I CENSUS OF INDIA 1971.

JAMMU & KASHMIR

A PILOT TOWN STUDY

o 'F SOPOBE (TEHSIL SOPORE, DISTRICT BARAMULLA)

FIELD INVESTIGATION AND DRAFT

BY J. KAY NANDA Socio-Economic Surveyor

EDITOR J. N. ZUTSID Director of Census Operations CONTENTS Page No.

FOREWORD i-iii PREFACE i-iii CHAPTER I-Introduction: Introd,ucing the town in terms of its most significant characteristics; area; population; households and density; climate and rain-fall; residential pattern; transport; communication; market; water supply; electricity; crematorium; important public places; administrative and welfare institutions; financial institutions; history, nomenclature and legends 1-20 CHAPTER II-The peaple and their material culture: Ethnic composition; house types; dress; ornaments and foot-wear; foods and drin~s; household goods; beliefs and practices CHAPTER III-Economy: Economic resources, land including forest, agricultural land and other laqd ; agriculture including orchards; livestock and animal husbandry; fishing and forestry; trade and commerce; industries; servipes 30-45' CHAPTER IV-Social and cultural life: Social life; language; education; leisure and recreation; fairs, festivals and religious institutions; social and political awareness; town organisation, g~neral administration . 46-57 CHAPTER V -Conclusion: Conclusion with special reference to level of social awareness, inter-relation of different facets of community life of the town and place of ·the town in .the economic and social structure of the region . I 58-59

TOWN SCHEDULE Table 1 State 60 Table 2 District 60 'Table 3 Tehsil 60 Table 4 Basic particulars of the town 61-62 Table 5 Changes, if any, in the boundary of the town after 1961 63 Table 6 Particulars of towns (with population of less than 50,000 within a distance of 10 miles and those with population of 50,000 or more within a distance of 50 miles) 64 Table 7 Locational particulars and ancillary data 66-67 Table 8 Map and fly-leaves (1967-68). 67 ii

Page No. Table 9 (a) Important public institutions (other than banks, educational and medical institutions) . 68-73

Table 9 (b) Important historic, religious, relics or areas etc. 74 Table 9 (c) Other places of importance (specify) 75 Table 10 Educational institutions 76-77

Table 11 (~ Hospital/health centre/dispensary/maternity and child welfare centre/specialized institutions like T. B. clinics, cancer hospital, blood bank, eye bank, nursing home, mental hospital, psychiatric clinic, child guidance clinic etc. . 78 Table II (b) Incidence of diseases treated in medical institutions during 1967-68 79 Table 11 Cc) Family planning centres, clinics etc. 80 Table 12 (a) Veterinary hospitals/dispensaries 80 Table 12 (b) Incidence of diseases among different animals treated during 1967-68 .. 81 Table 13 (i) Municipal administration. 81 Table 13 (ii) Income 82-83 Table 13 (iii) Expenditure 84-85 Table 14 (a) Details of utilities and services as in 1967-68-Roads·. 86 Table 14 (b) Major source of water supply in the town . 86 Table 14 (c) Sewerages. 87 Table 14 (d) .Open drainage and conservancy 88 Table 14 (e) Electricity . 89 Table 14 (f) Details of road lighting • 90 Table 14 (g) Fire brigade 91

Table 15 Rules and regulations framed by authority concerned. 91-92 Table 16 Number of houses by type of material used in plinth, wall and roof 93 ;l'able 17 (a) Hotels 94- t~le 17 (b) Lodging houses. 95 ! 'M1e 17 (c) Dharamshalas/Sarais 95 Iii

Page No. Table 18 (a) Eating houses 96 Table 18 (b) Tea stalls. 97 Table 18 (c) Sweet-meat shops 98 Table 19 Particulars of trade and commerce and establishments connected with the same including co-operative societies, supermarket etc. 99 Table 20 Particulars of factories and industrial establishments of different type and size 100-101 Table 21 (a) Organisational particulars of employment exchange 102 Table 21 (b) Live register as on 31.12-1967 102-103 Table 21 (c) Placement details 104 Table 22 Registered vehicles of different types 105 Table 23 (a) Transport-buses . 104Y Table 23 (b) City bus service, if any, route if so, passengers 106 Table 23 (c) Places outside the limit of the town/city covered by city bus service 106 Table 23 (d) Rural areas connected by bus services . 107 Table 23 (e) Distant towns connected by bus service 107 Table 23 (f) Local trains 108 Table 23 (g) Long distance train service 108 Table 23 (h) No. of railway tickets collected at the station during 1967-68 108 Table 23 (i) ParticUlars of air flights to and from the local airport 108

Table 23 (j) No. of air passengers that come to the place by air 108

/ Table 23 (k) Particulars of traffic by water way. 108 Table 23 (1) Transport of commodities 109 Table 23 (m) Road accidents during 1967" 109 Table 24 (a) Communication-sale of postal stationery by each office in the town . 110 Table 24 (b) Receipt and issue of telegrams 110 Table 24 (c) Particulars about telephone 110 Table 24 (d) Receipt of money orders 111 iv

Page No.

Table 24 (e) No. ofradi~licenses issued in the town during 1967-68 III Table 24 (f) Newspapers, journals and periodicals 111 Table 25 (a) Marketing. 112

Table 25 (b) Special particulars about supply of vegetablest eggs, meat, fish, milk, fuel wood, etc. 112 Table 25 (c) Particulars about banks/credit co-operative societies 113 Table 25 (d) ¥oney loaners registered under Money Lenders Act 114 Table 25 (e) Particulars about domestic animals and livestock . 114 Table 25 (f) Problem, if any, created by stray animals 115 Table 26 Special particulars on commutation to and from the town (on the basis of study in villages) 116-119 Table 27 Special particulars about important voluntary organisations including clubs, libraries, private educational societies, caste or community associations etc. 120--135 Table 28 Special particulars about political organisations including All India and Local Political Parties . 136-137 Table 29 Special particulars about voting behaviour of the population in the town during the last general election held 138 Table 30 Particulars about the trade unions 139 " Table 31 Special particulars about important temples/churches etc. 140 Table 32 Special particulars about fairs, festivals including cattle fairs or weekly markets/shandies etc. 141 Table 33 (a) Particulars of cinema, professional theatre-particulars of establishments . 142 Table 33 (b) Particulars' of films shown during 1967-68 in cinema halls . 143 Table 34 Particulars of circusses shown in the town 143 Table 35 Particulars of other recreational activities in the town (sports, tournaments, music conference etc.) -l 144 Table 36 Town hall 144 Table 37 (a) Law and order, crime and defiant behavior-particulars in respect of each police station separately 145-148 Table 37 (b) Particulars of suits filed in courts during 1967-68 149 Table 37 (c) Particulars of Borstal schools/after care homes etc. 149 Table 37 (d) Particulars about prostitution . 150 Table 37 (e) Home for rehabilitation of fallen women 150 Table 37 (f) Vagrancy home 151 Table 37 (g) Jails . 151 Table 38 Special particular about slums 152-153 Table 30 Special particulars about migratory tribes or groups visiting the town during 1967-1968 (to be obtained from police records) 154 APPENDIX-I. 155-157 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

1. Maps: (i) Notional map of Sopore town Frontis page (ii) Density of population Facing page 2 (iii) Location of slums . Facing view of Sopore (iv) Distribution of named areas and functional castes Facing page 22 (v) Number of buildings Facing page 24 (vi) Value of land . Facing page 30 (vii) Functional areas Facing page 38 (viii) Location of villages situated within a radius of 3 miles from Sopore town Facing Degree College 2. Photographs: (i) A view of the town from the left bank of river Jhelum Facing page 5 (ii) A distant view of the Sopore town from river Jehlum Facing page 4 (iii) Town Market Facing page 8 (iv) Water Reservoir Facing page 10 (v) Cinema Hall Facing page 11 (vi) Town Hall Facing page 11 (vii) Slum-area dwellings Facing page 24 (viii) New Housing Colony Facing page 24 (ix) New Market Facing page 25 (x) New Light Hotel Facing page 25 (xi) Apple Orchards Facing page 32 (xii) Ripened Apples Facing page 33 (xiii) Fishermen on river Jehlum Facing page 36 (xiv) Fisher-women selling their catch in the Fish-market Facing page 37 (xv) United Oil and Flour Mills. Facing page 40 (xvi) A workshop for manufacturing wooden cases for fruit Facing page 41 (xvii) Government Degree College Facing page 48 (xviii) Government Girls High School Facing page 48 (xix) Government Primary Health Centre Facing page 50 (xx) Dak Banglow Facing page 51 (xxi) Devi temple Facing page 54 (xxii) Rishipir temple Facing page 55 3., Title page: Busy Sopore Market

FOREWORD

Modern census has become an indis­ tempo of economic and industrial develop­ pensable instrument of policy and develop­ ment of the country largescale urbanisation ment planp.ing. It needs hardly be is bound to come. Urbanisation has stressed that a census is not mere become sine qua non of progress. Urban c9unting of heads. It is a kind of stock­ Centres are undoubtedly the centres of taking as it were, of the nation's human dissemination of knowledge, new ideas, wealth. Census aims at presenting as technical skills and so on. This influences complete a picture of man as may be the life around till more and more areas possible in his social, cultural and economic get urbanised. India is at this interesting setting. transitional stage and the Census Organi­ sation thought it fit to undertake studies Recognising that its role is to serve to get a deeper insight into the growth the needs of the planner, policy maker, of small towns which are likely to play administrator and the academician, the an important role in the life and economy Census Organisation from time to time of the - community In the near future. arranges discussions with the main data The 1971 Census has programmed to users and seeks guidance in planning its compile a separate Town Directory giving / operations. However, for a further and certain basic data pertaining to ea<;k more realistic appreciation of the data town in the country. This is proposed thrown up by -the Census on various to be supplemented by fairly detailed aspects of the life of the community, it has been realised that more and more accounts of about 200 towns selected for study all over the country which may empirical studies would require to be help to bring out the intensity and effect undertaken in order to "invest the dry of the socio-economic forces generated by bones of statistics with flesh and blood urbanisation as also what impact urbani­ accounts of social structure and social sation has made on the rtiml neighbourhood. change." This requirement was kept in view even while planning the 1961 Census. There IS also a special operational The studies undertaken as ancillary to it, need of the Census necessitating such and particularly the socio-economic survey urban studies to be taken up. There is of five hundred and odd villages through­ a point of view in some countries that out the country provided an insight into the presentation of the census data in the meaning of the statistical data in terms of rural-urban dichotomy is unrealis­ terms of real life situations. The most tic. There are on the one hand rural important among these empirical studies areas with urban ways of life, on the was survey of about 500 villages in diffe­ other there are pockets in urban areas rent parts of the country. with folk' Jays and rural vestiges. P"erhaps India is no doubt predominently rural. in India there is still some clear cut But it will not be long before the distinction between the rural and urban cbuntry achieves a break-through in the areas which is, however, gradually eroding. process of urbanisation. With the increasing The proposed studies are expected to ii

indicate how much an urban area is Location: The following locational rural and vice versa. factors are also to be kept in view while selecting the towns;- In December, 1967, a seminar was organised to examine the different aspects (a) Topography and natural environ­ of urban studies, with the participation ment (i) mountainous, (ii) plain dry, (iii) of a galaxy of town planners, anthropo­ plain-humid, (iv) hilly, (v) coastal. logists, sociologists, geographers, economists, demographers etc. On the suggestion of (b) Climate; (i) hot weather and the seminar an advisory committee was high rainfall, (ii) hot weather and low set up and in consultation with the same, rainfall, (iii) temperate weather and high the following criteria for selection of towns rainfall, (iv) temperate weather and low for special studies were laid down. rainfall, (v) cold weather and high rainfall, (vi) cold weather and low rainfall. Size: While the larger proportion of the towns selected for special studies (c) Growth pattern of the region--(i) should be small towns of the population areas of dynamism, where industries and size of about 20,000 or less, a number services are coming up rapidly and heavy of medium size towns, with population immigration is taking place, (ii) pros­ of upto one lakh each and a number of pective areas or areas rich in resources cities with population of more than one and likely to develop in near future, lakh each, should also be studied. (iii) problem areas i. e., areas lagging behind in technological development and DelDographic features: While selec­ services and areas from where heavy ting the towns the following demographic migration takes place. . "eatures also should be kept in view; (d) Growth history; (i) areas which (a) Growth rate-towns with (i) high were having vigorous economic and cultural growth rate, (ii) low growth rate life in the past, stagnated for sometime and (iii) negative growth rate, and are again showing signs - of revival, (b) Density of population-towns with (ii) areas which have continuous history of vigorous economic. and cultural life. (i) high density of population, (ii) medium density of population and (e) Metropolitan· areas: (i), towns (iii) low density of population, within areas of influence of metropolitan (c) Age-(i) old historical towns which -centres, (a) within a distance of 10 miles are still growing, (ii) old declining from the same (b) beyond a distance of towns and (iii) new towns, should 10 miles from the same upto a distance be represented. of 40 miles, (ii) towns outside areas of influence of metropolitan centres. Functional types: The ~ample should Nature of relation with other towns: include towns representing each of the A few satellite towns, constituents of functiollal types as follows; (a) service, conurbation and suburban towns. (b) mining or plantation, (c) craft (tradi­ tional), (d) maI).ufacturing (non-traditional), Concentration of ethnic or religious (e) construction, (f) trade and commerce group, caste or community: Towns with (g) transport. preponderance of an ethnic or religious iii group such as Scheduled tribes, Muslims technological values of modern civilization or Christians or Anglo-Indians or a single in the social complex of the towns, (f) Hindu Caste, Tibetan refugees, refugees other ancillary matters. from other areas etc. A set of schedules has been evolved Towns influenced by other Social and in connection with the present survey by Cultural Phenomena: Towns such as the Social Studies Unit of the office of temple-towns, health resorts, etc. also to the Registrar General, India, under the be kept in view. guidance of Dr. B. K. Roy Burman, Deputy Registrar General (Social Studies). It is obvious that if the towns were The survey of the individual towns will to be selected with reference to each of be carried out mainly by the Directors the criteria in isolation, the towns to be of Census Operations in the various studied would be much more than 200 States and Union Territories, with the which would be beyond the operational technical advice of Dr. Roy Burman. capacity of the Census Organisation. Qualified research personnel have been Hence towns with maximum clustering placed at the disposal of the Directors of of the different criteria were preferred Census Operations/Social Studies Unit of at the time of the selection, on an all the Office of the Registrar General, India basis, at the same time ensuring India, for carrying out the field invest i­ that the various characteristics are re­ gationsfco-ordinating the studies of indivi-/ presented in one town or the other as dual towns at the first stage and preparmg finally selected for the study. all-India Volumes by analysing and syn­ This study will cover, among other thesising the findings of the individual things, the (a) growth history of towns reports at the second stage. It is an including the infrastructure of growth encouraging feature that certain individual and basic and non-basic economy and scholars and academic institutions have concomitant changes in the economic and come forward to take up the studies of social relations of the region, (b) growth some towns within tile-. framework of the history of the various servicing institutions present scheme. I feel confident, thatiks in the towns in response to the different factors oy change and the concomitant to the enthusiasm shown by my colleagues changes in the pattern of distribution of in the State Census Offices and the community power and prestige, (c) fre­ academic world, a carpus of knowledge quency and pattern of inter-action among will be built up, which will be useful the different segments of the population, not only for academic purposes but also (d) nature and intensity of linkages with for various nation building purposes. I other tOWIJS of the region on the one hand and the rural hinterland on the avail of this opportunity to express my other, (e ) persis t en ce of ,the val ues of fullest

A.CHANDRASEKHAR Registrar General, India.

PREFACE

The concept of Census is no longer of village statistics with flesh-and-blood confined to the meaning of the tenn as accounts of social structure and social given in the Oxford dictionary: 'regis­ change'. Accordingly the State Census tration of citizens and their property for Organisation took up the study of 28 villa­ taxation'. We are not connected with ges in the Jammu and Kashmir State, taxation in any way and our job is not of which monographs of about 10 villages merely counting human heads or working have already seen the light of day. out their birth and death rate over a period As in the case of rural areas, there of time. Much more is expected of Census has been a lot of social and material today. The data we collect should be of transformation in urban areas too and yet basic value and utility to the administrator. no detailed studies are available. It is to It usually happens that an efficient adminis­ fill up this gap that it has been decided, trator is basically a good planner. This as ancillary to 1971 Census, to take up is particularly true of under-developed two types of urban studies. One is inten-/ countries having a large popUlation such sive study of 200 towns in different pat{~ as India of which the bulk subsists on of the country; the other, collection of agriculture. It is for this reason that when basic particulars of all other towns of registering the population, we have to cull the country. As the task involved is huge out, collect and compile a variety of in­ and will require a lot of planning, it has information which ranges from finding out been decided that, at the initial stage, the boundaries, roads, irrigational facilities, only one town in each State may be taken public and private buildings etc. in an up for a pilot study Ol!_ the basis of a Enumsator's block-and drawing it on a prepared schedule so that there is a uniform notional map-to giving accurate data and scientific pattern for these studies. about the sex, age, marital status, educa­ tional level, occupation etc. of every and . We have taken up the town of Sopore each member of the household while for this pilot study and the results of in­ filling the Individual Slip. The more vestigation made, on the basis of the above accurate and reliable this information is, mentionf'd schedule given in the Appendix, t~e more realistic and comprehensive our are published in the following pages. planninJ is Lound to prove for building a welfare State. Sopore is an important commercial town situated inbetween 75°-30m longitude One of the special tasks assigned to and 34°-20m latitude at a height of Census Organisation is to study the quantum 1,598 metres above sea-level in Kashmir. and quality of change that may have come It has an interesting past history. It is about in recent decades in rural areas. believed to have been founded in the Mere statistics, we have been told, are reign of King Avantivarma (855-883 A.D) not enough for this r urpose. Rather, when by Suyya who, though considered to be taking up a village for investigation of this somewhat ahead of his times for his bold type, we have to 'invest the dry bones and ingenious ideas, is responsible for ii having changed the course of river Jhelum kot and markets down.country but res­ and reclaimed a sizable area of inundated tricted capacity of surface transport com­ land for cultivatior,. It was Suyya who, pelled the traders to convert their raw for the first time in Kashmir's chequered materials into finished goods. In the case history, devised effective flood protection of timber especially, a prosperous industry measures which included desilting of the came into existence, as logs, previously bed of the river Jhelum near Pampore. floated down the river, had to be manu­ factured into sleepers, windows and doors Sopore's growth and prosperity originates before their despatch outside the State. from the fact that it lies at the centre Besides, the losses occasioned by floating of a huge oval~shaped valley which is down timber by river which were as high bounded in the north and north-west by as 25% of the value were completely Kupwara and Lolab and Gurez and eliminated. Bandipore which lie in its north-east. The area abounds in forest wealth and con­ There has been a considerable boom tains huge apple orchards. The Wular III agricultural and horticultural sectors Lake which lies in close vicinity and which both at the State and private level in is the biggest sweet-water lake in Asia Kashmir during recent years. The soil (area 78.303 square miles) and Ningal of the area in which Sopore is situated Nalla, situated at the mouth of the lake, being alluvial and full of chemical nutri­ serve as big reservoirs of fish and other tion has provided an ideal ground for setting lake-products like singara etc. which also up orchards and farms. In consequence contribute to the prosperous economy of of this )ts economy has been taking rapid the town. strides from year to year. An instance is pro­ vided by the small village known as Nawpora Prior to 1947, most of Kashmir's trade at a distance of about 2 miles from Sopore, used to be carried on the Jhelum valley which contains nearly 200 households out road connecting Kashmir with Rawalpindi of whom at least 40 own orchards account­ (Pakistan). This was especially the case ing for an annual export of about 30,000 with the valley's trade in timber, fruit boxes (22 killograms each), valued at and forest products which used to be sent Rs. 12 lakhs, of apples alone, Not surpri­ to Rawalpindi for onward clearance to singly this small villal5e has more than other markets in the sub-continent. With one privately-owned 'vehicle (cars and the closure of this road as a result of wagons) per household to boast of in the Pakistani aggression, temporarily the eco­ State. Because of its unprecedented prog­ nomy of the principal towns situated on ress, it has become popularly known as and near it, including Sopore, was hit Ghatta London. This sums up the overall hard. However, the State Government soon economic progress made by the town and organised a fleet of surface trucks and its suburbs in recent years. carriers under the aegis of a State-owned transport organisation which began to carry The credit for conducting the study these goods on the Banihal road and onwards belongs to Shri J. Kay Nanda, Socio­ to Jammu and Pathankot. This rather than economic Investigator, who had to put in having an adverse effect on State's eco­ a lot of labour to canvass the schedule. nomy, gave a boost to export trade. Not He was in the field for a number of d'ays only were better prices available at Pathan- at a stretch picking up valuable data and iii finding for himself what changes had taken provided fairly good assistance to Shri place in the town during recent years. Nanda. I also wish to acknowledge grate­ I compliment him for his efforts. fully the co-operation and help which we received in conducting this investigation I should also like to make a mention from Mr G.R. Sofi, Chairman Town Area of Shri Masood Ahmed S. A. (map). Committee, Sopore. Photographs published Shri Bashir Ahmed S. A. -and Shri in this Report are by the kind courtesy Virender Kumar Tiku (Stenographer) who of the State Information Department.

Srinagar, J. N. ZUTSm 5th May, 1970

CHAPTER I SOPORE-A Pilot Town Study

INTRODUCTION extended beyond its defined boundaries Ancient Suyyapura, founded by a and the de-facto area of the town and reputed Kashmiri engineer Suyya during its suburbs is estimated at 4,089 kanals the reign of Raja Awantivarma (855-883 or 511 acres. It has a plain topography A.D.) and commemorating his name, is and is accessible both by roads and the undoubtedly the town known now as river. Sopore. It has been recognised as an AREA urban area right from the 1911 Census According to the Census of 1961, the and is at present a very prospective and town of Sopore extended to an area of flourishing trade centre 'of the Kashmir 0.55 square miles or 352 acres. The valley. After 1949, Sopore town has also town being a flourishing commercial been the tehsil headquarter of Sopore centre is expanding gradually and its tehsil of district Baramulla. suburbs have also developed urban charay­ Geographically the town lies between teristics. As such the Town Area Committee 75°-30m longitude and 34°-20m latitude has approached the Government for in the northern sector of Kashmir valley extending the boundaries of the town at a distance of 30 miles to the north­ beyond the 1961 limits. Even though no west of Sri nagar city, the summer State formal notification has so far been issued capital, and 9 miles from Baramulla, the from the Government regarding de-jure district headquarter. Sopore is bounded expansion in the limits of the town, the in the north and north-west by Kupwara present de-facto area of the town stands "- town and the beautiful oval-shaped Lolab at 4,089 kanals or 51t.11 acres consisting valley whereas the Gurez valley and the of thirty six mohallas. This shows an town of Bandipora fall towards its north­ overall increase of about 156 acres in east. The famous Wular lake, one of the the area of the town limits over the largest in northern India, lies in the position obtaining in 1961. The subjoined north-east and east. The lake is connected statement gives the names of the mohallas with the town by river Jhelum which and the approximate area occupied by leaves the lake at Ningal, about 2 miles each :- away from the town. Baramulla town is on the south-west and the other villages S. No. Name of Mohalla Area in sq. yards of tehsil Sopore are situated in the south of the town. l. Narapora 1,50,645 2. Shalapora 1,60,325 Like Srinagar city, the town is situated 3. Baba Yousaf 81,675 on either bank of river Jhelum though 4. Muslim Peer 82,885 the area on the left bank is not inhabited 5. Karalteng 81,675 by more than 15% of its population. Of 5. Khoshal Mattu 24,805 late the jurisdiction of the town has 7. San gram Pora 48,400 2

The Town

S. No. Name of Mohalla Area in and 8,798 females giving a density of sq. yds. 11.11 persons per 1,000 square yard. 8. Bata Pora 99,825 When compared with the estimated popu­ 9. Shahabad 68,365 lation of 1951 (15,378 persons) the town 10. Mum .K:'lk 9,075 has marKed a growth of the order of 11. Padshah Masjid 10,890 2.35 percent per year between 1951 and 12. Khawaja Gilgit 69,575 1961. On the basis of Sample Census 13. Aishi Peer 44,770 conducted during the month of July, 1968, 14. Shairan 34,485 the current population of the town is 15. Humlina 3,05,525 estimated to be 22,978 persons consisting 16. Baghat 3,13,995 of 12,428 males and 10,550 females giving 17. Shahid Ganj 9,075 an overall annual growth of 3% over 18. Channa Khan 1,89,365 1961. This estimate ot growth rate more 19. Dogli Teng 11,495 or less corroborates with what it works 20. Untoo Hamam 40.535 out on the basis of population estimates 21. Sofi Hamam 28,435 worked out by the Tehsil Office for 1965 22. Jamia Qadim 45,375 in connection with the preparation of 23. Khanka Mullah 27,225 electoral rolls. According to these esti­ 24. Hathi Shah 99,825 mates the population of the town- in 25. Now Hamam 27,830 1965 was 22,157, which gives a growth 26. Ningal 1,05,875 rate of 3.3% per annum. This increase 27. Maharaj Pora 75,625 in the growth rate has not~ however, 28. Chinki Pora 41,140 . adversely affected the density: because 29. Takia Bal 21,175 the area of the town has also phenomi­ 30. Sheikh Sahib 10,890 nally increased from 352 acres or 17,03,680 31. Sayeed Sultan 6,655 square yards in 1961 to 511.1 acres or 32. Aaram Pora 12,100 24,73,845.00 square yards in 1968. As a 33. Lal Bab Sahib 6,050 matter of fact, the density of the town 34. Hajaman 13,310 has reduced to 9.28 persons per 1,000 35. Telian 13,310 square yards. 36. New Colony 1,01,640 Mohalla-wise position of the number POPULATION, HOUSEHOLDS AND of families, sex distribution of population DENSITY for the years 1961 and 1968 and density The population of Sopore town, as returned during 1961 Census, stood at of population during 1968 are depicted 18,987 persons comprising 10,189 males in the subjoined statement:- MAP OF SOPORE TOWN DENSITY OF POPULAnON

nEt 4f.~' ~ fEEr

NUMBER OF PERSONS PER 1000 SQUARE YARDS. illIIIJ BELOW 10.00 TOWN BOUNDARY'···· ---­ EEB±j'Town OYCl'Ggc.II.05 WARD BOUNDARy· .. · ---­ E:S:23 10·01 - 25.00 MOHALLA BOUNDARY _ .. -,.- !BHE 25.01 - 40·00

• 40.01 - 55.00 m 55.01 - 70·00 ~ 70.01 - 85.00

• ABOVE 85.00 3 sopor.

S. Name of Mohalla "'Density No. of households Population 1961 Population 1968 No. during ( estimated) 1968 •__ ..A. __--" r----A..---~ , __--A. ___ ---, (persons 1961 1968 Total Males Females Total Males F:eXl'lllIes per 1,000 ( esti~ sq. yds.) mated) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1. Narapora 1.97 66 69 371 223 148 449 272 177 2. Shalapora 3.53 68 71 468 251 217 566 306 260 3. Baba Yousuf 11.09 120 125 748 417 331 905 508 397 4. Muslim Peer 10.07 95 99 689 369 320 834 450 384 5. Karalteng 8.89 89 93 600 332 268 726 405 321 6. Khosha1 Ma ttu 44.83 163 170 918 504 414 1,01 615 496 7. Sangram Pora 34.92 237 246 1,396 734 662 1,689 895 794 8. Bata Para 60.86 130 85 520 271 249 607 312 295 9. Shah Abad 4.11 54 56 232 135 97 281 165 116 10. Mum Kak 99.38 116 121 745 379 366 901 462 439 II. Badshah Musjid 33.46 52 54 301 161 140 364 196 168 12. Khawaja Gilgit 90.90 82 85 522 279 243 632 340 292 13. Aishi Peer 65.95 45 47 244 138 106 295 168 127 14. Shairan 12.53 60 62 357 H17 - 160 - 432- - 240 192 IS. Humlina 1.17 37 38 297 152 145 359 185 174 16. Baghat 0.88 32 33 229 97 132 277 118 159 17. Shahid Gunj 9.04 18 19 68 . 56 12 82 68 14 18. Chana Khan 4.53 102 106 709 416 293 858 507 351 19. Dogli Teng 10.01 12 12 95 53 42 115 65 50 20. Untoo Hamam 11.33 44 46 379 199 180 459 243 216 21. Sofi Hamam 27.35 87 90 642 343 299. 777 418 359 22. Jamia Qadim 25.03 127 1$2 938 479 459 1,135 584 55l 23. Khanka Mulla 17.83 55 57 401 196 205 485 239 246 24. Hathi Shah 12.29 146 152 1,013 526 487 1,226 642 584 25. Now Hamam 26.07 90 94 599 314 285 725 383 342 26. Ningal 6.57 89 98 552 292 260 696 379 317 27. Maharaj Pora 97.80 113 "; 118 611 353 258 739 430 309 28. Chinki Pora 15.32 84 ~7 521 264 257 630 322 308 29. Takia Bal 22.40 56 58 392 199 193 474 243 231 30. Sheikh Sahib 48.35 58 60 435 261 174 526 318 208 31. Syed Sultan 67.08 51 53 369 190 179 446 232 214 32. Aaram Pora 84.29 137 142 842 454 388 1,019 554 465 33. Lalbab Sahib 75.61 53 55 378 196 182 457 239 218 34. Hajaman 46.32 89 93 509 284 225 616 346 270 35. Telian 75.80 122 127 833 440 393 1,008 537 471 Sopore town 9.28 2,940 3,06418,98710,189 8,798 22,97812,42810,550

*Density has been worked out on the basis of the Sample Census conducted during 1968. 4

~ Town

CLIMATE AND RAINFALL the roads often get blocked and inter­ communication with other areas becomes The town, situated at a height of "difficult. 1,598 metres (5,241.4 feet) in the proxi­ mity of Wular lake, like most other RESIDENTIAL- PATTERN parts of the valley, experiences temperate climate in summer and severe cold in Except for the new housing colony winter. In July and August humidity is and a few sporadic cases the residential high and the area is infested with mos­ houses appear to have been constructed quitoes which breed in large number in without any plan and are mostly devoid the paddy fields and stagnant water ponds of the basic principles of hygiene. In situated in the heart of the town. most of the localities the houses have been clustered together leaving very little There being no observatory in the space, if any, for the by-lanes and streets. town it is not possible to give t~ maxi­ As a matter of fact more than 50% mum and minimum temperatures. Sopore, residential area is practically slum. has, however, been equipped with one Slum areas, as they exist in Sopore, rain-guage station. The statemeJ?t showing can be classified into two categories. One total monthly rainfall, number of rainy comprises such areas as are too congested days and the normal rainfall during the - and lack the fundamentals of hygiene \year is as under:- 1967-68 both in structural construction as well as the drainage system. This type of slum Month Year No. of Total Normal rainy rainfall rainfall area is, however, equipped with regular days for the for the water supply and electricity. It consists month month of ten mohallas namely Khushal Mattu, Baba Yousaf, Sangram Para, Bata Para, in In milli- milli- Badshah Masjid, Hajaman, Mohalla Tel-ian, metres metres Muslim Peer, Jamia Qadim and Khanka Mulla. The second category consists of April 1967 8 156.6 93.5 such slum areas as have only temporary May 10 132.4 70.4 hut type dwellings and lack all modern " June 3 24.2 39.9 amenities like supply of water, electricity " etc., besides lacking in proper drainage and July 2 16.3 37.6 " approach. Only two mohallas fall in this August 2 6.8 35.8 " category namely Shahabad and Maharaj September 4 45.6 35.1 " Pora. October 6 95.6 35.8 Various markets too are in the densely November 3 19.8 17.8 ' " populated areas thereby adding more to December 3 15.0 51.3 the· existing congestion. Some of the " January .1968 8 169.6 139.5 recent constructions including all those February 4 54.2 106.7 in the housing colony are, however, quite " modern and in line with those existing March 8 169.6 139.5 " in other advanced urban areas of the In winter due to heavy snow-falls, State. A distant view of the Sopore town from river Jhelum A view of the town from the left bank of river Jhelum. The central building with conspicuous canopy is the Ziarat of Shah Hamdan MAP OF I' SOPORE TOWN . " I " LOCA TlON OF SLUMS i ',. FEU 440 no 0 440 FEET . "" / \, '\ .__ ...... \ . ."\ "'1 \. ._/.\ . :\' , ._, ._.- " ._._._./ " t t. ( ,,\:.' /' ...... / l , \ ./" , ..-...... JI . / ".' .J-.. _ .. . ._. _._., _. rL ..'- .. ..f'.. 1 \. I \ / / I ( I .I ( ...... ~ / . ,.".-. ~ - . \ . ./ 1 I /' \ ,--c ...... _ .. _ .. \ (\ '"\. \ '\ . \ ' 'A_ ( \ : '. \ ··L .. \ \ \ '. I. ,...... \ ) " \... . .,.j .... \ \ (' ~~------~ ...... '\ / CONGISTIOl'. L ~Ck OF HYUNIC FACIL I TIES, DIU.IIIAG( snnw NOT PAOPlIl. ~ \ \ ...... ~ TOWN eoUNOARY-'-'-! \ .. ~ . WARD BOUNDARY \ .. './ '\ I MOHALL. 80UNDARY-.. _ .. - " .1 .I / I .f / 5

Sopore

TRANSPORT ments and provisions of transport facilities for the town from time to time. Prior to 1947 there was no regular_ bus service either coming to the town or During 1953, two regular bus services, leaving Sopore for any part of the valley. one each by Government Transport and Occasionally once or twice a week depend­ private company, were started to cope ing upon the availability of passengers, with the growing rush of passengers from one private bus attached with the Allied Srinagar to Sopore and back. A number Charag Din & Sons Company used to of private trucks started plying for the ply from Srinagar to Sopore or Baramulla. carriage of goods to and from the town. In case the bus was bound for Baramulla, Due to steadily growing demand for more the passengers coming to Sopore had to transport facilities to cater to the increas­ get down at Sagrama, a village situated ing goods traffic, the State Government on National Highway 3 miles from Sopore, trucks have also been pressed into service from where they were required to come since 1958. Passenger service has also on foot or tonga. Taxis were conspicuous expanded. The number of daily bus by their absence. The only and handy services has increased to eight, four each means of transport available were tongas, of Government. transport and private bullock-carts and boats. The time taken companies. This- is- over ana above the by a bus, plying from Sopore to Srinagar facilities emanating from the passenger or vice-versa was about 4 to 5 hours, services plying through Sopore to ~nd while a tonga used to take 10 hours. - from Srinagar, Handwara, Chowkibal, Against this a boat (called Donga carrying Kupwara and -_ Sogam. 15 to 20 persons) required at least 3 days for the same journey across river ]helum With the .development of orchards in and Wular lake etc. the i area the volume of export of fruit from Sopore has increased many fold. In The breakdown of Baramulla-Rawal­ pindi Road as a result of tribal raids order to provide markets to the fruit shifted the pivot of commercial activities growers and ensure quick transportation from Baramulla to Sopore town with the of fruit, a fleet of Government trucks result that the latter was provided with went into service since 1966 to carry the a net-work of good roads connecting it fruit direct to Jammu, Pathankote, Arndt­ directly with Srinagar and other important sar and. Delhi markets. Month-wise posi­ areas. Gradually Sopore grew into a very promising transit station for the tion of the movement of Government export of fruits, timber, fish etc. This trucks from Sopore to various markets, led to a gradual expansion in the require- for the year 1967-68 is indicated below:- 6

The Town

Year Mond. No. of trucks.. plying from Sopore to Total No. of trucks .---______.A.. ______~ Jammu Pathankote Delhi Amritsar 2 3 4 5 6 7

1967 July 17 3 48 68 August 23 3 293 " 319 September 155 80 " 210 445 October 91 82 310 " 483 November 82 199 " 290 6 577 .. December 14 17 265 296

1968 January 1 9 10 July 7 36 8 " 51 August 59 42 " 39 140 --- 448 463 1,472 6 2.389 ---

In addition, about 300 civil trucks S. Name of Length Frequency were also plying each month during the No. route in of buS'ser- five months of fruit season i.e .• from August miles vice on the 1967 to January 1968 for carrying fruits route from Sopore to Srinagar,Jammu and Pathan­ 1. Sopore-Bandipora 19 14 kote. On the whole, approximately seven 2. " Baramulla 10 22 lakh cases of fruit each weighing 24 kg. 3. " Tujer 9 5 have been exported from Sopore during 4. ., Dangwacha 10 5 5. the year 1967-68 both through Govern­ " Handwara 10 3 6. Hand wara via ment as well as private trucks apart from " Baramulla 18 3 fish, timber, and other goods. 7. Kupwara " 24 3 As for the passenger traffic the effec­ 8. Rohama " 18 3 tive fleet strength of Government trans­ 9. Sogam/Lalpora 37 1 " port buses in Sopore town during 1967-68 10. Lalpuluri 51 1 " stood at 15. The subjoined statement gives 11. Wader 27 " 2 an idea of the routes, their length and 12. Wilgam 32 2 " frequency of bus services on each route :- 13. " Srinagar 30 4 -7

Sopore

As many as 8,47,745 passengers were Against only six cars and few dozen carried by the Government bus fleet during cycles in 1947, there are at present 40 the year 1967 on all these routes. The trucks, 2 buses, 2 taxis 40 cars, 50 jeeps, corresponding number of passengers carried 10 motor-cycles and 300 bicycles in the between January, 1968 to July, 1968 was town owned by the local inhabitants~ 5,31,588. COMMUNICATIONS In addition to 15 Government buses, private companies have an effective fleet Prior to 1947 there _ was a solitary of 22 buses plying through Sopore. It has Central Government Sub-Post Office func­ not been possible to know the exact tioning in the town which was equipped number of passengers carried by this fleet. with banking and telegraphic facilities. The overall annual passenger traffic catered And there was only one telephone connec­ to by both the fleets is, however, esti­ tion in the entire town owned by the mated to be somewhere between 20 to State Government. The Sub-Post Office 22 lakhs. has been equipped with adequate staff to cope with all types of requirements. The traditional means of transport No single part of the town is, however, namely tongas, horse-pull ed-carts and boats served by any Branch Post Offices. As also continue to play an important role per the information made available by for the carriage of passengers and various the Sub-Post Master, the post office transac­ goods coming to or going out of the ted 7,213 incoming and 5,470 outgoing town. As per Town Area Committee re­ telegrams during 1967-68. During the cords there were 497 tongas and animal same period the post office remitted 5,322 driven carts in 1967-68 in Sopore town. money orders worth Rs. 3,82,637.07 and Apart from these at least 200 tongas and received 1,818 money orders'amounting to carts belonging to the adjoining villages Rs. 1,43,185.58. Total number of radio ply on various routes for carrying passen­ licenses issued in the town during 1967-68 gers or goods. was 689. The approximate sale proceeds Boats play no smaller role. According of the postal stationery and stamps for to the Town Area Committee records the same period are as under:- again, boats and Dongas carried 2,000 persons to and fro the town during Type of postal Number Sale proceeds 1967-68. They were also used to export stationery sold during 1967·68 about two lakh maunds of cargo consis­ Rs. p. ting of timber, firewood, fruit, grains, fish etc. from Sopore to Srinagar and Bara­ i) Post-cards 1,510 151.00 mulla and import about three lakh maunds ii) In-lands 2,304 345.60 of goods comprising cloth, tea leaves, tin, iron sheets, cement, oil, kerosene oil, pulses, iii) Envelopes 1,054 210.80 machinery, ghee, leather, meat, stones, iv) Stamps 198.00 bricks, clay etc. from Srinagar, Kupwara, ---- Bandipora and Baramulla into the town Total 905.40 during the same year. ---- 8

The Town

A telephone exchange has also been esta­ S. Type of commercial No. of Remarks blished in town in the 1953 with a capacity No. activity establish- of 100 points. In April, 1967 the exchange ments was converted from C. B. Type into Auto­ 8. Beetle and cigarette matic one with 200 lines. At the end of sellers 7 1967-68, 152 telephone connections stood provided in Sopore Town besides one pub­ 9. Milk sellers 37 lic call booth. 1,19,227 local calls and 10. Retail vegetable 25,911 trunk calls were booked through sellers B3 the exchange during 1967-68. 11. Wholesale vegetable MARKET sellers 13 12. Catering shops (serve Sopore has a very brisk market which meals only) 7 does not only feed the indigenous demand but also caters to the requirements of 13. Restaurants 2 several adjoining areas, like the Lolab 14. Hotel valley, Handwara tehsil, Kupwara tehsil, 15. Tea stalls 3 Bandipora, Rafiabad, a part of Sona wari 16. Hide sellers 13 (of which tehsil besides the entire Sopore tehsil. lO have Since 1947 the market of the town has no regular expanded at least five fold. The number shops) establishments by the type of commercial 17. Kerosene dealers 6 activities as at .present is indicated in the lB. Fish sellers and .table below:- dealers 83

S. Type of commercial No. of Remarks 19. Dry cleaners 5 No. activity establish- 20. Lime, clay etc. sellers 3 ments 21. Kilns 22. Barber shop including 1. Fruit forwarding and Hamam I commission agents 100 23. Band saw mills 19 2. Bakers 45 24. Husking mills 25 3. Butchers 21 25. Small trolley saw 4. Fruit sellers 13 mills 5 5. Unani, ayurvedic 26. Trolley saw mills 9 and medical shops 16 27. Oil Ghani (Kholu) 3 6. Sweet shops 3 28. Oil mills 2 7. Sweet-meat and 29. Floor mills run by pakora sellers 35 (of these water (Grahats) 15 30 are 30. Floor mill hawkers) 31. Fire-wood dealers 4 Town Market 9

Sopore

S. Type of commercial No. of Remarks S. Type of commercial No. of Remarks No. activity establish. No. activity establish· ments ments 32. Spare parts dealers 4 (of these 50. Pattu, Ioi, etc. one also weavers 12 deals in 51. Cloth merchant, heavy wholesale 6 machinery like trollies, 52. Barbers 100 (of which husking 70 ·have machines no regular etc.) shops) 33. Cycle dealers 4 53. Tailors 125 (of these 34. Cycle repair shops 8 fifty are 35. Dentist 1 . wor~ing 36. Hardware 7 In varIOUS other shops 37. Work shops for trucks like that and motor cycles etc. 4 of cloth 38. Watch repairers and merchants sellers 5 etc.) 39. Shoe shops 13 54. Silver and gold 40. Shoe makers 2 smiths 34 41. Shoe repairers 25 55. Blacksmiths 35 42. Calico printing 5 56. Carpenters 250 (working Cotton ginning 9 43. on no 44. Oil sellers (wholesale) lO regular 45. Stationers and book· shops) sellers 6 57. Kabari shops (sellers 46. Photographers 3 of old clothes and 47. Radio Dealers, Radio articles) 5 repairers and electric 58. Utensils and crockery goods sellers 10 (of which sellers 1 six are 59. Fancy! goods sellers 20 Radio 60. Copper utensil sellers 9 dealers) 48. Silver and gold thread 61. '\'Vholesale tea sellers 16 embroidery 15 62. Ro~, baskets, 49. Pattu, loi, blanket etc. brooms etc. sellers 4 sellers 6 (of these 63. Tobacco and cigarettes one namely sellers 5 Haji Ahad 64. Tin trunks, boxes, Joo Shawla buckets etc. sellers 5 is a whole- 65. Newspaper agents 2 sale dealer 66. Grain and and owns pulses many weaving sellers 13 khadis and 67. Stove and gas lamp exports the - repairers and sellers products) including nicLle polish 50 10

The town

S. Type of commercial No. of Remarks the town. The supply is not, however, No. activity establish- adequate. With a view to augmenting ments the supply a tube well scheme was also 68. Cloth sellers 200 (These undertaken during the 3rd Plan and a cloth tube-well with a depth of 500 ft. and a sellers cemented reservoir tank with a capacity also stock various of 60,000 gallons was constructed. The other items tube-well was, however, commissioned only for sale for a short while. The supply from Hardo­ required shiva continues to be in-adequate. for day­ The pressure of water is also very low to-day consump­ with the result that the new constructions, tion) comming up in the New Colony and its 69. Furniture manufac- vicinity, are facing water scarcity. Besides turers 2 water taps installed in private premises a 70. Printing Press 1 net-work of 69 public stand posts has 71. Wine shops 3 (one is been set up in different pa_rts of the Govern­ town. During the 2nd Five Year Plan the ment shop total daily water supply to Sopore town selling stood at 1,20,000 gallons. During the first J&K three years of third plan the supply in­ excise liquor) creased to 1,30,000 gallons per day. The 72. Masons 150 (working supply registered further increases during on no the last two years of the 3rd plan and regular stood at 1,50,000 gallons per day. shops) 73. General merchandise 175 ELECTRICITY 74. Clay utensil sellers 8 The town got electrified for the first 75. Cinema time in .1921 and until 1947 was fed from supplies from Mohora Power House­ 76. Hawkers selling cos­ the only Electric Supply Station in the metics, glass bangles, valley with a total generating capacity of fancy articles, eatables 4 MWS. Not more than 25% houses, how­ from door to door 100 ever, were enjoying the benefit of electricity. The present position is that about 95% WATER SUPPLY houses are electrified and many among Until as late as the end lst Five, these are equipped with radio sets, elec­ tric presses, heaters, fan~ etc. The total Year Plan the town had no protected consumption of A.C. electric current supp­ water supply.; The only source of drinking lied to the town during the year 1967-68, water was the River Jhelum. Since the from Mohora and Ganderbal Hydro-elec­ begining of the 2nd Plan, however, the tric generating stations was 1.255 Mega­ town is catered by protected water supply watts. The subjoined statement gives the number of connections, nature, volume of tapped from a spring namely Shiva situa­ electric consumption, total revenue due ted at a distance of six miles in the and revenue realised from the town in vi1lage Hardoshiva in the north-east of 1967-68 :- Water reservoir (capacity 60,000 gallons) Cinema Hall

/

:- I

Town Hall 11

Sopore S. No, Type of establisbment Number of Volume of Revenue Revenue connections consumption due realised 2 3 4 5 6 1. Domestic (a) lighting 2,503 250 kw. ") 2,60,046.40 2. Industrial 53 949.5 kw. I 3. Irrigation 3 1.5 kw. I 2,55,346.40 4. Other establishment (State I Departments) 40 18 kw. I 5. Commercial 263 36 kw. I 6. Road lighting *263 points of40 watt eachl 2,60,046.40 2,55,346.40

* (Total volume of consumption in respect of item (6) is not available. The rate charged is Rs. 1.25 per bulb of 40 watts. each. Total expenses on road-lighting during 1967-68 was Rs. 8,138.35, including E. D. and maintenance charges etc.) The supply is, however, far short of Ziarats of Khanka Moalla, Jamia Qadim, the requirements. There is a large num­ Baba Yousuf, Rahim Sahib and Syed Sahib ber of applications swelling the waiting which are frequently visited by the Mus­ list. The supply needs to increase by at lim population. Besides these, temples of least 50% to meet this additional demand Reshipir, Brahmin and Bhairo are also for electricity. very popular with the Hindu community CREMATORIUM and are visited by them almost daily. The ground where Hindus cremate There is also one Gurdwara situated in the main -market. - their dead is situated on the bank of river J ehlum in mohalla Baghat in the I t will not be out of place to men­ south-east of the town. It constitutes an tion here that the main marke't of the area of 7 kanals. Muslims bury their town is the most important' public place dead in grave-yards 'which are scattered whe~e people belonging to each and every throughout the town and occupy an area caste, community and calling assemble of 486 kanals. during day time and run brisk business IMPORTANT PUBLIC PLACES and come into contact with customers of A cinema hall known as 'Samad Talkies', all shades, coming besides the locality all two small parks, laid out on an area of the way from the adjoining areas, to pur­ only six kanals, town--hall and its library­ chase various commodities. cum-reading room and fourteen other rea­ ADMINISTRATIVE AND WELFARE ding rooms set-up by Jamati-Islamia in INSTITUTIONS various 'mohallas are the only important Important among the administrative public places where the local inhabitants institutions is the Town Area Committee are seen mingling up irrespective of any which is responsible for the provision of considerations of caste or creed. amenities and community services usually The town-hall library has been equipped available in a town. It enjoys certain with 1,2.00 books on a variety of subjects. powers under the Town Area Act of Besides daily newspapers in circulation, 1954 to facilitate the execution of public periodicals and other current literature welfare works and to ensure the well-being are available for study in the reading of the people. A detailed description of room attached with the library. The four­ the functions performed by the Committee teen reading rooms belonging to Jamat-i­ is given in Chapter IV. A list of other Islamia, are equipped with 8,000 books Government run administrative and wel­ covering such fields as religion, history, fare institutions other than educational, law, literature, science etc. besides local medical and banks, functioning in the newspapers, periodicals etc. town-area, is listed below alongwith their Among other important public places dates of establishment, type of function, mention may be made of Id Gah and area of operations and staff strength etc :- 12

The .. town

hnportant pubHc institutions (Other than banks,

Category Name Location When Nature of function established 2 3 4 5 Government Offices and institutions Sub-Judge Sopore town Hearing of the civil and crimi­ nal cases, registration of sale deals, land and other particu­ lars.

S. D. M. or Sopore town To maintain law and order S. D. O. Office and to settle revenue cases etc.

Sub-Divisional Sopore town 1953 Supervision of crimes and Police Office maintenance of law and order.

Tehsil Office Sopore town 1948 Collection of land revenue rationing, liaison officer, Custodian, Evacuee property, Administration, Treasury Officer, Chairman Local Boards, - Panchayat Election, authority, maintenance of recorq,s of rights.

Roads and Sopore town .Oct., 1962 Development of roads and Buildings buildings etc. Division, Sopore

Assistant Sopore town March, 1968 Collection of revenue and Engineer, maintenance of electric lines Electric and sub-stations. 13

educational and lDedical institutions)

Jurisdiction No. of No. of members Remarks employees where it is relevent 6 7 8 9

District Baramulla for criminal 15 One Chief Judicial Magistrate cases and Tehsil Sopore for is also functioning here. civil cases.

Sopore Division. 4 Sub-Divisional Magistrate or Sub-Divisional Officer and his staff.

Sangrama, Gurez, Bandipora, 11 One Deputy Superintendent of Kupwara, Karnah, Keran, Police, One Head Clerk, Ony/ Villgam, Hand wara and Head Constable, Six Cons­ Sopore. tables, two peons.

Sopore tehsil. 84 One Tehsildar and his staff.

Sangrama to Chowkibal, Tang­ 142 Work Charge 76 dara, Karnah, Lolab Valley, Regular - 66 Kulangam, Handwara, One Executive Engineer, One Zachaldara, Nichhama, Assistant Engineer and 64 Magam, Shooloro road, the regular staff members. area at the right side of Sopore - Chowkibal Road, Zaingir, Sop?re to Bandipora Shalteng and other link roads in tehsil Bandipora.

Sopore town and adjacent 97 One Assistant Electric villages. Engineer and his staff. 14

The town

hnportant public institutions (Other than banks,

Category Name Location When Nature of function established 1 2 3 4 5 Government Offices and institutions Divisional Sopore town 1963 To attend fire calls. Fire Office

Assistant Sopore town Oct., 1961 Guiding in the formation of Registrar, the co-operative societies, Co-operative advancing loans and its recovery.

Agriculture Sopore July, 1962 Tehsil Development plant pro­ Office tection propaganda and·docu­ mentary shows on agriculture, sale of improved implements, fertilizer and pesticides.

Horticulture Sopore town May, 1967 Technical guidance to fruit Office growers, protection of plants, development of horticulture.

Irrigation Sopore town 1954 Construction of new canals & Division tanks, execution of the pro­ jects, Flcpod Control, ,Cons­ truction of Departmental buildings and repair to old canals etc.

Ranger, Kandi Sopore 1964 Control of timber movement, Range to provide work for labour in saw mills.

Special Range Sopore town 1964 Supply of fire-wood, coptrol of Officer timber movement etc.

Block Sopore Sept., 1964 Development of Panchayats, Development improvement of agriculture Office and minor irrigation and water supply, Development of Small Industries and Livestock. 15

Sopore

educational and :anedical institutions)-contd.

Jurisdiction No. of No. of members Remarks employees where it is relevent 6 7 8 9

Sopore Division. N.A.

Sopore block and adjacent 6 villages.

Baramulla District. 86 One District Agriculture Officer and his staff.

Baramulla Distr ict. 118 One District Horticulture Officer and his staff. One Deputy Director, Mulberry as also functioning in the town.

Baramulla District except 86 72 (Regular) Sonawari block. 14 (Work Charge Basis)

Sopore Division. N.A.

Sopore Division. N.A.

! of 'J'ehsil Sopore and Alaqua 42 One Block Development Officer Zaihgir and Khoi and 41 staff members. 16

TM town

JDJ.portaD~ pubUc institutiOI18 (Other than banks,

Category Name Location When Nature of function established 2 3 4 5

Government Offices and insti tutions •Tehsil Sopore town July, 1966 Conducts film shows to edu­ Information cate people in Family Office Planning, Agriculture and Industries etc. To collect data from different offices for publication.

Tehsil Social Sopore town 'April: 1965 Look after the welfare of the Welfare Office people especially backward classes and provide welfare facilities to the destitutes, physically handicapped, blind, deaf and dumb. The office is running two welfare centres in the town where ,girls get lessons in tailoring etc.

Inspector Sopore town April, 1963 Inspection of the shops and Weights and checking the weights and measures measures.

Central Sopore town 1949 Maintenance of community Community listening Radio sets. listening 17

Sopore

educational and lDeclical institutions)-concld.

Jurisdiction No. of No. of members, Remarks employees where it is relevent 6 7 8 9

Sopore, Handwara, Kupwara, 6 Langet, Chowkibal, Zachal­ dara, Lolab and Watlab.

Sopore tehsil only. 2 One Social Welfare Officer and a clerk.

Tehsil Sopore and Bandipora 2 One Inspector and one clerk.

Pattan, Handwara, Bandipora, 3 Centre is run by Field Publi­ upto G",rez and Sopore. city Department, Govern­ ment of India. 18

The Town

A number of educational institutions FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS exist in the town as enumerated. They Strangely enough, there are only two cater to the needs of the local inhabi­ banks serving this important commercial tants as well as to the students from adjoin­ centre. Of these two, one is a branch ing areas:- of Jammu and Kashmir Bank Ltd.t while Number the other is that of the Baramulla Central Type of "...--.. ___.-A- ___-.... Co-operative Bank. The fruit merchants institution Male Female Total and other commercial establishments find Degree Science/Arts themselves greatly inconvenienced due to College lack of adequate institutional credit Higher Secondary! facilities. High Schools 2 3 VOLUNTARY ORGANISATIONS Secondary/Middle Apart from the institutions indicated Schools 7 3 10 above there are a number of voluntary Primary Schools 9 10 19 organisations functioning for the welfare Teachers Training of their members in the town. Among Schools 2 these mention may be made of the following which will be discussed in the 15 20 35 Report :- i) New Fruit Growers and Dealers The male institutions are not all meant Association, for males exclusively. Besides'in the degree college, co-education is imparted in one ii) The Kashmir Fruit Growers and higher secondary school and four primary Dealers Association, schools. iii) Mill-owners Welfare Association, The subjoined statement gives the type iv) Drivers and Cleaners Association, and number of medical institutions func­ v) Co-operative Transport Workers tioning in the town area. Society Ltd., Type of medical Number vi) Private Employees Union, institution vii) Private Mazdoor Union, Primary Health Centre viii) Anjman-e-Behebudi-e-Kirayadaran, (including Family Planning Centre) ix) Kisan Conference, Chest Clinic (District T.B. Centre) 1 x) Tailors Union, S.E.T. Centre (Leprosy Treatment Centre) xi) Tonga Drivers Association, Women and Child Welfare Centre xii) Anjman.e-.Zargaran (goldsmiths), (Branch St. Joseph Hospital, Baramulla) 1 xiii) New Kashmir Carpenters Association Veterinary Unit I xiv) Oil Mills Industrial Co-operative (including Artificial Insemination Society, Centre) xv) Anjman-e-Hajaman (barbers), Total 5 xvi) Butchers Union, xvii) Anjman-e-Mahigeeran (fishermen). 19

Sopore

IUSTORY NOMENCLATURE AND "Whatever the truth, we can recog­ LEGENDS nize in Suyya~ .a person of genius and a great benefactor of Kashmir All historians are unanimous in their who triumphantly vindicated Awanti­ view that the birth of the town of Sopore varman's bold.~ step gf allowing him dates back to more than 1,100 years ago to prove his 6b6m. It is fitting that when the reputed Kashmir engineer Suyya there should still be a memoria to by name, founded it during the reign of Suyya in Kashmir. This is the village Raja Awantivarman (855-883 A. D.), the of Sopore or Suyya pora, situated in then ruler of Kashmir. the same place today as it was when J.P. Ferguson in his book entitled he founded it, namely, on the bank of 'Kashmir' remarks "Suyya stands out as the Jhelum where the river leaves the a person 'hundreds of years in advance Wular Lake. The original Sopore is of his time". It is because of the techni­ supposed to have resembled heaven, cal intelligence and real skill he possessed and on his own authority, Suyya is and applied for draining off the flood said to have forbidden fishing and water which could find no outlet and shooting of birds in the lake by a had made the cultivation of land impossible prohibition that was to lJe effective till with the result that famine like condi­ the end of the world. The present Sopore cannot be described as heavenly, tion ptevailed in the whole of the valley. and the Wular has become a favourite That is why, in the light of the results place for duck-shooting and fishing ...... " achieved by this great engineer, he has been regarded as an incarnation of Lord M.A. Stein, the English translator of of Food himself by the great historian K.alhanas 'Rajatarangini' in his book Kalhana in his book Rajatarangini. Suyya's 'Memoir on maps illustrating the Ancient reputation attracted many persons who Geography of Kashmir' published in 1899, also settled at the place he resided and (p-208) while writing abou~ Sopore town which eventually came to be known as remarks: Suyyapura, meaning the place where Suyya settled. This is quite in line with the " .....•... Sopore which lies a short system of nomenclature followed in ancient distance below the point where the Kashmir which preserves a genuine tradi­ Vitasta leaves the Wular,. has retained its tion regarding their founder and in cases importance to this day and still a of towns and cities, the appellation 'pura' town of over 8,000 inhabitants. It has is attached to the name of the founder. during recent times been the official With the passage of time and constant headquarter for the whole of Kumraz. use, the pronunciation of the name was From a passage of Srivara it appears distorted into Sopore by which it is known that this. had been the case already at present.' at an earlier period. Relating a great conflagration which destroyed Suyya­ Writing further about Suyya and Sopore pura in Zain-ul-Abidin's time, this J.P. Ferguson writes in his book 'Kashmir' chronicle tells us that in it perished (p-19) :- the whole of the official archives 20

The Town

relating to Kamarajya. The royal resi­ destroyed the town. Hearing of this, dence, however, escaped and the town the Sultan sent a large army to Sopur. itself was again built up by the King After heavy fighting Adham w~s routed. in greate splendour. Of this, however, And as his foll?wers were fleeing across nothing has remained; nor does the the Jhelum at Sopur, the bridge gave town now show older remains of any way, and three hundred of them were interest. " drowned in the river. After the Sultan himself proceeded to Sopur and con­ As will be clear from the history of soled the inhabitants on their sufferings the town narrated above, there is no " trace left of any historical buildings or ancient monuments which could throw During the later part of his reign some light on the past. It is quite likely the town of Sopur was destroyed by that the ancient remains might have been fire. The Sultan built there a palace destroyed in the conflagration that broke with the materials of the one at Bam­ out during the reign of Zain-ul-Abdin mulla, which was pulled down. He (1420-1470 A.D.). A reference about an also const,ructed in the town a swinging attack and this conflagration during the bridge ...... ". reign of Zain-ul-Abdin has also been given The swinging bridge continued to be . in Kashmir Under the Sultans (p-77 and the sole communication link across _ the 95) written by Mohib-bul Hassan in these river until 1955 when it was discarded words ;- in favour of an R.C.C. bridge constructed "Adham attacked Sopur in 1459. about half a mile down stream. . Lately Its governor offered resjstence, but the old bridge has also been reconstruc- Adham defeated and killed him and ted and thrown open to traffic. - 22 The People & Their Material Traits

S. Name of Mohalla Religion/Caste Mother­ Functional Characteristics No. tongue 1 2 3 4 5

1. Narapora Islam/faqir Kashmiri Begging and mat making 2. Shalapora Islam/Sofi, Shalla, Shah Vegetable growing 3. Baba Yousuf Islam/Dar, Mir, Togoo Fishing, Business " 4. Muslim Peer Islam/Dar, Gujri Fishing " 5. Kralteng Islam/Dar, Pandit, Soft, ". Fishing and r~~i,?g boat • Dander 6. Khoshal Mattu IslamJShosha, Mattoo Fried-chips-bakers (manjgaroo) " 7. Sangram Pora Islam/Mantoo, Pandit Grocery, Gold and· . silver' " smithy 8. Bata Pora Hinduism/Bindroo, ,. Govt. Service, Business, Tranzoo, Koul shop-keeping 9. Shahabad Islam/Sheikh Shoe-making, Scavenging " 10. Mum Kak Islam/Chhan, Paray Carpentry " 11. Padshah Masjid IslamJGujri, Ganjoo, Milk selling, business Pandit " 12. Khawaja Gilgit Islam/Hajjn, Jamwari Business " 13. Aishi Peer Islam/Peer Priest-hood " 14. Shairan Islam/Malik Begging, ~'ailoring " 15. Humlina Islam/Mir, Naik Cultivation, Horticulture 16. Baghat Islam/Mir, Naik -do- -do- " 17. Shahid Gunj Hinduism/Khatri Business 18. Channa Khan Islam/Chhan, Dar Carpentry, Mill owners 19. Dogli Teng Islam/Rather, Mir Cultivation " 20. Dntoo Hamam Islam/Awantoo Business " 21. Sofi Hamam Islam/Wani, Sofi Business " 22. Jamia Qadeem Islam/Wani, Rang.,-ez, Trade and commerce Hakim 123. Khanka Mulla IslamfWani, Peer, Hakim " Priest-hood, Business 24. Hathi Shah Islam/Ganai Butchery 25. Now Hamam IslamfChhan, Dand, Business " Sheikh 26. Ningal Islam/Dar, Hanji, Khor " Fishing CHAPTER II

THE PEOPLE AND THEIR MATERIAL CULTURE

ETHNIC COMPOSITION Mir Sayeed Ali Hamdani known all over The people of Sopore are very much the valley as Shah-i-Hamdan also visited Kashmiri and as such like their fellow Sopore and is said to have offered his brethren inhabiting all over Kashmir prayers on the bank of river Jhelum Valley, . slightly timid and vascillating, where a shrine named Khanka Mulla yet peace. loving, intelligent and persistant. has since been erected in ~is memory . Historians like Moorcraft,1 Federic Drew, Those who retained Hinduism as their Barnes have made adverse comments religion constitute less than 8% of the about the character of a Kashmiri. But total population of the town and consist as Sir Walter Lawrence puts it, 'many mainly of Bhoras and Brahmins. In of the hard words said about the addition, there are a few families of Kashmiri are due to the fact that the Punjabi Hindus who have set-up commer­ offiGial interpreters of th~ir character have cial establishments in the town. Bhoras been foreigners, often grasping and corrupt, on a whole are also mainly engaged in always uns.ympathetic'. The weaker part trade and commerce while Brahmins are of the ,character of an average Kashmiri mostly in Government services. Prominent is rooted in the deep past of his political Krams among which the Brahmin Hindus history which is a long and pathetic tale o~ t~ town are distributed .. are Mattu, of misery, subjugation and putrefaction Bmdro, Koul. Tranzoo, Ganju etc. under rapid transition of governments, varying in race, religion and language. Muslims constitute about 92% popu­ The incidents of the physical history, lation of the town. As, with the excep­ characterised by recurring fires, floods, tion of a few families, all are converts earth-quakes, famines and cholera have from Hinduism, in many cases people retain their traditional beliefs and also contributed much III the past to unsettle the people and make them practices and even distinguish them­ suspicious and credulous. The great yearn­ selves into many ethnic groups of which ing of a Kashmiri is to be left alone. mention may be made of such prominent The same is true of an average Sopori. Krams as Sofi, Bulla, Tranboo, Butt, Dar, Ganai, Wani, Awantoo, Rather, Mir,' As is true of the whole valley, the Hanjis, Malik, Gujri, Sheikh, Hajam, people of Sopore were all Hindus l;lntil Teli, Pandit, Chhan, Shalla etc. the beginning of the 14th Century A.D. Towards the middle and the end of the The subjoined statement indicates the century there was mass conversion of concentration in each mohalla of different Hindus to Islam as a result of the religions and caste groups with their efforts of Mir Sayeed Ali Hamdani, a mother-tongue and main functional charac­ great saint of Hamadan and his disciples. teristics. MAP OF SOPORE TOWN DISTRIBUTION OF NAMED AREAS :I AND FUNCTIONAL CA STES ,I ... FEn 440 220 0 440 FUT ! '.

-Nl.. CO 1.0 II,

• J I ~ \

TOWN eOUNDARY WARD BOUNDARy·· ·· --­ MOHAL. L A BOUNDARY _ .._ .. _ .. 23

Sopore

S. Name of Mohalla Religion/Caste Mother- Functional Characteristics No. tongue 1 2 3 4 5

27. Maharaj Para Islam/Dar, Malla Kashmiri Fishing 28. Chinki Pora Islam/Butt Cultivation " ; Business 29. Takia Bal Islam/pandit, Sofi, _Dar " Islam/Malla, Doomb Tonga and cart driving 30. Sheikh Sahib " 31. Sayeed Sultan Islam/Teeli, Sofi, Changa Vegetable growing, Oil seed " crushing Vegetable growing 32. Aaram Pora Islam/Sofi " 3~. Lal Bab Sahib Islam/Sofi, Changa Vegetable growing, priest- " hood Hair Cutting 34. Hajaman IslamJHajaman " 35. Telian Islam/Teeli, Malik, Oil seed crushing, Hide Sheikh " sellin~

HOUSE TYPES three decades ago the town had only 712 As per the data supplied by the buildings. This is corroborated by the Assistant Engineer, Roads and Buildings, fact that during 1'931 Census the number Sopore Division, there were 4,012 buil­ of occupied houses- was recorded as 476 dings in the entire town during 1967-68. only. The statement also indicates that Of these, 1,017 are single storeyed, 1,575 only during the past decade 1,500 new double storeyed and the remaining 420 constructions have come up which in multi-storeyed buildings. As per the itself is il,dicative of the growing impor­ statistics available about the age of tance of the town. It is also observed various buildings the position' emerges' as that most of the new constructions coming under :- up are pacca and in durable construc­ tional materials, very much in line with Age of structure Number those '>xisting in other developed urban in years areas. These have been provided with 0-5 500 goarl ventilation and drainage and are in 6-10 1,000 formity with the basic principles of 11-15 500 1,; glene. The Town Area Committee 16-25 1,000 have a large role in this respect as the authority approving the construction plan 26-30 300 of the dwellings. The plans are duly 31 and above 712 examined before approval. It is no surprise Total 4,012 buildings therefore that in majority. of the recent constructions bathrooms, latrines and From the statement it appears that kitchens have been provided .which are 24

The People & Their Material Traits conspicuous hy· their absence in more area of the town. Tendency also seems than 80% of the dwellings constructed in to be developing among the local inhabi­ the past. The position of houses mohalla· tants, residing in the Central and conges­ wise as they existed during 1961 can ted parts of the town, to . move out very well be assessed from the following towards the same fringe area for habi­ paragraph, reproduced here from 'Report tation. There is, therefore, every likeli­ on Housing and Establishments" (p-297) hood that before long all the open areas, published during 1964 by the Census which lie very close to the newly deve­ Organisation. loped Government sector, will come under the growth of residential development. "The town comprises 35 wards or With this prospect in view the Town mohallas some of which consist of more Planner to Government has formulated a than one block. Of these, the largest plan for the development of a Housing number of households has been returned Colony and Shopping Centre in this from ward 17 and the least from ward sector. For this purpose an area of 21 No. I. acres of land has been got transferred With the exception of one or two from the Agriculture Department to the houses in eaCh of the wards, II, 13, Housing Division. It lies between Sopore­ 18 and ,.24, all others consist of pucca Chowkibal road and Nowpora road opposite walls arid roofs built of durable to Irrigation Department Divisional Offices. materials only. The walls of all houses Triangular in shape it stretches from the in ward No. 17 which is biggest by Forest Check Post of Sopore to a length size are built of unburnt bricks and of 1,900 feet towards Chowkibal. The timber only. The large majority of proposed scheme of Housing Colony and the houses is, however, roofed with Shopping Centre as also approved by the durable materials consisting of shingle Government under a formal notification or corrugated iron sheets. In a few is as under:- other wards also, such as 29 and 34, both the walls and roof materials are (a) Proposed allocation of 168 kan'als of land entirely kucha. is as follows:- Not a single house in the following Housing Colony for general 11 wards contains walls made of public 89 kanals durable materials:- Single Storey Govt. Quarter 26 Shopping Centre 15 " Wards, 4, 5,6, 7, 9, 15 B, 15 C, 16, " 17, 29 and 34". Cinema Hall 6 Central Park " Roads As also stated earlier Sopore town is " a congested sprawl on I two sides of the (b) Details of Plots and shops :­ river Jhelum. During the past decade Total No. of plots in private Government offices, town-hall and many sector 115 other structures have come up in the fringe area also Sopore-Chowkibal road Size of plots 50'xlOO' 41 Nos. which now forms a part of the de-facto 40'x74' " " " 74 " S lum-area-d welling

New Housing Colony Thel

MAP OF consp ~, , --\ SOPORE TOWN than t-----·, the p , --:-:-:-:-:~. NUMBER OF BUILDINGS t------~ wise , -:-:-:-:-:~ -:-~-:~~ FEET4!0 110, ~40Fm very :-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-\, para~ on H ::~::::::::::::~::::-= publi! Orgal

"1

thi nu frc NI

ho 18

ill< in Sil tir tho du or otl bo NUMBtROFBUILOINIS en (IIOIIALLI-IISt) U BiLOW30 II ~11-60 du ' 61 -90 rOWN BOUN DARY 1 17 !l91-110

mill-ISO A! a COl 11151-110 river /lABOVEIIO Govel other fringe ' which

New Lig'lt Hotel MAP OF SOPORE TOWN NU MBER OF BUILDINGS

FEET 4t.._O:...... 2::i~:..:O~...i9___ .:;4~O FEET

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ :~ ~ ~ ~: ~:: ~ ::::=:=:=:.ill. ~'~ NUMBER OF BUILDINGS ~ (MOtIAlLA-WISE) 12 L:_:_j8ELOW 30 [, ~i~~~~l ! 4 t-:-::j 31 60 '\::' ------] aIIIIJ61 90 TOWN BOUNDARY . (i:~~::=:::::::=--:.·· WARD BOUNDARy ••. · .,::.:: S:,-_-_-_-_-_- ~91-120 MOHALLA BOUNDARY·· .: .. :: ""------_ .. _. L: ~ ;\::-- - m121-150 .::::::::': L::::::" 1iil151 - 180 ...... ,::::;:::' ~AeOVEI80 . ~ ...... <.;: .. .. ",.. 25

Sopore

Total No. of single storey vi) Assistant Electric Engi- quarter for low paid neer, Sopore ... Member • Government employees to During 1967-68 the construction of be constructed by the shops-cum-flats. has been completed by Housing Department 46 Nos. the P.W.D. and the construction work Flats-cum-shopping blocks in respect of the Housing Colony is in for which administrative progress. approval by the P. W. D. It is significant to note that while stands accorded ... Flats 24 Nos. approving the maps of all the new cons­ Shops 24 " tructions, the Town Area Committee is Single storey shops to be trying to ensure that the instructions laid constructed by P. W. out in General and Sanitation Orders Department 64 Nos. under section 45 and 47 of the Jammu and Kashmir Town Area Act 2011, are Cost of Development-The cost of adhered to (appended in an Appendix at development including the development of the end of the Report). roads, parks, play fields and surface drains shall cost Rs. 8.5 lakhs @ Rs. 5000/­ DRESS, ORNAMENTS AND FOOT. per kanal. The Housing Department will WEAR meet the entire cost of Rs. 16.5 lakhs The tradi!ional dress of ~ersons youJger which includes Rs. 8.5 lakhs as men­ ~md older of both sexes usually consisted tioned above and Rs. 8.0 lakhs on the of a cotton shirt and a, pair of trousers construction of low paid employees single and they also invari~bly wore a pheran storey 46 flats of 625 square feet area or a loose garment which coverd the body each @ Rs. 20/- per square feet. Project and the arms and fell below the calf of estimates for two blocks of the shops­ the leg. Females used pherans of slightly cum-flats and the shopping centre shall shorter size than. those worn by men. It be met by the P.W.D. under their nor- would also be b1"9caded near the collar mal grants. I in gold, silk or cotton thread. The head­ For the implementation of the scheme, gear of the males was a cap or in rare a development board consisting of the cases a turban while the women-folk covered foll?wing members has been formed:- their heads with a piece of white cloth measuring about 2! X 1 yards, called puchh. i) Chief Engineer, Designs The older generation by and large conti­ and Planning ... Chairman nues with their traditional costumes though ii) Town-Planner ... Member there are slight modifications here and iii) Chairman, Town Area there. The dresses are generally cleaner Committee, Sopore than used to be the position in the past. " iv) Tehsildar, Sopore " A notable change in the apparel is, v) Executive Engineer, however, prominently discernible among Roads & buildings, the younger generation of the. town. They Sopore Division ... Secretary have discarded the shabby dresses 26

The People & Their Material Traits

of their ancestors and have dispensed with cotton and woollen socks have also been the pheran and the traditional head-gears. replaced by latest designed socks and in They very much covet the modern gar­ many cases nylon and silken socks are used. ments found in use in other advanced As a natural sequence of all this change urban areas. Most of them are seen wear­ in dresses, ornaments and foot-wear, the ing good tailored shirts, pants, multi­ demand for superior variety of cloth, coloured and check-designed bushirts, ready­ tailors, ornament designs and latest shoes made clothes and under garments. The has increased to such an extent that at boys and even youngmen have discarded present a good number of shops dealing both the cap and the turban and move with these requirements have sprung up about bare-headed in well-combed hair. in the town market. It has generated The girls too wear tight sbalwars and avenues of eiDployment for a large num­ qameezes and cover their heads with ber of local inhabitants and attracted many dupattas instead of traditional puchh. from other towns to set-up commercial They also take care to ensure matching establishments in the town (see the list of colours. of shops in Chapter I). The introduction Alongwith the change in costume a of english style dresses like pants, coats definite change is discernible in the use and growing aptitUde for clean and civi­ . of cosmetics and ornaments used by females. lized living has also given rise -to .- five Unlike the past, when females were con­ modern dry-cleaning shops in the town. tent with heavy silver ornaments o~y, one finds latest and sophisticated designs FOODS AND DRINKS _ in vogue. Females are no longer content The traditional staple food, rice, is with silver only but prefer to have gold still on the menu at both the lunch and ornaments on their person. Cosmetics like dinner times. The only notable change is powders, creams, scents,. perfumed oils, that now it is coJsumed with a variety ribbons, pins, rubber combs, nail polish of fresh vegetables, or mutton preparations etc. which were once considered a rare which are prepared with more of spices lUXUry are now items of daily routine etc. added than were used in the past. \ with newly married females and unmarried Side by side people have also developed girls. the habit of consuming wheat and maize flour in the shape of chappatis along­ As in the case of dress, elderly males with meals or tea. are still using their traditional foot-wear which include locality made juti called As the indigenous produce of paddy paizar, kharav etc. but in their case also and other crops is very meagre, the town there is a gradual change to switch over has to draw upon the foodgrain supplies to rubber shoes which are cheap, light from Zaingir, Khoie and Tarzua. A large and can with-stand rain and snow. section of the population also receive ra­ Younger people despise the use of the tions from the Government at subsidised old type of foot-wear and relish modern rates like other towns. Wheat and maize shoes, sandals, slippers, etc. even though are also procured from Zaingir, Rafiabad, they are comparatively expensive. Rough Sonawari, Kohin etc. In vegetables and 27

Sopore pulses, however, the town is by and large in the town. Biscuits, bread and butter, self-sufficient. pastry, cakes, cream-rolls and other bakery products also find consumption among Milk and curd which were rarely middle and upper middle class families. used, except for tea or vegetable prepara­ Qahwa (sweet tea without milk) has yielded tions are now frequently used by the in­ place to liptons tea in many cases. The habitants. A rough estimate of the daily common people, however, still relish sheer consumption of milk can be had from chai the components of which consist of the fact that apart form the indigenous water, dry tea leaves, milk, salt and soda yeild of milk from the milch cattle the bicarb which when boiled together III a town is at present importing about 12 samawar, or cauldron assume a rosy maunds of milk every day from adjoining colour. This type of tea is strong and villages namely Tarzua, Highgam, Watlab, has also die tic value. Zaingir, Seer, Doabgah etc. Recreation and enjoyment which ir As in the case of milk, mutton and the past was a luxury open to a feW chicken are also consumed in large quanti­ individuals is becoming a common feature. ties. As per the information supplied by Picnics and excursions- to Watlab and the Town Area Committee only 15 sheep Ningal and visits to religious places out­ were slaughtered in the entire town be­ side the town along with families is a fore 1947. Against it at present 50 sheep usual affair. Another noticeable change is are slaugtered and consumed in the town that male population and especially the area daily. Chicken and eggs are also younger generation have developed a taste consumed frequently. For the supply of for restaurants and h'Otels and like to sheep, chicken and eggs the town depends have their tea, snacks etc. at these places. on Lolab valley, Chokibal, Bandipora, Gurez, Handwara, Mawar, Langet, Rafia­ Liquor is also becoming popular with bad etc. a section of the adult male population Fish is available in abundance both in of the town. Three liquor shops have river Jhelum as well as Wular Lake and sprung up to cater to this demand and the town enjoys a reputation for the same are running a brisk business. in whole of the State. Apart from meet­ HOUSEHOLD GOODS ing the local demand the town also ex­ ports large quantities of fish to Baramulla The taste for and .nature of, demand and Srinagar. for househdld goods has also registered a phenomenal change over the past. Before 1947, satoo i.e. powdered maize or barley flour was consumed with tea Two decades ago, majority of the by a large section of the population. In households would make use of grass sharp contrast to this most of them now mats only for sitting and sleeping purpo­ take baked breads while in many cases ses. Bedsteads, khatias, furniture articles slightly more shophisticated type of bread were possessed by a limited number of called hakerkhani, kulchas, are consumed economically well-to-do households. The which are available for sale with all the position now is that apart from possessing 45 bakers who are running regular shops such sophisticated articles of furniture as MAP OF SOPORE TOWN VAL UE OF LAND FEET 440...... ZZO..._.______, 0 440 FEET

J':" '.

.-. } I ! ,J iI

. I VALUE OF LAND PER SQ . YARD l j ., : . I:: :: :j BELOW 5.00 Rupns ,( ~ 5.01-7.00 [l]]]] 7. 0 I - 9,00

. ~ 9.01-11.00 f~. , ~ . -I _ABOVE 11.00 , I ! _ I . .

~. 29

institution pf priests and religious perfO'r­ functions etc. But for the all pervading mances and in this respect are more influence of elders they stand for a. defi­ cO'nservative than the Muslims inhabiting nite change and WO'uid like to eliminate the town. many unwanted social customs etc. which unnecessarily tax their pocket. With The younger educated generation does growth in the newly springing educated not, however, appear to be all happy with the existing social order. They des­ inteIIigentia, transformatiO'n of the existing pise caste restrictions and are nO't in sO'cial O'rder for good may nO't be a favour of spending so lavishly on social long-drawn aflair. CHAPTER III

ECONOMY

Sopore with its flourishing economy is LAND considered to be the richest town of the The de-facto area of the town, as State. There are three factors which already mentioned, stands at 4-,089 kanals have contributed to make it possible for the town to acquire this fortunate position. of which 1,314 is under cultivation. The First and the most vital factor is the utilization pattern of the remaining 2,775 closure of Baramulla-Rawalpindi road in kanals of uncultivated land is as indi­ 194-7 as a result of the de-facto partition cated below:- of the State. The importance which Baramulla was wielding then as trade Use of land Area and transit link between Kashmir and Habitation 1,4-41 kanals areas now included in Pakistan suddenly Parks 6 shifted to Sopore. Baramulla practically " vanished as a commercial centre and College and town 103 S(lpore assumed this role. Secondly Sopore " Ro~ds, streets, by-lanes etc. 161 Wts very wide and extensive areas round " its periphery which have been brought Graveyards and cremation ground 493 under fruit cultivation. The fruit industry " received a particular fillip during the last Barren 571 two decades. As much as 1,68,000 quintals " of fruit get exported through Sopore Total 2,775 kanals annually. This has naturally provided employment potential for various sectors such as manufacturing of wooden cases, Due to a steady growth of the town setting up of nurseries, human labour, as a centre of trade and commerce during transport etc. etc. Yet another factor contributing to the ever increasing im­ the last two decades, the cost of land portance of Sopore as a commercial centre has shown a phenomenal increase in its is that it has become a catering station various localities. Before 194-7, the cost for most of the adjoining areas and of land varied from Rs. 0.08 to Rs. 0.30 valleys for such essential supplies as cloth, per sq. yard. As -against this the cost kerosene oil, edible oil, vanaspati ghee, of land at present ranges I from Rs. 2.48 salt, groceries, fish, cosmetics, footwear, spices etc. to Rs. 11.59 per sq. yard. Comparative position of the cost of land as it existed In the paragraphs that follow different before 194-7 and as it stood during sectors of economy, as they exist at present 1967-68, in different localities of the town, in the town, have been discussed. is presented in the table below:- Apple Orchards II Ripened Apples 32

E"onomy

Name of crop Area under their demonstrations. ::stIll a notIceable the crop change is discernible in-as-much as the i) Paddy 163 kanals cultivators have largely switched over to the use of better variety of seed and ii) Vegetables 392 " chemical manure although the use of right iii) Mash dal 129 " type of pesticides and latest agricultural iv) Mothi dal (Rajmash) 156 " implements has yet to be brought home Mong dal 177 to them. v) " vi) Maize 61 Orchards-During 1967-68, in Sopore Total 1,078 kanals town itself there were 22 acres under orchards according to the The statement indicates that practically Revenue Agency figures. The District the whole cultivable land was utilised Horticulture Officer, headquartered at for raising of kharief crops and as such Sopore, puts the figure at 30 acres. there was no ~ultivable waste. As, how­ What is, however, significant to note is ever, already pointed out in Chapter lInd that out of a total of 25,000 acres under the indigenous produce of food-grains is orchards in the entire district, 8,000 acres too :meagre and insufficient to meet the fall under Sopore tehsil. And out of a local demand. But so far as the produc­ total export of 2,40,000 quintals of fruit tion of vegetables and pulses like mash, from the district during 1967-68, as much mongo mothi etc. are concerned the town as 1,68,000 quintals i.e., 70% was expor­ is self-sufficient and exports some .~ of the ted through Sopore. vegetables to Baramulla and some other places also. Before 1947, limited land was ~der orchards and only 4 to 5 varieties of During the Rabi 1968 Alsi was sown apples were grown of which the most on an area of 16 kanals only. Double popular was amri. The total out-put of cropping is, therefore, practically negligible. apples of the whole district at that time This is obviously due to unfavourable was 70,000 quintals only of which hardly climate. 16,800 quintals were despatched through Sopore. All fruit was exported through In the town-area two offices are func­ Baramulla-Rawalpindi road. During those tioning for the rural re-construction, one days there were only 10 to 20 orchard is that of the Block Development officer growers in Sopore tehsil and hardly 4 to and another that of the District Agricul­ 5 fruit forwarding and commission agents ture Officer. Their primary function is in Sopore market. to educate the villagers about the bene­ fits of using be~ter variety of seed, pesti­ Gradually the growing demand for cides, chemical manure and latest agri­ apples in Delhi, Bombay, Amritsar and cultural implements. As their centre of other markets gave impetus to the growth concentration is directed more towards of fruit plantations and by 1955 more the rural sector, the cultivators of the than 50% agriculturists had planted fruit town-area have not much benefitted from bearing trees in their lands. As per the Apple Orchards Ripened Apples MAP OF SOPORE TOWN FUNCTIONAL AREAS

FEET 440 220 0 440 FEET INNER DETAILS AIlE APPROXIMATE

.",.. \".""\ \ \ ...... \. _. _.

I 1

, COMMERCIAL l... .

Town boundary _._._ ward boundary ---­ ~111~ , t,1Ohalia boundary-·· - ·· -·· 1 34

Economy the horticulturists are taking in its further At the moment the industry has to development generates a hope that the bear taxes at various points. One is the industry may make new strides in the revenue tax which has been imposed from near future. 1967-68 on the orchards at the rate of Rs. 2.00 per kana!. Second is the Nagrota It is, however, necessary that certain tax which has come into force from other incentives should be available to September, 1968 and is charged @ bring this about. The fruit must find a Rs. 1.30 per case fruit weighing 24 kg. ready and good market outside the State. There is yet another tax charged at The position does not appear to be as Lakhenpur toll post at the rate of Re. 1.00 happy in this behalf as it should be. As per maund for all exports from the State. already indicated Delhi is the main market These taxes add to the incidentals which for Kashmir fruit which consumes about are already very heavy on account of 90% of the exports from Sopore centre. road transportation charges in the absence About 20 shops functioning in Sabzi of Railways in the State. This leaves Mandi are selling this fruit in the market very little margin for the growers and and charging 3 to 7 paise per rupee as forwarding agents as compared to those commission on the total sale proceeds. from Himachal Pradesh, who enjoy the The capacity of Sabzi Mandi is limited to 175 shops only, and simultaneous un­ advantage of Railways. As P~J;_ ·the - esti- - mates worked out by the Fruit Growers loading of fruit from Simla, Kulu, and Association, the carriage charges per case other centres of Himachal Pradesh puts of 24 kg. of fruit from Sopore to Delhi the market under considerable pressure comes to about Rs. 8.00 as against and over-crowding. This leads to com­ Rs. 3.50 in case of fruit exported petition for early disposal o( the products from Himachal Pradesh to Delhi. This with very adverse effect on sale rates. makes a substantial difference. It would, The only appropriate solution to this therefore, be in .he larger interests of problem, as also proposed by the Delhi State economy to 'compensate this industry Administration, is to shift the Sabzi Mandi for its comparative disadvantages of location to Azad Pora market which has a capa­ by giving them a relief from the present city of 1,100 shops. This needs to be taxes. done as early as possible so that the scarcity of space does not become a bottle­ Another problem which the fruit gro­ neck for the commercial disposal of the wers and forwarding agents of Sopore exports. It would also be necessary to town are facing in particular is the lack find out and develop new markets in of adequate banking facilities. The lone order to ensure a profitable absorption branch of Jammu and Kashmir Bank of the supplies expected to grow further functioning in the town is grossly inade­ in the next few years. quate to meet their business transactions Apart from this, it would be desirable with the result that they have to bank for the State Government to provide cer­ upon the facilities available at Srinagar tain fiscal concessions in order to help which is often inconvenient. In certain the fruit industry successfully withstand cases they have even to raise advances the keen competition from ,Himachal. from the dealers at Delhi which bin~s Sopore them to their terms for supply of the During 1967 another break-away products. It would, therefore, be very Association has emerged which has got much in the interest of further develop­ itself registered as "New Fruit Growers ment of trade that the State Government and Dealers Association" and functions pursuades some of the reputed Banks of practically on similar lines. India to have their branches at Sopore. According to both the Associations the Expansion of orchards and steady rate per case of fruit weighing 24 kg. growth in the export fruit over years has ranges from Rs. 30.00 to . Rs. 50.00 also given fillip to the ancillary industry in the outside markets. On the whole. of wooden cases. 30 Band-saw mills have therefore, an average fruit case sells in sprung up in the town besides many outside markets at about Rs. 40.00. others working in the adjoining areas. Reckoning on this basis the gross turn According to the fruit growers and for­ over from 7 lakh fruit cases, exported warding agents association the total out­ through Sopore during 1967-68, is est~ put of wooden cases is still insufficient mated to be of the order of Rs. 2:80 to meet their demand. There is, therefore, lakhs. scope for the State Government to start a Government factory to manufacture and LIVESTOCK AND ANIMAL HUS. augment the supply of wooden cases BANDRY which would besides helping the fruit dealers generate additional avenues of As per the statistics supplied by the employment for the local inhabitants. Tehsildar Sopore the following was the position of domestic l~~e-stock of the town With a view to espousing the cause as assessed during the Livestock Census, of the fruit industry and working for the 1966 :- interests of the fruit growers, the fruit growers and forwarding agents of Sopore Type of Livestock Number are organised since 1948 into an Asso­ ciation called "The Kashmir Fruit Growers i) Bulls 1,159 and Dealers Associatioh". The Association ii) Milching cows 2,305 is not formally registered so far and has iii) Goats applied for it recently. The total member­ 108 ship of the society at present stands at iv) Sheep 527 85. ,. The membership is open to fruit v) 'HQI"ses 93 " . growers only at an initial fee of Rs. 151.00 vi) Mules 28 per m~mber. The society also charges commission @ 4 paise per case of fruit, vii) Cocks and hens 2,534 : weighing 24 kg. forwarded through it to viii) Ducks 241 other centres. The Association also raises loans from the Government for disburse­ ix) Oth~r birds 117 ment to its members for fruit plantation etc. at an additional charge of 1 % over and As already mentioned in lInd Chapter, above the rate of interest payable to the the indigenous produce of milk and eggs Government. is insufficient to meet the entire local 36

EU>n()T1fY demand. The demand of the town for Pora which are engaged in the catch and mutton is also met from import of sheep sale of fish. While fishing is entirely the and goats from the adjoining areas. pursuit of the men-folk, about 400 in strength~ the sale is generally conducted With the advancement in other spheres by females numbering about 150. There of town life, the old practice of treating are, however, only 87 licensed fish sellers the ailing . animals by traditional methods engaged in regular business in the Sopore has ajso practically disappeared. Fractured market while the remammg 63 hawk limbs are no longer cured by applying about in the adjoining villages. hot iron bars nor is country oil adminis­ tered by mouth to . an animal suffering All the fishermen have a licence from from indigestion. A well established the State Government and can fish any­ Veterinary Unit is functioning in the town where throughout the waters of the State which is equipped with a Veterinary except the reserved areas. The license fee Assistant Surgeon, 2 Compounders, one for the use of various fishing equipment Stock Assistant and 4 Attendants. This varies as under:- unit treats all types of animals like bovine, and all types of animal diseases conta­ Use of the fishing Yearly gious" and· non-contagious. The unit instrument license fee treated 4,880 animals during the year i) One forked Rs. 15.00. 1967-68 of which 359 ended in mortality. ii) Multi-forked Rs. 25.00 Recently, the unit has also been supple­ iii) Net Rs. 40.00 mented by an 'Artificial Insemination Cen­ tre' for generating improved breeds and On an average the fisherman have a" treating genital diseases etc. The centre is daily catch of 8 to 24 quintals of fish, manned by the following additional staff:- of which 80 to 85% is exported to:o.ua­ mulla, Srinagar and other places. Two Milk Recorder one decades back, barter system was in vogue Stock Assistant one and fisherman used to sell their fish against kind like paddy, maize, vegetables, oil, Laborartory Assistant one fruit etc. This is no longer the practice Attendants two and all transactions are carried out in hard cash. The market rates of the fish FISHING AND FORESTRY are as under :- Fishing-No other place in the State in general and in the vaJIey in the particular is Rate per kilo as important a fish assembling centre as So­ Mirror Carp Fish Rs. 0.75 to Rs. 1.25 pore. Fish culture is abundant in the Kashmiri fish Rs. 2.50 to Rs. 3.50 Wular Lake and in its vicinity in river J ehlum. .There are 400 Hanji families Bulk purchasers get a concession of called Gad Ham:. concentrated in five Rs. 10/. per quintal. The Kashmiri breed mohallas of the town namely Baba Yousuf, constitutes only 25% of the claily catch Muslim Peer, Karalteng, Ningal and Maharaj' while the remaining 75% consists of )

United Oil & Flour Mills /

A workshop for manufacturing wooden cases for fruit 38

Economy

TRADE AND COMMERCE and-a-half decade mention may be made of the following;- Trade and commerce was a vital source of income for at least 15% house­ i) Sale of fancy goods, holds of the town even before 1947. The ii) Sale of electric goods, radios and scope of activities and operations was, their repair, however, comparatively very much limited. iii) Photography, There were hardly 200 shops functioning iv) Dry-cleaning, in the entire town and engaged in the v) Sale of spare parts, following types of business :- vi) Hardware, i) General merchandise, vii) "" orkshops, ii) Grocery goods, viii) Medical shops, iii) Wholesale of grains, ix) Sale and repair of watches, x) Sale and repair of stoves and gas iv) Export of fruit, lamps, v) Sale of fish, xi) Sale and repair of cycles, vi) Export of timber in the shape of xii) Sale of crockery and utentsils, logs, xiii) Dealing in tin, trunks, buckets etc., vii) Export and sale of pattus, lois xiv) Cloth merchandise, and blankets, xv) Books and stationery selling, viii) Blacksmithy, xvi) Dealing in wine and liquors, ix) Sale of hides and skins etc. etc. xvii) Manufacture and sale of furniture, xviii) Sale of news papers, periodicals etc. In sharp contrast to this, the town market has at present a strength of more xix) Sale of foot-wears, than 1,000 shops which are thriving in xx) Sale of ready-made garments, brisk business in multifarious commercial xxi) Grocery, activities already made mention of in the _ xxii) Restaurants, tea-stalls, hotels, sweet first Chapter. Wholesale trade in grains shops etc., and indigenous manufacture of Pattu and xxiii) Kabaria shops (sale of old clothes Blankets-one time activities of impor­ and artic1es), tance-have gone into the oblivion. This xxiv) Export of fruit on commission is apparently' so in the first case because basis, most of the area is under subsidised ra­ tioning now and in the second case be­ xxv) Printing press, cause the mill-made woollen cloth in better xxvi) Cinema, finish and designs is now available in xxvii) Tailoring, the market at comparatively cheaper rates. xxviii) Sale of edible and Kerosene oil, xxix) Sale of bakery products, meat, Among the newer and more prospec­ fish etc. tive lines in which trade and commerce have developed during the past one As pointed out elsewhere also, Sopore 39

Sopore

town is not only a catering station for opens a large scope for fish tinning. the local and peripheral demand but is Again the huge stocks of timber extracted also a supply centre for vast areas situa­ from the adjoining forests can very well ted far beyond m respect of grocery be utilised for setting up of joinery and goods, cloth, kerosene and edible oils, furniture mills. Other lines of potential vanaspati ghee, condiments, tea, salt, foot­ development, are kilns, skinning and wear, utensils and crockery, fancy goods, tanning of leather, manufacturing of leather stoves., tins, trunks and many other arti­ goods etc. besides, some of the cottage cles which are imported in bulk either industries like rearing of silk-worms, from Srinagar or direct from outside the weaving of woollen fabrics and blankets, State. bee-keeping etc.

Another noticeable change which mani­ The subjoined statement gives the fests itself is that the complexion of number of industrial units by types of various commercial establishments has un­ activity functioning in the town-area:- dergone a significant change. The commo­ dities are no longer stored in a pell-mell Type of Industrial Units Number state but are instead tastefully arranged and preserved in wooden cases, shelves, i) Husking mills 25 containers etc. Many shops are engaged ii) Floor mill 1 in general merchandise so as to make the best of everything. Not a few of the iii) Oil mills 2 shops have latest typ~ of glass show-cases iv) Oil Ghanis (Kholus) 3 with coloured electric lights as one finds v) Small flour mills run in any big town or city. by water (Gha[!!ts) 15 INDUSTRIES vi) Band saw mills 19 In the industrial sphere the Sopore town vii), Small trolley saw mills 5 does not show any significant leap forward, viii), Trolley saw mills 9 very much in keeping with the genera~ ix) Kiln industrial backwardness of the State as a whole. One of the primary reasons is the x) Sarna products (tinned absence of an energetic entrepreneurial fruits and vegetables) 1 class. Otherwise there are good prospects xi) Pattu, loi weaving on for a number of industrial units to be khadis 12 set-up. The growth of apples in abundance, xii) Calico printing 5 for instance, is most conductive for the development of jams and tinned fruit xiii) Cotton ginning 9 factories as well as for the setting up of xiv) Silver and gold thread a cider and brewery plant. There is simi­ embroidery 15 larly ample scope for further expansion xv) Silver and gold smithy 34 in the manufacture of wooden cases for the package of apple fruit. The availability xvi) Blacksmithy 35 of fish in large quantities round the year xvii) Furniture manufacturing 2 40

Economy

xviii) Repair of gas lamps, xx) Tailoring of clothes 125 stoves etc. and nickIe xxi) Printing press 1 polish 13 xxii) Bakeries 45 xix) Repair of vehicles like jeeps, scooters, trucks xxiii) Cycle repairing 8 etc. 4 xxiv) Radio etc. repairing 10

Particulars of factories and industrial S. Name of factory/industry/mill Type with Location e.g. Town! Appr. No. reference centre/residential! acreage to the main commerciall ad­ under the product ministrative / establish- industrial ment (b) periphery­ Industrial estate/ area unplanned haphazard growthl others 2 3 4 5 1. :Sama 1:"roducts Pvt. Ltd., Sopore Canning of Commercial 5 acres fruit and vegetable 2. Samad Saw Mills, Sopore Sawing of -do- 1/2 acre timber

3. United Oil & Flour Mills, Sopore Flour and oil -do- l acre

4. Satar Saw Mills, Sopore Fruit boxes -do- 1/2 acre

5. Khandy Saw Mills, Sopore Fruit boxes -do- 1[2 acre

6. Soya Saw Mills, Sopore Sawing of timber -do- -do-

7. Dar Saw Mills, Sopore Fruit boxes -do- 1/8 acre

8. Ab. Rahim Kharoo Saw Mills -do- -do- -do-

9. Band Saw and Rice Mill, Arampura, Fruit boxes and -do- 1/16 acre Sopore rice husking United Oil & Flour Mills A workshop for manufacturing wooden cases for fruit 41

Sopore

xxv) Tin trunks, boxes, Detailed particulars of 21 of the buckets manufacturing important industrial units which were xxvi) Manufacturing of sweets, collected during the course of the survey sweet-meats, pakoras etc. 8 are reproduced below:- xxvii) Manufacturing and re­ pairing of shoes 27

estabHslunents of different type and size Appr. number of personnel Appr. out-put Particulars Problems Manner & Remarks employed during 1967-68 of housing of indus­ problem of ,-____ ---A.. _____ --, r----"-----, for the trial re]a­ disposal of Adminis- Skilled Unskilled Volume Value industrial lations, if industrial trative & in Rs. labour any waste and super- affluent visory

6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 8 6 23 90 tons 1,80,000 Nil Nil Local Small scale transport

5 9 40 2,24,000 1,12,000 One house Local cu. ft. of4 rooms " transport " provided to the labour 4 2 15 1,10,000 N.A. Nil Labour mds. " " Nil 3 3 12,000 6,000 Sold as cu. ft. " " fuel to the " local people 4- 4- 9 50,000 25,000 cu. ft. " " " "

6 10 60,000 32,000 cu. ft. " " " " 1 2 3 12,000 24,000 boxes .. " " "

I 2 3,000 6,000 » fruit " " " boxes 2 1 6,000 12,000+ .. » boxes " " 5,0001- 42

Economy

Particulars of factories and industrial

S. Name offactory/industry/miU Type with Location e.g. Town! App. No. reference centre/residentiall acreage to the main commercial/ad- under the product ministrativej establish- industrial ment (b) periphery- Industrial estate! area unplanned haphazard growth others 2 3 4 5

10. Popular Saw Mills, Arampur, Sopore Fruit boxes Commercial 1/4 acre

11. Gh. Ahmed Najar, Saw Mills, -do- -do- 118 acre Chankhan, Sopore 12. Gh. Mohd. Najar, Saw Mills, Sopore -do- -do- -1f4 acre

13. Gh. Mohd. Garhanzoo -do- -do- 1/4 acre

14. Gh. Mohd. Dar -do- .do- 1/3 acre

15. Ali Mohd. Rah, Kralteng, Sopore -do- -do- 1/2 acre

16. Abdul Khaliq, Untoo, Muslimpeer -do- -do- 1/2 acre

17. Mohd. Ramzan, Mata Baba Yousuf. -do- -do- 1/6 acre Sopore lB. Gh. Mohd. Panzoo, Dogli Teng, -do- -do- 1/4 acre Sopore 19. Mohd. Matahanji, Dogli Teng -do- -do- 113 acre 20. Bulla Brothers, Dogli Teng, Sopore Fruit boxes and -do- 1/2 acre sawing of timber

21. Bashir Ahmed Mahir, Aishipore. Fruit boxes -do- -do- Sopore 43

estabU.hDlents of different type and size-concld.

App. number of personnel Appr. out-put Particulars Problems Manner & Remarks employed during 1967-68 of housing of indus­ ,..-___ --..A__--___ ,.-__.A... __-, problem of for the trial rela­ disposal of Adminis- Skilled Unskilled Volume Value industrial lations, if industrial trative & in Rs. labour any waste and super- affluent visory

6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

I 1 4 20,000 40,000 Nil Nil Sold as Small scale boxes fuel to the local people 1 2 10,500 21,000 boxes " " " " 1 1 4 12,000 24,000 boxes " " " " 1 2 5 15,000 30,000 ., boxes " " " 1 3 4 18,000' 36,000 boxes " " " " 2 10,000 20,000 boxes .. " " " 2 3 15,000 31,000 boxes " " " " 3 4 20,000 35,000 boxes " " " " 7 25,000 45,000 boxes " " " " 1 2 5 18,000 35,000 boxes " " " " 1 2 4 20,000 60,000 ., boxes & " " " 30,000 cft. timber 1 2 3 20,000 40,000 boxes " " .' " peg:cce College .

Gnvprnp· ent Girls H igh S. hool Another view of Degree College 47

Sopore

Sopore, constitutes the core of the society, their habits, person and dress. Their exerting a dominant influence on the discussions are still rough and their course of social, educational and' political language is still slang. They are ranking life of Sopore. This section is compara­ agitators too. But even in this class of tively much more educated, intelligent society wherever education has made a and sociable. Those among this section fair dent and the occupation has changed engaged in business are, however, generally towards better, a wholesale transformation tactful and deceitful. They have the evil in behaviour and attitude is discernible. reputation of being clever in devising The remaining 35% of people constitute ways and means of exploiting others in the middle section which is seen striving their dealings. A Persian verse often hard to come out of the morass of econo­ quoted in support of this impression is mic dependence and go farward educa­ reproduced below:- tionally and socially in a bid to catch up Persian- the advanced section of the society. "; .:f- , &..:.-&.)

,,1- . &.)~ and social backwardness, the lower stra tum - )'~,... &.:) ~) rJ.:!,~ of the society does not suffer a ny social English rendering- disabilities and has free access to religious 'If ever the Devil (Satan) becomes institutions and community gatherings. On powerless, all social functions there is inter-dining he will seek assistance from and no social taboos etc. are observed in the grocers of Sopore'. respect of any particular caste or creed or occupational group,_ Almost all the members of State Legislature or Parliament so far elected LANGUAGE from Sopore constituency belong to this Kashmiri is the mother tongue of all section. They have a dominating hand the natives of the town. Kashmiri language III the local administrative and other is spoken only in the valley of Kashmir affairs also. They are well knit together and parts of Doda and Poonch districts. by matrimonial and other alliances, though According to Grierson, Kashmiri belongs of late they have been extending these to Dard Group of the Dardic Branch of alliances with individual families, coming of Indo-European Family. Kashmiris on up economically and, therefore, socially the other hand contend that it is a P,akrit from sections hitherto down trodden. of San'Sk'rit language, which was evolved On the other hand there is another by Brahmins with their Shastric lore during section of people constituting about 30% pre-Islamic times. of the population pf the town consisting of hanjis, manjgaroo, scavengers, cobblers, Lawrence, who was the first Settlement vegetable growers and the like, who be­ Commissioner of Kashmir, has remarked cause of their inferior occupations, still in his book 'Valley of Kashmir', written retain their traditional social and cultural in 1895, that Kashmiri is an admixture traits. They are still extremely dirty in of several languages and includes 25% 48

Social & Cultural Life

Sanskrit, 40% Persian, 15% Hindustani, utility of educating their children, the 10% Arabic and 12% of Tibetian, Tur­ educational standards have enormously kish, Dogri and Punjabi words. Whether increased. According to the 1961 Census or not this was so 70 years ago, the the literacy percentage had reached the fact remains that the language has since level of 18.7 in that year. There has changed its complexion by having absor­ been considerable further expansion since. bed a large number of English words The results of the Sample Census con­ which are being employed by literate ducted during 1968 in two of the mohallas and illiterate persons during the course of the town as reproduced below, in com­ of their conversation. Words such as parison with the corresponding poslbon coat, button, hockey, foot-ball, cricket, obtaining in 1961, are revealing in this radio, loud-speaker, harmonium, pencil, behalf :- fountain pen, petrol, engine, tyre,. tube Name of mohalla Population Literacy etc., are a few of the instances for which percentage there are no substitutes in Kashmiri ,.._..A.._,,""""\ ,.._..A.._--. language and have to be used in any 1961 1968 1961 1968 case. There are many other words, the Ningli 552 696 3.3 10.9 Kashmiri equivalents of which have Batpora 520 607 39.2 50.1 since been discarded. These include boot, sweater, ~chool, pass, fail, bus, leader, During 1961 Census, an Agricultural table, plate, cup, etc. College was functioning in the town-area with a staff strength of 10 professors and According to Lawrence, Kashmiri has 68 students on its rolls. In 1967 the a grammer of its own which is highly College was, however, shifted to village inflectional and offers not only the forms Wadoora, at a distance of eight miles of reduplication but also make changes from Sopore. within the root itself. At present only one Degree College both for Arts and Science students is EDUCATION catering the town population and has a Prior to 1947, there were limited staff strength of 29 male professors and number of educational institutions catering 597 students (547 males and 50 females) not only to the town population but even on its rolls. Besides, there are three high the adjoining areas. Of these one was schools of which one is Islamia high school for boys, three middle schools High school having co-education while (one exclusively for girls) and five primary the other two are Government run, one schools (co-educational). As mentioned each for boys and girls exclusively. There already in Chapter IV the literacy per­ are 1,586 students (980 males and 606 centage at that time was very low and females) borne on the Tolls of these edu­ very few, if any, went for higher studies. cational institutions with _ an aggregate With growth in the number of edu­ strength of 70 teachers (59 males and 11 cational institutions, liberaliza tion of facilities females). like scholarships and interest-free loans Middle and Secondary schools number growing awareness of masses about the 8. Of these, six are meant exclusively Government Primary Health Centre Dak Banglow

\ \ j r Vl ;:a;:Q < )I> 0<::0;= '11~'- z ." m:l> r ::0-0 0 0;:a0» O-i() ~I~ c: ~ VlVl~ ~;> < .., ." -i » -. Z::! C\'" c:" 0 r -4 r t:XI 0 0» (1\>0 '"-i ... -< N c » II' ,.. ~~ °:z o Z QO ... • I'T'I -0::0 .... 0 ;Vl » 0>0 z ::0° ° '"VI -< ::02'11 ITIC -i(l\S oof: DI ~'11> z G') Wf'Tl en .--~en (11»1T12 -t ".. 0 49

Sopore for males and two for females. Total in these institutions, 80 being males and number of students receiving education 30 females. The schools have a staff in these institutions stands at 1,441 of strength of 20 teachers of whom II are which 1 ,157 are males and 284 females. male and 9 female. Staff strength of teachers in these insti­ tutions is 70 (51 males and 19 females). MEDICAL CARE Before the introduction of allopathic Primary schools in the town area system of treatment the inhabitants invariably number 18 in all of which 3 have co- consulted Unani Hakims whose number education, 5 are exclusively for males was ten before 1947 in the town. In while the rest of the 10 are meant for fact even after the establishment of the females. Total number of students on Primary Health Centre, Hakims continued roll are 1,072 (549 m.ales and 523 females) to be more popular for sometime. Gradually while the staff strength of teachers stands the indigenous system of treatment gave at 35 (23 males and 12 females). way to allopathic treatment. This is how There are also three educational the shops of 14 chemists-cum-druggis ts institutions run by Jamat-e-Islamia. Of have come to be set-up in the town these, one is of primary level having against only one functioning prior to 1947. co-education while the remaining two are The number of Unani Hakims on the of middle standard one each for boys other hand have reduced to two only,t and girls. Total number of students on roll in all these three instituticrns stands At present three types of medical at 427 (198 males and 229 females). The institutions are.. functioning in the town­ staff strength in these institutions is 25, area besides one women and child welfare 17 male and 8 female teachers. centre which is a b~anch of St. Joseph Hospital, Baramulla. The following state­ Apart from the above mentioned ins­ ment indicates the type of institutions, titutions there are also two teachers train­ their number, strength of beds, number ing schools one each for males and females. of out-door and in-door patients and staff There are 110 teachers receiving ttaining strength etc.;-

Type Number No. of beds Out-door In-door No. of No. of Remarks patients patients doctors para treated treated medical during during staff 1967-68 1967-68 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Health Centre One 20 63,515 1,081 4 Of the four doctors, 3 are Assistant Surgeons (one lady) and one is Dental Surgeon. 50

Social & Cultural Life

Type Number No. of beds Out·door In-door No. of No. of Remarks patients patients doctors para treated treated medical during during staff 1967-68 1967-68 1 2 3 5 6 7 8 8

S.B.T. Centre One 60 3 One para Medi cal Assistant, one chestcamia and one swee- per.

Chest Clinic One 11,790 13 Branch One The Centre remains open only twice a week when two St. Joseph nurses come from Baramulla and distribute liquid Hospital, powder milk to children and women. Baramulla

The subjoined statement shows the All other infectious incidence of diseases treated in medical diseases 721 institutions during 1967-68 :- Anaemia 4,751 All other general Diseases Number No. ended diseases 528 treated in Mortality Diseases of eye, ear Diarrhoea 14,425 and nose 915 Diseases of skin 9,540 Diseases of circulatory Disec.ses of Respiratory system 1,500 system 8,410 Dyspepsia 5,230 All other diseases of All other diseases of urinary system 6,415 liver 150 Injury general and All other diseases of local 3,212 digestive system 1,925 Worms 4,615 Ulcers 1,580 Dysentry 18,00 Labour abnormal 175 Entric fever 1,125 Labour normal and Pneumonia 140 other miscellaneous Pyrexia of insertion diseases 325 organ and other in­ Leprosy 60 fection diseases 315 Pulmonary and extra Rheumatic, fever and pulmonary tuber- Rheumatism 457 culosis 1,850 31 P!'i,,_!m;ru_miiwN;4Wfdt~a'W';ww-""w~''''~=-'~--.w .. -::~ .....

~~> f.·' }. ~;~~;,

Government Primary Health Centre , .

White conspicuou~ building on the bank of the nver is Ihe recently constructed Devi temple ( (1 fi --\-. . . 1 '~ I1 . .

,I l

· ,

Rishipir Temple \

I 52

parks attract many locals who often engage and neighbours. The principal actor is a themselves in local gossip and political blind male person or an eunuch who is discussions while squatting on the lawns. trained in playing on an earthen pitcher and is believed to possess a melodious During 1966 there was a Sports Club voice. The only other musical instrument in the town-area and it organised Wular employed consists of one or more tumbakh tournaments at district-level in collaboration naris which are played by some of the with Mohammaden team. But due to cer­ females. The eunuch or the blind person tain internal rifts the club has since been sings a verse and the audience including dissolved. Young boys and students, 'how­ the females playing tumbakh naris repeat ever, play games like foot-ball, bad-minton it by singing in chorus. The process conti­ etc. in the play ground adjoining the nues till dawn when the participants disperse. town-hall. The remuneration of the singer which is Concerts and other entertainments are fixed in advance and does not exceed also organised occasionally. Important Rs. 10/- is paid by the head of the house­ among these is the Bacha Nagma, which hold himself. mobile musical parties convene in different parts of the valley. The principal actor Musical parties are also arranged during in the party is a handsome boy in teens some of the religious festivals. Towards who has a melodious voice and is trained the closing days of the month of Ramzan in singing Kashmiri verses. Other important (month of fasts) and immediate!y before functionaries consist of ~usicians who play and during the celebration of Id-ul-Zuha, on sarangi, sitar, harmonium, tabla, young-women and girls of two or three tumbakh-nari and a pitcher. The boy is households assemble in a spacious compound dressed in a brocated gown called peshwa;:. of one of the houses after dusk and keep and he wears long black artificial hair to on singing, what is popularly known as rouf, give him the resemblance of a female. till late in the night. The participants Further, bells are tied round his ankles usually form two standing rows One facing which jingle to the tune of the musical the other. Each woman extends her arms instrument while he dances and sings. Before over the shoulders of her sidemate in the the conclusion of the function, subscriptions 1:ight and the left. One of the rows keeps are raised by the audience and the amount on singing a song, verse by verse, in chorus, collected is paid to the boy in token of while the other repeats the first line only the entertainment provided. after each verse is completed by the first row. No musical instruments are used but Among other occasions when musical the women keep on moving their bodies entertainments are organised, mention may forward and backward while singing. be made of the various functions celebrated in cqnnexion with marriages. There is no As per the information made available household in the block in which a musical by the Mass Contact Officer, Sopore two concert, organised and attended by females 'Mushairas' and three film shows were only, is not held on the night previous organised by the department during the to the day on which wedding takes place. year 1967 in the town-hall. Of the two The gathering consists of female relations 'Mushairas', one organised on 25th January, 53

SOPOTe

1967 in connection with the Republic Day were added to the already existing building. celebrations was held both in ,Kashmiri as Even a well with an electric motor has well as Urdu languages and was attended been provided so thai there may be no to by a large number of audience. The shortage of water. other was held on the occasion of Gandhi During one of his visits to Kashmir~ Jayanti and apart from some outsiders Shah Hamadan is said to have visited eight poets of Sopore tehsil itself participated. Sopore and offered his prayers at the site It was purely in Kashmiri language. Two where the prayer hall of the present film shows were also organised one each building stands erected on the bank of in connection with Republic Day and river Jhelum. In the north-west corner Independence day celebrations and a third of the prayer hall a small decorated room one on the eve of elections providing known as hujra khas has been built in guidance as 'How to vote?'. which the foot prints of Shah Hamadan FAIRS, FESTIVALS AND RELIGIOUS on a stone have been preserved as a INSTITUTIONS ziarat. For the last 70 years, however, the ziarat has not been displayed to the No cattle fairs or weekly markets etc. audience for reasons best known to the/ are organised either within the town itself management. or its close vicinity. The only festivals celebrated by the Muslim inhabitants in­ The mosque attracts large gatherings clude Ids, Shabi-Qadar and Jumat-ul-Vida, on Fridays and on the occasion of im~ while the Hindus have Janam Ashtami, portant religious festivals. The anniversary Ram Navmi, Shiv Ratri etc. These are of Shah Hamadan, however, attracts days of jubiliation both for the young and thousands of devotees and is celebrated the old. in the Khankah on 6th of Zilhaj, the 12th lunar month. 'On the day, the There are a number of shrines in various Khahkah is over-crowded with peopl~ localities of the· town, most important right from 4 A.M. to II P.M. Women among these being the Khankah, known also participate in the prayers, for whom after Amir Kabir alias Shah Hamadan. a separate room known as noor-khan is The Khankah was built by Sultan Sikander provided. Besides the inhabitants of the ruler of Kashmir (1394 A.D. to 1417 A.D.) town, people from adjoining rural areas at the instance of Mir Syed Mohammed also participate in the festival. It is Hamdani son of Shah Hamadan, a Muslim estimated that the congregational prayers missionary from Iraq who propagated Islam held on this day are attended by over in Kashmir. The building collapsed as a 6,000 p~ople. The premises of the Khankah resu It of the earthquake of 1884 A.D. It i~ also" ~ccupied by stall-holders who was later rebuilt by Khawaja Abdul Aziz conduct sales of eatables, indigenous and Kakroo of Baramulla at a cost of Rs. 7000.00 imported goods. during the reign of Maharaja Pratap Singh who also donated 100 khirwars of paddy During the reign of Sultan Sikander, for helping the construction work. Some referred to above, the management of the new costruction was also done 15 years shrine was the responsibility of the ago when some bath-rooms and outer hall Government. This continued till 1884 A.D. 54

Social & Cultural Lif, after which, an Auquaf Committee was set in Mohalla Shal Pora and the latter in up to look after the management etc. of the Mohalla Baba Yousaf, known after his shrine. The present Auquaf Committee name. The anniversary of Syed Sahib is consists of 20 members including the celebrated on 19th of Baisakh and is president, vice-president, secretary and the attended- by about 3,000 people. The cashier. At the end of each year the festival associated with Pir Baba Yousaf, income and expenditure statements of the however, takes place on 21 st of Rabi-ul­ shrine are published. Awal, the first lunar month of the year. The participants in the festival consist of The permanent establishment of the the inhabitants of neighbouring localities shrine consists of the following:- only and their number does not exceed Particulars Number Salary 3,500. per month Hindu community too ha ve three Rs. temples on the bank of river J helum Imam 1 110.00 namely Rishipir, Brahmin and Bhairo Khidmatgar 1 45.00 mandirs and are visited by the locals Muazin 1 50.00 daily. Of these Rishipir is the most famous and becomes the centre of great Three iron safes have been kept for attraction and devotion especially on the the collection of cash offerings while the festivals of Shiv Ratri, Ram Navmi, offerings in kind are collected on proper Navratras and Janam Ashtami, when the receipt which are later on sold and the devotees come in large numbers to pay money thus got is credited to the Auquaf their homage right from the early hours Committee. of the morning to late hours in the night. Another important festival is the These temples are looked after and mana-' anniversay of Rahim Sahib, a prominent ged by Bhora Sudhar and Sana tan Dharam local saint, who is enshrined in Mohalla Sabhas. Taki Bal of Sopore town. The festival SOCIAL AND POLITICAL AWARE­ is celebrated on 13th of July, the date NESS on which the saint IS believed to have Ever since the popular uprising in 1931 passed away. The participants m the all over the State against subjugation and festival are estimated to numher 4,000 putrefaction under the tyrannic auto-cratic and consist mainly of the inhabitants of rule, in which the people of Sopore had the town. While the priests engage them­ a prominent role, the growth in social selves in the recitation of Quran, an and political activities of the town is elaborate fair is held outside the shrine. steadily on the increase. The! transfer of Small stalls are set up for the sale of political power to the people in 1947 and toys; cosmetics, bangles, handkerchiefs; the introduction of democratic constitution etc. Some confectibnery shops are also in 1956 gave a positive direction to these run to cater to the pilgrims. activities. In full use of the right to freedom Other festivals held in the town consist and right to form associations for espousal of the anniversaries of Syed Sahib and of legitimate interests guaranteed under the Pir Baba Yousaf. The former is entombed Constitution, people belonging to different White conspicuom building on the bank of the river is the recentiy constructed Devi temple Rishipir Te~ple 55

vocations are organised in at least 20 trade is a steadily growing yearning for keeping unions. This in itself is a vivid proof of the themselves well informed about day growing awakening among the inhabitants to day national and international events. of the town. . The table below, indicating the number of newspapers, journals and periodicals by The intelligentsia have their own Bazmi­ Adab to foster and promote cultural type in circulation in the town, is reveal­ growth. Among the educated folk there ing in this behalf;-

Language Daily Weekly Monthly r-----..A...-----, ~----""'------. r----..A...----_ No. of No. in No. of No. in No. in No. in papers circulation papers circulation papers circulation 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 English 5 175 5 145 6 100 Urdu 8 625 6 180 8 175 All the major political parties are TOWN ORGANISATION active in the town. Including the seces­ For purposes of the provision of ClVlC sionist Plebiscite Front and Awami Action amenities the town is administered by a Committee, there are seven political Town Area Committee consisting of eleven organisations which have their offices and nominated memben including the chair­ functionaries in the town and represent man. The District Social Welfare Officer the ideas and aspirations of various sec­ is the present chairman. Other members tions of the people. consist of pleaders, businessmen. contractors In the elections held in March 1967 etc. who hail from different mohallas of for returning a member to the Legislature Sopore. , from the Sopore constituency, three candi­ The Committee is vested with limited dates contested, one each belonging to powers. Neither is it competent to raise the National Congress, National Conference new taxes on its own initiative nor is it and Jana Sangh. Of the total number authorised to execute any projects. All of 26,152 voters in the consituency, only proposals relating to taxation and execu­ 7,828 i.e. about 30% exercised their tion of productive and non-productive franchise. The candidate sponsored by works have to receive the prior approval the National Congress party won the of the Minister for Local Self Government. election by a margin of 366 votes against Even the normal budget relating to re­ his nearest rival belonging to the National curring and non-recurring expenditure Conference. The position of votes polled requires the previous sanction of the by each candidate was as under;- Minister Incharge. It is. only during Candidate from Votes polled emergencies and under extra-ordinary conditions, such as the out-break of an National Congress .4,434 epidemic or a conflagration, that the National Conference 3,068 Committee can, without obtaining the Jana Sangh 326 prior sanction of the Minister, incur 56

SSt & Cultural Life ir;e~it.ible expenditure ~~ "the engagement of disinfectants. In addition the Committee ~f . temporary staff etc. This power is, has' the power to order the dismantling however, exercisable only when the revenue of dangerous buildings, removal of unautho­ budget of the Committee can accommo­ rised projections and encroachments and date the expenditure. disposal of stray and mad dogs. The principal source of revenue is the Dharat Tax, which is levied on all goods The budget of the Committee for the imported into the town. Other heads of years 1966-67 and 1967-68 put the revenue revenue are tax on vehicles, leases of receipts for the two years as Rs.2,59,550.00 night-soil, tonga and bus-stand fee, rentals and Rs. 3,55,000.00 respectively. The from stall-holders etc. The Committee is loans advanced by the Government in responsible for payment of street lighting addition for the execution of developmental charges, fees of public water taps and works stood at Rs. 85,000.00 for 1966-67 for executing construction works such as and Rs. 9,778.00 for the year 1967-68. building and repairing of roads and lanes, The details of income and expenditure construction of public latrines and spraying for the two years are indicated below:- INCOME EXPENDITURE r------_...;_-"------~------~------~ Source of income ,...--Amount___..A.. in ____ Rs. for ...... Items of Amount in Rs. for expenditure ,-____ .A ___----.. 1966-67 1967-68 1966-67 1967-38 1. Dharat income 1,96,000.00 2,84,000.00 1. Pay of the staff 1,34,792.00 1,76,884.00 2. Adda tax 36,200.00 38,000.00 2. Improvement works: 3. Slaughter House fee 1,950.00 2,000.00 a) Lanes and drains 51,000.00 1,26,000.00 4. Night-soil and hides contract etc. 2,400.00 2,000.00 b) Construction of rent yield­ 5. Taxes and license fee 8,000.00 8,000.00 ing assets such as tele­ 6. Rent of shops 9,000.00 12,000.00 phone ex­ change, shops 7. Miscellaneous 6,000.00 9,000.00 in Adda etc. 60,000.00 34,000.00 8. Loans sanctioned for 3. Other recurring the year 85,000.00 9,778.00 expenditure like street lighting, tools and plants, printing and stationery, rent, fuel for stoves, furniture, contin· gencies etc. 43,326.00 69,276.00 Total lUcorne 3,44,550.00 3,64,778.00 Total expenditure 2,89,118.00 4,06,160.00 57

The Committee has o~ its establish­ ing general law and order, hearing and ment roles 74 scavengers on a regular deciding of revenue cases and co-ordinating pay of Rs. 100.00 per month each - for the developmental activities of other Govern­ cleaning drains, streets and bazars. The mental agencies and offices mentioned in town has only one main underground the first Chapter as are headquartered in sewer measuring about 2.5 kilometres the town. which starts from the main market and The tehsildar is a functionary of no runs by the side of the main road upto less importance. Apart from collection of tehsil office where it opens into a water revenue and recovery of various types of pond connected with river Jhelum. The loans, the tehsildar has multifarious duties total length of open drains in whole of as Liason Officer, Custodian evacue property, the town-area measures 12.75 kms. and Treasury Officer, Chairman, Local Boards, is connected at one or the other places Assistant Electoral Officer, etc. either with the main sewer or river Jhelum. On the whole the drainage -According to the information furnished by the Deputy Superintendent of Police, system is quite inadequate and whenever Sopore (incorporated in Item No. 37 of it rains the streets and bazars become the town schedule), 144 criminal offences muddy and even water accumulates at were reported to have been committed in places fOT lack of outlets etc. the town-area during 1967, of which only 116 were admitted and challaned in the GENERAL ADMINISTRATION Police Station, Sopore. 17 of the admitted The Sub-divisional Officer who also cases could not, however, be traced. Among functions as the sub-divisional magistrate the rest of 99 cases, 76 were still under is the head of the civil administration of trial. Of the 23 cases decided, persons were the sub-division with his headquarters in convicted only in 7 cases 'and in the re­ the town and is assisted by the follow­ maining 16 cases the persons involved ing officers :"- were acquitted and discharged. The criminal offences committed were generally of the 1. Additional Sub-divisional Magistrate nature of rioting, tres-pass, criminal assaults, 2. Tehsildar and Naib-Tehsildars cheating, minor thefts and rash driving 3. Deputy Superintendent of Police. etc. It is only in a single case that murder has been reported. This lends support to While the Additional Sub-divisional the general impressions already recorded Magistrate is responsible for the adminis­ about the character and disposition of tration of justice both in civil and criminal people in general. The following statement cases and registration of deeds, the Sub­ indicates the particulars of suits filled in Divisional Officer is responsible for maintain- courts at Soppre during the year 1967-68 :-

Type of case Number Number carried over from Number ending Number before for in conviction ending in r---~--_"'_------' acquittal More than 1-2 Less than two years years one year 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Challan 164 16 27 72 23 -23 Complaints 377 3 4 83 Miscellaneous 96 2 1 38 CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION.. :

Sopore, founded in the 9th Century lities, houses and shopping establishments A.D. after the name of the reputed engineer to cater to the growing demand. In some Suyya, is one of the few towns of the of the fields, however, the growth has State which has established itself as a not been rational and orderly or consistent flourishing trade and transit centre with with the existing and potential role of a promise and prospect for steady growth the town both as a centre of economic and expansion. It has assumed this fortunate generation as also for the social satisfaction position particularly since 1948, consequent of urban Hvi!lg. The number of shops upon the closure of Baramulla-Ra walpindi available, for instance, has not kept pace road. The post-partition circumstances with the demand for them. There is a placed it mid-way between a large number large number of people, who in the absence of villages and sub-urban areas on the of shops, have to conduct their business one hand and the city of Srinagar on the as hawkers and street vendors. Mention other, thus investing this town with the may be made specifically of frllit sellers, same importance as an intermediate link vegetable sellers, fish sellers, barbers etc. which Baramulla was enjoying until then. Provision of adequate and orderly shopping The population of the town which in facilities besides enlarging the operations 191 I, when it was recognised as a town and scope of existing business would bring for the first time, was 8,514 had gone about regularity and stability in tpe econo.. upto 18,987 in 1961. The rate of population mic and social life of the shopless section growth which was 1.27% per annum during of the business community, thereby adding the period 1911-1941 went up to 2.04% to the general prosperity of the town. per ann urn during the period 1941· I 961. There is general inedequacy of civil As a matter of fact, the growth between amenities. The supply ~of drinking water 1'951 and 1961 is estimated to have been is Jnadequate. There is a considerable about 2.35% per annum which is estima­ scope for improvement in the drainage ted to have gone further upto 3% per system. and general level of cleanliness annum between 1961 to 1968. particularly in the congested parts of the This steadily increasing growth in popu­ town. There are hardly any parks, play. lation has already: made itself felt by bringing grounds and recreation centres worth the about an expansion in the limits of the name. As a matter of fact, the town calls town area and addition of a housing for a physical planning for a planned colony, besides shooting up the land values development based on an integrated land in the already congested parts of the town. use policy with the perspective growth of the town in view. There has been considerable expansion in the necessary infra-structure like roads, The town has not gone much ahead transport, communications, educational faci~ in the industrial field. Even the few factories 59

eXlstmg run under certain impediments. Lack of adequ'lte institutional credit The supply of power to them, for instance, facilities is yet another bottleneck in the is irregular and intermittent and the rat!,'!s speedier growth of industries and for that at which it is supplied are relatively higher. matter even trade. It is very much desirable This effects their cost structure adversely that some banks of repute are encouraged and therefore weakens their competitive and pursuaded to set up their branches in strength. The commissioning of the power the town. plants under errection under the State plans, when takes place, is, however, likely On the social, cultural and political to ease the position all over the State plane, there has already been a con siderable jncluding Sopore and make the suppJy of break through. It is indeed noteworthy power for industrial use cheap and regular. that people WJlO were steeped in abject backwardness, conservatism and illiteracy Given the necessary encouragement and benumbed by centuries of slavery and facilities, there is large scope for the and subjugation could suddenly wake up development of wood-based industries like to freedom in late 1947 and become re­ Joinery and furniture making, manufacture ceptive to the wind of change that has of fruit boxes etc. There is equally bright constantly been blowing since. Modern scope for the establishment of fruit preserva­ currents of thought and perception are tion and canning factories. Apart from making constant in-roads into the attitude the suggestions already made as to how and outlook, behaviour and manners, dress the fruit industry can be generally helped and habits of the people in general to compete and outbeat Himachal fruits and the younger generation in particular. in other markets, there is yet another Some of the old customs, b~liefs and prac­ measure which can strengthen the competi­ tices are of course still in vogue. Anyway tiveness of this industry. This consists in twenty years is after all too small a period making the manufacture of fruit boxes for a traditional society to completely cheaper than what it is. At present the transform itself. Whatever transformation ex-factory cost of fruit boxes falls in the has already taken place is no mean achieve­ range of Rs. 150.00 to 275.00 per 100 boxes. ment. What is, however, lacking in a large The timber that goes into the manufacture measure is the complete sense of belonging of these boxes is procured from the open market at the rate of Rs. 5.50 per eu.ft. and participation of the people in deve­ The Government rate for the identical lopmental and other activities of the type of wood is Rs. 2.50 per cu.ft. It is Government.. rhe aU-sided development 0 obvious that if the Government undertake the town could be made much quicker to feed the box manufacturers with nece­ and smoother if the local representative ssary supplies of timber at Rs. 2.50 per leadership is allowed a legitimate role in cu.ft. the Cost of their manufacture would go down by more than half with a definite the formulation of policies and programmes salutary impact on fruit exports. and in the evaluation of their execution. TOWN SCHEDULE (1971)

TOWN-SOPORE

CODE NUMBER n

l. STATE JAMMU AND KASHMIR

2. DISTRICT BARAMULLA . Code Number=3

3. TEHSIL SOPORE Code Number=3 61

Table 4

Basic pardcalars or the tOWD-Sopore

Area in Sq. miles Occupied residential houSes Total population Scheduled Castes ,------_...... _----...... ,-__ . ___ .A. _____-., ,-----_ ...... _----...... Number of Number of Persons Males Females Persons Males Females houses households 'l 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

0.55 2,192 2,940 18,987 10,189 8,798

Table 4-contd.

Basic particulars of the town-Sopore (as in 1961 Censlls)-contd.

Scheduled Tribes Literate and educated persons ,.-______Workers .A.______-., r------"------., r------"------, Persons Males Females Persons Males Females Total worker (I-IX) I As Cultivators r-----.A.-----., ,.-____ .A. ____-., Persons Males Females Persons Males Females 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19- 20 21

3,562 2,870 692 6,106 5,339 767 1,644 1,049 595

Table 4-contd.

Basic particulars of the town- Sopore (as in 1961 Census)-contd.

W orkers-contd. r------.A.------.------...... II III N As Agricultural Labourers In Mining, Quarrying, Livestock, Forestry, Household Industry Fishing, Hunting & Plantations, Orchards and Allied activities ,------"------...... r------.A.------...... ,------'------, Persons Males Females Persons Males Females Persons Males Females 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

36 35 317 307 10 288 281 7 62

Table 4-ccmtd.

Basic particulars' of the town-Sopore

Workers-contd. . V. -"------...._VI VII . In manufacturing other than Household In Construction In Trade and Commerce Industry ,-______.J... ______...._ ,-_____.A. ____ ~ ,-______.A.______...., Persons Males Females Persons Males Females Persons Males Females 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39

577 550 21 45 45 1,005 958 41

Table 4--concld. Basic particulars of the town-Sopore (as in 1961 Census) -concid.

Workers-cone/d. -"------. VIII IX In Transport, Storage and In other services _. Non-Workers Communications ,------"------...._ ,--____..A.-.- ___.:...... _ r------"------...., Persons Males Females Persons Males Females Persons Males Females 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48

122 122 2,072 1,992 80 12,881 4,850 8,031

(SOURCE-I961 CeDsus) Table 5(a)

CIaaDges, it aD)', In the bov.adary or the Sopore towD after 1961

Particulars of StatuS Nature of Circumstances Date of change Area and Population Remarks areas involv~ of the area change of cbange and reference of affected by the change before change notification, etc. r-----.A.----~ Area Population 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

(a) There has not been any jurisdictional change in the boundary of Sopore town after 1961 Census. (Refer Report on Sopore)

(b) History of origin, growth and decay, if any, of the town .....•...••.•..... Refer Survey Report on Sopore.

(c) Year in which recognised as Urban area in Indian Census. Since 1911 Census. Table 6

Partlcalars or towns {with popalatiou of less thaD 50,000 within a dlstauce of

Name Distance from Area in sq. miles Population Nature of communication referrent town according to 1961 Census as in 1961 linkage

1 2 3 4 5

Baramulla 9 miles 2.40 18,987 persons Both by road as well as by boat through river Jhelum

Srjnagar 30 miles 16.00 2,85,257 persons Both by road as well as by boat through river Jhelum and Wular Lake 6,5

10 !Diles and those with population or 50,000 or !Dore, within a distance or 50 lDiles)

General note on special economic relation, General note on special economic/social and Remarks if any, wi th the referrent town, e.g., cultural relation, if any, with the marketing, employment etc. referrent town e. g., education, adminis­ tration, trade, entertainment, religion etc.

6 7 8

Baramulla and Sopore depend upon each other Inhabitants of both these urban areas For other for the supply of only some of the goods due have close associations both socially details re­ to the reason that both these urban areas and culturally. Twenty students come fer Survey have oirect links with Srinagar and other daily from Baramulla to Sopore in Report. places outside the State for main supplies. order to get higher education in For example Baramulla supplies construction college. Apart from other social and material like bricks, lime, stones and stone cultural links for matrimonial alliances slabs to Sopore besides some of the minor also the preference is given by the forest produce and match boxes. Against it inhabitants of Sopore for their cOlIDter­ Sopore caters Baramulla for the supply of parts in Baramulla. vegetables and fish. On an average about 1,000 persons either corne to Sopore from Baramulla or vice versa. Of these 65 go from Sopore daily for some economic pursuits to Baramulla while 88 come to Sopore for private service, sale of goods and Government service etc.

For the supply of ration, kerosene and edible So far as the social and cultural links oils, cloth, shoes, vanaspati ghee, spices, salt, are concerned, with the increase in sugar, hardware, grocery goods, crockery etc. distance from the referrent town these etc. Sopore depends upon Srinagar city. recede and are less prominent as Against it Sopore exports fruits, timber, fish compared with Baramulla town. In and other forest produce etc. to Srinagar. For the sphere of education, however, employment in Government service some of Sopore depends upon Srinagar and the locals have migrated to Srinagar city. A students have come to receive edu­ few of the businessmen have also extended cation in Medical and Engineering their business to Srinagar, the summer capital. colleges as well as in other technical Against this some of the frui,t merchants of lines. Srinagar have set up their shops in Sopore and are doing brisk business.

SOURCE-l961 Census and personal observations of the Investigator. 66

Table 7(a) Locatlonal particulan and ancillary data

Name Distance from Means o£ Number of hours of journey by Remarks the communica- r------.A------...... referrent town tion and Bus Train Other con- (Sopore) linkage veyance (specify) 2 3 4 5 6 7

State H.Q. Srinagar (summer capital) 30 miles Bus 1.25 hours Jammu (winter capital) 211 miles -do- 13 hours

District H.Q. Baramulla 9 miles i) bus i) t hour ii) tonga ii) one hour iii) boat iii) 11 hours

Sub-divisional/ Sopore Zero mile Tellsil H.Q.

Nearest town Baramul1a 9 miles i) bus i) t hour with popu- ii) tonga ii) one hour lation of iii) boat iii) Ii hours less than 1 Jakh accord- ing to 1961 Census.

Nearest city Srinagar 30 miles Bus 1.25 hours with popula- tion of I lakh or m or e according to 1961 Census.

Airport Srinagar 30 miles Bus 1.25 hours

Railway Pathankote 227 miles Bus 16.30 hours Station

Sea port

Bus route! Bus route Zero mile Jeepable road '67

Table 7(a)-coneld. Locational particulars and ancillary data-cancld.

Name Distance from Means of Number of hours of journey by Remarks the communica- ,----___ .A._~_ .-- - ~ referrent town tion and Bus Train Other con- (Sopore) linkage veyance (specify) 2 3 4- 5 6 7

Radio Tra­ Sri nagar 30 miles Bus 1.25 hours nsmission Centre.'

River/other River Jehlum Zero mile water bodies, Wular Lake 3 miles i) Tonga i) 30 minutes e.g., sea, big to ii) Boat ii) one hour lake within 7 miles iii) Bus iii) 20 minutes .. a distance of 20 miles.

(b) Phsiographical features-

Refer Survey Report on Sopore toWD.

SOURCE -Manager Govt. Transport, Sopore and Private Undertakings.

Table 8

Maps and Flyleaves (for the year 1967.68)

NOTE-Eight maps have been prepared and appended in the Survey Report. 68

Table 9 (a) Important pabUc institutions (Other than banks,

Category Name Location When Nature of function established 2 3 4 5 Government Offices and institutions Sub-Judge Sopore town N.A. Hearing of the civil and criminal cases, regis­ tration of sale deeds, land and other parti­ culars.

S.D.M. or Sopore town To maintain law and Qrder and to settle revenue S. D. O. Office " cases etc.

Sub-Divisional Sopore town 1953 Supervision of crimes and maintenance of law Police Office and order.

Tehsil Office Sopore town 1948 Collection of land revenue, rationing, liaison officer, Custodian Evacuee Property, Adminis­ tration, Treasury Officer. Chairman Local Boards, Panchayat Election, Authority, main­ tenance of records of rights.

Roads and Sopore town Oct., 1962 Development of roads and buildings etc. Buildings Division

Assistant Sopore town March,I968 Collection of revenue and maintenance of electric Engineer, lines and sub-stations. Electric

Divisional Sopore town 1963 To attend fire calls. Fire Office

Assistant Sopore town Oct., 1961 Guiding in the formation of the co-operative Registrar, societies, advancing loans and its recovery. Co-operative

Agriculture Sopore July, 1962 Tehsil Development, plant protection, propaganda Office and documentary shows on agriculture, sale of improved implements, fertilizer and pesticides.

Horticulture Sopore town May, 1967 Technical guidance to fruit growers, protection Office of plants, development of horticulture.

Irrigation Sopore town 1954 Construction of new canals and tanks, execution Division of the projects, flood control, construction of Departmental buildings and repair to old canals etc. 69 educational ami :medical institutions).

Jurisdiction No. of No. of members Remarks employees where it is relevent 6 7 8 9

District Baramulla for criminal cases and 15 One Chief Judicial Magistrate is tehsil Sopore for civil cases. also functioning here.

Sopore Division 4 Sub-divisional Magistrate or Sub­ divisional Officer and his staff.

Sangrarna, Gurez, Bandipora, Kupwara, 11 One Deputy Superintendent of Karnah, Keran, Villagam, Handwara Police, One Head Clerk, One and Sopore. Head Constable, Six Constables and two peons.

Sopore Tehsil 84 One Tehsildar and his staff.

Sangrama to Chowkibal, Tangda:ra, 142 Work Charge=76 Karnah, Lolah Valley, Kulangam, Regular =66 Handwara, Zachaldara, Nichhama, One Executive Engineer, One Magam, 8hooloro road, the area of Assistant Engineer and 64 the right side of Sopore-Chowkibal regular staff members. Road, Zaingir, Sopore to Bandipora, Shalteng and other link roads in tehsil Bandipora.

Sopore Town and adjacent villages 97 One Assistant Electric Engineer and his staff.

Sopore Division N.A.

Sopore Block and adjacent villages 6

Baramulla District 86 One District Agriculture Officer and his staff.

Baramulla District 118 One District Horticulture Officer and his staff. One Deputy Director Mulberry is also functioning in the town.

Baramulla District except Sonawari block. 86 72 (Regular) 14 (Work Charge Basis) 70

Table 9 (a)-contd. Important pubUc institutions (Other than banks,

Category Name Location When Nature of function established 2 3 4 5 Government Offices and institutions Ranger. Kandi Sopore 1964 Control of timber movement, to provide work Range for labour in saw mills.

Special Range Sop ore town 1964 Supply of fire-wood, control of timber movement Officer's office etC. Block Develop- Sopore Sept., 1964 Development of Panchayats, improvement of ment Office agriculture and minor irrigation and ,water supply, development of small industries and livestock.

Tehsil Infor- Sopore town July, 1966 Conducts film shows to educate people in Family mation Office Planning, Agriculture and Industries etc. To collect data from different offices for publication. Tehsil Social Sopore town April,I965 Looks after the welfare of the people especially Welfare Office backward classes, and provides welfare facilities to the destitutes, physically handicapped, blind, deaf and dumb. The office is runniag ~o­ welfare centres in the town where girls get lessons in tailoring etc. Inspector Sopore town April, 1963 Inspection of the shops and checking the weights Weight and and measures. Measures Central Com- Sopore town 1949 Maintenance of community listening Radio sets. munity Listen- Supply of Batteries to G. C. Sets. ing Centre Municipal Town Area Sopore town 1935 Development of town. and other Committee offices of Local Self Government Recreation Samad Talkies Sopore town 1958 Film Shows Centres Two Parks Sopore town 1962 & Provide entertainment. 1967 Religious Jamayat-i­ Sopore N.A. For the welfare of the people and to educate institutions Islamia them on religious lines. including sect organi­ sations Bohra Samaj Sopore 1947 To look after the social uplift of Bohra Com­ Sudhar munity. Sanatan Dharam Sopore 1968 Social and cultural uplift of Hindu community. Sabha Voluntary New Fruit Soporetown 1967 Removing of various difficulties facing the fruit Organisations Growers and industry. Dealers Association 71-

educational and medical institutions)-contd.

Jurisdiction No.-of No. of members Remarks employees where it is relevent 6 7 8 9

Sopore Division. N.A.

Sopore Division N.A. t of Tehsil Sopore and Alaqa Zaingir 42 One Block Development Officer and Khoi. and 41 staff members.

Sopore, Handwara, Kupwara, Langet, 6 Chowkibal, Zachaldara, Lolab and Watlab.

Sop ore Tehsil only 2 One Social Welfare Officer and a clerk.

Tehsil Sopore and Bandipora 2 One Inspector and one clerk.

Pattan, Handwara, Bandipora upto 3 Centre is run by Field Publicity Gurez and Sopore. Department. Government of India. SoporeTown 130 11

Sopore Town Samad Talkies· is owned by Khawaja Samad Pandit, an industrialist. Sopore Town The~e parks are managed by ,Town Area Committee. Baramulla District

Tehsil Sopore Sopore Town

District Baramulla 10 72

Table 9 (a)-cOn&ld. Important pubUc institutions· (Other than banks,

Category Name Location When Nature of function established 2 3 4 5

Voluntary The Kashmir Sopore town 1948-49 Removing of various difficulties facing the fruit organisations Fruit Growers industry. and Dealers Association Mill Owners Sopore town 1956 Welfare of the Mill owners. Welfare Association Drivers and Sopore town May, 1966 To look after the interests of drivers and cleaners, Cleaners to check the high handedness of vehicle Association owners and others. Co-operative Sopore town Nov., 1966 Uplift of the community and to have their own Transport vehicles. Workers Society Limited Private Sopore town June, 1968 To find some other employment source as subsi­ Employees diary, to fight for welfare of the employees. Union Private Sopore town May,I968 To fix the labour wages, hours of work and Mazdoor fight for the cause of labourers.. Union Anjman Sopore town Dec., 1965 To fix the rent and look after the interests of Behbudi-e­ various tenents. To implement rent control act. Kirayadaran Kisan Sopore town May; 1968 Upliftment of the cultivators, land to tillers and Conference to persue their children for educatioI}.

Tailors Sopore town Sept., 1964 To help their brotherhood. Union Tonga Drivers Sopore town 1963 To fix the routes of vehicles, to fix the rates, Association to help the members at the time of acci­ dents etc. Anjman Sopore town 1954 To look after the interests bf the community Zargaran and remove unemployment of the members after the Gold Control Act. New Kashmir Sopore town 1938 To help the community and to provide them Carpenters work. Association Oil Mills Sopore town 1962 To work jointly and help each other. Society Industrial purchases oil seeds at wholesale rates and Co-operative provides it to various kohlus on wages and Society gets back oil aud residue and sell the same. Anjman Telian Sopore town 1955 Welfare of the community.

Anjman Sopore town 1966 To help their brotherhood and solve their day­ Hajaman to-day problems. Butchers Sopore town 1964 To help butchers for getting the sheep, fixing Union the price with the Government, fighting with the Government for regular ~upply. Mahigeeran Sopore town 1918 Welfare of the community, fixing of fish rates Association etc. Others 73 ed.w:ational aad medical institutions) -concld.

Jurisdiction No. of No. of members Remarks employees where it is relevent 6 7- 8 9

Sopore Tehsil 85

Sopore Tehsil 20

Sopore Tehsil 2 209 One clerk, One peon.

Sopore Tehsil 2 41 One clerk, One peon.

Sopore Town 100 One clerk.

Sopore Town 2 80 One clerk, One peon,

Sopore Town 600 One peon.

District Baramulla 2 60 One clerk, One-,~eon,

Sopore Town 200

Sopore Tehsil 800

Sopore Town 64

Sopore Town 200

Sopore Town 2 39 One Accountant, One Chowkidar- c'!llIl'peon.

Sopore Town 100 families

Sopore Town 2 80 One clerk, One peon.

Sopore Tehsil 150

Sopore Tehsil 400

SOURCE-All concerned offices and institutions. 74

Table 9 (b)

Important historic, reUgious buildings, reUcs or areas, etc.

Name Location Whether Age Brief description Associated Current Remarks classified as pro- including condition myth legend use tected monument of maintenance or history 2 !I 5 6 7 8

Shah·i-Hamdan Sopore town No About 600 Refer Survey Refer Survey Mosque years Report Report

SOURCE-Managing Committee of the Shrine Shah-i-Hamdan. 15

Table 9 (c)

Other places of hnportance (speci£y)

Name Location Since when oin Brief description Current use Particulars Remarks existence orusen 2 3 4 5 6 1

°NOTE_For other important places refer Survey Repor~. 7(l

Table 10 Edacatloaal

LocatiQU Number of atudeota ;----_..... _----, Males Females 1 2 .4 5

University Engineering college Medical college Art and Sci.ence college $opore town 1 541 50 Commerce college Technical institution (Diploma) Other· Post-secondary Institution

High and Higher Secondary schools Sopore town 980 606

Secondary schools Sopore town 8 1,157 284 Primary schools Sopore town 18 549 523 Nursury school Institution for physically and mentally handicapped Research Laboratory{Institution

Training schools Sopore town 2 80 30 Post-graduate centre Adult Education centre

Others (specify e.g. Coaching schools, Evening schools, Unrecognised institutions) Jamat-e-Islamia Institutions Sopore town 3 198 229 77

Ia8tlt1ltloDS

Number of teachers No. of research worken Remarks including indication of the number of the r--___Jo.. ____ --, r------.A.-----~ institutions having co-education and others Males Females Males Females exclusively meant for females 6 7 8 9 10

29 Co-education

59 11 One is having co-education while of the remaining two, one is for males and other for females. 51 19 Six for males and two for females exclusively. 23 12 3 Co· education schools, 5 males, 10 females.

11 9 One for male~ and one for females.

17 8 One is primary school for co·education while the other two are of middle standard, one each for males and females.

SOURCE-All concerned Institutions, Tehsil Education Officer and Inspectress of Schools. 78

Table 11 (a)

Hospital/Health Centre/DispensaryfMaternity and Child Welfare Centre! Specialized institutions like T. B. Clinics, Cancer Hospital, Blood Bank, Eye Bank, Nursing Home, Mental Hospital, Psychiatric Clinic, Child Guidance Clinic etc.

Type Number No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of Remarks beds out-door in-door Doctors Nurses Medical para patients patients Social Medical during during Workers staff the year the year 1967-68 1967-68 2 3 4- 5 6 7 8 9 10

Health Centre One 20 63,515 1,081 Of the four doctors 3 are Assistant Sur- geons (one lady) and one is Den- tal SlIl'geon.

S.E.T. Centre One 60 3 One para Medi- cal Assistant, one chestcamia and one IIweeper.

T.B. Centre One 11,790 2 13

Branch St. One The Centre remains open only twice a week when two nurses come from Joseph Baramulla and distribute liquid powder milk to children and women. Hospital, Baramulla

SOURCE- Officers incharge of various medical institutions. 79

Table 11 (b)

Incideace or diseases treated In medical institutions during 1961-68

Disease Number treated No. ended in mortality Remarks

Diarrhoea 14,425 Dis eases of skin 9,540 Diseases of respiratory system 8,410 All other diseases· of urinery system 6,415 Injury general and local 3,212 Worms 4,615 Dysentery 1,800 Entric fever 1,125 Pneumonia 140 Pyrexia of insertion organ and other infectious 315 diseases Rheumatic, fever and rheumatism 457 All other infectious diseases 721 Anaemia 4,751 All other general diseases 528 Diseases of eye, ear and nose 915 Diseases of circulatory system 1,500 Dyspepsia 5,230 All other diseases of liver 150 All other diseases of digestive system 1,925 Ulcers 1,580 Labour abnormal 175 Labour normal and other miscellaneous diseases 325 Leprosy 60 Pulmonary and extra pulmonary tuberculosis 1,850 31

SOURCE-Officer incharge of various medical institutiODs. 80

Table 11 (c) FaJD.ily Plam:dng Centres, ClinIcs, etc.

Type of Institl,ltion Number Type of No. of persons who availed Remarks uervice of the services as in col. g during 1967-68 1 2 3 4 5

Family Planning Centre 1. LU.C.D loops 1,423 Family Planning Centre has been attached with 2. Vasectomy 162 the Health Centre So­ pore. The Centre is 3. Tubectomy 12 headed by one Extension Educator (female) assis­ 4. Advices and N.A. ted by a dai. devices about the Family Planning

SOURCE-Family Planning Centre, Sopore.

Table 12(a)

Veterinary hospitals/dispensaries

Name Veterinary Unit and Artificial· Insemination Centre.

Location Sopore

No. of Doctors 2 (Asstt. Surgeons) 81

Table 12(b) Incidence or diseases alDODg different animals treated during 1961-68

Animal Disease No. No. ended in Remarks treated mortality 2 3 4 5

Bovine i) Non-contagious 2,808 1 195 Bovine includes bulls, cows and such ii) Contagious 2 J other animals. Eqvine Non-contagious 1,057 49 Eqvine includes pony, mare, etc. Others i) Non-contagious 1,013 1 115 Includes sheep, goat, poultry, dogs, ii) Contagious etc. Vaccination was done in poultry 'r against Raniketh disease. iii) Vaccina tion 64,200 J

SOURCE-Veterinary Assistant Surgeon, Animal Husbandry Unit, Sopore.

Table 13(i) Municipal Administration

1. (a) (i) When the Municipal Corporation Board/Town authority was first constituted 1935 (b) Nature of composition Nomination (i) Number of elected members

(ii) Number of nominated members II iii) Number of members of special categories (specify) (c) Distribution of executive function between (Elected office Policy making and control of bearers) schemes i) Elected office hearers ii) Paid executives Implementation and supervIsIon of town area committee work. (d) Operative departments and their main activities :- i) Department N.A. ii) Activity N.A. (e) Standing committees 82

Table 13(ii) Income

Income by source Rate 1966-67 1967-68 Remarks schedule Am 0 u n t Amount realised (Rs.) realised (Rs.) 2 3 4 5

1. Municipal rates and taxes {a) House/land/property/general tax (b) Lighting tax (c) Water tax (d) Conservancy (e) Education-tax/Cess (f) Toll tax (i) Ferries

eii) Roads (iii) Bridges (iv) Others 3,000 5,206 (g) Tax on animals and vehicles (i) Animals used for driving{riding (ii) Others (specify) (iii) Vehicles other than mechanically pro­ 7.25 3,000 3,471 pelled (specify)-tonga, carts (iv) Mechanically propelled vehicles (specify) (v) Bi-cycle 1.25 323 (h) Show/theatre tax (i) Profession tax 9,950 10,000 (j) Other taxes (specify) 2,32,200 3.22.000 Dharat, lorrystand taxes etc. 2. Realisation under special Act 3. Revenue derived from Municipal property and powers apart from taxation (i) Market 9,000 12,000 (ii) Sale of water (iii) Sale of electricity (iv) Others (contract of night soil, hides etc.) 2,400 2,000 83

Table 13(ii) -concld.

InCOD1e-concld.

Income by source Rate 1966-67 1967-78 Remarks schedule Amount Amount realised (Rs.) reali.ed (Rs.) 2 3 " 5

4. Grants and consumption (for general and special purposes) (i) From Government: (a) General purposes 85,000 9,778 (b) Special purposes (specify) (ii) From Local funds

(a) General purposes (b) Special purposes (specify) (iii) Other sources (a) General purposes

(b) Special purposes (specify) 5. Miscellaneous receipts 6. Extraordinary and debt 7. Total receipts excluding loan from Govt. and 2,59,550 3,55,000 opening balance 8. Total receipts including opening balance 3,40,000 4,75,000 84

Table 13(iii)

Expendit1lre

Expenditure 1966-67 1967-68 Remarks in (Rs.) in (Rs.) 2 3 4,

1. Pay of establishment 1,34,792 1,76,884 2. Public Safety S. Public Health & Convenience A. Public Convenience (i) Wllter supply

(ii) Construction of drains, sewers and im~ 51,000 1,26,000 provements in streets etc. (iii) Conservance (including cleansing and watering of roads/public 1atrines/ba ths & urinals/etc. (iv) Construction and maintenance of roads (v) Other public works (vi) Land development 13. Remunerative Enterprises (i) Market and other buildings 60,000 34,000

eii) Electrici ty 13,000 14,000 (for street lighting) (iii) Others C. Public Health & Medical Relief (i) Maintenance of Vital Statistics {ii) Infant and maternity welfare (iii) Family planning (iv) Control of food supplies and adultera­ ted stuffs (v) Veterinary charges (vi) Others

4. Public Instruction

(i) Basic/primary/elementary/nursery schools (li) Middle schools/Higher secondary schoolsl High schools etc. - Table 13(iii)-COt'lCld. Expenditure-coneld.

Expenditure 1961-67 1967-68 Remarks in (Rs.) in (Rs.) 1 2 3 4

(iii) Colleges (iv) Technical institution (v) Public Libraries 1,500 2,000 (vi) Museums (vii) Others 5. Contribution (i) General purposes (ii) Special purposes 6. Miscellaneous and other recurring expenditure 28,826 53,276

Total expenditure 2,89,118 4,06,160.00 Total disbursements Deposits !'tA. N.A. Closing balance N.A. N.A:

SOURCE-Chairman, Town Area Committee, Sopore. 86

Table 14 Details of uti.Uties aad services as ia 1967-68.

A. Roads

Type with reference Mileage ,.---______Agency responsible.A. ______for --" Remarks to surface material used Construction Maintenance 1 2 3 4- 5

1. Metaling road 2 miles T.A.C. T.A.C. 2. Cemented lanes 1 mile Sopore Sopore

B. (1) Major source of water supply la the to'WD

Name of the source P .C. of popula­ P.C. of areas Name of areas Remarks lation served served not served 2 3 4 5

i) Shiva spring at 100% residing fln Sopore town and nil The water village Hardo shiva Sopore town some villages supply is inter­ mittant for the ii) Nalla Yambarzal wari day i. e. - two hour's supply to each moha­ lla, for night it is however, regular.

B. (2) In respect of protected source of water

1. Agency responsible for providing the service Water Works Sub-division, Baramulla II. Total supply of water per day 23,000 gallons per day app.

III. (a) Source or sources of water suppl y to the town Shiva spring & Yambirzal wari nalla (b) Distance of the same from the town 7 miles IV. Storage arrangement and capacity Overhead tank of 60,000 gallons at Sopote V. Nature of treatment of water and the areas covered Cholorinisation by the treatment plant VI. Arrangement for distribution of water: (a) Pumping stations number and capacity One with a motor of 15 H.P. and with a capacity of 2,500 gallons per hour (b) \ Service reservoirs including water towers -do- number and capacity (c) Nature and size (diameter) of main conduct From the spring 8" diameter & from the overhead tank 4" diameter Cd) Total length of network of pipes laid 22,000 ft. approximately 87

Table 14-contd. VII. Connections and water metres given to; Number of connections No. of water metres Remarks including r------.A.----~ ,.------""'------. details of water Inside town Outside town Inside town Outside te- wn rate 1 2 3 4- 5

Residential houses 800 P.P.C. 75 P.P.C. nil nil 75 P.P.C. and 130 P.S.P. points have Public taps 120 P.S.P. 130 P.S.P. been provided to villages Shiva, Dangar- Offices 1 These connections have pora, Duru, Selu in­ >- been included in " " cluding mosques etc. Industrial plants J P.P.C. " "

VIII. (I) Duration of water supply (state whether intermittant, Intermittant during day (from 10 a.m. to give timings or regular). 5 p.m.) rest of the period regular

(2) Other sources Number Private Public Remarks i) Tank nil ii) ""'ell, tube-well nil iii) Others (specify) nil

SOURCE~Assistant Engineer, Water Works, Sopore.

c. Sewerage i) Agency responsible for providing T.A.C. Sopore the service ii) System of sewerage S~eping iii) Proportion of area inside the town T.A.C. area served by sewers iv) Proportion of houses inside the All town served by sewer

v) Number of local sewers inside the town joined to central sewer

vi) Particulars of ar~as outside the town served by the sewerage system of the town.

Name of the area Appr. acres of area . Appr. no. of houses Remarks served served I 2 3 4

vii) Place of disposal viii) Method of disposal Raw/Treated ix) Flow arrangement Gravitational/pump . x) Other particulars 88

Table 14-contd. D. Open drainage and conservancy i) Agency responsible for providing the service T.A.C. Sopore ii) Total length of open drainage 12.75 kms. iii) Condition of cleanliness and maintenance Satisfactory iv) How frequently cleaned Twice a day v) Whether capable of draining out rain water No, when it rains, the roads remain full of mud

vi) No. of latrines of different types:

Private Public Water borne Appr. 200 Nil Service Private arrangements Others (specify) 1200 vii) Method of disposal of; (a) Night soil It is being given on contract (b) Garbages It is removed by the sweepers and is being dumped in trenches

viii) Particulars of conservancy staff of different categories ;

Category Number Remuneration No. allotted quarters Remarks r-----.A.----...... , Males Females 2 3 4 5 6

Sweepers 65 9 Rs. 1001- P.M. each 22

ix) Rules framed, requiring the rate payers to construct latrines of different types . Rs. 41- per latrine

x) Concessions and rebates, if any,~ granted to rate payers on conver­ sion of service latrines to water borne type Nil xi) Approximate number of houses without latrines of any type Total no. of houses =2,500 Houses without latrines = 1,500

SOURCE-Town Area Committee, Sopore. 89

Table 14-contd. E. Electricity

I. (a) Whether elecU'ified Yes.

(b) If so, since when 1921

(c) Agency responsible for providing the service Electric Department, Government of Jammu and Kashmir.

II. Source: (a) Nature (Hydrel/Thermal/Diesel) Hydre1 (b) Location (Generates own electricity/connected to grid/combined) Grid

III. (a) Capacity

(b) Whether ACfDC or both A. C.

(c) Volume of consumption 1.255 Megawatts

(d) Percentage of people served

(e) Percentage of buildings served 92%

(f) Percentage of town area served 95%

IV (A) (a) If the source of supply is local

(b) Whether it served area outside the town also

(c) Maximum distance of the areas served from the outer boundary of tho!'! town limit

(B) If connected to grid

(a) Place of generation Mohara and Ganderbal

(b) Distance 16 kms. from R/Station, Baramulla. 90

Table 14-contd. V. Number of connections, rate per unit, volume of consumption, charges due and charges realised.

Type of establishment No. of Volume of Rate per Charges due Charges No. of Additional Remarks connections consumption unit during realised appli- load re­ given 1967-68 during cations quired 1967-68 if any in for the waiting pending list appli- cations 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Domestic (a) Lighting 1 1 2,503 250 K,W'j .. The appli- 50% of (b) Power J cations of the exis­ industrial ting load load are (500 K.W.) not enter- tained

Indnstrial 53 949.5 K.W. ~ Rs. 2,60,046.40 Rs. 2,55,346.40 I Irrigation 3 1.5 KW., Other establishments 40 18 K.W. Commercial 300 36 K.W. J

Road lighting 263 of 40 watts* each *Charges are at flat rate of Others· (specify) Rs. 1.25 per bulb of 40 watts each.

VI. Problems if any relating to supply of electricity with particular reference to present and prospective availablity of power and adequency of the same to meet the present and prospective demands.

To electrify rural areas.

F. Details or road Hghting

Agency responsible for providing the service Town Area Committee Particulars of the Service:

Type of Norm about Hours of Total No. Total Total expense Remarks light distance lighting of points consumption during 1967-68 between lighting post on different types of roads 2 3 4- 5 6 7 Ordinary 200 ft. Evening to 263 of Rs. 8,138.35 morning 40 watts each

SOURCE-Assistant Electric Engineer, Sub-division Sopore. 91

Table 14-concld. G. Fire Brigade

Location When established Particulars of service during 1967-68 Remarks 2 3 4

Sop ore tow 1963 Attended 44 fire calls in the district

SOURCE-Fire Officer, Sopore Division, Sopore.

Table 15

Rules and Regulations fralDed by the authority concerned

A. Give the name and section of the Act, Authority/Authorities framing the rules and regulations and the salient features of the rules and regulations in respect of the items listed below:-

(a) Type of land use (residential, industrial, commercial, recreational, public and semi-public institutions)

(b) Construction of building type R~les and Regulations as laid out m General and Sanitation (c) Nature of use of building Orders under· Section 45 and 147 of the J & K Town Area (d) Sanitation and public health Act 2011, are adhered to. (e) Other matters of importance (such as obnoxious, ha2ardous, business and trade).

B-1 (i) (a) Whether lands have been acquired by any public authority for future urban develop­ ments Yes.

(b) If so, particulars of public authority acquiring the land The land which was previously acquired by Agriculture Department for Agriculture College was transferred to Housing Division. 92

Table 15-concld. Rules and Regu1ations framed. by the authority concerned.-concld.

(ii) Particulars of the land:

Year of Location Type Acreage Purpose Terms and Total value Remarks acquisition conditions in terms of on which the market acquired price at the time of acquisition 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 N.A. Sopore town Tabular land 21 acres For the develop- N.A. N.A. Refer Survey between Chow- ment ofa Report. kibal road and housing colony Nowpora road and shopping centre

(i) Extent of land speculation Refer Survey Report (ii) Reasons for speculation -do- (iii) Areas more affected by speculative activities -do- (iv) Other particulars of speculative activities -do-

II. (a) Whether any master plan for development of the town and its surrounding areas has been drawn Not so far, but is under consi­ deration by the Town Planner.

(b) If so, copy of the same

III. (a) Whether sale of land within the town or its vicinity has been re'tricted by notification for acquisition by any public authority. No

(b) If so, (1) Particulars of the same in a gener.al way

(2) Statistics in respect of the land so notified ..

Year of acqUisition Location Type of Acreage Contemplated Estimated compen- Remarks land (e. g. under no- future use of sation liability in agricultural, tification the land respect of the residential) notified land fallow etc. 2 3 4 5 6 7

SOURCE-Town Planner, Srinagar. 93

Table 16

(a) Num.her of houses by type of m.aterial used in plinth, waD and roof

Type of material used in Age of the Number Nature of Remarks plinth, wall and roof structure use 2 3 4 5

PLINTH i) R. S. Masonary in mud 0-5 500

ii) R. S. Masonary in lime 6-10 1,000 Hospitals, Schools, WALLS i) B. B. Masonary in mud 11-15 500 Residential, Shops- 1cum-Flats etc. I ii) B. B. Masonary in lime 16-25 1,000 iii) R. S. Masonary in mud 26-30 300 31 and above 712 j ---- 4,012 ROOF i) Wood ----

ii) G. C. I. Sheets

iii) Shingle

(b) Num.ber of houses by storeys

Single storey 1,017

Double storey 1.575

Multi storey 1,420

SOURCE-Assistant Engineer, Roads and Buildings, Sopore. 94

Table 17

(a) (i) Hotels

Location Number Estimated number Rules and arrangements for issue of licence of seats available and general supervision of sanitation 2 3 4

Sopore town One 12 Licence fee is Rs •. 50.00 per year and is charged by the Town Area Committee. For the supervision of sanitation also Town Area Committee is responsible and the Sanitary Inspector periodically inspects the same.

(ii) Particulars of the hotels representing three categories by ranges of seat rent (The entire range within which the rent varies may be divided into three equal groups. The top most group would be cate­ gory I, next one is category II, and the group with lowest range of rent is category In).

Range of Average No. of Whether specially Observations of Investigator about rent per meal seats associated with cleanlines~, general sanitation, seat charges any particular ventilation of rooms, standard of religious, linguis­ furniture etc., amenities available tic, caste or com­ munity group 2 3 4 5 • Category I Rs. 2.50 Rs. 4.50 30 No The only hotel named New light is clean and sanitary fitted. Rooms Category II have, however, no attached bath rooms and even the fumiture arti­ Category III cles are not to the standard. Venti­ lation is quite good. Meals are quite satisfactory although costly but the service is prompt. 95

Table 17-contd. (b) (1) Lodging houses

Location Number Estimated number of Rules and arrangements for issue of seats_ available license and general supervision of sanitation 2 3 4

(n) Particulars of the lodging houses including commercial hostels re­ presenting three categories (to be detel'Dlined in the same BlaDner as in case of hotels).

Range of No. of Whether specially associated Observations of Investigator rent per seats with any particular reli­ about cleanliness, general seat gious, linguistic, caste or sanitation, ventilation of community group rooms, standard of furniture, amenities available etc. 2 3 4

Category I Category II Category III

(c) (i) Dharamshalas/Sarais

Location Number Estimated number of Rules and arrangement for issue of license seats available and general supervision of sanitation 2 3 4-

Sopore town 2 20 in all Of these two, one is attached with a temple and the other with the Gurdwara 96

Table 17 -concld. (ti) Particulars of the DharaD1shalas representing three ranks by standard of aD1enities and extent of contribution norD1ally expected

Rent contri­ No. Whether specially Amenities Number Observation of Investi­ bution of associated available of days gator about cleanliness, seats with any particular normally general sanitation) ven­ religious, linguistic allowed tilation of rooms, stand­ caste or community to stay ard of furniture, amenia] group ties available, etc. 2 3 4 5 6

Category I No rent is 10 As referred above Bathrooms and 3 days Neither so well main­ charged latrines tained, nor sanitary have been pro- fitted. No furniture vided etc. has been pro­ vided.

Category II Category III

SOURCE: - Personal observations of the Investigator.

Table 18

A (i) Eating houses

Location Estimated number Rules and arrangements for issue of license and general supervision of sanitation 2 3

Sopore town 9 License for eating houses is issued by the Town Area Committee. The yearly license fee for restaurants which number two is Rs. 15.00 per restaurant while for the rest of the seven ordinary eating houses it is' Rs. 10.00 each. 97

Table 18 -contd. (Ii) Particulars of the eating houses representing three categories by range of 'charges (the entire range within which charges for JDain itelDS of food vary JDay be divided into 3 equal categories).

Number Average Average Whether specially Observations of Investigator about number sale per associated with cleanliness general sanitation, of per- day any particular ventilation of rooms, standard sons religious, linguis­ of furniture, amenities normally tic, caste or available etc. served per day community 2 3 4 5

Category 2 100 Rs.4OO.00 No The two restaurants falling in Cate­ gory I are clean, good ventilated and have some modern furniture but are not sanitary fitted.

Category II 4 160 Rs.480.00 One is run by a The seven other eating' houses in member of Sikh Categories II aDd III are, how- com m u nit y ever, not well maintained, unclean while the others and have been provided with very are run by l'vluslims ordinary furniture like benches, tables etc. Category III 3 90 Rs.225.00 Only Muslim shops

B (i) Tea stalls

Location Estimated number Rules and arrangements for isSUe of license and general supervision of sanitation 2 3

Sopore town 2 License is issued ~by the Town Area Committee on an yearly fee of RI. 6.00 per shop.

(Ii) Particulars of the staUs and restaurants of three categories by range of price as in case of eating houses.

Number Average Average Whether specially 'Observation of Investigator about number of sale per associated with cleanliness, general sanitation, persons day any particular reli­ ventilation of rooms, standard of normally gious, linguistic, furniture, amenities available etc. served caste or Community per day group 2 3 4 5 Category I 2 300 Rs.200.00 No Both these tea-stalls are one each in Civil and Government Bus Category II Stop. These are well maintained, clean, well furnished and good Category III stuff is available and service too is prompt. 98

Table 18-toncld. C (I) Sweet-m.eat shops

Location Estimated number Rules and arrangements for issue of license and general supervision of sanitation 2 3 Sopore town 3 License for sweet-meat shops is issued by Town Area Committee at a yearly fee of Rs. 3.00 per shop

(ii) Particulars of lIte shops, representing three categories by range of price.

Number Approximate Whether specially Remarks including arrangement of issue sale per associated with of license and general supervision day any particular reli- of sanitation gious, linguistic caste or community group 2 3 4

Category I 2 Rs. 70.00 No As mentioned above, general super­ vision of cleanliness and sanitation is Category II Rs. 25.00 No done by the Sanitary Inspector,. Town Area Committee Category III

SOURCE-Pers&nal observations of the Investigator. 99

Table 19

Particulars of trade and com.m.erce and establishm.ents connected with the sam.e including co-operative societies, super m.arkets, etc.

Level (Distributive Type of Approxi. Estimated Area where Religious, Appr. Places A general Remarks agency{wholesale, establish- mate number mainly linguistic volume from statement retail) ment in number of workers concentrated or caste of trade where on consu- broad cate­ group as esti- the mers and gories with mainly mated commo- areas where reference to associated from dities commodities commodities with the sales are are sold dealt with trade or taxI mainly commerce income obtained tax records 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Category I N.A·l N.A. Bazar-i-Kalan N.A. N.A. A general statement about I Khushal Matoo, the import of various com­ Category II ~ 1,250 Baba Yousof modities and consumers has I Adda Sopore " been provided in the Category III J Sabzi Mandi Survey Report. " " Main Bazar " " Bazar Khurud " Jamia Qadim Chhan Khan, Arampora Shah Abad Hathi Shah Khanqah Now Hamam

SOURCE-Chairman, Town Area Committee, Sopore. 100

Table 20 Particulars of factories and ludu.trlal

S. No. . Name of factory/industry/mill Type with Location e.g. Town! Appr. reference to the cen tre/residential/ acreage main product commercial!adminis­ under the trative/industrial. establish- (b) Periphery ment Industrial estate{ area unplanned haphazard growth/ others

2 3 4 5

1. Sarna Products Private Ltd., Sopore Canning of fruit and Commercial 5 acres vegetable 1.. Samad Saw Mills, Sopore Sawing of timber -do- 1 acre

3. United Oil Flour Mills, Sopore Flour and oil -do- 1 acre 4. Satar Saw Mills, Sopore Fruit boxes -do- t acre

5. Khandy Saw Mills, Sopore Fruit boxes -do- t acre

6. Soya Saw Mills, Sopore Sawing of timber -dO- ..-do~ 7. Dar Saw Mills, Sopore Fruit boxes -do- I acre 8. Ab. Rahim Kharoo Saw Mills -do- -do- -do- 9. Band Saw and Rice Mill, Arampura, Fruit boxes and rice -do- 1/16 acre Sopore husking 10. Popular Saw Mills, Arampur, Sopore Fruit boxes -do- t acre 11. Gh. Ahmed Najar, Saw Mills, -do- -do- t acre Chhankhan, Sopore. 12. Gh. Mohd. Najar, Saw Mills, Sopore -do- -do- t acre 13. Gh. Mohd Garhanzoo -do- -do- -do- 14. Gh. Mohd. Dar -do- -do- t acre 15. Ali Mohd. Rah Kralteng, Sopore -do- -do- t acre 16. Abdul Khaliq, Untoo, Muslimpeer -do- -do- ! acre 17. Mohd. Ramzan, Mata Baba Yousuf, Sopore -do- -do- ! acre 18. Gh. Mohd. Panzoo, Dogli Teng, Sopore -do- -do- t acre 19. Mohd Mathanji, Dogli Teng -do- -do- ! acre 20. Bulla Brothers, Dogli Teng, Sopore Fruit boxes and sawing -do- t acre of timber

21. Bashir Ahmed Mahir, Aishipore, Sopore Fruit boxes -do- -do- 101 establishment. of difFerent type and size

Particulars ,-Appr.______number of personnel..A. ______employed -, Appr. out-put during Problems Manner Remarks 1967-68 of housing for of industrial and Admin is- Skilled Un-skilled r----...A...----} the industrial relations, problem of trative and Volume Value in labour if any diSposal of supervisory (Rs.) industrial waste and affiuent

6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14-

S {) 23 90 tom 180,000 Nil Nil Local Small scale transport

5 9 40 2,24,000 1,12,000 One house of 4- cu. ft. rooms provided " " to the labour

4 2 15 1,10,000 mds. N.A. Nil Nil Labour H Nil 3 3 12,000 cu. ft. 6,000 Sold as fuel to the local people " 4 4 9 50,000 cu. ft. 25.000 .. .. 6 10 60,000 cu. ft. 32,000 " " 2 3 12,000 boxes 24,000 " 2 3,000 6,000 " " " 2 6,000 12,000+ 5,000 " 4- 20,000 40,000 " " " " 2 10,500 21,000 ..

4 12,000 24,000 " " " " 2 5 15,000 30,000 3 4- 18,000 36000 " " " " 2 10,000 20,000 " 2 3 15,000 31,000 " " " .. 3 4- 20,000 35,000 " " " " 7 25,000 45,000 " 2 5 18,000 35,000 .. .. " .t 1 2 4- 20,000 60,000 Sale to the and 30,000" " local people " cu. ft. of timber 2 3 20,000 boxes 40,300 " " .. ..

SOURCE-Concerned factories, milJJ etc. 102

Table 21(1) Employment Exchange A. ORGANISATIONAL PARTICULARS

Location Year of Establishment Jurisdiction Remarks 1 2 3 4

B. Live Register as

Educational Qualification Number registered during the year r------.A.------, Scheduled Castes (SC) Scheduled Tribe (ST) Others r-----"-----, r----.A.-----, r- __ .A. ___-, Males Females Males Females Males Females 2 3 4 5 6 7

1. Illiterate- 941 2. Under Matrie (a) Vocational trained

(b) Untrained 90 3. Matric-

(a) With technical training () (b) Without technical training 89 4. Degree Holders

(a) Arts (b) Science (c) Medicine (d) Engineering (e) Agriculture 2 (f) Others (specify) 5. Others (specify) 109

011 31-12-1967

Placement during the year No. as on Live Register as on 31-12-1967 Remarks r-- ______.A. ______~ r------.A.------~ Scheduled Caste Scheduled Tribe Others Scheduled Caste Scheduled Tribe Others r---...... -~ r----...... --~ r---.A.--~ r--- ...... --~ r---...... ----., r---...... --~ Males Females Males Females Males Females Males Females Males Females Males Females

8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

71 600 104

Table 21 (I)-concld. C. Placement Detall.

For the year 1967 For the year 1967 Occupational category vacancies 'notified vacancies filled Remarks r------...... ------"'"""\ r------.A.------"'"""\ Reserved Others Reserved Others r-----Jo..--- -"'"""\ ,-___--..A. _____ "'"""\ Scheduled Scheduled Scheduled Scheduled Caste Tribe Caste Tribe 2 3 4 5 6 7 B

i) ProCessional and technical ii) Administrative and executive iii) Clerical, sales, etc. 10 iv) Agricultural v) Miners, Quarrymen

vi) Transport & communication 7 3 vii) Craftsmen and production process workers 15 viii) Service workers (Cooks, Chowkidars etc.) 40 14- ix) Labourers not elsewhere cllU3ified 75 35 x) Others (specify}

Table 21 (II) Professioual and Private Practitioners

Number Un-registered Remarks registered (estimate) 1 2 3 Lawyer Allopathic doctor Homeopathic doctor Unani Hakim Ayurvedic doctor ArchitectfEngineer/ Overseer! Draftsman Others (specify)

SOURCE-District Employment Officer, Baramulla. 105 Table 22 Registered vehicles of difl'erent types

Type Number License fee Remarks r- . --.. Per Total Total collected vehicle due during 1967-68 2 3 . 4 5 6 (Rs.) (Rs.) (Rs.) A. Motor Vehicles 1. Bus 2. Truck Vehicles are to be registered at 3. Car Srinagar. 4. Taxi 5. Tempo

6. Jeep 7. Scooter/Motor cycle and combinations 8. Auto Rikshaw

B. Other than Motor Vehicles 9. Cycle 300 1.25 375.00 375.00 to. Manpulled Rikshaw 11. Animal driven vehicle (Tongas) 497 7.25 N.A. 12. Others (specify) Boats for transport N .. A. No tax is being levied on these.

SOURCE-Chairman Town Area Committee, Sopore. 106

Table 23 Transport

(al Buses (i) Fleet strength 36

(ii) Effective strength 36

(b) City bus service, iC any Route iC so, passengers No

Name of route Length Frequency of Number of Agency Number of Remarks in- bus service buses running passengers eluding whether on the plying the ser- during crowding is little! route vice 1967-68 much/very much during the diffe- rent hours of the day 2 3 4 5 6 7

(c) Places outside the lhnlt of the town/city covered by city bus service I

Name of Distance from Whether village Frequency of Appr. number Remarks including the ter­ the periphery or town & also service of passengers whether crowding is minus of the town its broad func­ during little{much/very place tional category 1967-68 much during the (e.g., is it a mar­ different hours of ket place, office the day area, industrial centre. etc.) 2 3 4 5 6

NIL 101

Table 2~.

(d) Rural areas connected by bus servi1:e:

Name of Distance from Frequency of No. of Remarks including the ter­ the priphery service passengers whether the route minus of of the town carried is originating from the route during the town or passing 1967-68 through the town and whether crow­ ding is little/muchl very much during the different hours of the day 2 3 4 5

1. Sopore-Bandipora 19 miles 19 2,40,225 Originating from Sopore 2. Wilgam 32 miles 2 21,500 and Srinagar. Morning 3. " Tujar 9 miles 5 70,000 and " evening crowding, 4. Dangawacha 10 miles ~ 1,43,700 little traffic 12 Noon 5. " Handwara 16 miles 7 1,29,320 to 2 P.M. 6. " Handwara 18 miles 3 72,000 " via Baramulla 7. Rohama 9 miles 3 3,600 8. " Sogamlalpora 37 miles 6 3,87,600 9. " Kupwara 24 miles 3 72,000 10. " Lalpulwari 51 miles 1 18,000 11. " Wadoora 27 miles 2 21,600 "

(e) Distant towns connected by bus service:

Name of the Distance in Frequency of No. of Remarks including whether terminus of miles service passengers the route is originating the route carried from the town or passing during through the town and 1967-68 whether crowding is little{much/very much during the different hours of the day 2 3 4 5

I. Srinagar 30 miles 24 62,25,600 Originating from the town. 2. Baramulla 10 miles 22 1,67,225 roS

Table 2S~. (t) Local trains. NU

(g) Local distance train service I Nil

(h) No. or railway tickets coUected at the station during 1967-68. Nil

(i ) Particulars or air flights to and rrom. local airport : Nil

Route Frequency Whether originating from the Remarks town under study or passing through it 1 2 3 4

(j) (i) No. or air passengers that cam.e to the place by .air : Nil

(li) No. or passengers going out of the place by air during 1967-68: Nil

SOURCE:-Managers Govt. Transport Sopore and Private Compa­ nies, Sopore.

(k) Particulars or traSic by water way:

Nature of the Nature of Frequency No. of passengers No. of passengers Remarks water way Transport coming down going out during during 1967-68 1967-68 2 3 4 5 6

River Jhelum Boats 30 1,000 1,000

SOURCE-Chairman Town Area Committee, Sopore.' 109

Table 23-concld. (I) Traasport .or commodities

Means Total quintals Important commodities Total quintals Important commodities Remarks of of export/sent exported/sent to imported! imported!brought to transport from town r----Jo.------. brought to town during 1967-68 during Name Place where sent town during r-----~---~--. 1967-68 outside the town 1967-68 Name Place from where brought to town during 1967-68 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Government 92,288.61 Fruit 1. Srinagar N.A. N.A. N.A. trucks 2. Jammu 3. Pathankote 4. Amritsar 5. Delhi Civil tmcb 75,711.39 Fruit -do- N.A. N.A. N.A. Government 4,00,000 Timber 1. Srinagar N.A. N.A. N.A. and civil eft. 2. Jammu trucks 3. Pathankote Boats 74,074.00 Timber, 1. Srinagar 1,11,111 Cloth, tea leaves Srinagar, Fire-wood 2. Baramulla tin, stones, bricks, Kupwara, Fruits clay, pulses, oils, Bandipora, Grains meat Baramulla Fish

SOURCE:-Managers Govt. and Private Transports, Sopore.

(m.) Road accidents during 1967·68

Nature of accident r------.A.------.Number ---. Remarks Fatal Non-fatal 2 3 4

By truck or other vehicle 2 7

SOURCE-Deputy Superintendent Police, Sopore. . 110

Table 24 OOMMIJNICATION (a) Sale or postal stationery by each post office in the town

Name of the Postal No. sold during Total sale Remarks post office stationery 1967-68 proceeds during 1967-68 2 :3 4 5

Post cards 1,510 151.00 Inland covers 2,304- 345.60 Envelopes ],054 210.80 Stamps 198.00

(b) Receipt and issue of telegraD1s

Number received during 1967-68 7,213 Number issued during 1967-68 5,470

SOURCE:-Sub-Post-master, P~st Office, Sopore.

(c) Particulars about telephones

No. of Rates No. of No. of Whetlwrthe No. of Total Remarks connec- local calls trunk calls Exchange is public tele- revenue tions during during automatic or phone during 1967-68 1967-68 manually ope- booths 1967-68 ra-ted or other- wise 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

150 Rs. 250 P.A. 1,19,227 25,911 Automatic 4- N.A. The Exchange has up to 19.7.67 been converted and Rs. 3001- from C.B. type to P. A. from automatic 1 as t 20.7.1967 year in the month April, 1967.

SOURCE:-(i) Phone inspector Sopore. (ii) Incharge telephone revenue unit, Srinagar Division. 111

Table 24-concld. (d) Receipt or Dloney order : (i) Money order received during 1967-68: Number Amount From within the same district 1 From within the same State - I From other districts within the same State ~ 1,818 Rs. 1,43,185.58 ! From within India other States (specify the States) I From countries outside India (specify countries) J (ii) Money order issued during 1967-68 ) Rural areas within the same district r 5,322 Rs. 3,82,637.07 Urban areas within the same district Rurala reas in other districts within the same State JI (e) No. or radio licenses issued in the town during 1967-68: 689

SOURCE-Sub-Postmaster, Post Office, Sopore.

(r) Newspapers, journals and periodicals by type in circulation in the town:

Daily Weekly Monthly Others Remarks ,..--__ ..A.---__~ r---~..A----~ r----..A----~ r----..A----~ Language No. of No. in No. of No. in No. of No_ in No. of No. in papers circulation papers circulation papers circulation papers circulation

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

English 5 175 5 145 6 100 Urdu 8 625 6 180 8 175

SOURCE-Personal inquiries and observations of the Investigator. 112

Table 25 (a) Marketing Special particulars about marketing

Name of the market Type of shop, Appr. number Peak season Particular Hour of Remarks including establishmen t for sale days of the mar- commodities for and ware-house year, month keting which the market with reference or week when is particularly to the main sale goes up reputed and commodities also whether it dealt with is a regula ted market 2 3 5 6 7 l. Main Bazar Refer Survey Report 1.600 1 I 2. Bazar-i-Khurud 2.250 ! }- Summer & June to 9 a.m. to Refer Survey 3. Chhanakhan Bazar 3.150 I Autumn October Sp. m. Report " 1 4. Aarampora Bazar 4.175 J 5. Sabzi Mandi 5.60 July to December

SOURCE-Chairman Town Area Committee, Sopore.

(b) Special particulars about supply of vegetables, eggs, JJ1eat, fish, 1Di1k, fuel wood, etc.

Name of commodity Approximate Areas from where obtained Method of Particular~ Particulars Remarks daily sale and mileage of the __ transport of operation of ware­ area situated at of middlemen, house maximum distance if al).y facilities 2 2 4 5 6 7

Eggs "1 75 dozen Lolab valley, Chowkibal, Tongas, Refer Survey I Bandipora, Gurez, Hand- Raidas, Report. Sheep, goats, >- 600 kgs. wara, Langet, Rafiabad, Trucks and chickens t Handwara. and for meat J Boats Fish 15 quintals Wular Lake Milk 12 mds. Tarazua, Haigam, Watlab, Zaingir, Seer, Doabgah.

SOURCE-Chairman Town Area Committee, Sopore. -113

Table 25-contd.

(c) Particulars about banks/credit co-operative societies

Type Number No. of depositors Nature of transaction \Tolume oftransac­ r------.A.-----~ tion during 1967-68 Fixed Savings Current deposit 2 3 4 5 6 7

Large sized 20 Advancement of loan N.A. against agricultural produce i.e. paddy and fruits, pulses.

Small sized 7 Sale of commodities N.A. essential to the life. Service societies 18 Sale of chemical ferti­ N.A. lizers and seeds. Co-operative Bank 1 *2 62 Disbursement of loans Rs. 6,65,000 as loan to the societies was' taken by the societies f6 47 81 As in other banks i) Total amount deposited =Rs.2,74,339.68 ii) Total amount withdrawn =Rs.2,94,263.60 The Jammu and Kashmir Bank Ltd. 80 260 596 As in other banks Rs. 28,83,298.97

*62 Credit co-operative sOCieties have their accounts in the Central Co-operative Bank Ltd., Sopore so against number of depositors instead and individuals the number of co-operative societies have been given. flndividual Depositors.

SOURCE-Manager Jammu & Kashmir Bank Ltd., Sopore, and Assistant Registrar, Co-operatives, Sopore. 114

Table 25-contd. (cl) Money loaners registered. under Money Lenders Act

Number Transaction during 1967-68 Remarks ,------__.._------~ Nature Amount 2 4-

No registered money lenders are functioning in the area.

(e) Particulars about dOlnestic aniJl1a1s and livestock

Type Number Registration for Remarks

1. Bulls -1,159 2. Milching cows 2,305 3. Goats 108 4. Sheep 521 5. Horses 93 6. Mules 28 7. Cocks and hem 2,534 8. Ducks 241 9. Other birds 117

SOURCE-Tehsildar, Sopore. 115

Table 2~ld. Cf> Problem, if ay, created by stray animals

Type Nature of problem Remarb 1 2 3

No problem

SOURCE-Tehsidar, Sopore. 116

Table 26 Special particulars on commutation to and from

Name of one village at a distance of Appr. Predominant Approximate No. of persons By 3 miles, 6 miles, 9 miles and 12 population economy ,-commuting_____.A. to _____ the town ""'\ ,.... __ .A. __ ""'\ miles on each transport line, waterway going out of the town if there is By Foot By Cycle By Bus Train Other another town within the above and other means distance particulars of the same also automobile Tonga wiU :have. t.O be furnished

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 3 JDile. 1. Sangrama Sopore-Baramulla 885 i) Cultivation 25 5 10 15 route ii) Orchards Seelo Sopore.-H;andwara 1,435 i) Cultivation 15 6 20 29 route ii) Orchards Adipora Sopore-Bandipora 1,181 i) Cultivation If 3 6 route, Sopore Wular ii) Orchards Lake iii) Labour Tara7:ua Sopore-Haigam 2,403 i) Cultivation 12 6 20 route ii) Orchards iii) Shopkeeping Seerjagir Sopore-Baramulla by 2,676 i) Cultivation 10 3 22 -river ii) Orchards iii) Fishery Saidapora Sopore-Hardoshiva 787 i) Cultivation 9 3 13 route ii) Orchards Ribbon Sopore-Rohama 1,529 i) Cultivation 8 6 13 10 route ii) Orchards 6 aaUu Watalab Sopore-Bandipora 963 i) Cultivation 1 20 16 route il) Orchards Hardoshiva Sopore-Hardoshiva 2,483 i) CuI tivation 6 7 8 10 route ii) Orchards iii) Labour Wadoora Sopore - Handwara 1,133 i) Cultivation 5 10 8 route ii) Orchards Bulgam Sopore-Sr inagar 627 i) Cultivation 2 8 8 route, Sopore-Hai- ii) Orchards gam-route 111

tlae tow.a (OIl the basta of study in vDJages)

For. Other Appr. No. of persons commuting For Remarks r------A.--.----. reasons from the town Sale r-----Jo-- Sale of Sec-. Private Edu- r------'------"'\ of Ser- Pei- Edu- Other goods vice pro- cation By By By By By goods vice vate cation reasons fession Foot Cycle BUJ Train other • pro- and means fession other Tonga auto- mobile 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 .16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

5 35 5 10 15 5 10 6 27

6 18 8 38 10 5 13 21 9 4- 7 29

6 3 8 6 5 4 8 6 3 4- 11

9 6 7 8 8 6 9 4 5 18

11 6 5 4 9 25 6 13 8 2 10 24

3 4- 6 3 9 7 2 11 3 4 3 10

6 9 8 10 4 6 10 12 8 4 8 12

6 8 15 2 6 11 15 8 s 4 11

5 6 3 13 6 4- 10 3 7 10

7 5 55 10 2 6 40 20

2 3 5 4 4 6 10 11 2 10 15 118

Table 26-concld. Special particulars on COlDIDutation to and from

Name of one village at a distance of Appr. Predominant Approximate No. of persons By population economy commuting to the town 3 miles, 6 miles, 9 miles and 12 ,-____-..A. -, (-__..A.. __ -, miles on each transport line, waterway going out of the town if there is By Foot By Cycle By Bus Train Other another town within the above and other means distance particulars of the same also automobile Tonga will have to be furnished

2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Janawara Sopore-Wular Lake 809 i) Cultivat ion 10 12 8 route ii) Orchards 9 ..ule. Ishtingo Sopore-Bandipora 1,822 i) Cultivation 17 6 route ii) Orchards iii) Service Baramullo town Sopore-Baramulla 29,744 i) Shopkeeping 15 260 40 route ii) Fruit and other contractors iii) Labour iv) Govt. and private service Rohama Sopore-Rohama 2,389 i) Cultivation 20 route ii) Orchards 12 ..utes Pattan Sopore-Srinagar 4,896 i) Cultivation 11 route ii) Orchardr iii) Shopkeeping iv) Private and Government Ser­ vice Maidan­ Chouga] Sopore-Handwara 1,835 i) Cultivation 17 7 route ii) Orchards iii) LaboW'

109 64 429 222 119

the toWli (on the basis of study· in viIlagetJ)

For Other Appr. No. of persons commuting For Remarks ,..._____ .A. _____~ reasons from the town Sale ,...____ .A. ,...____ ::-_.A- ______~ Sale of Ser- Private Edu- of Ser- Pri- Edu- Other goods vice pro- cation By By By By By goods vice vate cation reasons fession Foot Cycle Bus Train other pro- and means fession other Tonga auto- mobile 9 10 II 12 13 14- 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

3 5 6 17 5 10 12 6 3 4: 14

5 2 4 8 5 10 8 47

8 20 60 20 207 12 340 32 10 18 47 309

4 11 9 6 2 6 13

4 4 . 1 2 12 5 2 3 2

5 5 6 5 14 3 2 6

81 80 200 97 386 81 71 551 188 93 51 129 40 578

SOURCE- Personal observations of the Investigator. 120

Table 27 Special particulars about isnportaDt voluntary orgaDisatioDs iD.cluding clubs,

Name Location When Member established ,­ -----"-- -. Number Basis of membership Whether mainly associated with particular caste or community / occupation group/other interest group 2 3 4 5 6

New Fruit Dealers and Sopore town 1967 10 Grower or dealer in fruit Occupational group Growers Association or both

The Kashmir Fruit Growers Sopore town 1948-49 85 Grower or dealer in Association fruit or both

Mill Owners Welfare Also- Sopore town 1956 62 Member should be a Mill ciation Owner (Saw Mill or .. grinder or husking mill)

Drivers and Cleaners As50- Sopore town May, 1966 209 -Member should be either ciation a driver or deaner or " booking clerk or trans- port mechanic

Co-opera tive Transport Sopore town Nov., 1966 41 Drivers or cleaners with . Workers Society Ltd. more than 5 years ex­ perience

Private Employees Union Sopore town June, 1968 100 Private employees other than Government emplo­ yees 121 libraries, private educational societies, caste or community associations etc.

Aims and objects Nature of activity Social reform or Area of Quantitative Working s_ocial change if operation, index of hours for any promoted including various types various types by the organi­ plans outside of activities of activities sation the town

7 8 9 10 11 12

i} To remove various Association forwards Baramulla N.A. difficul ties in fruit the fruit boxes of its District business members to various ii) To find markets markets and gets for fruit supply commission on the iii) To look after same. orchards and nur­ series

i) Upliftment of the Association gets loan Sopore N.A. fruit industry from the Govt. and tehsil ii) Fruit protection forwards to their devices members at 1% more iii) To find markets interest which is cre­ for the fruit supply dited to the funds and to arrange of the Association. transportation Also the Association exports fruit boxes of its members wi thin and outside the State.

Welfare of the Mill Sopore N.A. ownefll and to fight tehsil for common causes

i) To look after the Pay of Driver Sopore Formed a co­ Under consi~ interests of drivers has increased tehsil operative trans­ deration and cleaners from Rs. 60/- or port union for ii) To check the high Rs. 70/- to Rs. the upliftment handedness of 150/- or Rs. of the members vehicle owners. 200/- To recon­ cile the minor disputes.

Upliftmen.t of the At present co-ope­ Sopote Under consi­ commumty and to ra ti ve has three trucks tehsil deration have their own trans­ (two on long routes port vehicles and one local) of their own.

To find some other To look after the in­ Sopore Under consi­ employment poten­ terests of the emplo­ tehsil deration tial for the class yees. as a subsidiary source of income 122

Table 27 -contd. Special particuJ.ars about im.portant voluntary organisations including clubs,

. Name If there is an attached library Finance by main source ,------"------.. Type of books Appr. Average Rate of subs- (fiction, number cription orland drama, child- other payment ren's story of various book, bio- service graphy, poli- tical literature, economic and social problem, others, journals, by categories) 13 14 15 16 17

New Fruit Dealers and Membership fee RI. 100/ •. Growers Association Commission per case of fruit 0.10 paise

The Kashmir Fruit Growed Membership fee __ Rs. 151/-. at Dealen Association Commission per case of fruit 0.04 paise. One percent interest on Government loan

Mill Owners Welfare ASlO­ Membership - fee Rs.10/· dation and Rio. 3/­ monthly subscription

Drivers and Cleaners Office has got a reading room where local papers Monthly subscription for dri­ Association are available vers etc. Rs. 5f· per month and for cleaners Rs. 2.50 per month. Monthly subscriptions total Rs. 7,327.48 (income)

Co-operative Transport Rs. 250/- as membership Workers Society Ltd. fee. Total income for the year 1966-67 RI. 4,305/- and for the year 1967-68 Rs. 5,699/­ Govemmen t share Rs. 30,000/- financed by co­ operative bank Rs.69,ooo/-

Private Employees Union Rs. 3/- membership fee and subscription Rs. 2/- per month. Total amount RI. 400/- 123

libraries, private educational societies, caste or COlDlD.Unity associations etc.-contd.

Expenditure by main If affiliated to If having Remarks items any social, branches, political, cultural, particulars religious or other of the same types of organi­ sation, particulars of the same

18 19 20 21

N.A. No accounts have been maintained by the Association upto this time. The Association separated in the year 1967 from the other Association namely the Kashmir Fruit Dealers & Growers Association.

N.A. The Association is not in a position to show their accounts due to certain difficulties.

N.A. Items of recurring expendi­ ture are one peon and purchasing of stationery

Rs. 5,723.92 One clerk, one peon and office rent. (Exp.)

Cost of two vehicles Rs. There are three types of members in the 96,000/- Insurance charges Society.! A class member has to subscribe Rs. 3,100/- deposit with Rs. 1,000, B class member Rs. 500/- and C co-operative bank Rs. class member Rs. 250/-. B and C class 3,115/- Registration and members have to pay the rest of amount other purchases Rs.2,000/- slowly so as to become A Class member.

Rs. 350J- Central Labour One office clerk is functioning there. There are Union, no fixed hours for la bour work especially Srinagar in hotels, cinema or in fruit areas. 124

Table 27-cqntd. Special particulars about im.portant voluntary organisations including clubs,

Name Location When Member established ,-______--A- ______-. Number Basis of membership Whether mainly associated with particular caste or community/occupation group/other interest group :2 3 4 5 6

Private Ma.zdoor Union Sopore town May, 1968 175 Road labourer on daily Occupational group wages. Mill workers and other labourers

Anjman-e-Behboodi K iraya­ Sopore town Dec., 1965 600 Member should be a Interest group daran tenant

All J & K Kisan Conference Sopore town May, 1968 60 A member should be a Occupational group cultivator

Tailors Union Sopore town Sept.,I964 200 Member should be a tailor 125

libraries, private educational societies, caste or CODUD.Unity associations etc.-contd.

Aims and objects Nature of activity Social reform or Area of Quantitative Working social change if operation, index of hours for any promoted including various types various types by the organi­ plans outside of activities of activities sation the town

7 8 9 10 11 12

i) To- fix the labour To fight for the cause For the cause Sopore Refer Eight hours wages of the labourers and of social uplift town Col. 10 a day ii) Hours of work their interests. of the labourers they have hel- ped in various ways i. e. for marriages, spe- cial occasions and house cons- tructions, volun· tary contribu- tions have been raised for hel- ping the labou- rers. Interest free loans are provided by the Union pay- able in easy instalment. To fix up the rent, to The Anjman has Misbehaviour of Sopore .. 8 A.M. t08 see the interests of decided that no owner owners of va- town P.M. as various tenants, e.g. should be allowed to rious shops was ordered by no landlord or owner compel any tenant checked and no Govt. should tease any to leave the shop. double locking tenant. Rent Control In case it happens of shops or Ordinance should be the Anjaman inter­ other under implemented in venes and settles the hand means Sopore town area matter. were allowed also. to happen. Land to tillers, pas­ Helping the cultiva­ Abolishing of 300 villages Two meetings tures should not be tors in removing dowery system of tehsil in a month unnecessarily used by differences and dis­ and avoiding Sopoce and to discuss town people, to putes, avoiding liti­ divorce, as far Handwara various issues persue children for gation. as possible. facing the education, other villagers. facilities be given to villagers as provided to town people.

To help the brother­ Reconciliation of dis­ Sopore After every hood, to get scholar­ putes among the town three months ships for their child­ members. one meeting ren. To help in is held. getting the employ­ ment for educated persons in the com­ munity. Every mem­ ber should have a house to live in. 126

Table 27 -contd. Special particulars about im.portant voluntary organisations including clubs,

Name If there is an attached library Finance by main source r------.A..------~ Type of books Appr. Average Rate of subs- (fiction, number cription orland drama, child- other payment ren's story of various book, bio- service graphy, poli- tical 1i terature, economic and social problem, others, journals, by categories) 13 14 15 16 17

Private Mazdoor Union Local newspapers are purchased for keeping in the Rs. 3/- per manti office room Rs. 1,600}-

Anjman-e-Behboodi Kiraya­ Re. 1/- per month or so daran depending on the member. Rs. 1,500J-

All J & K Kisan Conference Rs. 11/- per year and volun­ tary payments Rs. 3,000/-

Tailors Union Re. 1/- membership. Rs. 75/- 127

Hbraries, private educational societies, caste or com.m.unity associations etc.-contd.

Expenditure by main If affiliated to If having Remarks itema any social, branches , political, cultural, particulars religious or other of the same types of organi­ sation, particulars ; of the same

18 19 20 21

Rs·900/- Items of expenditure :­ One office clerk, one peon and purchase of stationery.

Rs.l,2oo{- The Anjman desires that some new markets should be set up so that the demand of new shops may be stabliz,ed in the market. Rent which is increasing day by day may also be checked.

Rs.260/- per month, one National clerk, one peon and pur­ Congress chase of stationery

RI. 30/- 128

Table 27 Special particulars about im.portaut voluntary organisations including clubs,

Name Location '-Vhen Member established r------.A.------. Number Basis of membership Whether mainly associated with particular caste or community / occupation group/ other interest group 2 3 4 5 6

Tonga Drivers Association Sopore town 1963 800 Tonga or cart driver Occupational group

Anjman Zargaran Sopore town 1954 64 Member should be a gold or silversmith. Member­ ship fee Re. 0.25 per year and subscription Re. 0.50

New Kashmir Carpenters Sopore town 1968 250 One must he a carpenter. Associa cion Membership fee Re. 0.25. "

Oil Mill Industrial Co­ Sopore town 1962 39 Oil Kolhu Owners. Mem- operative Society Limited - bership fee Rs. 12.50 and " O. 10 paise per kg. on oil sale is also credited to the Society.

Anjman-e-TeeHan Sopore town 1955 100 Oil extractors and sellers families "

Anjman Hajaman Sopore town 1966 15 Member should be a barber. Membership fee " 0.25 paise per month 129

libraries, private educational societies, caste or COJllD1unity associations etc.-contd.

Aims and objects Nature of activity -Social reform or Area of Quantitative Working social change if operation, index of hours for any promoted including various types various types by the organi­ plans outside of activities of activities . sation the town

7 8 9 10 11 12

To fix the routes Union helps at the To look after Sopore and the rates time of accidents. the interests of tehsil various mem­ bers.

To look after the in­ After Gold Control Delegations meet Sopore Gold and silver terests of the commu­ Act, the unemploy­ the Govt. and tehsil smiths who mi­ nity ment thus caused got loans at grated due to should be removed. Rs. 1,000/- for Gold Control each family. Act were hel­ Some of their ped by the children' were Anjman. Six provided Govt. families were service. Anj­ also rehabilita­ man is helping ted who had the needy mem­ migrated out- bers financially. side. To help the commu­ Sopore Twe meet­ nity and to 6ght for tehsil tings are their common causes held in a and provide work week. Wor­ for the carp~n ters. king hours 9 A.M. to 6 P.M. in­ cluding one hour lunch break.

To work jointly for Society purchases oil­ Sopore helping the brother­ seeds on . wholesale town hood. rate and provides it to various kolhus on wages and gets back oil and residue and sell it on a shop situated in Sopore town. The total income of the So­ ciety is being utilized in the expansion of the industry.

Upliftment of the community.

Upliftment of the community and to solve their day to day problems. 130

Table 27 -contd. Special particulars about ilDportant voluntary organisations including clubs,

Name If the re is an attached library Finance by main source ----- ...... ------. Type of books Appr. Average Rate of subs- (fiction, number cription orland drama, child- other payment ren's story of various book, bio- service graphy, poli- ticall iterature, economic and social problem, othen, journals, by categories) 13 14 15 16 17

Tonga Drivers Association

Anjman Zargaran Rs. 54/

New Kashmir Carpenters Union

Oil Mill IudustJ:ial Co­ Rs. 4187.50 operative Society Memberships and income from sale of oil.

Anjman-e-Teelian

Anjman Hajaman Rs. 133/- libraries, private educational societies, caste or cOlDDlunity associations etc.-contd.

Expenditure by main If affiliated to If having Remarks items any social, branches, political, cultural, particulars religious or other "(If the same types of organi­ sation, particulars oCthe same

18 19 20 21

RI. 33/- With the Anjman Zargaran, Srinagar

Carpenters Association, Srinagar, branch ofSrinagar Union

RI. 80/- per month Items of expenditure are: the pay of one clerk and one chowkidar and pur­ chase of ltationery.

They have no membership fee. 132

T~ble 27 __ COflC~. Special particulars about important voluntary organisations including clubs,

NaIIle Location When Member established r------'------~ Number Basis of membership Whether mainly associated with particular caste or community/occupation group/other .in tel"eS t group 2 3 4 5 6

Butchers Union Sopore town 1964 150 Member should be a Occupational group butcher. Membership fee 0.25 paise.

Mahigiran Association Sopo_re town 1918 400 Member should be a fisherman. 133

Hbraries, private educational societies, caste or community associations etc.-concld.

Aims and objects Nature of activity Social reform or Area of Quantitative Working social change if operation, index of hourll-for any promoted including various types various types -by the organi~ plans outside of activities of activities sation the town

7 8 9 10 11 12

To help the butchera Sopore Shop remains in getting the sheep. town open for five Fixing the meat price days in a with Government week, wor­ and to fight for the king hours regular supply of from 8 A. M. meat. to 8 P. M. Close days are Saturdays and Tuesdays. Upliftment of the Sopore tehsil community fixing the price of the fish. 134

Table 27-cOTlcltl. Special particalars about important voluntary organisations including clubs,

Name If there is an attached library Finance by main source ,------.A..------"'I Type of books A ppr. Average Rate of subs- (fiction, number cription or/and drama, child- other payment ren's story of various book, bio- service graphy, poli- tical literature, economic and social problem, oihers,jo~, by categories) 13 14 15 16 17

Butchers Union RI. 37.50

Mahigiran Association libraries, private educational societies, caste or CODUDumty associations etc.-concld.

Expenditure by main If affiliated to If having Remarks items any social, branches, political, cultural. 'particulars religious or other of the same types of organi­ satiQn, particulars of the same

18 19 20 21

Rs. 31.50 Srinagar Butchers Union

SOURCE-All Unions and Associations of Sopore Town. Table 28 Special particulars about political organisations including

Name Location Since when Number Basis of Whether mainly Aims and objections functioning membership associated with in the place slip particular caste or community/ occupation groupl in ter~t group 2 3 4- .:. 6 7

National Congress Sopore town 1965 6,000 i) The number Interest group To assist the Govern­ should be a ment follower of To look after the Congress benefits of the peo­ Party and its ple and upliftment principles of the Sopore town ii) Membership fee is Re.O.25 Jana Sangh Sopore town 1965 300 i) Any person Party is affi­ i) Free and impartial who agrees liated with elections in the with the poIi- All India lana State tical views of Sangh Party ii) To fight for the the party democratic rights ii) Membership iii) Social and econo­ fee is Re.0.25 mic uplift

SWatantra Forum Sopore town 1967 55 i) Who agrees Party is affilia­ i) Free and impartial with the ted with All re-e~ctions in ihe political India Swatan­ St~te views of tra Party ii) Indo-Pak amity the Party iii) Fighting for pre­ ii) Membership vailing Democracy fee Re. 0.25 in the State

National Conference Sopore tov.n 1940 600 i) M e mob e r Concentrated

Political Conference Sopore town 1953 3,000 i) M e m b e r Concentrated i) To fight for the must be a in whole valley Democratic rights follower of of the people of the princi- 1 & K State ples of the Party ii) Membership fee is Re. 0.25 Plebiscite Front Sopore town N.A. N. A. N.A. N.A. N.A. Awami Action Sopore town N.A. N. A. N.A. N.A. N.A. Committee 137

AU India and Local PoHtical Parties

Nature of Issues on which political actions Number of seats held by Particulars of other overt Remarks activity or the taste of ~:)Qliticany educa­ the Party in the local power or influence com­ ting the public were concentrated constituencies of Lok manded by the organi­ during 1967-68 and method of Sabha, Vidhan Sabha, sation in the area operation Municipality, other statutary bodies (specify) 8 9 10 11 12

Political 7-1 public meetings are held One seat taken by the Formation of Drivers and every month Party for Legislative Cleaners Association, Assembly during 1967 assisting Fruit Growers Association in the elec­ tion of president, for­ mation of Mazdoor Union.

Working Committee meetings Par~y contt'Sted elec­ are held fortnightly in the t10ns held last year town and after six months and the member got at district level about 326 votes

Weekly meetings are held and fortnightly on tehsil level.

Weekly, fortnightly and Party has contested .. monthly meetings of the elections but failed Party are held to discuss various important issues

Economical, political and " Social problems of Kashmir. District level meetings are held monthly and fortnightly at tehsil level.

N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A.

SOURCE-Concerned Political Parties 1$8 Table 29

Special particulars about voting behaviour or the population in the town during the last general election held

Political institution of Year when Constituency Remarks which election was held election r------______..A.______~ was held Name No. of Ethnic Socio-economic No. of votes regd. category class to which polled by each voters to which the voters of the candi- the voters predominantly dates along belong belong with ethnic (S.C., S. T., (lipper class background others, middle class, of the candi- Hindus, lower class dates and Muslims, according to their party Christians, the standard affiliation others) of the town) 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

1. Lok Sabha March i) Gh. Nabi 26152 Muslims Voters belong to i) 4,434 All the three 1967 (National and all the above candidates Congress) Hindus mentioned contested classes for Sopore constituency ii) Ab. Gani ii) 3,068 Panzu (National Conference) iii) Fa teh Mohd. iii) 326 Zaki (Jana Sangh) 2. Vidhan Sabha 3. Municipality 4. Other statutory bodies (specify)

SOURCE-Assistant Electoral Registrar. Sopore Constituency. 139

Table 30 PARTICULARS ABOUT THE TRADE UNIONS (a) Organisational and operational aspects Name Industry Factory to Category of When Whether Whether Number to which which related workers to established affilia ted to under influence and related which any All India/ of any categories related Regional political of office organisation party· bearers who are not labourers 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1. Sopore Transport 27-5-1966 State Central Drivers Labour Union and Cleaners

(a) Organisational and operational aspects-coneld.

Name Members Members Issues and History of Other r-----..A..---,---"-j r------..A..------~ problems being conciliation, relevent Number Whether Basis of Appr. percentage of currently dealt arbitration, particulars mainly belong membership workers of the with and gherao, strike to any caste and industry who are method of or lock out or community/ subscription members of the dealing with if any, in which operation group/ r----..A..---"-j the same the workers of the other interest Referent Other industry/factory group union rival of plant/opera­ union tional unit was involved during last three years 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 1. Sopore 11 All Muslims Person must be No rival Drivers a driver or union and cleaner. He Cleaners has to pay membership fixed by the Union. The member is bound to obey the Union rules and regu­ lation. The honorary or tempora r y member not exceed in g two, can be appoin ted by the ma­ jority of 2/3 of working committee. (b) Statistical abstracts or disputes Nature of dispute No. settled during 1967-68 No. remaining unsettled during 1967-68 Remarks 1 2 3 4

SOURCE-Labour Commissioner, Srinagar. 140

Table 31 Special particulars about bnportant telDplesfchurches etc.

Name When Constructional Associated Devotees -Whether Routine activities established details and myths and associated with r------..A.-----~ particulars description of legends ,-____..A- ____~ Descrip- Time Appr. No. r-----..A-----""'\ tion of visitors PhY3ical Deities and Sect Caste Area structure Qthet reli- or of the gious or com- institu- sacred ob- munity tion jects and parapher- nalia 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 REFER SURVEY REPORT

Table 31-contd. Special particulars about bnportant telDplesfchurches etc.-contd.

Name Festivals Functionary and Functionaries and others r------..A------~ others having special haVing special roles on ordi. Name Occa- Time Nature No. of roles on ordinary nary-Remuneration, spe­ sian of visitors days cial symbols of honour. activity r------..A.------~ reward etc.• if any Category No. Type of activity or special role 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 REFER SURVEY REPORT

Table 31-concld. Special particulars about bnportant telDplesJchurches etc.-concld.

Name Functionaries and Manage­ Finance Expendi­ Other parti­ others having special ment and per ture by culars of role, on social control annum main hems impor

Table 32 Special particulars about fairs, festival including cattle fairs or weekly marketsJ Shandis etc.

Whether participants mainly belong to Size of particular congregation ,.----"---_.A. ______~ r-----.A.----~ Name Location Occasion Time and Religion Sect Caste or Area Average Approximate duration commu- per day during the nity entire period 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

REFER SURVEY REPORT

Table 32 -eontd. Special particulars about fairs, festivals including cattle fairs or weekly m.arket/ shandis etc.-contd.

Name Shops and commercial establishments by types of commodities and objects Commercial recreation dealt with es tablishments r------"------., r------"------~ Commodity Number of " Communi- Places from Type Number Salient details or object establish- ties to which where dea- ments dealers mainly lers mostly belong come 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

REFER SURVEY REPORT

Table 32- coneld. Special particulars about fairs, festivals including cattle -fairs or weekly markets) shandis etc.-concld.

Name ,.-______Religious.A. activities______--, Amenities Manage- Finance Expendi- Remarks provided ment and by ture by main Location Time Nature of Particulars control source items acth;ity of functiona- ries 1 18 19 20 21 22 23 24- 25 26

REFER SURVEY REPORT 142

Table 33 (a) Particulars of cinema, professional theatre

Particulars of establishment

Name Location When Type of Floor Projection Number of Number Average Total Remarks of estab- building space length seats by rates of shows number sale cinema lished with refe- of tickets per days of tickets proceeds rence to and s.old per during main timings day du- 1967-68 materials of the ring the (in Rs.) used in same month wall and proce- roof ding the month of survey 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II

Samad Sopore 1956 Old type, 75'x33!' 78' 72 @ Rs. 2.30 2 shows at 500 26,000.00 The sales Talkies town lime, sand, 84 @ Rs. 1.61 1.30 P. M. increased surkhi,ce- 96 @ Rs. 1.37 andS P.M. due to ment, G.C.I. 200 @ Re. 0.65 Sundays 3 the film sheets etc. 50 @ Rs. 1.50 shows at Khana-i- 1.30 P. M. Khuda - 4.30 P. M. and a.GOP. M.

SOURCE-Manager, Samad Talkies, Sopore. 1'43

Table 33 (b)

(i) Particulars or 6.lm.s shown during 1967-68 in cinema hans

Name of Number of Place of Language Theme Duration Average No. of Remarks cinema films production of show tickets sold per day during 1967-68 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Samad Talkies 88 films Bombay Hindi N.A. 3 hours 367 during and the year Madras

SOURCE-Manager, Samad Talkies, Sopore.

(ii) Particulars or dramas perforDled during 1967-68

. Name of theatre Name of drama Language Theme Occasion Month and Average Whether Remarks or opera hall of perfor- number of number of artists are mance days when spectators professional performed per day or amateur during the performance 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 No dramas have been perfo_'med in the town-area during the year 1967-68.

SOURCE-Chairman, ToW9 Area Committee

Table 34 Particulars of circuses shown in the-town

Name Where Time Duration Arrange- Spectator's Average Ticket Particulars State State Remarks of perfor- of ment in accommo- number rates of a few and and dis- circus med perfor- the circus dation ofspee- important district trict to mance area tators per ,p$-for- to which which day mance perfor- owner mers or mostly owners belong mostly belong 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

SOURCE-Chairman; Town Area Committee 144

Table 35 Particulars or other recreational activities in the town (sports, tournam.ents, m.usic conference etc.)

Nature Brief Where When By whom Category of popula- Category of popula­ Source Remarks ofrec- descrip- per- organised tion to which perfor- tion to which specta­ of reational tion formed mers and active parti- tors/passive partici­ finance activity cipants mainly belong pants mostly belong (e.g. student, amateur, artist-male; female, etc. 2 3 4 5 6 8

The school and college boys play hockey, foot­ ball and other games in a ground near the town hall.

SOURCE -Chairman, Town Area Committee

Table 36 Town Hall

Name Location When established Description of Nature of use Other particulars the structure 2 3 4- 5 6

Townhall Sopore 1956 I Hall Public functions, town 4 Rooms dramas and I Bath room any cultural I Latrine programme

SOURCE-Chairman, Town Area Committee. 145

Table 37 Law and order, cnm.e and defiant behaviour

(a) Particulars, in respect of each polic~ station, separately

Name Jurisdiction Number of criminal cases Particulars o'f Other particu­ Remarks by type dealt with cases of breach lars of defiant during 1967-68 of law and behaviour ,------"-__ --, order on com- (e,g., sucide, Type Number munal, politi- alcoholism, cal, industrial etc.) relations and,-- - ...... _--, other grounds Type Number 2 3 4- 5 6 7 8

Police Station, Sangrama, Gurez, *147/148/447 30 Refer column Nos. The true copy Sopore Bandipora, Kup- R.P.C. 3 and 4 of the original wara, K a rna h, crime state­ Keran, Villagam, ment supplied Handwara and So- by the Deputy pore Superinten­ 279-337/304 A 6 dent of Police, R.P.C. Sopore Divi­ 302 R.P.C. 2 sion, Sopore 304 R.P.C. 1 has been en­ 324/325 R.P.C. 8 closed for refe­ 336 R.P.C. 5 rence. The 341/342 R.P.C. 3 various types 353/332 R.P.C. 5 of criminal 354 R.P.C. 8 cases have 379/380/381 13 been referred R.P.C. , in Col. 3 by 409 R.P.C. 2 'various Ranbir 420 R.P.C. 1 Penal Cod e 436 A/447 1 Acts as men­ R.P.C. tioned below. 447/448 R.P.C. 17 452 R.P.C. 3 457/380 R.P.C. 9 2/3/E. S. Act. 1 2003 6/F.R.

SOURCE-Deputy Superintendent Police, Sopore. 146

Table 37 -contd.

Regulation XU or 1989 Published in 1933

147 Punishment· for rioting. 148 Rioting, armed with deadly weapon. 279 Rash driving or riding on public ways. 302 Punishment for murder. 304 Punishment for culpable homicide not amounting tt> murder. 304 A Causing death by negligence. 324- Voluntarily causing hurt by dangerous weapons or means; 325 Punishment for voluntarily causing grievous hurt. 332 Voluntarily causing hurt to deter public servant from his duty. 336 Act endangering life or personal safety of others. 537 Causing hurt by act endangering life or personal safety of others. 341 Punishment for wrongful restraint. 342 Punishment for wrongful confinement. 353 Assault or criminal force to deter public servant from discharge of his duty. 354- Assault or criminal force to woman with intent to outrage her modesty. 329 Punishment for theft. 380 Theft in dwelling house, etc. 381 Theft by clerk or servant of property in possession of master.

409 Criminal breach of trust by public servant, or by banker, merchant or agent. 420 Cheating and dishonesty inducing delivery of property. 436 Mischief by fire or explosive substance with intent to destroy house etc. 447 Punishment for criminal trespass. 448 Punishment for house trespass. 452 Housetrespass after preparation for hurt, assault or wrongful restraint. 457 Lurking house-trespass or house-breaking by might in order to convict offence punisha­ ble with imprisonment. 147

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'i 0 0 C! C! 8 e-"01""" . c-i 8.~~co <5 -e<'l e<'l ~ O'-'d- o~ O'>~ ~ '11) •• ~ :~ 8' 1:4~ - en O)~ ,.; .2 ,e-~ 0 0 0 Q t.= an 0 an 1:4 .... M <.d ai .... 8'd .... CC"I ~~ ~ co...,A ~A ~ .... co ~ "'0 00 .... d ~ t- ·S It) 0) "'I::i "'O.~ of') co e<') e<') ~ ~ ~ N .... e<'l ~ ~ <.0 ~ ~ ~ -.to ~ :!: 8. .' .... -;:: ;5!:l - N - - e<') ;:l <:> en ~ ...d >- ~ a.~ 8. ... SlCl 0) 0 ...... , <.0 -.to co Of') Ie co Cl O) • .... N ... ~ g- 1:48' fIl.. -< c:I "'0 ;:l~ 0 ~ ... '-' 0 +' :!: ..., co en '>c:: S 0 fIl {.} II ~ "'0 =:. 0) <.0 N 0 ~ .... <.0 ~ ...... Ie ~ .... -.to .... ~ ~ It) ~ :!: :!: 8. .... ~ 0 ~ eo< *- tcen ..... d I p.; ;;... (j ~ -.to ..... II oS ...,~ ... r:J5 c2 ::i +' c:I II "'0 ~ ., ~ p.; p.; ~ p.; .... p.; ~ p.; d tl ...... d p.; d d d d I '-' ~ -.to ~ ~ d co d d d ~ 0 < d ~ c:: " ::c N ..., ..., .... 0 ~ 0 ~ 0 :; ..., CIS ..... ;!: ...to CC"I CC"I ..., CC"I i ..., -.to ..., ~ :t: ..., c;:; -.to ~ <.0 CC"I ~ :t: "" ~ "'" ~ ~ E-< IN ~ 149

Table 37 -contd. (b) Particulars of suits :6.led in courts during 1967-68 Number carried Type of Number instituted over from Number Number Remarks case in 1967-68 ,...______before-.A. _____for -..., ending in ending in conviction acquittal more than 1-2 years less than 2 years one year 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Challan 164 16 27 72 23 23

Complaints 377 3 4 83 Misc. 96 2 38

SOURCE-Chief Judicial Magistrate, Sopore.

(c) Particulars of Borstal schools/Arter care homes e~

Number of inmates by nature of Name When crime and age-group at the time of Number Number Remarks established first offence rehabilitated reverting to ,------..10--- ______--. after release, crime after Nature of Number who at the time of during last release during crime first offence belonged to three years last three years ,...-----..10------...,age-group Below 12-15 16-18 12 yrs. yrs. yrs. 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

SOURCE -Deputy Superintendent Police, Sopore. 150

Table 37-contd. (d) Particulars about prostitution

Locality Nwnber of registered States and districts Restriction to Arrangement for Remarks. prostitutes to which mainly which subjected medical belong check-up 2 3 5 6

(e) HOlDe· for rehabilitation of fallen wOlDen

Actual number of Name When Capacity inmates during Number Scheme Lei~ure Particulars Remarks established with reference 1967-68 by deserted for re- and re- of staff to number of age-group during habilita- creation manage- inmates that r------_,A.-----~ three tion ment and can be acco- Below 21-30 31-40 Above years control mmodated 20 years years 40 years years 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II 12

SOURCE-Deputy Superintendent Police, Sopore. 151

-Ll')

j

G) § z 152

Table 38 Special particulars

S.No. Name Location Age of Main house types Road Water Lighting Latrine Drai­ the Slum and approximate and supply nage number of each com­ muni­ cation

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

l. Khoshal Mattu Sopore town N.A. In the first ten Roads Sat is- Satis- 50% houses Lack slums the houses and lanes factory factory have lroper have been clustered are mostly latrines ainage together and lack congested 2. J:laba Yousaf the fundamental~ of hygiene in the " 3. Sangram Pora construction of " " buildings as well " " " " " 4. Batapora as drainage system.

S. Badhshah Masjid " " " " "

6. Hajaman "

7. TeHan

8. Muslim Peer " " " " " "

9. Qadim Jamia " "

10. Khanka Mulla " " " " " " "

11. Shahabad Temporary hut No proper Inade- Inade- Almost No " " type dwellings roads and quate quate all houses drain- approach are without age lanes latrines system 12. Maharajpora " .. 153

about Slum.s

Appr. number Caste/communities and Main occupation of the Appr. Owner- Scheme Factors Remarks of household religious groups to which Slum dwellers distance ship of if any, responsi- the Slum dwellers mainly of place Slum for re- ble for belong of occupa- land clama- continua- tions of tion tion of Slum of the the Slum dwellers Slum and 'eha­ bili­ :ation of Slum dwel­ lers 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

N.A. Islam/Shosha, Matto Fried chip sellers and N.A. N.A. N.A. Lack of Refer bakers town Survey planning Report and pro­ Islam/Dar, Mir, Togoo Fishing and business vision of " " " .. limited Islam/Mantoo, Pandith Grocery, gold and budget " silversmithy " Hinduism , Bindroo, Government service, Tranzoo, Koul business and shop­ " " " keeping Islam / Gojri, Ganjoo, Milk selling and Pandith business " " " Hair cutting IslamJHajamall "

Islam I Teeli, Malik, Oil-seed crushing Sheikh and hide selling " Fishing Islam/Dar, Gojri "

Islam/Wani, Rangrez, Trade and commerce Hakim lslaml\Vani, Peer, Hakim Priesthood and busi­ ness " ,,- Islam/Sheikh Shoe making and scavenging " "

Islam/Dar, MalIa Fishing " " " "

SOURCK-Chairman Town Area Committee and personal observations of the Investigator 154

Table 39 Special particulars about migratory tribes or groups visiting the town during 1967~68 (to be obtained froD1 police record)

Name of the When From Purpose Duration Number of persons Special useful Special problem gang/tribe etc. visited where of stay in the gang service if any of law and order r-----..... ----, rendered if any created Males Females 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

SOURCE-Deputy Superintendent Police, Sopore APPENDIX I

TOWN AREA ACT, 2011 (1954 A. D.)

Section 45: Sanitation Order the setting apart of places where vehicles . The Town Area Committe may, by plying for hire may stand; general or special order in writing, pro­ (k) the prohibition of the tethering df vide and, if so advised by the Minister, cattle in any street or public place; shall provide for all or any of the follow­ ing matters within the town area, namely :- (1) licensing of yards or depots for trade in hay, straw, thatching, grass, wood, (a) the regulation of offensive callings charcoal or coal, or other dangerously in­ or trades; flammable material; (b) the disposal of corpse by burning (m) the prevention or removal of any or burial; movable or immovable encroachment over (c) the repair or removal of dangerous any street, drain, sewer or charmel and or ruinous buildings; the recovery of the expenses incurred on such prevention or removal or in rectifying (d) the prohibition of the storage of any damage caused to the street, drain, more than a fixed quantity of petroleum sewer or channel by such prevention or and other inflammable articles in any place removal; or building ; (n) regulating the posting of advertise­ (e) the regulation or prohibition of any ments and notice boarqs, and with the description of traffic; previous sanction of Gov'ernment ; (f) the disposal of mad and stray dogs; (0) the regulation of slaughter houses: {p) the prohibition for reasons of pub­ (g) the cleansing of any filthy building lic health of the use of any place for the or land, and the closing of any building sale of meat without a license granted not fit for human habitation; by the Committee or in contravention of (h) the disinfection of any building or the conditions laid down in the same; article which the Committee may consider (q) the fixing of the conditions subject necessary in order to prevent the spread to which, the circumstance in which and of any infectious or contagious disease ; the areas or i localities in respect to which (i) the licensing of premises for manu­ licences for'the sale of meat may be granted, facture, preparation for sale or sale of refused, suspended or withdrawn; art,icles of food or drink, and the regulation (r) the prohibition of brick-kilns and of the transport within the town area of potters kilns in any specified area; articles of food and drink; (s) the licensing of store-houses for any (j) the licensing of vehicles kept or explosive or for petroleum or any inflamma­ plying for hire, the control of traffic, ble oil or spirit; 156

(t) the prohibition of the keeping of (b) the prohibition of the removal or a brothel or the residence of a public use for drinking purposes of any water prostitute in any specified part of the town; from any stream, well, tank, spring or (u) the regulation of the erection or other source where such removal or use re-erection of buildings (including the pre­ causes or is likely to cause disease or vention of the erection or re-erection of injury to health, and the prevention of 'any building for any reason the Govt. such removal or use by the filling in of may deem to be just and sufficient or in any well, tank, spring or other receptacle pursuance of a general scheme sanctioned or by any other method that may be by the Government restricting the erection considered advisable; or re-erection of buildings or any class of (c) the prohibition of the deposit or buildings) ; storage of manure, refuse or other offen­ sive matter in the manner prejudicial to (v) the protection of trees; the public health, comfort or convenience; (w) defining the standard weights and Cd) the excavation of earth and' the measures to be used in the town filling up of all excavations and depression area and for inspection of weights and injurious to health or offensive to the measures; neighbourhood; (x) the holding of fairs and industrial (e) the removal of noxious vegetation; exhibitions within the town area or under (f) protection against fire; the control of the Committee; (g) the disposal or destruction of (y) the licensing, inspection and proper materials likely to convey infection-;' regulation of the theatres, cinemas and (h) the registration of births and deaths; other places of public resort, recreation or (i) the condemnation and destruction amusement; and of food which is unfit for humah co~sumption; (z) the provision for the seizure and (j) the prohibition for reasons of public confiscation of ownerless animals straying health of the use of any place for the within the limits of the town area. sale of fish, milk, butter, ghee, meat, Section 47·: Provisions for Sanitation game, poultry, fruit, vegetable or sweet­ and Oonservancy r.ueats in default of a license granted by The Town Area Committee, by general the Committee or otherwise than in accor­ or special order in writing may, and if dance with the conditions of the license; so advised by the Director of Health Ser­ (k) the fixing of the conditions, sub­ vices or such other officer as the Govern­ ject to and the circumstances, in which ment may...., nominate in this behalf shall, and the area or localities in respect' of provide, if funds permit, for all or any which, licenses for the sale of fish, fruit, of the following matters within the town vegetables, milk, butter, ghee, curd, meat, area ;- poultry or sweetmeats may be granted, (a) the protection from pollution and refused, suspended or withdrawn; periodical examination of all sources of (1) the setting apart of suitable places water used for drinking and bathing for bathing, washing and watering animals purposes; and for washing; 157

(m) the prevision, repair or removal (r) prohibition against letting infected of drains, privies and latrines; houses, doing of acts by diseased persons, keeping of injurious animals and feeding (n) the prohibition for reasons of public of animals on deleterious substances; health of the use of any open place for committing nuisance or camping in the (s) the disposal of dead animals; ground without having a sanitary tent; , (t) the removal or alteration of roofs and external walls made of inflammable (0) the removal of hedges and trees material; overhanging on public streets and walls, etc.; (u) undertaking of house scavenging (p) the securing or enclosing untenan­ by the Committee; ted buildings becoming a nuisance; (v) any other measure which may be (q) the provisions of troughs and pipes necessary generally for conservancy of the on streets and lanes; town. ERRATA.

(The following printing mistakes are regretted)

Page No. Particulars For Read

5 Left hand side, under Trans- port, line II Sagrama Sangrama 7 Right hand side, Para I, line and few and a few_ 8 Left hand side, Under Market, line 10 esta blishments )f establishments 10 Right hand side, Para I, line 13 comming :oming

20 Left hand side, From top, line 4 greate ~reat 20 Right hand side, From top, line 7 After the I\fter this the 25 Under Dress, line 5 coverd ::overed 26 Left hand side, Para III, Jine 3 locality locally 31 Under Agriculture, against Nehari Awal 254- 253 34 Right hand side, Para I, line 8 per case fruit per fruit case 35 Right hand side, Para II.• last line 2.80 280 37 Right hand side, Para III, line 9 shap shape Right hand side, Para III, line 10 partiton partition Right hand side, Para III, line 12 tee the 39 Under Industries, line 10 conductive conducive 113 Against J &K Bank Ltd. under col. 2 80 -do- under col. 3 blank 80