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140 Suicidio E Intento De Suicidio Por Salto Desde Altura En El Puente Villena

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140 Suicidio E Intento De Suicidio Por Salto Desde Altura En El Puente Villena 140 J. MUÑOZ V., J. VEGA D., C. MENDOZA A. y H. MUÑOZ V. SUICIDIO E INTENTO DE SUICIDIO POR SALTO DESDE ALTURA EN EL PUENTE VILLENA SUICIDE AND ATTEMPT OF SUICIDE BY JUMP FROM THE HEIGHTS OF THE VILLENA BRIDGE J. MUÑOZ V.1, J. VEGA D.2, C. MENDOZA A.2 y H. MUÑOZ V.3 RESUMEN Objetivo. Estudiar las características de los individuos que intentaron o llegaron a suicidarse arrojándose desde un puente. Método. Se recopilaron los datos de los intentos y suicidios consumados ocurridos en el Puente Villena (Miraflores, Lima-Perú) que constan en los registros de la municipalidad de dicho distrito desde el primero de septiembre de 1988 hasta el 31 de agosto de 2003. Resultados. En el período estudiado ocurrió un total de 65 eventos (33 intentos de suicidio y 32 suicidios consumados). Los individuos que completan el suicidio son principalmente varones (65.6%), de 20 a 29 años (27.8%) con una edad promedio de 39.44 años, solteros (66.7%), limeños (66.7%), que no residen en el distrito de Miraflores (78.5%) y que escogen con mayor frecuencia el lunes (28.1%) para realizar su cometido. Los que intentan suicidarse son varones (81.81%), de 30 a 39 años (33.33%) con una edad promedio de 32.7 años, solteros (84.61%), limeños (55%), que no residen en el distrito de Miraflores (100%) y que escogen con mayor frecuencia los días jueves (30.30%) y lunes (24.24%) para llevar a cabo su cometido. Se observó un marcado aumento de casos en los últimos 2 años (37 eventos), ya que dicha cifra es mayor a todos los casos ocurridos en los primeros 13 años juntos (28 casos). Conclusiones. El perfil del sujeto que se suicida o que intenta hacerlo podría describirse así: un varón, soltero, limeño, no residente del distrito de Miraflores y que escoge los días lunes o jueves para realizar su acto. PALabRAS-CLave: Suicidio, puente, Puente Villena, Perú. ABSTRACT Objective. To study the features of the subjects who attempted or completed suicide by jumping from a bridge. Method. We used the data of the attempts and completed suicides occurred in Villena Bridge (Miraflores, Lima-Perú) that are in the records of the municipality of this district from September 1, 1988 to August 31, 2003. 1 Médico-Cirujano General; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia. 2 Médico-Psiquiatra; Departamento de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia. 3 Estudiante de Medicina, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia. Rev. de Neuro-Psiquiat. 68(3-4) 2005 SUICIDIO E INTENTO DE SUICIDIO POR SALTO DESDE ALTURA EN EL PUENTE VILLENA 141 Results. In the studied period occurred a total of 65 events (33 attempts and 32 completed suicides). The subjects that completed suicide were mainly males (65.6%), from 20 to 29 years of age (27.8%) with a mean age of 39.44 years, unmarried (66.7%), from Lima (66.7%), that do not live in the district of Miraflores (78.5%) and that choose with greater frequency Monday (28.1%) to execute their plans. Those who attempt suicide are males (81.81%), from 30 to 39 years (33.33%) with a mean age of 32.7 years, unmarried (84.61%), from Lima (55%), that do not live in Miraflores (100%) and that choose with greater frequency Thursday (30.30%) and Monday (24.24%) to carry out their plans. A marked increase of the cases in the last 2 years (37 events) was observed; this number is higher than all the cases occurred in the first 13 years altogether (28 cases). Conclusions. The profile of the subject who attempts or commits suicide could be described as a single male from Lima, who does not live in Miraflores and who chooses Monday or Thursday to execute his plan. KEY WORDS: Suicide, Bridge, Villena Bridge, Peru. INTRODUCCIÓN lugar. Lamentablemente dicha medida no ha impedido que sigan ocurriendo suicidios. El suicidio es un problema de salud pública mundial. Se estima que aproximadamente Muchos estudios a nivel mundial se- 1,000 personas cometen suicidio al día en el mejantes en diseño al que hemos realizado mundo.1 En Estados Unidos el suicidio es la nosotros han investigado el fenómeno del octava causa de muerte, con aproximadamen- suicidio saltando desde altura.4-10 Lafave et te 75 suicidios al día o uno cada 20 minutos al. estudiaron 918 suicidios ocurridos entre y más de 30,000 cada año.1 El lugar más 1937 y 1991 en el Puente Golden Gate,4 puente frecuentemente escogido por los suicidas a que presenta 250 pies de altura y se encuen- nivel mundial es el puente Golden Gate en San tra ubicado en la Bahía de San Francisco, Francisco, Estados Unidos.1 Interesantemente Estados Unidos de Norteamérica. Cetin et en el Perú ocurre un fenómeno parecido que al.5 estudiaron a 65 personas (61 casos mas- no ha sido adecuadamente estudiado en el culinos y 4 casos femeninos) que saltaron Puente Villena del distrito de Miraflores, desde el Puente Bósforo de Estambul entre Lima. La estructura, que presenta 80 metros 1986 y 1995, concluyendo que el cociente de altura, recibe el nombre de quien fuera masculino / femenino era 15:1 (diferente a la alcalde de Miraflores durante los períodos de población suicida general en Estambul que 1934 a 1937 y 1938 a 1939. Según la Policía es 1.6:1). El Puente Bósforo, de 64 metros de Nacional del Perú, dicha plataforma ha sido el altura, tiene acceso prohibido para peatones escenario de alrededor de 120 suicidios desde (medida semejante a la adoptada por el mu- su creación en 1968.2 En diversos medios es- nicipio de Miraflores) consignándose que el critos también han aparecido contradictorias 53.3 % de los suicidas acudió al lugar en taxi. cifras que bordean los 100 casos.3 Durante Diversos puentes a nivel mundial tales como febrero del año 2003, mediante nota munici- el Clifton Suspension Bridge de Inglaterra,6 pal, se declaró al puente como “zona de cir- el Puente Westgate de Melbourne,7 o el culación controlada”; es decir, los transeúntes Puente Brooklyn de Estados Unidos8 tienen no pueden detenerse por ningún motivo y se estadísticas sobre las decenas de suicidios encargó una vigilancia de 24 horas en dicho ocurridos en dichos escenarios. Nosotros Rev. de Neuro-Psiquiat. 68(3-4) 2005 142 J. MUÑOZ V., J. VEGA D., C. MENDOZA A. y H. MUÑOZ V. hemos elaborado una base de datos con una trito de domicilio, día, mes, año (1988-2003), metodología semejante a la usada en dichos hora, período del día y estación del año. artículos (diseño retrospectivo descriptivo) con el fin de conocer las características de la La variable edad se analizó en grupos de población suicida en el Puente Villena. diez años: 10 a 19, 20 a 29, 30 a 39, 40 a 49, 50 a 59 y 60 a 69 años. Se estableció el período SUJETOS Y MÉTODOS durante el cual ocurre la mayor cantidad de intentos y suicidios consumados dividiendo Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo y el día en mañana (6:00 am a 12:00 m), tarde descriptivo. (12:00 m a 6:00 pm), noche (6:00 pm a 12:00 pm) y madrugada (12:00 pm a 6:00 am). Sujetos. La población a estudiar está Las estaciones se dividieron de la siguiente conformada por todos los intentos de suici- manera: primavera (23 de septiembre a 21 de dio y los suicidios consumados cometidos diciembre), verano (22 de diciembre a 20 de en el Puente Villena desde el primero de marzo), otoño (21 de marzo a 20 de junio) e septiembre de 1988 hasta el 31 de agosto invierno (21 de junio a 22 de septiembre). Los del 2003 cuyo parte de defunción o registro años de estudio se dividieron de la siguiente de intento de suicidio se encuentra en la manera: año de estudio #1 desde el primero Comisaría del Distrito de Miraflores. En el de septiembre de 1988 hasta el 31 de agosto presente trabajo se consideró como suicida de 1989, año de estudio #2 desde el primero a la persona que falleció posterior a lanzarse de septiembre de 1989 hasta el 31 de agosto desde el Puente Villena y se definió intento de 1990, etc. suicida al sujeto que mediante su actitud motivó que el personal de seguridad del RESULTADOS municipio lo catalogara como potencial suicida. No se pudo contar con los registros Las tablas 1 y 2 resumen los principales desde la creación del puente en 1968 dado resultados del estudio. que éstos han sido incinerados. ANÁLISIS COMBINADO (INTENTOS Y OBJETIVOS SUICIDIOS) Objetivo general. Determinar las carac- Se observaron 65 eventos (intentos y/o terísticas de los individuos que intentaron y suicidios) en el período de 15 años estudiado cometieron suicidio en el Puente Villena desde (figura 1). La edad promedio es 35.08 años el primero de septiembre del año 1988 hasta (rango 18 - 66 años, desviación estándar (DS)= el 31 de agosto del año 2003. 11.46). El cociente masculino/femenino es 2.82 a 1. El porcentaje de individuos nacidos Objetivos específicos. Determinar las en provincia es 40%. El estado civil predo- siguientes características de los intentos y minante es soltero (78.1%). No se encontró suicidios ocurridos: edad promedio, cociente un período del día en que se presenten más masculino / femenino, porcentaje de nacidos suicidios de manera estadísticamente signi- en provincia, estado civil y periodicidad (ver ficativa (p=0.204); sin embargo se observó definición de variables). una tendencia a que los eventos no ocurran en la madrugada (período entre las 00:00h y Definición de las variables.
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