The ancient languages of Europe

Contents

List of figures page vi List of tables vii List of maps ix List of contributors X Notes on numbering and cross-referencing xi List of abbreviations xii Preface ROGER . WOODARD XV Preface to the first edition ROGER D. WOODARD xix

1 Language in ancient Europe: an introduction ROGER D. WOODARD 1

2 Attic Greek ROGER D. WOODARD 14

3 Greek dialects ROGER D. WOODARD 50

4 JAMES P. . CLACKSON 73

5 Sabellian languages REX . WALLACE 96

6 Venetic REX E. WALLACE 124

7 EtrUSCan HELMUT RIX 141

8 Continental Celtic JOSEPH F. ESKA 165

9 Gothic JAY . JASANOFF 189

10 Ancient Nordic JAN TERJE FAARLUND 215

Appendix 1. Indo-European HENRY . HOENIGSWALD, 230 ROGER D. WOODARD, and JAMES P. T. CLACKSON Appendix 2. Full tables of contents from The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World' Ancient Languages, and from the other volumes in the paperback series 247 Index of general subjects 252 Index of grammar and linguistics 255 Index of languages 258 Index of named linguistic laws and principles 261

Figures

1.1 Cretan hieroglyphic inscription and portrait stamped on a sealing. From Evans 1909:272 page 2 1.2 The Phaistos Disk (side A). From Evans 1909:plate XII 3 1.3 The Caslir Situla. From Conway, Whatmough and Johnson 1933 11:28 6 2.1 The vowel phonemes of Classical Attic Greek 17 5.1 South Picene inscription. From Marinetti 1985:219 98 5.2 Oscan inscription. From Yves Duhoux (1988), "A propos des Inscriptions Osques dites Iuvilas et du texte Vetter 94," in Yoel Arbeitman (ed.), A Linguistic Happening in Memory of Ben Schwartz, by permission of Peeters Publishers, Louvain-la-Neuve, 1988 99 6.1 Venetic votive inscriptions. From Pellegrini and Prosdocimi 1967:163 (6.1A), 488 (6.1B) 125 6.2 Venetic epitaphs. From Pellegrini and Prosdocimi 1967:56 (6.2A), 330 (6.2B), 195 (6.2C) 126 6.3 Latino-Venetic inscription. From Pellegrini and Prosdocimi 1967:222 130 9.1 The 189

vi Tables

1.1 A partial inventory of Cypro-Minoan characters page 4 1.2 Irish (Craobh-Ruadh); font courtesy of Michael Everson 5 2.1 The Greek 15 2.2 The consonantal phonemes of Classical Attic Greek 16 2.3 Ablauting noun patterns of Proto-Indo-European 27 3.1 The Linear В script (from 0. Dickinson, The Bronze Age, 1994, p. 196) 54 3.2 The 55 3.3 Epichoric Greek 56 4.1 The Archaic 75 4.2 The consonantal phonemes of Latin 76 4.3 Latin nominal paradigms 81 5.1 National Oscan alphabet, с 250 ВС 100 5.2 Umbrian alphabet, Iguvine Tablets I-Vb7, с 250 ВС 101 5.3 The consonantal phonemes of Oscan 102 5.4 The consonantal phonemes of Umbrian 104 5.5 Sabellian noun stems 107 5.6 Sabellian personal endings 111 6.1 Venetic alphabetprinceps (. 500 ВС). From . Fogolari and A. . Prosdocimi, / Veneti Antichi, 1988, p. 333 128 6.2 Spelling of Venetic dental stops 129 6.3 The consonantal phonemes of Venetic 130 7.1 The Etruscan alphabet of archaic inscriptions 143 8.1 The Celtic adaptation of the Iberian script; courtesy of Roland D. Woodard 166 8.2 The Lugano script; courtesy of Roland D. Woodard 168 8.3 Hispano-Celtic nominal inflection 173 8.4 Lepontic nominal inflection 174 8.5 Gaulish nominal inflection 175 8.6 Present endings of Continental Celtic 178 8.7 Preterite endings of Continental Celtic 178 9.1 Wulfila's alphabet 191 vii viii List of tables

9.2 Gothic nominal stems 202 9.3 Gothic strong and weak verb paradigms 208 10.1 The Northwest Germanic futhark 217 10.2 Ancient Nordic nominal stems 221 А.1 Proto-Indo-European nominal endings 239