Lo Grotesco Como Crítica Social En El Cine Mexicano Actual

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Lo Grotesco Como Crítica Social En El Cine Mexicano Actual UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS DE LA INFORMACIÓN TESIS DOCTORAL Lo grotesco como crítica social en el cine mexicano actual MEMORIA PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE DOCTOR PRESENTADA POR Violeta Alarcón Zayas Director Raúl Eguizábal Maza Madrid © Violeta Alarcón Zayas, 2021 UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID Facultad de Ciencias de la Información DOCTORADO EN COMUNICACIÓN AUDIOVISUAL, PUBLICIDAD Y RELACIONES PÚBLICAS LO GROTESCO COMO CRÍTICA SOCIAL EN EL CINE MEXICANO ACTUAL TESIS DOCTORAL Autora Violeta Alarcón Zayas Director Raúl Eguizábal Maza Madrid, 2020 Agradecimientos y dedicatorias En primer lugar, tengo que darle las gracias a Raúl, por acompañarme y aconsejarme sabiamente durante todo este intenso proceso, animándome a continuar, con mucha diligencia y sentido práctico. Gracias además por dirigirme e iluminarme el camino por los oscuros e intrincados pasadizos del siempre para mí inescrutable mundo burocrático. No puedo olvidar en este apartado a Gonzalo, a quien admiro y aprecio enormemente, tanto a nivel académico como personal, y quien, sin sospecharlo asentó el germen de la idea principal de esta tesis. Él fue quien me animó a explorar el fascinante universo de lo grotesco, al darse cuenta de que ese era el pivote central del TFM en el que me encontraba inmersa. Pero si tengo que agradecer, o culpar, al alguien por haberme embarcado en esta locura, ese alguien es sin duda Miki. Este queridísimo amigo fue quien me insistió durante años y finalmente me convenció (todavía no sé cómo) de hacer esta tesis, dándome la confianza y el empujoncito que necesitaba. Sin él, sin su acompañamiento, incluso desde la distancia oceánica que nos separa, no hubiera emprendido esta investigación. Gracias hermano. Rubén ha sido un estímulo fundamental, tanto emocional como académico, fuente inagotable de humor y conocimiento. A él le debo interminables charlas llenas de risas, ingenio y erudición, que me han ayudado a no desesperar en más de una (y de dos) ocasiones. Manu, desde sus conocimientos de cine, arte y antropología, ha sido un guía maravilloso en esta incursión en la cultura mexicana. Él me ha ayudado muchísimo a comprender su país, colocándome desde una perspectiva que como blanca y occidental me resulta muy difícil adoptar. Su compañía, paciencia y experiencia han sido indispensables durante los momentos más duros, convirtiéndolos en casi una auténtica diablada. Debo además un agradecimiento a todas las bellas personas, que me acogieron en México y que me ayudaron a entender mejor esa compleja y vasta tierra, en la que aún me queda mucho por explorar, y donde hay tanto que luchar, defender y reivindicar. 3 Empezando por mi querida Olga, que me presentó y enamoró de México por primera vez y continuando por todos los artistas, artesanos, músicos, activistas, profesores y chamanes que me crucé y con quienes viví maravillosas aventuras en mi segundo viaje, especialmente a: Bárbara, Fer, Sade, Matilda, Blanca, Iris, Óscar, Cristina, Minerva y a todas las demás personas que, aunque no nombre, siguen muy presentes en mi memoria. Agradezco a Luis haber aparecido repentina y oportunamente en el último tramo de este proceso, dándome la fuerza necesaria para cerrarlo. Para terminar, dedico este trabajo a mis padres, -no sea que se enfaden-, y a Menti, mi abuela, quien me hubiera reprendido por no escribir sobre “cosas bonitas”, pero que aun así estaría muy contenta y orgullosa por verme terminar y aliviarme de “estos líos en los que me meto”. 4 Índice 0. Abstract 8 1. Introducción 10 1.1. Objeto de estudio 10 1.2. Objetivos 11 1.3. Metodología 12 2. Los múltiples rostros de lo grotesco 14 2.1. El concepto de lo grotesco en el arte y la literatura 15 2.1.1. Características de lo grotesco: Del ingenio a la subversión 16 2.1.2. Grotesco, humor y crítica social 23 2.1.3. Grotesco traumático: terror, abyección y abismo 34 2.1.4. Lo grotesco asombroso o maravilloso 51 3. Un esbozo de lo grotesco en el imaginario y cultura mexicana 57 3.1. Ambivalencia y metamorfosis: las quimeras fundacionales de lo mexicano 58 3.2. La mujer mexicana: deseo, resentimiento y terror 60 3.3.1. La muerte prehispánica 71 3.3.2. Bailar con la muerte: Inversión y parodia en los días de muertos 73 3.4. Narco-cultura: ultra violencia y lujo 89 3.4.1. Los imaginarios mediáticos en torno al narcotráfico 89 3.4.2. Narcocultura y narcoestética: Lo narco es chingón 91 3.4.3. Los narco-corridos: del bandido al narco-hood 94 3.4.4. El narco en el cine y la televisión: héroes villanos 96 3.4.5. Ritos y cultos: la sacralización desde la transgresión 101 4. Relajo y humor carnavalesco como sátira política en Un mundo maravilloso 108 4.1. Introducción 108 4.2. Pobreza: realidad e imaginarios 109 4.2.1. Contextualizando Un mundo maravilloso: Pobreza y desigualdad en cifras 110 4.2.2. La ambivalencia del relajo 111 4.2.3. Pelados, relajo y crítica social en el cine 113 5 4.2.4. Inversión carnavalesca de clase en el cine 115 4.3. Érase una vez…México sin pobres 118 4. 4. ¿Por qué hay pobres? 126 4.5. Y a todo esto, ¿dónde ésta Dios? 131 4.6. La inversión carnavalesca: el relajo del pelado bufonesco 134 4.7. Inversión y relaciones de género 138 4.8. Sin pobres no hay pobreza 143 4.9. La culpa la tienen “los hijos de la chingada que manejan esto” 145 4.10. Mejor un día de ricos, que toda una vida de pobres 148 4.11. Conclusiones 153 5. Lo mexicano y la narcocultura a través de lo grotesco en Vuelven 156 5.1. Introducción 156 5.2. Cine de terror y crítica social 156 5.3. Desde dónde nos sitúa el terror en Vuelven 160 5.4. Un relato de relatos 163 5.4.1. Contextualizando imaginarios 164 5.4.2. Deseos, tigres y guerreros 165 5.4.3. Comala y el paraíso perdido 168 5.5. Identidad, mito y magia: El tigre-jaguar como animal del poder y comunicación con el inframundo 170 5.6. Un pinche reino de cosas rotas: La cultura grotesca de los niños-tigre 175 5.7. Lo traumático-terrorífico: Las cosas que vienen de afuera 180 5.7.1. La comunicación grotesca desde lo informe fluido 182 5.7.2. Las lloronas contra el necropoder 185 5.8. Lo milagroso como eufemismo de la muerte 191 5.9. Conclusiones 195 6. Relaciones sexo-afectivas a través de lo monstruoso en La región salvaje 198 6.1. Introducción 199 6.2. LGBT-fobia y violencia machista en México: imaginario y realidad 200 6.3. Relaciones con monstruos: ¿amor o perversión? 203 6.4. Lo monstruoso como deseo primigenio ambivalente 217 6.5. El fatum del deseo narcisista 223 6.6. La familia tradicional: dispositivo de afirmación del macho mexicano 227 6 6.7. Subversión a la normatividad sexual y de género 232 6.8. Conclusiones: La opresión crea monstruos 241 7. El cuerpo zombi como metáfora del malestar posmoderno en Halley 243 7.1. Introducción 243 7.2. Zombis, cine e imaginarios sociales hegemónicos 244 7.2.1. Modelos canónicos: Zombi-esclavo colonial y Zombi-plaga capitalista 245 7.2.2. Zombis en el cine latinoamericano 254 7.3. La hiperconciencia de sí como nuevo modelo zombi 259 7.3.1. Controlar lo incontrolable: cuando lo abyecto rebasa todo límite 260 7.3.2. El narcisismo abyecto poshumano 262 7.4. Consciencia y putrefacción: La maldición de la infinitud 268 7.4.1. El carácter “migrante” del poshumano 273 7.5. Sexualidad zombi 275 7.5.1. El romanticismo ante la mueca irónica de la abyección 276 7.5.2. Onanismo zombi ¿un oxímoron? 278 7.6. Conclusiones: El zombi como metáfora del malestar posmoderno 284 8. Conclusiones 287 9. Bibliografía 296 10. Webgrafía 304 11. Filmografía 305 11.1. Largometrajes y cortometrajes 305 11.2. Series de televisión 312 7 Abstract La presente investigación consiste en el análisis de la función y capacidad crítica social y contestataria de lo grotesco en el cine mexicano contemporáneo, desde el examen y esclarecimiento de, por un lado, los tipos fundamentales de grotesco en el arte en general y en el cine en particular, y, por otro lado, de los elementos vinculados a lo grotesco que operan en el imaginario mexicano. A continuación, he centrado mi análisis en cuatro largometrajes: Un mundo maravilloso (Estrada, 2006), Halley (2012, Hofmann), La región salvaje (Escalante,2016) y Vuelven (López, 2017), - todos ellos con intención de denuncia social-, aplicando los conceptos vinculados a lo grotesco tales como lo monstruoso, lo traumático, lo abyecto, lo macabro, lo carnavalesco, lo asombroso, etc. Constatando en cada una de las películas que lo grotesco, constituye un dispositivo fundamental para la elaboración de discursos contrahegemónicos de las realidades sociales oprimidas y marginales, como elemento esencial del imaginario humano que funciona desde la ambivalencia, inversión y transgresión de los entramados hegemónicos. Palabras clave Cine grotesco, cine social mexicano, humor carnavalesco, imaginarios, marginalidad, contrahegemónico. 8 The grotesque as a social criticism in the contemporary mexican cinema Abstract This research consists in the analysis of the function and critical capacity of the grotesque in contemporary Mexican cinema. On the one hand, I examined and clarified the fundamental types of grotesque in art in general, and in cinema in particular. On the other hand, I explored the elements linked to the grotesque that operate in the Mexican imaginary. Next, I have focused my analysis on four feature films which have a critical approach: A Wonderful World (Estrada, 2006), Halley (2012, Hofmann), The Wild Region (Escalante, 2016) and Tigers are not afraid (López, 2017).
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