocikla. Analizirani bodo statični in kvazi-statični primeri. Najprej je analizirana statična analiza, pri kateri voznik sedi na motociklu. Nadaljuje se analiziranje, pri maksimalnem pospeševanju. Pri tej analizi bomo upoštevali, da v enem primeru voznik sedi in v drugem stoji. V zadnjem primeru nas je zanimala razporeditev napetosti in pomikov, pri vožnji upravljalca skozi ovinek. IV ANALYZING HOUSING MOTORCYCLE Key words: motocross motorcycle, analyzing, housing, method of final elements UDK: 39.4:629.326.023(043.2) ABSTRACT The work contains the analysis of the housing of a motocross motorcycle. At first complexes and operation of motorcycle components will be presented. The virtual models will be drawn out and presented, which we used while analyzing the housing of a motorcycle. We will also calculate the variables, which we needed for numerical conversion. The hardness analysis of a motorcycle will be performed. Static and quasi-static examples will be analyzed. At first, there will be performed the static analysis, where the driver sits on a motorcycle. Next is the analysis at maximum acceleration, where we will take into account on one hand that the driver sits and on the other hand that the driver stands on a motorcycle. In last example we were interested in the disposal of a tension and the shifting while driving through the bend. V KAZALO VSEBINE 1. UVOD ....................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Opredelitev problema ........................................................................ 1 1.2 Namen in cilj magistrskega dela ......................................................... 1 1.3 Razvoj motornih koles ........................................................................ 2 1.4 Zgodovina razvoja motornih koles ...................................................... 3 1.5 Motocross .......................................................................................... 4 1.6 Metoda končnih elementov................................................................ 5 1.7 Načini preračuna metode končnih elementov .................................... 6 1.8 Gibanje motocikla .............................................................................. 8 1.9 Kinematika gibanja ............................................................................. 8 1.10 Delovanje dinamičnih sil pri gibanju ................................................. 10 2 PREDSTAVITEV OHIŠJA ........................................................................... 11 2.1 Zahtevnik ......................................................................................... 12 2.2 Komponente motocross motornega kolesa ...................................... 12 2.3 Okvir ................................................................................................ 12 2.4 Kolesa in zavore pri motociklih ......................................................... 13 2.5 Zavore pri motociklih........................................................................ 14 2.6 Vzmetenje ........................................................................................ 14 2.7 Pogonski agregat .............................................................................. 14 3 SNOVANJE OKVIRJA ................................................................................ 16 3.1 Priključene komponente na okvir motornega kolesa ........................ 18 3.2 Sprednje vilice .................................................................................. 18 3.3 Zadnje vilice ..................................................................................... 19 3.4 Dušilec nihajev ................................................................................. 20 3.5 Celotna sestava modela za preračun ................................................ 20 4 ANALIZA OHIŠJA ..................................................................................... 21 VI 4.1 Lastnosti materiala ........................................................................... 21 4.2 Pogonski agregat .............................................................................. 21 4.3 Preračun navora ............................................................................... 22 4.4 Statični izračun in težišče .................................................................. 25 4.5 Ravninsko pospeševanje................................................................... 28 4.6 Maksimalna hitrost v ovinku ............................................................ 28 4.7 Efektivni radij platišča ...................................................................... 29 5 NUMERIČNI IZRAČUN ............................................................................. 31 5.1 Priprava modela ............................................................................... 31 5.2 Definiranje lastnosti modela ............................................................. 31 5.3 Robni pogoji ..................................................................................... 32 5.4 Obremenitveni problemi .................................................................. 32 5.5 Mreženje modela ............................................................................. 33 6 REZULTATI .............................................................................................. 34 6.1 Primerjava analitičnega in numeričnega izračuna ............................. 34 6.2 Napetosti pri statičnem mirovanju ................................................... 35 6.3 Analiza vožnje v ovinek in zaviranje na sprednje kolo ....................... 37 6.4 Analiza največjega pospeševanja pri zaviranju na sprednje kolo ....... 39 6.5 Analiza zaviranja pri pospeševanju in takrat, ko voznik stoji ............. 41 7 ZAKJUČEK ............................................................................................... 43 8 VIRI ........................................................................................................ 46 VII KAZALO SLIK Slika 1.1: Daimler Petroleum Reitwagen [2]............................................................................... 2 Slika 1.2: Pierre Michaux Louis-GuillaumePerreau[4]…………………………………………………………….4 Slika 1.3: Butler Petrol Cycle[5]…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 4 Slika 2.1: Husqvarna FC 250 [ 15] ............................................................................................. 13 Slika 3.1: Sestava glavnega ohišja ............................................................................................. 16 Slika 3.2: Priključno ohišje ........................................................................................................ 17 Slika 3.3: Sestava okvirja motocikla .......................................................................................... 17 Slika 3.4: Vilice sestavljene na glavno ohišje……………………………..…………………………………………18 Slika 3.5: Poenostavljene virtualne vilice ................................................................................. 19 Slika 3.6: Zadnje vilice………………………………………………………………………………………………………….18 Slika 3.7: Sestava zadnjih vilic na glavno ohišje ....................................................................... 19 Slika 3.8: Amortizer sestavljen z okvirjem in zadnjimi vilicami……………………………………………..19 Slika 3.9: Zadnji amortizer ........................................................................................................ 20 Slika 4.1: Težišče motocikla brez obremenitev ........................................................................ 25 Slika 4.2: Težišče motocikla ob upoštevanju mase voznika in pogonskega agregata .............. 26 Slika 4.3: Skica statičnega
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