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THE SPITZER C2d SURVEY of LARGE, NEARBY, INTERSTELLAR CLOUDS The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, 171:447Y477, 2007 August # 2007. The American Astronomical Society. All rights reserved. Printed in U.S.A. THE SPITZER c2d SURVEY OF LARGE, NEARBY, INTERSTELLAR CLOUDS. VI. PERSEUS OBSERVED WITH MIPS L. M. Rebull,1 K. R. Stapelfeldt,2 N. J. Evans II,3 J. K. Jørgensen,4 P. M. Harvey,3 T. Y. Brooke,5 T. L. Bourke,4 D. L. Padgett,1 N. L. Chapman,6 S.-P. Lai,6,7,8 W. J. Spiesman,3 A. Noriega-Crespo,1 B. Merı´n,9 T. Huard,4 L. E. Allen,4 G. A. Blake,10 T. Jarrett,11 D. W. Koerner,12 L. G. Mundy,6 P. C. Myers,4 A. I. Sargent,5 E. F. van Dishoeck,9 Z. Wahhaj,12 and K. E. Young3,13 Received 2006 August 9; accepted 2007 January 23 ABSTRACT We present observations of 10.6 deg2 of the Perseus molecular cloud at 24, 70, and 160 mwithSpitzer MIPS. The images show prominent, complex extended emission dominated by illuminating B stars on the east side of the cloud and by cold filaments of 160 m emission on the west side. Of 3950 point sources identified at 24 m, 1141 have 2MASS counterparts. A quarter of these populate regions of the Ks versus Ks ½24 diagram that are distinct from stellar photospheres and background galaxies and thus are likely to be cloud members with infrared excess. Nearly half (46%) of these 24 m excess sources are distributed outside the IC 348 and NGC 1333 clusters. A significant num- ber of IRAS PSC objects are not recovered by Spitzer MIPS, most often because the IRAS objects were confused by bright nebulosity. The intercluster region contains several tightly clumped (r 0:1 pc) young stellar aggregates whose members exhibit a wide variety of infrared SEDs characteristic of different circumstellar environments. This could be explained by a significant age spread among the aggregate members, or if the members formed at the same time, a remarkably rapid circumstellar evolution would be required to account for the association of Class I and Class III sources at ages P1 Myr. We highlight important results for the HH 211 flow, where the bow shocks are detected at both 24 and 70 m, and for the debris disk candidate BD +31 643, where the MIPS data show the linear nebulosity to be an unrelated interstellar feature. Our data, mosaics, and catalogs are available at the Spitzer Science Archive for use by interested members of the community. Subject headings:g circumstellar matter — infrared: ISM — infrared: stars — ISM: clouds — ISM: individual (IC 348, NGC 1333) — ISM: jets and outflows — stars: formation — stars: preYmain-sequence 1. INTRODUCTION gas, and to have a range of cloud properties, thereby allowing The Spitzer Space Telescope Legacy program ‘‘From Mo- studies of star formation in isolation, in groups, and in clusters. The goals of this aspect of the c2d project (for more information lecular Cores to Planet-forming Disks’’ (c2d; Evans et al. 2003) see Evans et al. 2003) include determining the stellar content of selected five large star-forming clouds for mapping with the In- frared Array Camera (IRAC, 3.6, 4.5, 5.8, and 8 m; Fazio et al. the clouds, the distributions of the youngest stars and substellar objects, and the properties of their disks and envelopes. All of 2004) and the Multiband Imaging Photometer for Spitzer (MIPS, these Spitzer cloud studies represent the first unbiased mid-infrared 24, 70, and 160 m; Rieke et al. 2004). These clouds were se- (MIR) surveys across entire clouds at this sensitivity and spatial lected to be within 350 pc, to have a substantial mass of molecular resolution, where in the past only targeted, small field-of-view observations have been possible. 1 Spitzer Science Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA Perseus is one of five nearby star-forming clouds mapped with 91125; [email protected]. IRAC and MIPS by c2d, also including Chamaeleon II, Lupus I, 2 Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109. III, and IV, Ophiuchus, and Serpens (for an overview see Evans 3 Department of Astronomy, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712. et al. 2003). Previous papers in this series presented IRAC ob- 4 Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA 02138. servations of Serpens (Harvey et al. 2006), Perseus (Jørgensen 5 Division of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy, California Institute of et al. 2006, hereafter J06), and Chamaeleon II (Porras et al. Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125. 6 Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 2007) and MIPS observations of Chamaeleon II (Young et al. 20742. 2005) and Lupus I, III, and IV (Chapman et al. 2007). 7 Institute of Astronomy and Department of Physics, National Tsing Hua The Perseus molecular cloud is a source of active star forma- University, Hsinchu 30043, Taiwan. 8 tion with few high-mass stars, none earlier than early B. While Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Taipei 106, Taiwan. nowhere near as chaotic as the Orion star-forming region, it is 9 Leiden Observatory, NL 2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands. 10 Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of also not as quiescent as the Taurus molecular cloud, and so pro- Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125. vides an ‘‘intermediate’’ case study. IC 348 and NGC 1333 are the 11 Infrared Processing and Analysis Center, California Institute of Technology, two densest and most famous star-forming clusters in this region, Pasadena, CA 91125. containing numerous stars <1Y2 Myr old. Ongoing star formation 12 Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011-6010. is certainly occurring throughout the cloud, including in named 13 Department of Physical Sciences, Nicholls State University, Thibodaux, regions such as L1448 and B5; there are deeply embedded Class 0 LA 70301. objects found outside the two major clusters (see, e.g., J06). 447 448 REBULL ET AL. Vol. 171 The Perseus cloud is large enough that different parts of it may TABLE 1 be at significantly different distances; see the discussion in Enoch Summary of Observations (Program 178) et al. (2006). Following that paper and J06, we take the distance Map Center to Perseus to be 250 pc, although we acknowledge that there First-Epoch Second-Epoch may indeed be a substantial distance gradient across the cloud, Field R.A. Decl. AOR Key AOR Key or there might even be multiple pieces located at several dif- ferent distances. per1 .............. 03 47 05.0 +32 38 23.0 5780992 5787648 The Perseus cloud is rich in both point sources and complex per2 .............. 03 44 30.7 +32 06 08.1 5781248 5787904 extended emission. IRAS observations revealed more than 200 per3 .............. 03 42 34.5 +31 55 33.0 5781504 5788160 apparent point sources and complex interstellar medium (ISM) per4 .............. 03 40 39.0 +31 37 53.0 5781760 5788416 ii per5 .............. 03 37 42.0 +31 16 41.0 5782016 5788672 structures, including a large ring thought to be an H region, per6 .............. 03 33 34.0 +31 08 57.0 5782272 5788928 G159.6À18.5, excited by HD 278942 (Andersson et al. 2000). per7 .............. 03 31 10.6 +30 51 12.0 5782528 5789184 Ridge et al. (2006) argue that the ring is behind the main Perseus per8 .............. 03 29 10.0 +31 11 00.0 5782784 5789440 cloud. Hatchell et al. (2005) find via a survey at 850 and 450 m per9 .............. 03 30 54.0 +30 00 48.0 5783040 5789696 a high degree of point-source clustering and filamentary structures per10 ............ 03 28 26.0 +30 39 55.0 5783296 5789952 throughout the cloud. Enoch et al. (2006) also find strong point- per11............. 03 26 11.0 +30 32 03.0 5798656 5790208 source clustering in their 1.1 mm continuum survey. The Spitzer Note.— IRAC study of Perseus by J06 concluded that (1) there are signifi- Units of right ascension are hours, minutes, and seconds, and units of declination are degrees, arcminutes, and arcseconds. cant numbers of stars being formed outside of the two main clus- ters (IC 348 and NGC 1333); (2) the fraction of Class I, Class II, and ‘‘flat-spectrum’’ young stellar objects (YSOs) differs between extraction (x 2). This is followed by a presentation of the ensem- the two rich clusters and the extended cloud population; and ble MIPS results for the entire Perseus cloud (x 3). Finally, x 4 (3) deeply embedded Class 0 objects are detected, with very red gives a focused discussion of noteworthy stellar aggregates and ½3:6À½4:5 colors (but not similarly red ½5:8À½8 colors). individual young stars. The main results of our study are sum- 00 00 MIPS observations at 24 m(6 resolution), 70 m(20 marized in x 5. resolution), and 160 m(4000 resolution) can elucidate many aspects of the ongoing star formation in Perseus. Although the 2. OBSERVATIONS, DATA REDUCTION, emission from stellar photospheres is falling rapidly at 24 m, AND SOURCE EXTRACTION emission from circumstellar material makes many of the young 2.1. Obser ations cluster members still quite bright at 24 m, so MIPS finds the v young stars easily. Emission from the cloud itself becomes increas- The MIPS observations of Perseus were conducted on 2004 ingly prominent in the MIPS 24, 70, and 160 m bands, allowing September 18Y20 and covered 10.5 deg2; they were designed dusty molecular material in the temperature range 120Y20 K to be to cover the AV ¼ 2 contour, which then by extension completely probed. MIPS reveals complex extended emission throughout the covered the c2d IRAC map of Perseus.
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